The Role and of Implementation of Total Quality Management For A Product Development Project

The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project
The Role and of Implementation of Total Quality Management for a Product

Development Project

By:
Mousa Alzahrani

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Contents
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Definition of Quality: .................................................................................................................................... 4
ISO: ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Deeming definition of Quality: ................................................................................................................. 6
Lean Six-Sigma:........................................................................................................................................ 6
Statistical Base of Six-Sigma: ............................................................................................................... 7
Basic Principles of Lean Six-Sigma: ........................................................................................................ 8
Improvement Program: ......................................................................................................................... 8
Critical to Quality: .................................................................................................................................... 9
Quality Function Development: .......................................................................................................... 10
Other Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 10
Just in Time: ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Management Approaches: ...................................................................................................................... 10
Modern Management Techniques:.............................................................................................................. 12
Total Quality Management: ........................................................................................................................ 14
Phases in TQM:....................................................................................................................................... 15
Total Productive Maintenance: ............................................................................................................... 15
Basic Approaches: .................................................................................................................................. 16
Top Management: ............................................................................................................................... 16
Focus on Customer: ............................................................................................................................ 17
Partnership with Suppliers: ................................................................................................................. 18
Quality Assurance: ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Project Management Skills: .................................................................................................................... 18
Plan Quality: ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Inputs to the Plan Quality Process: ..................................................................................................... 19
Outputs from the Plan Quality Process: .............................................................................................. 21
Quality Metrics: .................................................................................................................................. 21
Quality Control: ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Inputs: ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Ishakawas7 quality tools: ....................................................................................................................... 23
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Quality Assurance: .................................................................................................................................. 24
Product Development case Study Examples: .............................................................................................. 25
Real Scenario Example: .......................................................................................................................... 25
Companies in Japan implement TPM: .................................................................................................... 26
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 27
References:.28

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Introduction:
Different ways are being explored by worldwide organizations for improving business
practices in order to get some edge in the market. Today the world is completely globalized.
Global competition has led to quality being one of the most important factors to achieve
competitive advantage. (Porter)
Customers can be attracted to a specific product by its good quality and organizations can
significantly increase their consumer base by managing it in an optimal way. More customers
can be added by increasing the product quality and other customers can be retained. However,
customers are distracted from brand loyalty when the quality of a product is poor. Not just loss of
consumers occurs, but it has a significant effect on future sales and profits of the company.
Geographical boundaries have been diffused by innovations in internet technology and it
has made consumers more aware of all the information. Markets have changed from local to
global; these are more diversified, and that is why the business environment has become more
complex.
Management faces constant pressure for improving competitiveness with a number of
factors to be kept in mind. One is the reduction of costs and another is to improve logistics.
Customers are now more aware about the standards and they have access available for different
products and services. They can choose among a variety of products. Demand for quality product
is now ever increasing and this has forced organizations to implement suitable technologies of
total quality management. Within an organization, all the components must be involved in a
collective manner for success of total quality management. (Shekhar Jha & Joshi)
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The entire company is involved in the achievement of quality targets and awareness of
suppliers and customers is needed. Good practices and systems of management are required in
every sector of the organization. Future vision is also an important aspect while maintaining a
safe and secure environment at the workplace. There should be standardized procedures for
product development with highly trained and well-motivated employees. This would lead to
effective production control. Quality assurance is important for efficient sales and faster
operations of production.
Senior management has a crucial role to play and active participation is required from
them. To enhance product quality, every staff member must support quality and hence Total
Quality Management (TQM).
Definition of Quality:
A number of characteristics possessed by any product determine its quality. It can also be
defined as customer needs that should be kept in mind during both the product development and
production processes. The role of quality purpose is to satisfy the consumers for whom the
product is being developed. It should meet their expectations. In the development of a quality
product, techniques used play a significant role but management decisions and policies also play
a critical role.
Quality can also be defined as certain features that determine the desirability of the
product for customers. These need to be considered by the manufacturer for maintaining some
basic standard requirements. There are always some quality standards for every business, which
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produces goods for sale. If these standards are not met, the product quality is said to be poor and
its popularity decreases among customers (Smith, 2004).
It is an important competitive issue in global markets now. There might be consumer
dissatisfaction because of poor quality management which affects sales and hence revenue of the
organization.
However, if the product is maintained at some existing level of quality for years, this also
causes consumers divergence as they come across a number of innovative products. Recently in
a study, it has been found that to producing high quality standards is a priority for a number of
North American Companies. (Amanor-Boadu & Martin)
ISO:
ISO was founded in 1947 and it consists of national standards across the world in over
100 countries. ANSI, which American National Standards Institute, and it represents United
States. ISO defines basic standards for products and the member countries are liable of acting
and meeting these basic standards in product development. Moreover, for the promotion and
development of international standards, member organizations show collaboration. (Clifford,
2008)
The total characteristics and features of a product or service are included in the definition
of the quality of a product. It shows the ability of the product to withstand with the requirements
of customers and basic standards (Zeng, Tian, & Shi, 2005).
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Deeming definition of Quality:
William Edwards Deming was born on 14
th
of October 1900. He was a professor and
author as well. He had played a significant role in innovation and production of high quality
products, which later made repute of Japan for its economic power. He has defined quality as to
fulfill the needs as well as expectations of consumers.
His writing in Out of Crisis serves as guideline for quality management and many other
aspects as well. His famous 14 points were also present in his writings, which are the guidelines
for management in order to improve the quality. Following his points and ideas, higher profits
can be retained and productivity will increase as well for the organization. (Edwards Deming,
2000)
Businesses have reached that level today where best quality services are required for their
competitive survival. They have to compete in order to survive and get a market share. It has
been analyzed by tracking of the world economy that to be good is not enough. A number of
factors therefore determine the success of any organization. Companies have to strive for
excellence in order to stay competitive.
Lean Six-Sigma:
The concept of Lean and Six Sigma is combined in a managerial concept that is called
Lean Six Sigma. This managerial concept has resulted in the elimination of many issues in the
organizations including: defects, delays, overproduction, and under-utilization, inventory, extra-
processing and inventory. Elimination of these problems improved the capability of
organizational performance. (Aruleswaran, 2010 )
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Statistical Base of Six-Sigma:
The statistical base for Six Sigma is based on the provision of commodities (goods and
services). This provision will be based on the rate of 3.4 defects per million opportunities
(DPMO). In a normal distribution, 99.73% of measurements will fall within +/-3 sigma
99.99966% will fall within +/- 4.5 sigma With 1.5 sigma mean shift, we need specification limits
= mean +/-6 sigma to achieve 99.99966% within specifications. Six Sigma performance implies
a level of process and product performance of no more than 3.4 DPMO. (Breyfogle, 2003)
Sigma level
()
Defects per million opportunities
(DPMO)
6 3.4
5 233
4 6,210
3 66,810
2 308,770
1 697,672

Defect levels ppm (Taken from the CSSBB Primer, 2012)

Normal Distribution Shifted 1.5 (Breyfogle, 2003)
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The concepts of Lean Six Sigma were published in the book named Lean Six Sigma:
Combining Six Sigma with Lean Speed. The book was written by Peter Vincent and Michael
George in 2003. DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) phases are utilized in
Lean Six Sigma as these are utilized in Six Sigma. (L. George, 2003)
Lean Six Sigma projects include waste elimination and the projects that are based on
characteristics of critical to quality (CTQ). The CTQ will be described below. All the lean and
six sigma tools are included in Lean Six Sigmas DMAIC toolkit. Training criteria for Lean Six
Sigma is similar to that provided for Six Sigma.
Basic Principles of Lean Six-Sigma:
Lean Six Sigma has proved to be a powerful method for improving efficiency in business
and its effectiveness. Following can be regarded as the basic principles of Lean Six Sigma:
Focus must be on the consumers
It must be identified and understood how the work get done
Flow of process must be in a manageable, smooth and improved manner.
Unnecessary steps in production that add no value must be removed
Variation should be reduced and process should be managed efficiently
Skilled labor should be involved and they must be equipped in the process.
Improvement mechanism must be done in a systematic way
Improvement Program:
Lean Six Sigma can be best regarded as a process of improvement plan for the
organizations in which the concept of Lean and Six Sigma is combined. Lean is a collection of
techniques to reduce the time required for the provision of goods and services. On the other
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hand, Six Sigma is a collection of techniques to improve the quality of goods and services and
ultimately contributing towards the increased rate of consumer satisfaction.
The combination of these two concepts provides a management strategy for the success
of business that has proven helpful in the achievement of efficient operation. A number of
quality improvement experts and business analysts say that Lean Six Sigma is regarded as the
most famous methodology of business performance.
Critical to Quality:
Critical to Quality are the internal parameters of critical quality that develop a
relationship between the needs of customers and what is delivered to them. These are different
from CTCs that are Critical to Customer. Critical to Quality assures the best things that are
meaningful and important according to the needs and requirements of the customer are delivered
to them. Quality process or service is required to ensure better satisfaction to the consumers.
(Pries, 2009)

Delievery of
Product
Quality of
Product
Look/Design of
Product
Quality Standard
of Products
Variety of
Product
Speed of
providing
services
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Quality Function Development:
Critical to Quality can also be regarded as Quality Function Deployment (QFD). It relates
Critical to Quality with Critical to Customers.
Critical to Customers are meant to provide what customers demand and critical to quality
demands quality in the provided goods or services.
Critical to Quality provides a way to the organizations for achieving their objectives to
make the provisions at the right time in the right way. Critical to Quality will eliminate the
wastage of time. Overall, the concept and strategy is meant to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of the organization and its procedures.
Other Definitions
Just in Time:
Another strategy that companies often employ in order to increase the efficiency of
production and decrease the wastage and underutilization in the business is the Just in Time
approach. Goods required are only produced depending on the demand and hence it reduces
inventory costs. (Cheng & Podolsky, 1996)
Management has an important role to play with the working of almost every strategy that
is meant to improve the quality of service and success of organization.
Management Approaches:
One technique of effective management cannot be applied to every organization. Modern
management techniques are developed according to different scenarios of the organization.
These are sorted out according to the different stability conditions and changes required for the
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growth in the efficiency as well as productivity. Three perspectives of the organization are kept
in mind while developing or implementing an effective management technique. These are the
goals of organizations, aspirations and internal politicking. Advancement in any field causes the
changes in other fields and the policies should be developed accordingly.
The inventor requires a suitable milieu and new technology enables further sophisticated
forms of organization.
At the initial phase of business development, companies certainly require different
management techniques than those firms which are in the mature phase of growth or
development. The policies and procedures, which are developed for new firms, should be able to
respond to the market conditions, which are changing over time. Rules and policies must be
flexible in such a way, which can be adapted and implemented in the occurrence of any change
in the market.
Researchers and analysts have identified two important organizational approaches.
Mechanistic Approach:
The mechanistic approach is suitable for industries that are relatively stable and it is
marked by highly hierarchical precise definition of member function. This is to make sure that
the practices and policies, which are implemented in the large companies are complying the
policies enforced by the top management of the organization. This approach is very helpful in
identifying the hierarchical explanation of different functions.

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Organic Approach:
The organic approach is more suitable for industries that undergo change. Organic
approach is considered as an important element in the practices of business environment. This
approach appeared to provide the businesses the assurance about the quality and needs for
improving the technological and managerial process to achieve the satisfaction of the customers
through quality.
Modern Management Techniques:
Work practices need to be standardized as well as consistent. One should know his or her
responsibilities in the working environment. At any workplace, 5S methodology can be used to
sort out the issues and maintain the environment to manage the organization.
5S are described as follows (Manuele, 2008):
Sorting:
All the irrelevant tools, practices and instructions should be eliminated. Management
should go through all the materials and the tools in the workplace. Only those elements or
policies should be kept that have been effective and these need to prioritize.
Stabilizing:
Everything should be kept in place and there should be place for everything. Things must
be arranged in a way that enhances the efficient working at the workplace. Items should be
arranged in a manner that promotes efficient workflow so that the workers need not bend
repetitively to access materials
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Systematic cleaning:
Workplace need to be organized so that it influences the mind of the employees in a
positive way. Maintaining the cleanliness should be a part of the daily routine work.
Standardizing:
Everyone should be aware of his or her duties at the work place. Work practices must be
consistent and standardized.
Sustaining the discipline or self-discipline:
The standards should be reviewed and maintained. Once the standardizing, stabilizing
and other such tasks have been gone through then the focus must be on maintaining the
discipline of the environment. A strong factor influences the whole structure of an organization
as well as a key point for the development of policies regarding the techniques in organization
and implementation of 5s.
Safety:
Sometimes, safety measures are also regarded as an important policy factor for any
organization that creates a sense of peace in the employees. All these factors can be applied to
enhance the efficiency of any organization so that the appropriate management technique can be
applied further.
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Total Quality Management:
William Deming developed the concept of total quality management. He was a
management consultant and his findings greatly influenced the Japanese manufacturing. Many of
features in Six Sigma are similar to that of total quality management approach. However, it is not
exactly same as Six Sigma. In total quality management, the focus is laid on standards and
internal guidelines in order to reduce errors or defaults.
Organization-wide efforts are required for installing total quality management (TQM) to
improve the ability of delivering high quality products to the valued customers. The basic
concepts of total quality management are laid on the previous management tools of quality
control. Until 1990s, TQM got wide acknowledgement among organizations. Later it was
overshadowed by Six Sigma and Lean manufacturing.
Total Quality Management deals with the process of streamlining supply chain, reducing
manufacturing defaults, motivating employees and improving customer services. All these
measures of management are to improve the quality and standard of products supplied to
customers. It is required by TQM that everyone in the organization gets involved in the
progressive process.
A standardized, comprehensive and structured approach for improving organizational
outcome is called Total Quality Management (TQM). It improves the quality by making
refinements in the organizational process. Different organizations use different management
techniques in accordance to their structure an environment. Any organization can implement
Total Quality Management approach. As it was firstly implemented in manufacturing sector but
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now it has been widely adapted by a number of organizations including schools, management of
hotels, highway maintenance etc.
Phases in TQM:
Quality management is the basic aspect under TQM approach with great focus on e-
business. There are four different categories involved in the process of total quality management.
These are as follow:
Planning
Implementing (Doing)
Checking
Acting
This is called the PDCA cycle. Firstly, an issue or problem is identified that is going to be
addressed. Relevant information is gathered to sort out the issue. In the second phase, suitable
approach is implemented to solve the issue. Later it is confirmed whether the implementation has
resolved the issue or not. Finally, in the last phase, evaluation and recommendations are made.
Some of the important management techniques are discussed as follow:
Total Productive Maintenance:
This management technique has been in use for more than 50 years. Total productive
maintenance (TPM) is a new way of looking at maintenance but is not as true as in Japan it is an
established process.
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The manager concentrates on the production management and the goal of the manager is
to enhance the productive maintenance. It overall increase the maintain productivity of the
workplace or organization.
Total quality management had its own importance due to the overall participation across
the company. A need for a total quality system was emphasized in order to build the quality into
the products. It was also argued that poor quality in due to poor management and a companywide
approach is required to improve the product quality. Quality program is characterized as made up
of quality monitoring, quality planning and control.
Basic Approaches:
Six basic approaches are required by Quality Management:
The involvement and commitment of the management to provide a long term high
organizational support
Focusing the customer needs both externally and internally.
Effective utilization and involvement of the entire work force of the organization.
Business improvement and improvement of production process continuously
Supplier should be treated as partner
Performance measures should be established.

Top Management:
The future of any organization depends on the quality of its top management. The total
quality approach requires that the selection of employees should be on the perfect basis. Right
people should be employed for the right job. For this effective measure, the top management
should be highly committed with towards the goal and performance of the organization. Number
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one position is occupied by the top management in the required list for effective implementation
of Total Quality Management approach.
Focus on Customer:
The business need to focus on the needs and preferences of the customers. Customers are
the center of focus for any business these days. TQM approach revolves around the satisfaction
of the consumers. The ability of any organization to satisfy the needs of customers has a
tremendous impact on the companys reputation. Delivering the requirements that are demanded
can satisfy the external customer.
Employee Involvement:
For the success of every organization, involvement of employees in the practices of
organization is very important along with the involvement of the top management. With the
involvement of employees and top management in the policies and practices of the organization,
then the organization can easily attain its objectives and goals efficiently. It is not only the
success of management but also the success of Human Resource Practices, which enabled the
employees to get involved in the practices to achieve organizational goals.
Continuous Improvement:
Retaining the initial success that has been achieved by the Total Quality Management is
the key factor for the continuous improvement in every aspect of the business. The workforce
should be trained with the latest practices and technologies that will result in more efficient and
improved working. Quality improvement projects like delivery on time, order entry efficiency,
satisfying the customer are good practices to begin with.
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Partnership with Suppliers:
Supplier quality needs to be outstanding. Some companies lay great focus on quality and
life cycle costs rather than price. Developing a good relationship with suppliers ensures the
supply of high quality goods on time.
Performance Measures:
Indicators of active performance measures (Uptime), percentage of non-conformance,
absenteeism and customer satisfaction should be determined and calculated according to the
procedures systematically to analyze any discrepancy in the following of those policies and
procedures. These measures should be implemented in such a way that will increase the
performance of organization through motivation.
Quality Assurance:
This refers to the managerial process that determines the objectives, resources, funding
agencies and performance standards. Dealing and implementing the appropriate steps to the
problems sorted in the organization is a part of the QA approach.
Project Management Skills:
A solid understanding of organizational structure should be made at the start of any
project. Certain skills are necessary for better outcomes. The organizational goals, customers
satisfaction and all other important aspects should be kept in mind before going on any project.
Best skills gather all the successful features to get organizational growth as a result.
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Plan Quality:
In current world competition scenario, quality is that factor which makes difference for
any organization. Better quality products earn good repute for organization. Those who compete
in quality products are the one staying in competitions. Every organization is focused on
different ways to enhance the quality products to satisfy the customers and keep on increasing
their product quality.

Inputs to the Plan Quality Process:
In the process of quality planning, a number of basic guidelines are necessary to be
included. A proper schedule should be made for acting upon and that can serve as basic
guidelines. All the environmental factors should be kept in mind for planning standards for any
product.
Planning
and
evaluaion
Knowledge of
Management
Development
of Workforce
Project
Management
Continous
Improvements
in Quality
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Cost-Benefit Analysis:
Cost benefits tradeoffs should be considered in planning for quality. If quality
requirements are fully met, this reduces the wastage of time for reworks. On the other hand,
productivity increases, costs decreases and shareholders gain higher profits through improved
output of organization.
Benchmarking:
In order to generate different ideas of improving quality, benchmarking is important.
Every organization should make its standard requirements for the product in contrast to other
standardized products. A good comparison yields increased output quality and benefits (Linn,
2010).
Design of Experiments (DOE):
A method that can help in finding the relevant factors that affect a product is Design of
Experiments. Many underproduction issues can be resolved by this statistical method.
Cost of Quality (COQ):
To avoid nonconformance in standard requirement, quality costs are incurred as a part of
total costs. It helps in avoiding the failure of meeting requirements, wastage of resources and
appraisal of products. The poor quality products indicate the failure of these costs.
Additional Quality Planning Tools:
There are many other tools of quality planning including affinity diagrams,
brainstorming, analysis of force field, techniques of nominal group, flow charts etc.
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Outputs from the Plan Quality Process:
Management plan of quality describes that how the team will implement the quality
policies in an organization. Many important factors like quality control (QC) and quality
assurance (QA) should be met for improvements in product quality (Mott, 2011).
Quality Metrics:
Quality Metrics is the measurement of quality control process in its operations. Quality
metrics are used to analyze and indicate the performance, and different alternatives can be
compared using quality metrics. Moreover, quality metrics not only indicate the performance but
also predict and anticipate the performance.
Quality Checklists:
Quality checklist is a structural tool that is used to verify whether standardized steps of
production are implemented/used or not. While checklists maintain the quality in the practices,
they can be complicated or simple according to the complexity of the system or production unit.
Different quality certifications can be adopted like ISO, HACCP, WQM and other quality
certifications to provide the checklist to maintain the quality and quality checklist.
Quality Baseline:
All the objectives that should be met while producing or developing any products are
provided by quality baseline. Quality performance is measured by the quality baseline that is part
performance measurement.
Two techniques are most commonly used by management to ensure quality of products.
These are quality control and quality assurance. By employing these two techniques,
management ensures that standard quality measures are fulfilled or not.
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Organizations follow many methods to ensure better quality standards for the
organizations. It is tried by the management to maintain the level of quality that is basic standard
set. Total Quality Management is believed to yield the best outcomes for any organization while
some organizations think that other internal and external factors had better work. Basic standards
set for products define many procedures and processes for activities of organization. These
guidelines provide assistance in the functioning of organizations.
There are many standards set for the quality measures. One of the organization that set
quality standards for organizations is International Standards Organizations (ISO). It is the most
prominent body. A number of organizations act on the standards set by ISO. Some standards are
specifically designed for some industries. In the sectors of software development, SEI-CMMi
standard is followed.
Quality standards act like a symbolic measure of products and services. Customers prefer
to buy the products from a standardized of ISO certified organization and hence showing a great
concern for quality. It has become necessary for management to act on standards set by ISO in
order to get customers attracted.
Quality Control:
Quality control and Quality assurance are two different things. Internal standards are
defined by almost every organization. These internal standards are in every procedure and
process. Organization if newly established, develop internal requirements with time and it would
become necessary for the stakeholders to act upon them.
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Inputs:
To ensure whether the internal requirements are being fulfilled or not, the process is
called quality control. It is checked whether stakeholders adhered to the set objectives and
standards. A verification process is implemented in quality control. Products and activities are
verified with respect to the defined standards of quality.
A quality manual is required by every organization that implements quality control
system. The objectives and focus of the organization is highlighted in the quality manual. The
quality manual provides guidelines for quality to different sectors within the organization.
Everyone is liable of performing his duty with quality manual in correspondence.
Ishakawas7 quality tools:
There are many names of these seven basic tools, which are given by the admirers of
quality. These tools were first suggested by Kaoru Ishikawa. He was an engineering professor at
Tokyo University. He was named as the father of quality circles.
The seven basic tools for quality product are given as below:
1. Cause-and-effect diagram helps in identifying many issues and suggest ideas for the
elimination of these issues.
2. Check sheet helps in collecting and analyzing data that can be further used for many
useful purposes.
3. Control charts develop graphs that can be studied to know about the variations over time.
4. Histogram shows the frequency distributions that shows variations in data.
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5. Pareto chart is like a bar graph reflecting variables that are more significant.
6. Scatter diagram shows the relationship among variables plotted against axis.
7. Stratification is a technique used to separate gathered data from different sources and
analyze their patterns (Pun, 2006).
Quality Assurance:
A broad process used for assurance of quality products and services is called Quality
Assurance. Quality control is far different from quality assurance. Quality practices are increased
and upgraded in quality assurance. In this regard, organization faces improvements in expected
quality functions continuously. A quality assurance team is hired which is for this. There is a
dedicated quality assurance team commissioned.
Sometimes, in larger organizations, a 'Process' team is also allocated for enhancing the
processes and procedures in addition to the quality assurance team. Quality assurance team of the
organization has many responsibilities. A proper process should be defined for the sake of
ensured success achievement of company. ISO has been adopted by a number of organizations as
a standard process. It allows organizations to define their internal objectives and act upon them
(Zairi & Youssef, 1995).
A number of tools are used by organizations to enhance their activities of quality
assurance function. It can be done by many simple techniques as well as different latest software
systems. Professionals hired for quality assurance should get formal training sessions and get
certifications. In software development houses, it is applicable in quality assurance functions.
Many opportunities are there to increase the products quality (Wankhade & Dabade, 2006).
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Quality can be enhanced in different ways.
Teams of quality assurance in any organization work constantly to increase the standard of their
products and services. Meanwhile they keep on increasing the innovations regarding quality
upgrading, designing and much more. In such a way, quality is improved and services are
optimized.

Product Development case Study Examples:
Real Scenario Example:
The Toyota Production system is the real example of a company that has implemented
this management technique. Within a workstation, usually a local improvement involves a small
group for improving their own work productivity and environment. The modern usage has
focused on the addressing of a particular issue over a week and it has been referred as Kaizen
Blitz. These have limitations in scope and issues that arise in them are dealt in Blitzes (Lockamy
& Khurana, 1995).

Quality Assurance
Focus on Production
Process
Quality is put into
the product
Quality Control
Focus is on finished
product's quality
Standard of quality
are met
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Implementation:
The Toyota Production System is well known for Kaizen. Kaizen is a philosophy in
business to identify the gradual or continuous increase in the performance of business
practices/production. In case of any abnormality, it is expected by all line personnel that they
will stop their moving production line along with their supervisor. This suggests an improvement
for resolving the abnormality, which may start a kaizen. Involvement of all employees, quality,
effort and willingness to change as well as communication are the key elements of kaizen
(Parzinger, 1997).
Companies in Japan implement TPM:
Most of the companies believe that they can afford more time and resources as required
by the Total Productivity Management techniques.
Implementation of TPM requires the participation of everyone across the company and its
results are fully seen after 3 to 5 years of implementation. Training is required for these this
technique Total Quality Management (TQM):
Total Quality Management offers a set of principles. These principles represent the basis
for improvement of the organization continuously. It involves the application of human resources
and quantitative methods for improving the overall process within the organization and increases
the needs of the customers and in the future as well. Fundamental management technique is
integrated with the improved efforts and tools under an approach that is disciplined. Everyone in
the organization is involved in the technique of TQM.

27

Total Quality Management (TQM) in Japanese Companies:
This technique was evolved in the past decades with the incorporation of data and ideas
synthesized from many sources.
Japanese companies were the first to introduce and use the TQM concept. The basic idea
was generated from the United States. Joseph M Juran and W. Edwards Deming are the two
people who were most closely linked with the development of quality management programs in
Japan and afterwards in the United states (Jayaram, Ahire, Nicolae, & Ataseven, 2012).
Conclusion:
A quality control mechanism is a product-oriented process and on the other hand, a quality
assurance mechanism is a process-oriented practice. In quality control, it is ensured whether the
finished product meets all the standard requirements or not. However, standard process of
production come under quality assurance, which can be implemented by adopting and using the
quality checklist. Quality control is regarded as a reactive process while quality assurance is
regarded as proactive process. Every organization has its own internal and external values and
core factors. The leading role in the development of quality assurance and management of
quality standards has to be implemented and monitored by top management. For this,
management adopts several policies and management tools to stabilize the organization and
make it achieve the goals by increasing its efficiency and productive capacity like Kaizen, 5s and
other tools. Total Productivity Management, Total Quality Management and Quality Assurance
are the tools that management can adopt to strengthen the organization and indulge the
employees in increasing the productivity capacity of the working place.
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References
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Environment. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from
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The Role and of Implementation of Total Quality Management For A Product Development Project

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