Acex Abstract 102

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ACEX2011 ABSTRACT BOOK

ACEX2011
ABSTRACT BOOK

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PREFACE

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 5
TH
International Conference on Advanced
Computational Engineering and Experimenting, (ACE-X 2011) at Hilton Vilamoura (Rua da Torre
d'Agua, Lote 4.11.1B Vilamoura, Algarve, 8125-615, Portugal) Algarve, Portugal, from 03-06 JULY,
2011. More details on the event can be found on our web page http://www.ace-x2011.com.

ACE-X 2011 aimed at attracting a balanced portion of delegates from academia, industry and
research institutions and laboratories involved with research and development work. In doing so, the
conference provides a binding platform for academics and industrialists to network together,
exchange ideas, provide new information and give new insights into overcoming the current
challenges facing the academics and the industrialists relating to the Advanced Computational
Engineering and Experimenting.
I would like to thank the Organising Committee members and members of the Local Committe for
their help in contributing to the successful organisation of this meeting and special thanks to Prof.
Paulo Tavares de Castro (Head of Local Committee) for his support.
I would like to thank the colleagues, organisers of the SPECIAL SESSIONS, Thank you!
A special thanks to ACEX2011 Co-chairs, Professor Lucas da Silva, Professor Holm Altenbach and
Professor Rudrapatna V. Ramanth for supporting one more ACEX .

Thank all delegates for the decision in attending ACEX 2011 hope you will find the meeting very
useful for your work, business and a useful forum for obtaining new knowledge.
2012, we will organise the ACEX conference in an utmost historical city: Athens (Greece)
Have fun learning and meeting new people!

Be helthy and keep yourself helthy!

Professor Andreas chsner
ACEX-CONFERENCE Chairman

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PLENARY LECTURE 6
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 11
SPECIAL SESSION 1 / SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION AND IMAGING SYSTEMS (SS1)
Prof. Fabiana R. Leta (organiser)
28
SPECIAL SESSION 2 / COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES (SS2)
Prof. S.M.R. Khalili
41
SPECIAL SESSION 3 / BIOMECHANICS (SS3)
Prof. Darwish (organiser)
76
SPECIAL SESSION 4 / FATIGUE AND FRACTURE (SS4)
Prof. Paulo Tavares de Castro and Dr. Pedro MGP Moreira (organisers)
88
SPECIAL SESSION 5 / CRASH SIMULATION (SS5)
Prof. Markus Merkel (organiser)
109
SPECIAL SESSION 6 / ADVANCED MATERIALS (SS6)
Prof. Andreas Oechsner (organiser)
115
SPECIAL SESSION 7 / NUMERICAL METHODS AND MODELLING (SS7)
Prof. M.N. Tamin (organiser)
129
SPECIAL SESSION 8 / OPTMISATION OF STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS (SS8)
Prof. Pablo A. Muoz-Rojas (organiser)
158
SPECIAL SESSION 9 / NANOMATERIALS (SS9)
Prof. Noorhana Yahya and Dr. Lockman Zainovia (organisers)
167
SPECIAL SESSION 10 / BIOMECHATRONIC AND APPLIED ENGINEERING IN PROSTHESIS (SS10)
Prof. J.A. Beltrn Fernndez (organiser)
35
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 192

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Plenary Lecture

Professor J. N. Reddy

ABOUT PROF JN REDDY
http://authors.isihighlycited.com/
and
http://www.tamu.edu/acml

Dr. Reddy is a Distinguished Professor and holder of the Oscar S. Wyatt Endowed Chair in
Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Dr. Reddy is the author of
over 375 journal papers and 16 text books on theoretical formulations and finite-element analysis of
problems in solid and structural mechanics (plates and shells), composite materials, computational
fluid dynamics, numerical heat transfer, and applied mathematics. The books authored by Dr. Reddy
include: An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, 2008); An Introduction
to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Oxford University Press, 2004; An Introduction to the Finite
Element Method, McGraw-Hill, 1984 (3
rd
ed., 2006); The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer and
Fluid Dynamics, coauthored with D. K. Gartling, CRC Press (3
rd
ed., 2010), Energy Principles and
Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics, John Wiley, l984 (2
nd
ed., 2002); Applied Functional
Analysis and Variational Methods in Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1986; Mechanics of Laminated
Composite Plates and Shells: Theory and Analysis, CRC Press, 1997 (2
nd
ed., 2004); and Theory and
Analysis of Elastic Plates and Shells, Taylor & Francis, (2
nd
ed., 2007). Dr. Reddy serves on the
editorial boards of about two-dozen journals, and he is the Editor-in-Chief of Applied Mechanics
Reviews (ASME), Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, International Journal of
Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, and International Journal of Structural
Stability and Dynamics. Dr. Reddy is one of the selective few researchers in engineering around world
who are recognized by ISI Highly Cited Researchers with over 10,000 citations and H-index of over
40.

.
THERMOMECHANICAL RESPONSE OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED STRUCTURES
Reddy, J. N. and Muliana, A.
Advanced Computational Mechanics Laboratory
Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123

ABSTRACT
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Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are a class of composites that have a gradual variation of
material properties from one surface to another. These novel materials were
proposed as thermal barrier materials for applications in space planes, space structures, nuclear
reactors, turbine rotors, flywheels, and gears, to name only a few. As conceived and manufactured
today, these materials are isotropic and nonhomogeneous Two-constituent FGMs are usually made of
a mixture of ceramic and metals for use in thermal environments. The ceramic constituent of the
material provides the high temperature resistance due to its low thermal conductivity. The ductile metal
constituent, on the other hand, prevents fracture due to high temperature gradient ina very short
period of time. Typical situations where thermal shock occurs are during reentry of space vehicles,
where the temperature changes from 273oC to about 1,100oC in a few minutes, and the advanced
gas turbine, wherein a severe temperature transient of a change in temperature of 1,500oC occurs
over a time period of 15 s. The present lecture is an overview of the recent developments in the
numerical modeling of functionally graded structures [1-5]. The lecture will present detailed discussion
of the influence of geometric nonlinearity and temperature-dependent material properties on the
response of functionally graded structures.

Acknowledgement. The research reported herein was carried out under a research projects from the
NSF, Grant CMMI-1030836 and MURI09 project from the AFOSR under grant FA9550-09-1-0686.The
support is gratefully acknowledged.

References
1. J. N. Reddy and C. D. Chin, Thermomechanical Analysis of Functionally Graded Cylinders and
Plates, J. Thermal Stresses, 26(1), 593-626, 1998.
2. G. N. Praveen and J. N. Reddy, Nonlinear Transient Thermoelastic Analysis of Functionally
Graded Ceramic-Metal Plates, Journal of Solids and Structures, 35(33), 4457-4476, 1998.
3. R. A. Arciniega and J. N. Reddy, Large Deformation Analysis of Functionally Graded Shells,
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44(6), 2036-2052, 2007.
4. R. Gunes and J. N. Reddy, Nonlinear Analysis of Functionally Graded Circular Plates Under
Different Loads and Boundary Conditions, International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics,
8(1), 131-159, 2008.
5. M. Bayat, B. B. Sahari, M. Saleem, A. M. S. Hamouda, and J. N. Reddy, Thermo Elastic Analysis
of Functionally Graded Rotating Disks with Temperature-Dependent Material Properties: Uniform and
Variable Thickness, International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design, 5(3), 263-279, 2009.

.

Plenary Lecture
Professor A. J. M. Ferreira

ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED PLATES AND SHELLS BY
COLLOCATION WITH RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS
A. J. M. Ferreira
Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade
do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal

Introduction
Recently, radial basis functions (RBFs) have enjoyed considerable success and research as a
technique for interpolating data and functions. A radial basis function, (kxxjk) is a spline that
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depends on the Euclidian distance between distinct data centers xj , j = 1, 2, ...,N Rn, also called
nodal or collocation points.
Although most work to date on RBFs relates to scattered data approximation and in general to
interpolation theory, there has recently been an increased interest in their use for solving partial
differential equations (PDEs). This approach, which approximates the whole solution of the PDE
directly using RBFs, is very attractive due to the fact that this is truly a mesh-free technique.
Kansa [1] introduced the concept of solving PDEs using RBFs.

Structures composed of laminated materials are among the most important structures used in modern
engineering and, especially, in the aerospace industry.
Such lightweight structures are also being increasingly used in civil, mechanical and transportation
engineering applications. The rapid increase of the industrial use of these structures has necessitated
the development of new analytical and numerical tools that are suitable for the analysis and study of
the mechanical behavior of such structures. The behavior of structures composed of advanced
composite materials is considerably more complicated than for isotropic ones. The strong influences of
anisotropy, the transverse stresses through the thickness of a laminate and the stress distributions at
interfaces are among the most important factors that affect the general performance of such
structures. The use of shear deformation theories has been the topic of intensive research, as in [2
14], among many others.
The analysis of laminated plates by finite element methods is now considerably established. The use
of alternative methods such as the meshless methods based on radial basis functions is atractive due
to the absence of a mesh and the ease of collocation methods. More recently the author and
colleagues have applied RBFs to the static deformations of composite beams, plates and shells [15
22].
This paper presents a review of current methods for the analysis of laminated plates and shells by
strong-form-based meshless methods.

References
[1] E. J. Kansa. Multiquadrics- a scattered data approximation scheme with applications to
computational fluid dynamics.i: Surface approximations and partial derivative estimates. Comput.Math.
Appl., 19(8/9):127145, 1990.
[2] E. Reissner. A consistment treatment of transverse shear deformations in laminated anisotropic
plates. AIAA J., 10(5):716718, 1972.
[3] J. N. Reddy. Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates: Theory and Analysis. CRC Press, Boca
Raton 1997.
[4] E. Reissner and Y. Stavsky. Bending and stretching of certain types of aelotropic elastic plates. J.
Appl. Mech., 28:402408, 1961.
[5] Y. Stavsky. Bending and stretching of laminated aelotropic plates. J. Eng. Mechanics, ASCE, 87
(EM6):3156, 1961.
[6] S. B. Dong, K. S. Pister, and R. L. Taylor.On the theory of laminated anisotropic plates and shells.
J. Aeronautical Science, 29(8):969975, 1962.
[7] P. C. Yang, C. H. Norris, and Y. Stavsky.Elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous plates. Int. J.
Solids and Structures, 2:665684, 1966.
[8] S. A. Ambartsumyan. Theory of anisotropic plates (translated from Russian. Technomic, Stamford,
CT, 1969.
[9] J. M. Whitney and A. W. Leissa. Analysis of heterogeneous anisotropic plates. J. Appl. Mechanics,
36(2):261266, 1969.
[10] J. N. Reddy. A simple higher-order theory for laminated composite plates. J.of Applied Mechanics,
51:745752, 1984.
[11] J. N. Reddy. A refined nonlinear theory of plates with transverse shear deformation. Int. J. of
Solids and Structures, 20(9/10):881906, 1984.
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[12] B. N. Pandya and T. Kant. Higher-order shear deformable theories for flexure of sandwich plates-
finite element evaluations. Int. J. Solids and Structures,24:419451, 1988.
[13] G. Akhras, M. S. Cheung, and W. Li. Finite strip analysis for anisotropic laminated composite
plates using higher-order deformation theory. Computers & Structures, 52(3):471477, 1994.
[14] E. Carrera. C0 reissner-mindlin multilayered plate elements including zig-zag and interlaminar
stress continuity. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 39:17971820, 1996.
[15] A. J. M. Ferreira. A formulation of the multiquadric radial basis function method for the analysis of
laminated composite plates. Composite Structures, 59:385392, 2003.
[16] A. J. M. Ferreira. Thick composite beam analysis using a global meshless approximation based
on radial basis functions. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 10:271284, 2003.
[17] A. J. M. Ferreira, C. M. C. Roque, and P. A. L. S. Martins. Analysis of composite plates using
higher-order shear deformation theory and a finite point formulation based on the multiquadric radial
basis function method. Composites: Part B, 34:627636, 2003.
[18] A. J. M. Ferreira. Polyharmonic (thin-plate) splines in the aalysis of composite plates. International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 46(10):15491569, 2004.
[19] A. J. M. Ferreira, C. M. C. Roque, and R. M. N. Jorge.Analysis of composite plates by
trigonometric shear deformation theory and multiquadrics. Computers and Structures, 83(27):2225
2237, 2005.
[20] A. J. M. Ferreira, C. M. C. Roque, and R. M. N. Jorge. Modelling cross-ply laminated elastic shells
by a higher-order theory and multiquadrics. Computers and Structures, 84(19-20):12881299, 2006.
[21] A. J. M. Ferreira, C. M. C. Roque, and R. M. N. Jorge. Static and free vibration analysis of
composite shells by radial basis functions. Engineering analysis with boundary elements, 30:719733,
2006.
[22] A. J. M..Ferreira and G. E. Fasshauer. Computation of natural frequencies of shear deformable
beams and plates by a rbf-pseudospectral method. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, 196:134146, 2006.

..
Plenary Lecture
Professor H. Altenbach
THEORY OF PLATES AND SHELLS AT THE NANOSCALE
H. Altenbach1, V. A. Eremeyev1,2
1 Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
holm.altenbach@iw.uni-halle.de
2 South Scientific Center of RASci and South Federal University, Russia,
eremeyev.victor@gmail.com

The development of nanotechnologies extends the field of application of the classical or non-classical
theories of mechanics towards the new materials. The discussions on the application of the continuum
mechanics and the mechanics of structures in the nanoscale are very extensive, see [1] among
others. In general, modern nanomaterials have physical properties which are different from the bulk
material. The classical elasticity can be extended to the nanoscale by implementation of the theory of
elasticity taking into account the surface stresses, cf. [1] among others. In particular, the surface
stresses are responsible for the size-effect, that means the material properties of a specimen depend
on its size.
For example, Youngs modulus of a cylindrical specimen increases significantly, when the cylinder
diameter becomes very small. Let us note that even for such nanostructures as nanoshells, nanofilms,
and nanoplates the continuum approach gives a satisfying coincidence with atomistic simulations, if
one takes into account the appropriate constitutive equations.
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The theory of elasticity with surface stresses was applied to the modifications of the two-dimensional
theories of nanosized plates and shells, see, for example,
[26] and the references in it. The most popular in nanomechanics are the KirchhoffLove, Mindlin
Reissner, and von Kàrmàn theories of plate and shells.
Here we use the general nonlinear theory of shell presented in [7, 8] for the modification of the
constitutive equations taking into account the surface stresses. We show that both the stress and the
couple stress resultant tensors may be represented as a sum of two terms. The first term is the
volume stress resultant while the second one determined by the surface stresses and the shell
geometry. This means that the stress resultants for the shell with surface stresses can be represented
as follows
T
= T + TS , M
= M+MS , (1)
where T and M are the classical stress and couple stress resultant tensors given for example in [7, 8],
while TS and MS are the resultant tensors induced by the surface stresses, see [6] for details.
In the linear case this modification reduces to the addition of new terms to the elastic stiffness
parameters. Follow [4, 5] we show that the bending stiffness is given by
D
= D + DS , (2)
where D =
Eh3
12(1 - n2)
is the classical bending stiffness, E and n are the Youngs modulus and the Poissons ratio of the bulk
material, h is the shell thickness, DS = h2mS + h2lS/2, and mS and lS are the surface elastic moduli.
The influence of the surface stresses on the bending stiffness of a shell is discussed.
We show that the surface elasticity makes a shell more stiffer in comparison with the shell without
surface stresses, i.e. D > D. The numerical examples show that the influence of the surface stresses
is negligible for the plate thickness more then 20 nm. The effect of the surface stresses may be more
significant for multilayered plates and shells and for plates and shells with fractal-like surface.
We also applied the concept of the surface stresses to the plates and shells with rough surface which
has fractal-like relief. In particular, we consider the surface coated by nano- or microfibers array and
discuss constitutive equations for the effective surface energy of such surfaces. In this case the
influence of the surface stresses more significant as in the case of the smooth surface.
The second author was supported by the RFBR with the grant No. 09-01-00459 and by the DFG with
the grant No. AL 341/33-1.

References
[1] Duan, H. L.,Wang, J. & Karihaloo, B. L. Theory of elasticity at the nanoscale.
In Advances in Applied Mechanics, Elsevier. 2008. 42. 168.
[2] Lu, P., He, L. H., Lee, H. P. & Lu, C. Thin plate theory including surfaceeffects. International
Journal of Solids and Structures, 2006.43(16). 46314647.
[3] Huang, D.W. Size-dependent response of ultra-thin films with surface effects.International Journal
of Solids and Structures, 2008. 45(2).568579.
[4] Eremeyev, V. A., Altenbach, H. & Morozov, N. F. The influence of surfacetension on the effective
stiffness of nanosize plates. Doklady Physics, 2009.54(2). 98100.
[5] Altenbach, H., Eremeyev, V. A. & Morozov, N. F. Linear theory of shellstaking into account surface
stresses. Doklady Physics, 2009, 54(12).531535.
[6] Altenbach, H., & Eremeyev V.A. On the shell and plate theories withsurface stresses. In Shell
Structures.Theory and Applications.Vol. 2. W.Pietraszkiewicz, I. Kreja (eds). Boca Raton, CRC Press,
2010. 4750.
[7] Libai, A. & Simmonds, J. G. The Nonlinear Theory of Elastic Shells, (2nded.). Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. 1998.
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[8] Chroscielewski, J., Makowski, J. & Pietraszkiewicz, W. Statyka i dynamika powok
wielopatowych: Nieliniowa teoria i metoda elementow skonczonych.Warszawa, Wydawnictwo IPPT
PAN. 2004.

.

Experimental methods
ACEX299
Mr. Christian Maier
University of Applied Sciences Aalen,
GERMANY

Aero-acoustical Analysing of the wake flow of a Cylinder

C. Maier2, D. Harrison2, M. Macdonald2, W. Waidmann1, W. Pannert1
1University of Applied Sciences Aalen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalen, Germany
2Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Engineering and Computing, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Abstract
When a fluid flows over a cylinder with a defined velocity, it creates a tonal noise in the cylinder
backlash. This tonal noise can be predicted analytically using the Strouhal Number and numerically
using suitable flow simulation software that can analyse the flow in a way that aero-acoustical noise
can be predicted. Calculating and predicting this tonal noise can be done with approaches from Lighthill
using the wave equation and solving it analytically. A software package like ANSYS FLUENT
provides an opportunity to do this.
It is possible to get information about a receiver from observer points within the physical environment
remotely. There could possibly be more than one point containing the acoustic pressure, directivity,
spectra and overall sound pressure level (OASPL). There is also information about source strength,
contribution from different sources and source classification that can be ascertained as well [1]. The
work described in this paper shows a comparison of a FLUENT software simulation to
measurements taken using an acoustic camera to analyse the wake flow over a cylinder.
One of the challenges in aero-acoustics is to resolve all eddies. This demands a very fine discretisation
of the mesh - about 15-20 grid points per wavelength is necessary (dependent on the highest
frequency of interest). Boundary layers (inflations) are necessary at the sound origin also to resolve the
delamination of the flow in that region. A small time step is important as well to predict noise. Another
big challenge is to decouple the acoustic field from the hydrodynamic field using Large Eddy Simulation
(LES). The acoustic radiation contains only a tiny fraction of energy of the primary flow. With a two-step
approach it might be possible to obtain a solution to this problem. The transient flow field is solved by
using the LES model and the acoustic perturbations are predicted at the receiver using the enhanced
wave equation by Lighthill (FW-H Acoustic Analogy) [2].

Reference
[1] ANSYS FLUENT. Introduction to Acoustics Modeling. 2008. www.fluentusers.com.
[2] ANSYS FLUENT. Acoustic Analogy Modeling. 2008. www.fluentusers.com.
.

ACEX118
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Prof. Pierre Matar
Lebanese University,
LEBANON

Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Precast Concrete Hollow Blocks

P. Matar1, R. El Dalati2
1Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering, Section 2, Roumieh, Lebanon
2Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering, Section 1, Tripoli, Lebanon

Abstract
Among the construction waste that could be recycled, we can mention the aggregates resulted from the
crushed concrete. While the acquired knowledge about the use of recycled aggregates in new concrete
mixtures is fairly large [1, 2], the use of such aggregates in the production of concrete blocks is very
limited [3]. This study aims to determine the influence of the use of recycled aggregates in precast
concrete hollow blocks on their compression resistance. Tests were carried out to determine the
optimal rate of recycled aggregates content to be used in the manufacture of concrete blocks in order
to obtain blocks having suitable compression strength. Tests were executed on several series of blocks
whose composition includes recycled aggregates and on two series of blocks whose composition
consisted exclusively of natural aggregates.
The tests results have provided the maximum percentage of recycled aggregates that can be included
in new concrete block mixes without affecting the blocks compression resistance. The tests have
shown that the use of recycled aggregates in concrete blocks could give a compression resistance
similar to that of blocks manufactured without any recycled aggregates. Tests have shown also that
using recycled aggregates in the manufacture of concrete blocks without any natural aggregates is not
economical, because of the need to add a relatively high percentage of cement necessary to obtain the
required compression resistance.

[1] T.C. Hansen, in Report of Technical Committee 37-DRC: Demolition and Reuse of Concrete,
RILEM, p. 316, Chapman and Hall, London (1992).
[2] J. Merlet, P. Pimienta, in Proceedings of the Third International RILEM Symposium: Demolition and
Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, p. 343, Spon E & FN, London (1993).
[3] P. Pimienta, T. Tran, P. Delmotte, M. Colombard-Prout, in Proceedings of the International
Symposium: Sustainable Construction Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, p. 297, London, (1998).
.

ACEX132
Ms. Marija Smilovi
University of Split,
CROATIA

Testing of Wood-Concrete and Steel-Concrete Composite Elements

M. Smilovi1, D. ubela2, J. Radni1, A. Harapin1
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia.
2 Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental tests with numerical comparison of some typical
composite elements. Two different kinds of elements were tested: composite steel-concrete and
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composite wood-concrete elements (Fig. 1) [2]. Deflections at mid-span of simply supported beams
under monotonously increasing static load were measured (Fig. 2). The influence of different types of
composite joints on the results was analysed.
Fig. 1 Some girders prepared for testing Fig. 2 Comparasion of experimental and calculated mid-span
deflection for the wood-concrete element
In numerical tests, the main structure was modeled with two-dimensional plane elements [1]. The
composite surface was modeled with two-dimensional interface elements for the continuous connection
simulation and modified beam elements for the discrete connection simulation. The applied material
models include the most important nonlinear effects of concrete, steel and wood behavior, as well as
nonlinear behavior of the composite at the connection surface. The numerical results of developed
numerical model were compared with the experimental test results.

[1] A. Harapin, J. Radni, D.ubela, Numerical model for composite structures with experimental
confirmation, Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 39 (2), p. 143-156 (2008).
[2] J. Radni, D. ubela, A. Harapin, Experimental tests of some composite steel-concrete, wood-
concrete and concrete-concrete elements, International Journal for Engineering Modelling, 16 (3-4), p.
121-127 (2005).

ACEX372
Dr. Sergey I. Shtork
Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS
RUSSIA

Instability Diagnostics of Swirling Flows in Model Vortex Generators
S.I. Shtork1,2, I.V. Litvinov2, E.C. Fernandes3
1Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Lavrentyev Ave. 1, 630090, Russia.
2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Pirogova Str. 2, 630090, Russia.
3Instituto Superior Tcnico, Lisbon, Av.Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Portugal.

Abstract
Unsteady phenomena with formation of nonstationary vortex structures are frequently encountered in
industrial and natural swirling flows. In case of the technological devices such as gas-turbine
combustors a strong flow swirling provides essential condition for their proper operation but gives rise
to the flow instability referred to as a precessing vortex core (PVC) [1]. Precessing vortices may
produce undesirable vibrations and noise and in addition modulate heat release driving thermo-
acoustic oscillations. For these reasons a detailed characterization of these structures is needed in
order to predict their impact on the device operation and discover ways to restrain the danger they
pose. It has been demonstrated previously that acoustic technique can be an effective tool for analysis
of the instability modes in swirling flows, particularly emerging in practical vortex combustors [2, 3].
These studies are being extended in current work to characterize precessing vortex structures
generated in different types of vortex generators. Swirlers with axial blades and tangential inlets were
used to explore the PVC behavior for a wide range of the swirl parameter variation. The acoustic
measurements have been complemented by flowfield data obtained using a laser-Doppler
anemometer. Finally, the study should provide a dataset on the vortex structure characteristics which
can be used in a theoretical analysis in order to build a universal predicting tool to calculate properties
of the unsteady swirling flows in practical vortex apparatus.

[1] N. Syred, Prog. Energy Combust. Sc., 32, 93 (2006).
[2] S.I. Shtork, N.F. Vieira and E.C. Fernandes, Fuel, 87, 2314 (2008).
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[3] B. Gktepe, R. Gebart, N. Leito and E.C. Fernandes, In Proc. HEFAT 2010 7th International
Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics (Antalya, Turkey, 2010).

.

ACEX028
Prof. Ming Jin
Beijing Jiaotong University,
P. R. China

Mohr circle of finite strain and its construction for strain rosettes

M. Jin1,2 S.H.Chen2 G. S. Dui1 Z. B. Bao1
1 Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
2The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
100190, P. R. China

Abstract
In small deformation, Mohr circle provides a graphical method for infinitesimal strain analysis. However
strain analysis in large deformation is complicate and abstract[1][2] For metal in plasticity, biomaterials,
rubber-like materials, shape memory alloy, shape memory polymer, and the change of geological
structure and the like, deformation is generally very large. By finite strain rosettes, how to measure the
principal strain and its direction on surface of a body in large deformation is an important problem in
engineering and in experiment. In view of the fact that engineers and geologists prefer graphical
method to analytical method, it is a basic problem whether Mohr circle of infinitesimal strain can be
generalized in large deformation. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been discussion on
generalization of Mohr circle of strain in large deformation till now.
In this paper, Mohr circle of infinitesimal strain is generalized in finite strain. If Lagrangean normal strain
and a half of value that dilatation ratio of surface times tangent to shear angle, are taken as normal
strain (the abscissa) and shear strain (the ordinate), respectively, diagram of the normal strain versus
the shear strain is still a circle in finite strain. This strain circle provides a graphical method for finite
strain analysis. For finite strain rosettes, the construction of Mohr circle of infinitesimal strain described
by Murphy[3] is generalized in finite strain. For and finite strain rosettes, some Mohr circles are
presented based on different measurement of strain gauges. For and finite strain rosettes, formulas
of the greatest, the least engineering normal strain, the principal direction and the greatest shear angle
are presented.

[1] Eringen, A. C., 1980. Mechanics of Continua, Second Edition. Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Company, Inc., New York.
[2] Odgen, R. W.,1997. Nonlinear Elastic Deformation. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
[3]Murphy, G., A graphical method for the evaluation of principal strains from normal strains, J. appl.
Mech. 12, 209-210 (1945).

.

ACEX076
Mr. Felipe Ferreira Luz
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
BRAZIL
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Fluid Flow Behaviour Studies in Resin Transfer Moulding

F.F. Luz1, S.C. Amico1, A.G.B de Lima2
1Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
2Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande/PB, 58429-140, Brazil.

Abstract
This work aims to characterize the fluid flow in an RTM system. Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM), which
belongs to the liquid moulding family, is extensively used to manufacture advanced composite
materials comprised of fibres embedded in a thermoset polymer matrix [1]. The fibre reinforcement in
RTM is considered a porous medium which is infiltrated by the polymer resin. An adequate
characterization of the preform permeability and porosity, and fluid viscosity are determinant for a
successful flow simulation and the actual manufacturing process [2]. During the past decade, many
research studies have been reported on permeability characterization and RTM process design
optimization [3]. Nevertheless, there is a leak of in a full study preform/fluid RTM system.
Several experiments were carried out in order to characterize the fluid (vegetable oil) impregnation of a
plain weave glass fibre fabric under radial flow in an RTM system. The following parameters were
varied: injection pressure, fibre volume fraction and temperature. The results obtained included the
variation in permeability and filling time for the various experimental runs. Those parameters result
were combined in most different ways for a clear understanding of the fluid behaviour. This data will be
later used as input and to validate an ANSYS CFX simulation.

.

ACEX115
Prof. Abosaeid Rashidi
Islamic Azad University,
IRAN

Effect of Nitrogen Plasma on Zeta- potential of cotton fabrics

A.Rashidi1,*, S.Shahidi2, M.Ghoranniviss3
1 Departemnt of Textile, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Textile , Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
3 Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O.Box:
14665-678, Tehran, Iran
*e-mail: rashidi50@yahoo.com

Abstract
In this research work, the cotton samples were treated using Nitrogen plasma. The process has been
performed in a low temperature plasma medium, using a magnetron sputtering device. After preparing
the samples the zeta potentials of the untreated and Nitrogen plasma treated cotton fabrics under
different pH values were estimated and compared. Also the physical and chemical properties of the
fabrics were examined by surface analysis methods and textile technology tests. The results will be
discussed thoroughly in the full paper.

.
16 | P a g e


ACEX123
Prof. Komiya Kazuhito
Chiba Institute of Technology,
JAPAN

Dynamic Interaction Between Discrete Soil and Solid Structure

K. Komiya* and N. Kodama**
* Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan, komiya.kazuhito@it-chiba.ac.jp
** Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, kodama@aoni.waseda.jp

Abstract
Dynamic soil-structure interaction is often modelled by introducing soil-springs that are used to apply
external forces, to introduce traction, or to impose displacement or acceleration boundary conditions. In
these models, conditions of the soil such as its stress path are not modelled. However, the soil-
structure interaction is fully expected to influence the soil condition around the structure when the soil
largely deforms. In reality, the stress or strain states of the soil change continuously as the soil and the
structure interact while they move. Therefore in order to understand the soil-structure interaction
mechanism, dynamic pressure-relative displacement relation between the soil and the structure needs
to be investigated associated with soil conditions.

In this study, laboratory shaking tests were conducted using the unique apparatus designed to have the
structure move only by its inertial force and the lateral earth pressure that comes from the soil. The
earth pressure at the structure surface and the relative displacement between the soil and the structure
were measured in the experiments under various soil conditions.
From the experimental results, it is implied linear soil-springs or even tension-cut soil-springs are
inadequate to model the earth pressure-relative displacement relations while shaking. Results
calculated by Discrete Element models are compared to those of the experiments, and features of the
discrete soil conditions in the dynamic soil-structure interaction are discussed.
Keywords: Soil-structure dynamic interaction, Discrete element method, Laboratory shaking test,
Earthquake

Komiya Kazuhito / Professor, Chiba Institute of Technology / 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba
275-8588, Japan / +81-47-478-0474 / komiya.kazuhito@it-chiba.ac.jp
KODAMA Noriko/ Assistant Professor, Waseda Institute for Advanced Study / 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 169-8555, Japan /+81-3-5286-2145 / kodama@aoni.waseda.jp

ACEX145
Mr. Bruno Allison Arajo
Federal University of Campina Grande,
BRAZIL

Residual stress measurements by x-ray diffraction in API 5L X80 steel welds

B.A. Arajo, T.M. Maciel, A.A. Silva, E.P. Soares, J.G.M. Arajo, J.A.P. Carrasco
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil.

17 | P a g e


Abstract
Over the last decade, welding residual stresses have received increased attention in pressure vessel
and structural applications. The primary driving force can be attributed to the fact that recent advances
in structural integrity assessment of welded components demand more accurate information on the
residual stress state [1]. Tensile residual stress is a main factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking,
fatigue damage and brittle fracture. When the risk for growth of defects such as surface cracking at
piping systems in nuclear power plants is assessed, the welding residual stresses maybe give a large
contribution to the total stress field. Therefore, it is very important to obtain the accurate information on
welding residual stress distribution in a welded joint [2]. This study will assess the level of longitudinal
and transversal residual stresses in API 5L X80 steel welded joints. Were used three welded joints
obtained by different welding processes (GTAW and SMAW). The interpass temperature will be 175 C.
The residual stress measurements were performed by x-ray diffraction using the diffractometer and
software for analyzing results. The preliminary results shown that the residual stress welding at the
welded joint by GTAW process are compressive in Weld Metal (WM) and the Heat Affected Zone. This
suggests that the welded joint probably has a higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and stress
corrosion cracking.

[1] Anna Paradowska, John W.H. Price, Raafat Ibrahim and Trevor Finlayson, Journal of materials
Processing Technology 164165 (2005) 10991105
[2] Dean Deng and Shoichi Kiyoshima, Computational Materials Science, Accepted 23 September
2010, article in press.

ACEX164
Dr. S. Sundaram
SASTRA University
INDIA

Experimental Studies on a Diesel-Water Two Phase System in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

V. Alagesan1, S. Sundaram2
1School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UNIVERSITY, Thanjavur, Tamil nadu, India-613402
2School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA UNIVERSITY, Thanjavur, Tamil nadu, India-
613402

AbstracT
Two phase heat transfer involving two immiscible systems is gaining importance in petrochemical and
allied industries. Varying compositions of diesel and water were experimentally studied in a 1:2 shell
and tube heat exchanger. The data on pure water and diesel were fitted to an equation of the form
h1= a NRem . The two phase multiplier,FL, was related to Lockhart Martinelli(L-M) parameter, tt2,
using the two phase data and a correlation FL = b* tt2 / c+ tt2 was established. The two phase heat
transfer coefficient was calculated based on the coefficients a and m for pure diesel and pure water
along with FL and L-M parameter. The calculated values of two phase heat transfer coefficient h2j
based on pure diesel and pure water suggest that diesel is a better reference fluid since the average
error is much lesser compared to pure water as reference

Keywords: Heat transfer coefficient; Shell and tube heat exchanger; Two phase flow; Lockhart
Martinelli parameter; Two phase multiplier.

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ACEX322
Prof. Ahmed Hassan Elshazly
King Abdulaziz University
SAUDI ARABIA

Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Rotating Cylinders by Using Polyaniline Coats

A.H. El-Shazly* H.A. Al-Turaif
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Corresponding author: elshazly_a@yahoo.com

Abstract
This work investigates the possibility of improving the corrosion resistance of rotating cylinders by using
polyaniline (PANi) coats. Electrochemical technique was used for layer formation. Many variables were
investigated for their effect on the coat stability such as: aniline concentrations, current density, solution
pH speed of rotation and rotating cylinder diameter. Examination of the formed layer was carried out by
different techniques such as Tafel extrapolation test and electrochemical impedance analysis.
Scanning electronic microscope(SEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used for
layer surface morphology and composition analysis.

ACEX326
Dr. Ammar A. M. Al-Talib
UCSI University,
MALAYSIA

An Experimental and Simulation Study on A Stratified-Integrated-Solar

Water Heater With A Triangular Shape / Ammar A. M. Al-Talib / School of Engineering,
UCSI University/Malaysia, ammart@ucsi.edu.my

Abstract
One of the most widespread uses of solar thermal technology is solar water heating. Solar water
heating systems (SWHs) have now been used for more than sixty years (MNRE, 2007 and Kalogirou,
2004). In many countries, which include China, Israel, USA, Japan, Australia, South Africa and Cyprus,
SWHs are very popular for their use in community, commercial and industrial applications (Chow et al.,
2006; Houri, 2006; Kaldellis et al., 2005; Nieuwoudt and Mathews, 2005; Zhiqiang, 2005 and
Bhattacharya and Kumar, 2000 ).Integral systems combine the water storage tank and the collector into
one unit. These systems are simple and effective, however, due to high heat loss at night they only
provide hot water during the day and early evening. The products range from simple glazed low-
pressure plastic tanks to high quality steel tank systems with selective surface coatings to minimize
heat loss.These systems make up the major portion of the large market in Japan (Graham,1997). The
main limitation with this system concept is the night cooling and reverse circulation during nights and
during low solar radiation.The current study outlines the results of testing the effectiveness of using
stratification as a collector mechanism for night insulation tool and its effects on the performance of a
Triangular Integral Collector Storage (TICS) solar water heater. The main objective of the present work
was the desire to develop a new solar water heater design that can be easily manufactured using the
19 | P a g e


available local materials and labor. It can solve the problem of night cooling that is usually encountered
by most of the Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) solar water heaters. The system, in which this
solution is incorporated, was referred to as the Triangular Stratified Integrated Collector Storage
(TSICS) system.Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on both the TICS and
TSICS systems under thermosyphonic mode with no water draw off. The results obtained showed that
the hourly efficiency for the TSICS system is higher than that of the TICS system, and the heat loss at
night is less for the TSICS system, indicating more favourable outcomes for the stratified
system.FEMLAB software was used to simulate the temperature and velocity distributions in both the
TICS and the TSICS systems. The results obtained are in high agreement with the experimental
results. In addition, FEMLAB has helped in finding the optimum dimensions for the TSICS system.

References:
[1]MNRE (2007). Annual Report: 20062007. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
Government of India, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi.
[2]Kalogirou, S.A. (2004). Environmental benefits of domestic solar energy systems. Energy
Conversion and Management, 45 (1819), 3075 3092.
[3]Chow, T.T., Fong, K.F., Chan, A.L. and Lin, Z., (2006). Potential application of a centralized solar
water-heating system for a high-rise residential building in Hong Kong. Applied Energy 83 (1), 4254.
[4]Houri, A., (2006). Solar water heating in Lebanon: current status and future prospects. Renewable
Energy 31 (5), 663675.
[5]Kaldellis, J.K., El-Samani, K. and Koronakis, P. (2005). Feasibility analysis of domestic solar water
heating systems in Greece. Renewable Energy 30 (5), 659682.
[6]Nieuwoudt, M.N. and Mathews, E.H., (2005). A mobile solar water heater for rural housing in
Southern Africa. Building and Environment ,40 (9), 12171234.
[7]Zhiqiang, Y. (2005). Development of solar thermal systems in China. Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cells 86 (3), 427442.
[8]Bhattacharya, S.C., Kumar, S.C., (2000). Renewable energy in Asia: A technology and policy review.
World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC), Brighton, UK.

ACEX328
Mr. Jonathan Camargo Leyva
Universidad de los Andes, COLOMBIA

Experimental method for explosion effect determination

J. Camargo1, L.E. Muoz1
1Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, COL.

Abstract
Objective study of the fragmentation originated by explosions is a challenging task, considering the
conditions in which the phenomena occur. Those conditions are directly related with the nature of the
explosion, which generates a high speed response of every part of the system, including dynamic
behaviours from the chemical, mechanical, and aerodynamical point of view.
Different studies focused on explosion shockwave measurement are found in literature [1-3]. Few have
considered fragment behaviour but aiming to the wound effects via simulation and medical testing [4-6].
This study presents an experimental approach to the determination of fragmentation characteristics,
isolating the fragmentation effects from the shockwave.
Based on the standard ITOP 4-2-813 [7] a measurement method is developed and implemented. This
standard provides simple guidelines for designing experiments for explosion effects, taking into account
20 | P a g e


the symmetric geometry of the explosive fragmentary specimen for simplifying data recollection,
measuring mass-size in one half of a test arena and velocity of fragments in the opposite symmetric
half.
Velocity is assessed by microcontroller driven electronic hardware for which a custom barrier sensor is
designed for manufacturing with single layer thin (thickness<0.3mm) FR-4 copper clad. The speed
reduction of a typical fragment is verified by simulation using coupled SPH-Lagrange [8, 9].
Finally a sample experiment is done for checking the operation of the system, and complete experiment
(full data recollection for a 15m radius arena) integration is designed and executed.

References
[1] A. Zigle. et.al. Laser-generated shock-wave velocity measurements using a visible backlighting
technique. J.Phys.E: Sci. Instrum. 19, (1986).
[2] G.S. Settles, et.al. High-speed imaging of shock-wave motion in aviation security research.
American PhysicalSociety, 54th Annual Meeting of the Division of Fluid Dynamics, (2001).
[3] J. Wu, et al. Effect of shock wave on fabricated anti-blast wall and distribution law around the wall
under near surface explosion. Trans. Tianjin Univ.14: 514-518. (2008)
[4] R.D. Eisler, et.al. Simulation and modeling of penetrating wounds from small arms. Stud Health
Technol Inform.;29:511-22, (1996).
[5] D. DuBay. et al. Biomechanics and injury risk assessment of less lethal munitions: analysis of the
defense technology #23BR bean bag. Defense Technology Corporation of America and Institute for
Preventative Sports Medicine.Ann Arbor: St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, (1995).
[6] J. Jussila. Wound ballistic simulation: assessment of the legitimacy of law enforcement firearms
ammunition by means of wound ballistic simulation. Helsinki, (2005).
[7] U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Static testing of high explosive munitions for obtaining
fragment space distribution ITOP 4-2-813, (1993)
[8] G.R. Liu, et. al. A smoothed finite element method for mechanics problems. Comput. Mech. 39:
859877, (2007).
[9] G.R. Liu, M. B. Liu. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: a meshfree particle method. World scientific
publishing company, (2003).

ACEX336
Prof. Nicolo Belavendram
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,
MALAYSIA

Experimental Linear Regression using Quadratic Planning

N. Belavendram,
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract
The estimation of a multivariable function is often conducted using least squares method of linear
regression. The method estimates unknown parameters based on minimizing the error in a linear
regression function. Such a method can have parameters values ranging from [-, +]. In some
regression functions, negative or other unconstrained parameter values may not the appropriate, e.g.
negative number of defects, or negative rate of work. In such cases, Taguchi proposes the
experimental linear regression analysis [1]. This analysis can be conducted using many classical
methods such as the Monte-Carlo, Full Factorial or the Fractional Factorial method. A relatively newer
method based on the Genetic Algorithms (GA) provides a much faster solution particularly for large
21 | P a g e


number of variables [2]. GA mimics natural evolution where an initial pool of individuals reproduces
according to natural Selection, Crossover and Mutation [3]. The resulting child generation has a better
fitness level. Such a mechanism has a parallel application in experimental regression. Variables in a
regression design can be expressed as a genetic analogue in a pool of sub-optimal random solutions.
Allowing this pool of solutions to evolve over several generations produces fitter generations
converging to pre-defined engineering optima. This paper compares the Full Factorial, Fractional
Factorial and the Genetic Algorithms methods. Results obtained from a seven factor GA analysis
attained the optimum results in 1/110 of the time for a full factorial method.
Keywords: experimental regression, optimization, genetic, algorithms, simulation

1. Taguchis Quality Engineering Handbook, G. Taguchi, S. Chowdhury and Y. Wu, John Wiley and
Sons, ISBN: 0-471-41334-8, 2005.
2. D. Coley, An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms for Scientists and Engineers. World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 981-02-3602-6, 1999.
3. R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms, Second Edition, Wiley Interscience, A
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 2004.

ACEX337
Prof. Ralph W.L. IP
The University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong

Computational analyses of textile composite package drying using superheated steam

Elvis I.C. Wan1 and Ralph W.L. Ip2
1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
2FRCAMS The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR

Abstract
Using steam to replace heated air for the drying of heat-sensitive materials like fruits and natural fibres
could preserve their quality, and prevent surface hardening problems in many industrial applications.
Steam at superheated stage can has better dehydration property than hot air as reported by Haghi [1].
It is because specific heat capacity (cp) and thermal conductivity (k) of superheated steam are usually
higher than air at the same temperature. Thus, steam could speed up the drying process. In addition,
steam drying is a clean process and does not include any oxidation, explosion and emission of
hazardous substances. These are key factors of industries to use superheated dryers in their
manufacturing plants. Lots of effort have been paid onto the design of steam drying equipment for
different industrial applications, however, most of the design have based upon the jet impingement
approach [2].
A new research on studying superheated steam for industrial drying is to focus on the process of textile
composite packages. The package materials could be natural fibres like cotton and wool, and synthetic
fibres like nylon and viscose. The water absorption rate for the materials and their composites is
different, and cause different drying properties. Aims of the research are to study package drying
characteristics using superheated steam. The factors that control each drying process could be
examined through series of experiments. The factors to be studied have been included steam supply
temperature, pressure, degree of superheat, mass flow rate, package material, density and porosity.
Further analyses using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches would be carried out to
simulate the drying process with different combination of the studied factors. In the analyses, ANSYS
is used to assist simulation studies for coupling heat exchange between the water absorbed in the
22 | P a g e


packages and supplied superheated steam. Simulation results are further used to prove accuracy of
the experiments, and aid for an optimization of steam flow and shorten the drying cycle time.

[1] K. Haghi, Transport Phenomena in Porous Media: A Review, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical
Engineering, Vol. 40(7), 14 (2006).
[2] Henk C. van Deventer and Ruud M. H. Heijmans, Drying Technology, Vol. 19(8), 2033 (2001)

ACEX373
Prof. Mohammad Reza Sheidaii
Urmia University
Iran

Seismic Behavior of Unstiffened Perforated Steel Plate Shear Walls

H. Valizadeh, M.R. Sheidaii2 and H. Showkati2
Iran Marine Industrial Co. (SADRA), Urmia, Iran
2 Dep. of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract
In recent decades, steel plate shear walls have come to be considered a convenient resistant system
against lateral loads due to earthquakes and wind, especially in tall buildings, because of their ductile
and energy absorption behaviors[1]. The existence of openings affects the seismic behavior and
performance of steel plate shear walls. In the present research, the effects of opening dimensions as
well as slenderness factors of plates on the seismic behavior of steel plate shear walls are studied
experimentally. Eight 1:6 scaled test specimens, with two plate thicknesses and four different circular
opening ratios at the center of the panel, have been manufactured and were tested under the effects of
cyclic loading hysteresis at the thin-walled structures research laboratory of Urmia University, Urmia,
Iran[2]. The obtained results signify a stable and desired behavior of steel plate shear walls in large
displacements up to 6% drift. The creation of openings decreases the initial stiffness and strength of
the system, and increasing the opening diameter will intensify this matter. The obtained ductility of
specimens show the stable functioning of a system in the nonlinear range. Although the stable cyclic
behavior of specimens in the nonlinear range causes mostly a dissipation of energy during the loading
of samples, but existing of an opening, especially at the center of the panel, causes a noticeable
decrease in energy absorption of the system.

References
[1] M.H.K Kharrazi, H.G.L Prion, C.E Ventura. Journal of Construction steel research, 64, 465-479
(2008). Implementation of M-PFI method in design of steel plate walls,
[2] H. Valizadeh. MEng thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (2009).
Experimental investigation of seismic behavior of steel shear walls with opening and diagonal
stiffeners.

ACEX164
Dr. S. Sundaram
SASTRA University
INDIA

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Model Analysis and Controller DesignFor Oxygenation Of Bone Wash Effluent

J.Sumathi, S.Sundaram*
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, SASTRA University
Thanjavur- 613402, India.
e-mail:sumathi@eie.sastra.edu, ssundar@sastra.edu

Abstract
Bone Wash effluent diluted with water ranging from zero to ninety percent effluent was oxygenated at
3 different stirrer speeds ranging from 135 to 155 rpm in a 1.5 litre Tokyo Rikakikai fermentor at
298K.The data was subjected to regression analysis and fitted to a first order plus dead time model
with an error of less than 5 percent. The model parameters were used to design controller parameters
by Z-N, Skogested, Smith predictor and IMC methods. A closed loop analysis using the above
controller settings indicate that IMC is better suited for the process based on rise time, settling time
and peak over shoot.

ACEX322
Prof. Ahmed Hassan Elshazly
King Abdulaziz University
SAUDI ARABIA

Using Polypyrrole Coats for Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Rotating Cylinders

A.H. El-Shazly* H.A. Al-Turaif
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Corresponding author: elshazly_a@yahoo.com

Abstract
This work investigates the possibility of improving the corrosion resistance of rotating cylinders by using
polypyrrole (PPy) coats. Electrochemical technique was used for layer formation. Many variables were
investigated for their effect on the coat stability such as: pyrrole concentrations, current density,
solution pH,speed of rotation and rotating cylinder diameter. Examination of the formed layer was
carried out by different techniques such as Tafel extrapolation test and electrochemical impedance
analysis. Scanning electronic microscope(SEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were
used for layer surface morphology and composition analysis.
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Plenary Talk
VIP-ACEX039
Prof. Antonio Ferreira
University of Porto,
PORTUGAL

Analysis of laminated plates and shells by collocation with radial basis functions

A. J. M. Ferreira
Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade
do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal

Abstract
Recently, radial basis functions (RBFs) have enjoyed considerable success and research as a
technique for interpolating data and functions. A radial basisfunction, (kxxjk) is a spline that depends
on the Euclidian distance between distinct data centers xj , j = 1, 2, ...,N Rn, also called nod al or
collocation points. Although most work to date on RBFs relates to scattered data approximation and in
general to interpolation theory, there has recently been an increased interest in their use for solving
partial differential equations (PDEs). This approach, which approximates the whole solution of the PDE
directly using RBFs, is very attractive due to the fact that this is truly a mesh-free technique. Kansa [1]
introduced the concept of solving PDEs using RBFs. Structures composed of laminated materials are
among the most important structures used in modern engineering and, especially, in the aerospace
industry. Such lightweight structures are also being increasingly used in civil, mechanical and
transportation engineering applications. The rapid increase of the industrial use of these structures has
necessitated the development of new analytical and numerical tools that are suitable for the analysis
and study of the mechanical behavior of such structures. The behavior of structures composed of
advanced composite materials is considerably more complicated than for isotropic ones. The strong
influences of anisotropy, the transverse stresses through the thickness of a laminate and the stress
distributions at interfaces are among the most important factors that affect the general performance of
such structures. The use of shear deformation theories has been the topic of intensive research, as in
[214], among many others. The analysis of laminated plates by finite element methods is now
considerably established. The use of alternative methods such as the meshless methods based on
radial basis functions is atractive due to the absence of a mesh and the ease of collocation methods.
More recently the author and colleagues have applied RBFs to the static deformations of composite
beams, plates and shells [1522]. This paper presents a review of current methods for the analysis of
laminated plates and shells by strong-form-based meshless methods.

References [1] E. J. Kansa. Multiquadrics- a scattered data approximation scheme with applications to
computational fluid dynamics. i: Surface approximations and partial derivative estimates. Comput.
Math. Appl., 19(8/9):127145, 1990.
[2] E. Reissner. A consistment treatment of transverse shear deformations in laminated anisotropic
plates. AIAA J., 10(5):716718, 1972.
[3] J. N. Reddy. Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates: Theory and Analysis.CRC Press, Boca
Raton 1997.
[4] E. Reissner and Y. Stavsky. Bending and stretching of certain types of aelotropic elastic plates. J.
Appl. Mech., 28:402408, 1961.
[5] Y. Stavsky. Bending and stretching of laminated aelotropic plates. J. Eng. Mechanics, ASCE, 87
(EM6):3156, 1961.
[6] S. B. Dong, K. S. Pister, and R. L. Taylor. On the theory of laminated anisotropic plates and shells.
J. Aeronautical Science, 29(8):969975, 1962.
[7] P. C. Yang, C. H. Norris, and Y. Stavsky. Elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous plates. Int. J.
Solids and Structures, 2:665684, 1966.
[8] S. A. Ambartsumyan. Theory of anisotropic plates (translated from Russian. Technomic, Stamford,
CT, 1969.
[9] J. M. Whitney and A. W. Leissa. Analysis of heterogeneous anisotropic plates. J. Appl. Mechanics,
[10] . Reddy. A simple higher-order theory for laminated composite plates. J.of Applied Mechanics,
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Plenary Talk
VIP-ACEX040
Prof. H. Altenbach
Otto-von-Guericke-Universitt Magdeburg,
GERMANY

Theory of Plates and Shells at the Nanoscale

H. Altenbach1, V. A. Eremeyev1,2
1 Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
holm.altenbach@iw.uni-halle.de
2 South Scientific Center of RASci and South Federal University, Russia,
eremeyev.victor@gmail.com

Abstract
The development of nanotechnologies extends the field of application of the classical or non-classical
theories of mechanics towards the new materials. The discussions on the application of the continuum
mechanics and the mechanics of structures in the nanoscale are very extensive, see [1] among others.
In general, modern nanomaterials have physical properties which are different from the bulk material.
The classical elasticity can be extended to the nanoscale by implementation of the theory of elasticity
taking into account the surface stresses, cf. [1] among others. In particular, the surface stresses are
responsible for the size-effect, that means the material properties of a specimen depend on its size. For
example, Youngs modulus of a cylindrical specimen increases significantly, when the cylinder diameter
becomes very small. Let us note that even for such nanostructures as nanoshells, nanofilms, and
nanoplates the continuum approach gives a satisfying coincidence with atomistic simulations, if one
takes into account the appropriate constitutive equations. The theory of elasticity with surface stresses
was applied to the modifications of the two-dimensional theories of nanosized plates and shells, see,
for example, [26] and the references in it. The most popular in nanomechanics are the KirchhoffLove,
MindlinReissner, and von Kàrmàn theories of plate and shells. Here we use the general nonlinear
theory of shell presented in [7, 8] for the modification of the constitutive equations taking into account
the surface stresses. We show that both the stress and the couple stress resultant tensors may be
represented as a sum of two terms. The first term is the volume stress resultant while the second one
determined by the surface stresses and the shell geometry. This means that the stress resultants for
the shell with surface stresses can be represented as follows
T = T + TS , M = M+MS , (1) where T and M are the classical stress and couple stress resultant
tensors given for example in [7, 8], while TS and MS are the resultant tensors induced by the surface
stresses, see [6] for details. In the linear case this modification reduces to the addition of new terms to
the elastic stiffness parameters. Follow [4, 5] we show that the bending stiffness is given by D = D +
DS , (2) where
D =Eh3 12(1 - n2) is the classical bending stiffness, E and n are the Youngs modulus and the
Poissons ratio of the bulk material, h is the shell thickness, DS = h2mS + h2lS/2, and mS and lS are
the surface elastic moduli. The influence of the surface stresses on the bending stiffness of a shell is
discussed. We show that the surface elasticity makes a shell more stiffer in comparison with the shell
without surface stresses, i.e. D > D. The numerical examples show that the influence of the surface
stresses is negligible for the plate thickness more then 20 nm. The effect of the surface stresses may
be more significant for multilayered plates and shells and for plates and shells with fractal-like surface.
We also applied the concept of the surface stresses to the plates and shells with rough surface which
has fractal-like relief. In particular, we consider the surface coated by nano- or microfibers array and
discuss constitutive equations for the effective surface energy of such surfaces. In this case the
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influence of the surface stresses more significant as in the case of the smooth surface. The second
author was supported by the RFBR with the grant No. 09-01-00459 and by the DFG with the grant No.
AL 341/33-1.

References
[1] Duan, H. L.,Wang, J. & Karihaloo, B. L. Theory of elasticity at the nanoscale.In Advances in Applied
Mechanics, Elsevier. 2008. 42. 168.
[2] Lu, P., He, L. H., Lee, H. P. & Lu, C. Thin plate theory including surface effects. International Journal
of Solids and Structures, 2006. 43(16). 46314647.
[3] Huang, D.W. Size-dependent response of ultra-thin films with surface effects. International Journal
of Solids and Structures, 2008. 45(2). 568579.
[4] Eremeyev, V. A., Altenbach, H. & Morozov, N. F. The influence of surface tension on the effective
stiffness of nanosize plates. Doklady Physics, 2009. 54(2). 98100.
[5] Altenbach, H., Eremeyev, V. A. & Morozov, N. F. Linear theory of shells taking into account surface
stresses. Doklady Physics, 2009, 54(12). 531535.
[6] Altenbach, H., & Eremeyev V.A. On the shell and plate theories with surface stresses. In Shell
Structures. Theory and Applications. Vol. 2. W.Pietraszkiewicz, I. Kreja (eds). Boca Raton, CRC Press,
2010. 4750.
[7] Libai, A. & Simmonds, J. G. The Nonlinear Theory of Elastic Shells, (2nd ed.). Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. 1998.
[8] Chroscielewski, J., Makowski, J. & Pietraszkiewicz, W. Statyka i dynamika powok wielopatowych:
Nieliniowa teoria i metoda elementow skonczonych. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo IPPT PAN. 2004.

Plenary Talk
VIP-ACEX041
Prof. JN Reddy
Texas A & M University,
USA

Thermomechanical Response of Functionally Graded Structures

Reddy, J. N. and Muliana, A.
Advanced Computational Mechanics Laboratory
Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123

Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are a class of composites that have a gradual variation of
material properties from one surface to another. These novel materials were
proposed as thermal barrier materials for applications in space planes, space structures, nuclear
reactors, turbine rotors, flywheels, and gears, to name only a few. As conceived and manufactured
today, these materials are isotropic and nonhomogeneous Two-constituent FGMs are usually made of
a mixture of ceramic and metals for use in thermal environments. The ceramic constituent of the
material provides the high temperature resistance due to its low thermal conductivity. The ductile metal
constituent, on the other hand, prevents fracture due to high temperature gradient ina very short period
of time. Typical situations where thermal shock occurs are during reentry of space vehicles, where the
temperature changes from 273oC to about 1,100oC in a few minutes, and the advanced gas turbine,
wherein a severe temperature transient of a change in temperature of 1,500oC occurs over a time
period of 15 s. The present lecture is an overview of the recent developments in the numerical
modeling of functionally graded structures [1-5]. The lecture will present detailed discussion of the
influence of geometric nonlinearity and temperature-dependent material properties on the response of
27 | P a g e


functionally graded structures.
Acknowledgement. The research reported herein was carried out under a research projects from the
NSF, Grant CMMI-1030836 and MURI09 project from the AFOSR under grant FA9550-09-1-0686.The
support is gratefully acknowledged.

References
1. J. N. Reddy and C. D. Chin, Thermomechanical Analysis of Functionally Graded Cylinders and
Plates, J. Thermal Stresses, 26(1), 593-626, 1998.
2. G. N. Praveen and J. N. Reddy, Nonlinear Transient Thermoelastic Analysis of Functionally Graded
Ceramic-Metal Plates, Journal of Solids and Structures, 35(33), 4457-4476, 1998.
3. R. A. Arciniega and J. N. Reddy, Large Deformation Analysis of Functionally Graded Shells,
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44(6), 2036-2052, 2007.
4. R. Gunes and J. N. Reddy, Nonlinear Analysis of Functionally Graded Circular Plates Under
Different Loads and Boundary Conditions, International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics,
8(1), 131-159, 2008.
5. M. Bayat, B. B. Sahari, M. Saleem, A. M. S. Hamouda, and J. N. Reddy, Thermo Elastic Analysis
of Functionally Graded Rotating Disks with Temperature-Dependent Material Properties: Uniform and
Variable Thickness, International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design, 5(3), 263-279, 2009.

Plenary Talk
VIP-ACEX040
Prof. H. Altenbach
Otto-von-Guericke-Universitt Magdeburg,
GERMANY

Modelling of Nanoarrays with Various Functional Properties

A.A. Girchenko1, H. Altenbach1, V.A. Eremeyev1,2,
1Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
2South Scientific Center, RASci & South Federal University, Rostov on Don, Russia.

Abstract
The recent progress in the microelectronics and nanophotonics is related to the development of
material science at the nanoscale. In particular, arrays of micro- and nanofibers or crystals made of
semiconductors or piezoelectric materials belong to the perspective structures that are studied very
intensively, see e.g. [1]. The number of nanocrystalls on mm2 is usually too high, so we can consider
these structures as a anisotropic continuum medium with effective (homogenized) properties.
In the paper we consider the application of the classical mechanics of fiberreinforced composites [2-7]
taking into account the morphology and electrical properties of nanocrystalls. For irregular structures
we also apply the fractal analysis [8]. Unlike to the classical composites materials we take into account
the interaction forces between the nanocrystals such as Wan der Waals, adhesion forces, etc. After the
determinations of effective properties the finite element analysis are applied using the package
ABAQUS/CAE. We perform the modal analysis and surface wave propagations in multilayered plates
with coating constituted of piezoelectric nanocrystals array.

[1] Z. Gu, M.P. Paranthaman, J. Xu, Zh.W. Pan, ACS Nano, 3, 273 (2009).
[2] Z. Hashin, B.W. Rosen, J.Appl.Mech., 31, 223 (1964).
[4] V.I. Aleshin, J. Appl. Phys., 88, 3587 (2000).
[6] M. Marutake. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 11, 807 (1956).
[7] D.A.G. Bruggeman. Ann. Phys., 24, 636 (1935).
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[8] A.S. Balankin, Physical Review B, 53, 5438 (1996).

SS1
ACEX032
Prof. Aleksandr N. Pavlenko
Russian Academy of Sciences
RUSSIA

Flow Dynamics, Crisis Phenomena and Decay of Falling Wavy Liquid Films during Boiling
Incipience and Evaporation at Nonstationary Heat Release

A.N. Pavlenko
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 1, Acad. Lavrentyev ave., 630090, Russia.

Abstract
Regimes of liquid evaporation and boiling provide high intensity of heat and mass transfer processes of
the modern technologies with high energy rating: refrigerating and chemical industries, various
cryogenic apparatuses and systems of thermal stabilization and cooling, power engineering, rocket
engineering, metallurgy, etc. Studying the features of heat transfer development, in particularly, for the
film flow under conditions of a drastic temporal change of heat load, is important for safe and stable
operation of heat exchanging devices with heat flux pulsations, for designing of low-inertia evaporators,
heat exchangers-dosing units, mixers, special sorters of measuring equipment, including
biotechnological, biomedicine devices, etc. Results of experimental studies and numerical simulation of
flow dynamics, heat transfer, character of boiling-up, and crisis phenomena development are
presented for falling wavy films of cryogenic liquid (nitrogen) and water under the intensive transient
heat generation. According to the new experimental results, parameters, characterizing decay of the
falling film with step-wise and periodic pulsing heat generation (distribution of time of boiling-up
expectation along the liquid film, velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts,
intensity of liquid ejection from the heat-releasing surface, formation of transition structures), complexly
depend on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics, heat flux density and liquid subcooling. It is
shown that for low densities of the heat flux at crises under the conditions of step-wise loading, decay
of a laminar-wave liquid film occurs with formation of metastable regular structures with liquid jets and
large-scale dry zones between them. When loading thermal impulses of a high intensity, film decay is
determined by dynamic characteristics of propagation of the self-maintained front of liquid boiling-up
and the shape of structures, formed during its development.

SS1
ACEX055
Prof. Kee Joo Kim
Seojeong College,
KOREA

Texture Analysis of 5182 Aluminum Alloy Sheets for Improved Drawability by Rolling Process

Kee Joo Kim1, Jang Man Chung1, Chang Pyung Han1, Kyung Shik Kim2, Hak-Joo Lee2, Si-Tae Won3
1Seojeong College University, Gyeonggi-do, Yangjoo-si, 482-777, Korea.
2Korea Institute of Machinary & Materials, Yusung-gu, Taejon, 305-343, Korea.
3Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, 139-743, Korea.
29 | P a g e


Abstract
To fabricate the aluminum alloys with good drawability, the textures evolution of the AA5182 sheets
after rolling with the high l/d parameter and subsequent annealing was studied. The measurement of
the deformation textures was carried out for the sheets with high reduction ratio and the change of the
recrystallization texture was investigated after heat-treatments of the rolled sheets. Rolling without
lubrication and subsequent annealing led to the formation of favorable rot-CND {001}<110> and g-fiber
ND//<111> textures in AA5182 sheets. From the results, the g-fiber ND//<111> component well evolved
during rolling at high l/d parameter of 6.77. The initial shear deformation texture, especially, g-fiber
ND//<111> was not rotated during heat treatment in holding time of 180~7,200 seconds on AA5182 in
present rolling condition. Since the measured textures of the AA5182 sheets were nearly same as IF
steel, the plastic strain ratio (R-value) were measured. The measurement of the plastic strain ratio was
carried out for the AA5182 sheets in which were cold rolled by using the symmetric roll and annealed in
order to analyze the sheet drawability. The average plastic strain ratio of the AA5182 sheets was 1.50.
It was considered that the higher plastic strain ratio was resulted from the g-fiber ND//<111>
component evolved during rolling and maintained during annealing. Therefore, the AA5182 sheets
were fabricated by rolling with symmetric roller having well evolved g-fiber ND//<111> which was
advantageous in good drawability of the sheets.

[1] T. Kamijo, H. Adachihara, and H. Fukutomi: Acta Mater., (1993) 41(3) p. 975.
[2] K. J. Kim: Inter. J. of Auto. Tech., (2005) 6(3) p. 259.
[3] D. N. Lee, K. H. Oh: J. of Mater. Sci., (1985) 20, P. 3111.

SS1
ACEX116
Prof. Pey-Shey Wu
Da-Yeh University,
TAIWAN

Effect of Turbulence Intensity on Cross-Injection Film Cooling at the Endwall of a Gas Turbine
Vane Passage

P.S. Wu, S.T. Tsai, Y.H. Jhuo
Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Abstract
This study is concerned with a film cooling technique applicable to the protection of the endwalls of a
gas turbine vane. The way film cooling works is to provide a layer of coolant air which effectively
separates the vane and the endwalls from the hot-gas environment so that the wall material can be
protected. To better simulate the situation in real engines, turbulence intensity is considered in the
present study. In the experiments, cross-injection coolant flow with offset centerlines was utilized. The
test model is a scaled two-half vane. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package was used to
simulate the pressure distributions of a linear cascade and a two-half vane counterpart. The opening
size of the side gaps in the two-half vane model is determined based on the comparison of the
simulation results. The levels of turbulence intensity used in the experiments are T.I. = 1.8%, 7%, and
12%. Other parameters considered in the film cooling experiments include three inlet Reynolds
numbers, three blowing ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0), and a forward-facing or a backward-facing endwall
step. Thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) technique [1,2] with steady-state heat transfer experiments
were used in the study. Thermal images of the liquid crystal were taken with a CCD camera and
analyzed to obtain the whole-field film cooling effectiveness.
30 | P a g e


Results show that at high turbulence intensity, both increasing Reynolds number and blowing ratio
decreases the film cooling effectiveness. The latter has a reversed trend at low T.I. level. Increasing
turbulent intensity decreases film cooling effectiveness, especially near the inlet of the vane passage.
The reason for that is the interaction of unsteady, high-turbulence main stream with the injection
coolant, and the interaction disrupts the film coverage, causing the film cooling effectiveness to
decrease. An endwall step may cause the effectiveness to increase at high turbulence intensity.

[1] R.J. Vedula and D.E. Metzger, ASME 91-GT-345, 1 (1991).
[2] Z. Wang, P.T. Ireland and T.V. Jones, J. Turbomachinery, 117, 184 (1995).

SS1
ACEX149
Dr. Agenor de Toledo Fleury
Universidade de So Paulo,
BRAZIL

Estimation of a scaled-model riser dynamics using computer vision and Kalman filtering

A.G. Fleury1,2, F.C. Trigo1 , F.P.R. Martins1
1Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 2231, 05508-970, Brazil
2Centro Universitrio da FEI, So Bernardo do Campo. Av. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco,
3972, 09850-901, Brazil

Abstract
Aiming at overcoming the difficulties derived from the traditional camera calibration methods to record
the underwater environment of a towing tank where experiments of scaled-model risers were carried
on, a computer vision method, combining traditional image processing algorithms and a self-calibration
technique was implemented. This method was used to identify the coordinates of control-points
viewed on a scaled-model riser submitted to a periodic force applied to its fairlead attachment point. To
study the observed motion, the riser was represented as a pseudo rigid body model (PRBM) and the
hypotheses of compliant mechanisms theory were assumed in order to cope with its ellastic behaviour.
The derived Lagrangian equations of motion were linearized and expressed as a state-space model in
which the state variables include the generalized coordinates and the unknown generalized forces. The
state-vector thus assembled is estimated through a Kalman Filter. The estimation procedure allows the
determination of both the generalized forces and the tension along the cable, with statistically proven
convergence.

SS1
ACEX296
Dr. Veronica Teichrieb
Federal University of Pernambuco,
BRAZIL

Point-Based Deformable Body Simulation Through GPGPU

M.W.S. Almeida1, V. Teichrieb1, J.M.A. Barbosa1, J. Kelner1
1Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Av. Jornalista A. Fernandes, s/n - Cidade Universitria
(Campus Recife) - 50.740-560, Brazil.

31 | P a g e


Abstract
This work presents the development of a simulation of point-based deformable objects in real time,
through a meshless technique called Point Based Animation [1]. Such technique has been gaining
attention mainly because it uses only points as simulation units, without connectivity information among
them, therefore allowing an increase of performance and turning the simulations even more accurate.
This feature enabled us to develop a parallel version using the NVIDIA CUDA technology to turn some
barely interactive results achieved with sequential implementations into real time results [2]. For
example, a sequentially executed scene (Intel Core i7) containing one complex object (577 physical
elements e 53,504 surface elements) simulating a Verlet explicit integration obtained rates of 4.1 fps,
while in the parallel implementation (GTX 295) ten instances of the same object simulating an Eulerian
implicit integration obtained rates of 6 fps.
To verify the accuracy of the simulation, this work made a comparative analysis between our solution
and the Abaqus CAE tool. In the analysis, a soft cube was used for comparison. The boundary
condition used was the fixation of the superior side of the cube letting only the gravitational force act
upon it, making it bounce. Results show that the physical behaviour is similar to the model developed,
but not as accurate as needed for more complex applications. Most accuracy errors are attributed to
some features existent in the CUDA library, like the utilization of single floating point precision which
generates accumulated errors over time. Latest graphics cards are able to overcome this drawback,
and we will analyze their effectiveness to simulate more accurate models.

[1] M. Mller, R. Keiser, A. Nealen, M. Pauly, M. Gross and M. Alexa, ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics
SCA, 141 (2004).
[2] T. Farias, M. Almeida, J.M. Teixeira, V. Teichrieb and J. Kelner, SBAC-PAD, 45 (2008).

SS1
VIP-ACEX127
Prof. Giuseppe Maino
ENEA,
ITALY

Evaluation of the structural integrity of hybrid railway cabin including crash
components
F. Caputo1, G. Lamanna1
1Second University of Naples, via Roma, 29 - 81031, Aversa, Italy

The regional railway vehicles turned to the transport of people are often designed to maximize the
number of transportable passengers; this trend causes the deficiency of suitable spaces of survival
between the anterior face and the pilot cabin of the train necessary to allow an appropriate dissipation
of energy during collision phenomena [1-2].
Subject of this work is to study the static and dynamic behavior of a hybrid material cabin involved in a
longitudinal "primary impact" against a rigid barrier, as required by scenarios 1, 2 and 3 of the UNI EN
15227:2008 standard.
Fulfillment of the requirements of the UNI EN 15227 standard is a challenge scientifically interesting,
because facing the crashworthiness problem, within the space constraints imposed on a regional
vehicle (without a front aerodynamic shock absorber nose), means to absorb high energy (up to 1000
2000 kJ) in confined spaces, resulting in high average force that has to be absorbed by the structure in
order to limit deceleration
values [3].
References.
[1] F. Caputo, G. Lamanna, G. Romaniello, A. Soprano, Proceedings of XXXVIII AIAS
32 | P a g e


Conference, w.n. 051, Turin, Italy (2009).
[2] F. Fidanza, F. Caputo, G. Lamanna, Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on
Passive Safety, 129, Berlin, Germany (2008).
[3] G. Lamanna, F. Caputo, A. Soprano, Key Eng. Mater., 417-418, 685 (2010).

SS1
ACEX032
Prof. Aleksandr N. Pavlenko
Russian Academy of Sciences
RUSSIA

Propagation of Self-Maintained Evaporation Fronts and Crisis Phenomena
Development at Pool Boiling Under Nonstationary Heat Generation

A.N. Pavlenko
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 1, Acad. Lavrentyev ave., 630090, Russia.

Abstract
Perturbations in nonequilibrium systems significantly affect the dynamics of transition processes, the
parameters of structure formation, and the final state. Nonstationary processes in systems can be
attributed to both external factors (fluctuations of the heat carrier flow rate, pulsations of pressure, and
the heat release level) and those that set the conditions for the internal character of the heat-transfer
processes (the fluctuation character of boiling development; pulsations of a local heat transfer
coefficients; the development of instability of the interphase surface during intensive evaporation; etc.).
In actual industrial energy setups and in thermostabilization systems, stationary heat-exchange
regimes are not implemented as a rule. In some cases, nonstationary thermal hydrodynamic
functionally used in different devices, e.g., in jet printers, micropumps.

This report deals with investigation results on transitional processes and crisis phenomena on boiling
for different laws of heat release under the conditions of free convection. Special attention is paid to the
analysis of boiling-up dynamics, development of heat transfer crisis and change in the boiling regimes
for quazistationary, stepwise and periodic impulse laws of heat release. High-speed video recording by
digital camera Phantom v. 7.0 was used for visualization and measurement of transitional processes
parameters. It is shown that the structure formation due to small-scale quickly growing perturbations at
the evaporation front leads to a significant increase of the average velocity of the vapor cavity
propagation. It is shown that the character of crisis development and the critical heat flux for
nonstationary heat release significantly depend on characteristics, determining the temperature head of
liquid boiling-up. Results of experimental studies and numerical simulation on development dynamics of
self-maintained evaporation fronts and thermal stability of the local site of film boiling are shown for the
different boundary conditions at the front of boiling regime change.

SS1
ACEX055
Prof. Kee Joo Kim
Seojeong College,
KOREA

Design of driveline Test Bench for NVH Improvement of Automotive Chassis Components
33 | P a g e


System

Kee Joo Kim1, Jang Man Chung1, Chang Pyung Han1, Kyung Shik Kim2, Hak-Joo Lee2, Si-Tae
Won3, Yong Heon Lee4
1Seojeong College University, Gyeonggi-do, Yangjoo-si, 482-777, Korea.
2Korea Institute of Machinary & Materials, Yusung-gu, Taejon, 305-343, Korea.
3Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, 139-743, Korea.
4Ssangyong Motor Co., Gyeonggi-do, Pyungtaek-si, 459-711, Korea.

Abstract
The test bench for handling the vibration input and output in a driveline is presented in this paper. In the
experiment, the rear subframe and propeller shafts and axle were composed and mounted with rubber
mounts each other as a role of vibration transmitted function. For applying the vibration input instead of
the torsional vibration effect of an engine, the shaker moved only the upper and lower side motion was
taken. In particular, the torsional vibration due to fluctuating forced vibration excitation across the joint
in between driveline and rear subframe was carefully examined. Accordingly, as the joint response was
checked from experiments, the FE-simulation using FRF (frequency response function) analysis was
performed. All test results were signal processed and validated against numerical simulations. In
present study, the new test bench for measuring the vibration signal and simulating the vehicle chassis
system was proposed. The modal value and the mode shape of all components were analyzed using
the model to identify the important components affecting driveline noise and vibration. It could be
reached that the simplified test bench could be well established and be used for design guide and
development of the vehicle chassis components for the improvement of NVH problems.

[1] G. Steyer, M. Voight and Z. Sun,: SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-2308, (2005)
[2] M. Magalhaes, F. Arruda and J. A.S.Filho: SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3641, (2003).
[3] W. Exner, NVH Phenomena in Light Truck Drivelines, SAE Technical Paper 952641, (1995).

SS1
VIP-ACEX025
Prof. Fabiana R. Leta
Federal University Fluminense,
BRAZIL

Real Time Visualization, Calibration and Geometry Reconstruction of Large Oil and Gas
Boreholes based on Caliper Database

D. Barboza, D. Carvalho, M.Biondi, M. Souza, E. Clua, F. R. Leta
Federal Fluminense University, Niteri, RJ, Brazil.

Abstract
Many studies are developed into the oil drilling locals, in order to verify its stability and minimize the
risks involved within its utilization [1][2]. Part of these studies uses data obtained by a tool known as
Caliper [3], which is inserted into the drilling hole. This tool captures and records different
measurements of the borehole wall, giving information for a later analysis, such as the wall resistance
and spatial information about the tools itself (orientation in relation to the magnetic north, arms diameter
and inclination) [4].
This work is an extension of Barboza et al. [5], that proposes a tridimentional representation of the
drilling hull, built based on the provided data by the Caliper and allowing the geologists to analyze in an
34 | P a g e


interactive form the relevant points for validating the drilled hole. The tridimensional visualization allows
to identify in a natural manner the problems of the hole and offers an intuitive interface for a pure
numeric data analysis or even its bidimensional representation. The environment may be used for a
tridimensional navigating into the reconstructed drilling, allowing the identification and problems
demarcation, such as breakouts, washouts, keyseats and fractures [6]. Using a progressive
reconstruction technique proposed in this work, for both mesh and texture space, it is possible to
manipulate a huge volume of data, making possible a detailed and precise geometry representation.
This work also proposes an interface model for interaction, allowing an agile and interactive data
manipulation. With the proposed interface paradigm, it is implemented a hybrid manipulation with the
3D and 2D model, making possible an efficient management and configuration of the data parameters
within a hybrid representation. The drilling representation is made by dividing the whole geometry into
smaller parts, where each one is represented by specific section parameters obtained by Caliper for
each deepness stage. Since the Caliper arms diameters are used for modeling parts of the hole, for en
each session reconstruction, the numbers of arms limits the total data available for each session. The
complete approximation of the hole geometry is then obtained using spline interpolation [7] with the
discrete points. The total generated number of points for each spline interpolation is controlled by the
distance that the geometry is in relation to the camera. This strategy allows that a real time adjustment
of the drilling reconstruction and manipulation and is very important to keep the system running at an
interactive rate. Figure 01. The system is composed by many independent windows used to show
different data to the user. In this example, it is possible to visualize both the borehole reconstructed in
three dimensions as well its representation as a bi-dimensional texture.

[1] Aadnoy, B.S. Modern Well Design. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 54106336 (1996).
[2] Jimnez, J. C.; Lara, L. V.; Rueda, A.; Trujillo, N. S. Geomechanical wellbore Stabil-ity Modelling of
Exploratory Wells - Study Case at Middle Magdalena Basin. C.T.F Cienc. Tecnol. Futuro, Dec 2007,
vol.3, no.3, p.85-102. ISSN 0122-5383. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ctyf/v3n3/v3n3a05.pdf>.
[3] Jarosinski, M.; Zoback, M. D. Comparison of six-arm caliper and borehole televiewer data for
detection of stress induced wellbore breakouts: application to six weels in the Polish Carpathians, pp.
F8-1 F8-23 +12 figures (1998).
[4] Serra, O. Fundamentals of Well-Log Interpretation - The Acquisition of Logging Data. New York:
Elsevier, (1984). 424 p.
[5] Barboza, D. C., Gazolla, J., Biondi, M., Souza, M. do S., Clua, E., Leta, F. R. Real Time
Visualization and Geometry Reconstruction of Large Oil and Gas Boreholes based on Caliper
Database In: 4th International Conference on Advanced Computational Engineering and
Experimenting, Paris (2010).
[6] GMI. GMI Caliper Users Manual Version 1.2. (2003).
[7] Reinsch, C. Smoothing by spline functions. Numer. Math,10:177-183, (1967). Pro-ceedings of the
XII SIBGRAPI (October 1999) 101-104.

SS1
VIP-ACEX025
Prof. Fabiana R. Leta
Federal University Fluminense,
BRAZIL

3D Mesh Extraction for Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modelling

A.S. Brando1, F.R. Leta1, E. Cataldo1
1 Federal Fluminense University, Mechanical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Niteri, RJ,
24210-240, Brazil
35 | P a g e


Abstract
The ModaVox project has as its main objective the study of acoustic propagation of vowel sounds in a
3D vocal tract by using the transmission line matrix (TLM) method [1]. At the present moment, it is able
to build and solve 3D numerical models of the vocal tract. The meshes are constructed over the voxels
(Volumetric Picture Elements) in segmented medical image sequences. The segmentation of the
images is performed via neural network [2], island removal and some manual adjustments with the
ModVox's toolboxes. An implementation of the Transmission Line Matrix Method (TLM) method allows
for the simulation of the acoustic propagation of the input signal through the TLM mesh of the vocal
tract model. ModaVox also generates tetrahedral meshes. The ModaVox implementation includes four
open source components (Qt [3], VTK [4], ITK [5] and TetGen [6]. The code is compiled with the (GNU
C++) compiler.

References:
[1] Cogan, D. , O'Connor, W., and Pulko, S., Transmission Line Matrix in Computational Mechanics,
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 102-104, 2006 [2] Leta, F. R., Brando,
A., Cataldo, E. Self Organizing Maps Used To Human Vocal Image Segmentation. ACE-X, Rome, Italy,
2009.
[3] Blanchette J., Summerfield M., C++ GUI Programming with Qt 4, Prentice Hall, 2006.
[4] Schroeder, W., Martin, K., Lorensen, B., The Visualization Toolkit, 3rd Ed. ISBN 1-930934-07-6,
Kitware, Inc. publishers, 2002.
[5] Schroeder, W , et al., The ITK Software Guide, 2 Ed., ISBN 1-930934-15-7., Kitware, Inc.
publishers, 2005.
[6] TetGen: A Quality Tetrahedral Mesh Generator. http:\\tetgen.berlios.de (Accessed 20/01/2008).

SS10
ACEX047
Dr. Rafael Rodriguez Martinez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional Col. Lindavista,
MEXICO

Numerical evaluation on the Influence of the UHMWPE insert thickness for the stress state in a
Total Knee Replacement

R. Rodrguez, G. Urriolagoitia-Sosa, G. Urriolagoitia-Caldern, L.H. Hernndez, C. Torres-Torres, Ch.
Torres-San Miguel, A. Beltrn
Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin SEPI-IPN-ESIME Zacatenco. UP. Adolfo Lpez
Mateos Av. Instituto Politcnico Nacional Col. Lindavista, CP 07738 Mxico D.F. Tel. (55)7296000 ext.
54815, 54740

Abstract
The primary materials employed in bearing surfaces for total joint replacements include ultra-high
molecular weight polyethylene, Cobalt alloys, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, alumina and
zirconia. In general, relationships between the properties of these materials and the in-vivo wear
performance of joint replacement components has been difficult to establish, because so little is known
about how the mechanical properties affect wear mechanisms. Mild wear of ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene tibial inserts continue affecting the longevity of total knee replacements (TKRs). Using
static finite element elastic analyses have proved in previous studies the hypothesis that polyethylene
36 | P a g e


wear can be reduced by using a thicker tibial insert to decrease contact pressures. In this paper
simulations of contact between stainless steel femoral insert and UHMWPE tibial insert are analyzed,
by the use of a computational program based on the Finite Element Method. Behavior of both stress
and strain are emphasizing at specific zones, this was performed to observe the distribution of critical
values. From the results it can be observed that the movement among both surfaces has the biggest
influence in wear of the UHMWPE insert, experimental work was carried out on specimens varying the
thickness of the polyethylene component with values of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm. On the other hand, in
these analyses, the loads were established so as, to observe the way they act on the articulation and to
evaluate the wear that occurs in UHMWPE tibial inserts. Normalized gait-cycle was employed to find
the critical conditions of loading that are applied to the artificial articulation.

[1] K.J., Chillag, E., Barth, Clin Orthop Rel Res. Vol. 273, pp. 261-263, 1991
[2] O.K., Muratoglu, J., Ruberti, S., Melloti, S.H., Spiegelberg, E.S., Greenbaum, W.A., Harris, J
Arthroplasty, Vol.7 (suppl. 1), pp. 42-47, 2003

SS10
ACEX278
Dr. Luis Hctor Hernndez Gmez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional,
MEXICO

Using QFD methodology to translate qualitative to quantitative requirements to design a knee
re-trainer

A. Luna-Avils1, a, L. H. Hernndez-Gmez2, b, J. A. Beltrn-Fernndez2, c,
G. Urriolagoitia-Caldern2, b, D. Gmez-Michel1,a, D. M. Martnez-Espinoza1,a and E. Villegas-
Acosta1,a
1Tecnolgico de Estudios Superiores de Coacalco. EAI. Av. 16 de Septiembre #54, Col. Cabecera
Municipal. C.P. 55700, Mxico, Estado de Mxico.
2Instituto Politcnico Nacional. ESIME-SEPI. Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lpez Mateos Edificio 5, 3
Piso, Colonia Lindavista. Gustavo A. Madero. 07738 Mxico D.F., Mxico.
aalelunaav@hotmail.com, bluishector56@hotmail.com, cjbeltranf@hotmail.com

Abstract
The musculoskeletal system (MSS) is responsible for the movements that the human being is capable
of developing. Without the proper functioning of this, some simple activities can be difficult or
impossible to do. The MSS has four main functions, the first two are physiological and the others are
mechanical. The MSS consists of bones, joints and soft tissues. The MSS in a general context can be
compared to a machine and as such, it can be damaged. The main mechanisms by which can be
affected are: through an incorrect application of loads, excessive wear and / or disease (like arthritis).
When a constituent is injured is generated total or partial immobility and states of uncertainty and
depression. Injuries to bones, joints and soft tissues, are commonly occurring phenomena and take no
more than a few seconds to provoke it. On the other hand the processes that help the system to back
to normal are long periods of time and not always effective. The MSS is able to regenerate and repair
itself, if the injury is not extensive. If the damage is extensive it is essential to medical intervention. The
rehabilitation of the MSS is a set of techniques and procedures to recover the residual capacity in
individuals who are treated. Help optimize the process of rehabilitation and repair of the components of
the MSS is to help improve the quality of life. The present development is oriented to implement an
engineering analysis of the MSS. Through Quality Function Deployment (QFD) qualitative requirements
and needs of geriatric patients, therapists and orthopedists who are involved with trauma known as
37 | P a g e


sprained knee, capsulitis, tendonitis, dislocation and subluxation are translated to engineering
parameters. As a result of the implementation of the procedure were obtained over 25 needs. After a
detailed analysis of these, are summarized in the following parameters for design development: A) fast
application, B) light device, C) development of passive dynamic movements, D) heating and cooling
system, E) complete movements of flexion and hyperextension, F) record of patient progress, G)
sterilized and H) adjustable to different sizes. The translation of these criteria will allow to design and
posterior manufacture a prototype to help recover residual muscular capacity of the knee. Also,
constitutive elements of knee articulation could be re-educated to develop their activity and thus
improve the quality of life of patients. The paper shows the engineering solution for each of the issues.

SS10
ACEX282
Dr. Esther Lugo Gonzlez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional,
MEXICO

Mechanisms Design for the Poloide Pursuit in Different Configurations for a Polycentric
Prosthesis of Inferior Member

E. Lugo-Gonzlez 1, E.A. Merchn-Cruz 2, L.H. Hernndez-Gmez1.
1Instituto Politcnico Nacional SEPI ESIME Zacatenco, Mxico D.F.
2Instituto Politcnico Nacional SEPI ESIME Azcapotzalco, Mxico D.F.

Abstract
A mechanism applied to a polycentric prosthesis sandal multiple centers of rotation, the nature of these
has two dominant advantages: stability in the phase of position and naturalness in the flexion
movement, besides to have the capacity to provide a separation of the foot when walking and thus to
obtain an optimal flexion. The mechanisms of four bars have been the main configuration used for this
type of prosthesis by many years and researchers[1-3] ; like advantages of this configuration, are the
control of the instantaneous center of rotation that is located in later position next and to the joint of the
knee, which generate a greater stability in this and create a little while of extension, in addition to a
mechanical advantage when requiring less force to maintain it in extension and to initiate the flexion.
On the other hand, the mechanisms of six bars have been used satisfactorily in some polycentric knees
including the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanisms. Comparing these two configurations, the
mechanism of six bars has more variables of design than the one of four that makes it have certain
advantages on the movements required in the prosthesis, like duplicating the center of rotation
between femur and the bones of the leg to maintain the stability when walking. The synthesis of both
configurations of mechanisms through the genetic algorithms appears, following the restrictions specific
to generate the movement of the knee and to determine which is adapted to design a polycentric
prosthesis. With the obtained data the mechanism is simulated by programming, to visualize the
fulfillment of the generated trajectory, the angles and the optimal dimensions to construct the
mechanism of the polycentric knee.

[1] Cabrera, J.A., A. Simon, & M. Prado, Optimal synthesis of mechanisms with genetic algorithms.
Mechanism and machine theory, (2002). 37 No10: p. 1165-1177
[2] Kuri-Morales, A. &J. Galaviz-Casas, Algoritmos Genticos. Instituto Politcnico Nacional,
Universidad NAcional Autonoma de Mxico, Fondo de Cultura Econmica., (2002): p. 202.
[3] Erkaya, S. &I. Uzmay, Determining link parameters using genetic algorithm in mechanisms with joint
clearance. Mechanism and Machine Theory., (2008)(doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2008.02.002).

38 | P a g e


SS10
ACEX308
Dr. Alejandro Tonatiu Velzquez Snchez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional ESIME-Zacatenco,
MEXICO

Analysis And Synthesis of Mechanisms as a Tool for Simulating Movement of Living

M. A. Prez-Romero1, A. T. Velzquez-Snchez1, C. R. Torres-San Miguel1, E. Lugo-Gonzlez1.
1Instituto Politcnico Nacional ESIME-Zacatenco, Mxico D. F.

Abstract
This research is related to industrial robotics and the development of end effectors, study areas where
day to day mechanisms used to implement processes, methodologies, techniques and solutions. Also,
some of the current arrangements have a different design based on biomechanical systems that
reproduce movement; these works are focused in order to obtain a synthesis which provides the control
or execution paths. On the other hand, has managed to copy human movements storing the trajectory
of each joint and then run in real time during operation of a mechanism. According to this idea,
mechanical designs have been carried out, reproducing the position, type and form of the principal
joints, and includes actuators that emulate movements made by living organisms. However, a partial
copy of the structure efficient human or animal requires an optimal synthesis of mechanisms. In this
paper we show three cases where the synthesis has been a fundamental factor in the generation of
paths to simulate movements of living beings. Finding that the systems were synthesized in order to
simplify the control mechanism in the processes which they develop, trying to get with this optimization
improved the capacity for the implementation of trajectories.

SS10
VIP-ACEX024
Prof. J.A. Beltrn Fernndez
Instituto Politecnico Nacional,
MEXICO

Numerical Evaluation of Clamps in Biomechanical Testings

J. A. Beltrn-Fernndez1, D. Gmez-Medina2, L. H. Hernndez-Gmez3, G. Urriolagoitia-Caldern4,
G. Urriolagoitia-Sosa5, Y. Espinal-Gutirrez6, G. Garca-Anaya7.
Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin, Escuela Superior de
Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica, Edificio 5 2do piso, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lpez Mateos, Col.
Lindavista, C.P. 07738, Mxico Distrito Federal.
E-mail: 1jbeltranf@hotmail.com, 2frost1364@hotmail.com, 3luishector56@hotmail.com,
4urrio332@hotmail.com, 5guiurri@hotmail.com, 6yazmin_ipn@hotmail.com,
7guadalupega@hotmail.com

Abstract
In this paper, a numerical analysis of the structural behaviour in clamps for biomechanical testing is
reported. The purpose of this evaluation is to know the critical points when combined loadings act on
the upper and lower surface were a numerical lumbar porcine specimen is fixed. For this, the
bioregeneration of the porcine specimen was based on Scan IP and 3-D Tomography while for the
39 | P a g e


clamps, parametric software was considered. Two loading cases were simulated; the first one
corresponds to 60 kgf and the second to 1000 Kgf. The results allowed optimising the mechanical
design in the biomechanical testings.

Keywords: Numerical Simulation, Biomechanic clamps, Combine loadings

SS10
VIP-ACEX129
Dr. Juan Jos Muoz-Csar
MEXICO

MEM'S applied in gait analysis and in a control of transfemoral prosthesis
J. J. Muoz
National Polytechnic Institute, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Mxico D.F.
Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mxico.

Abstract
In order to develop a transfemoral prosthesis, it is necessary to realize a gait analysis of the normal
human locomotion, in order to reproduce the natural human movement [1]. With this idea in mind, this
paper presents the development of an intelligent control, which is used in a prosthesis which has a
knee mechanism of four-bar linkage. For this purpose, MEMS are used [2]. A gait analysis system was
also developed. It is used to generate a database containing the accelerations of the thigh and calves
sections and the angle produced in the knee joint. All these data were obtained in real time and made
the subject of study in the same test, i.e. the signals from the micro-accelerometers and angle are
acquired at the same time. A neural network was trained with this data. Such network was programmed
into a digital signal controller. Its purpose is to control the whole mechanism with the help of a fuzzy
system.
Under this scheme, the intelligent electronic control system identifies and replicates the complete cycle
of the gait, even flexion and extension in stance phase, which is of vital importance in the normal gait
and most of the prostheses can not reproduce satisfactory.
[1] A. Godfrey, R. Conway, D. Meagher and G. Olaighin, J. Medical Engineering and physics., 30, 1364
(2008).
[2] D. Winter, Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, Vol.1, p.567, P.C. Cheng, Ed.
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005).

SS10
VIP-ACEX130
Dr. Luis Hctor Hernndez Gmez
MEXICO

Research Advances and Perspective of Multi-Articulated and Robotic Hands

L. H. Hernndez-Gmez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin, Escuela Superior de
Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica, Edificio 5 segundo piso, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lpez Mateos,
Col. Lindavista, C.P. 07738, Mxico, Distrito Federal.

40 | P a g e


Abstract.
The development of prostheses for upper limbs is extensive and complex. Actually the results obtained
are not entirely satisfactory, specifically on prostheses of hand. This design has to satisfy essential
functions for the development of various activities. Besides, it has to be versatile and a high precision in
the execution of movements has to be satisfied. On the other hand, amputation of one extremity at any
level definitely affects the quality of life of a person, inducing high emotional impact.
Nowadays, there is a difference between prostheses made several decades ago, and those developed
in recent years. In this paper, an overview of the history of upper partial and complete prosthesis is
provided, as well as scientific and technological developments involved in the implementation of this
type of prostheses.
Regarding robots, they have been part of the technological development, for this reason their
application has grown exponentially and are involved in different tasks. In the field of medicine, precise
surgeries and successful rehabilitations are required. This has improved the design actuators or robots
to help in these matters. This paper presents a state of the art of the research and development of
robotics in medicine making emphasis of the medic rehabilitation and design of robotic hands.

SS10
ACEX308
Dr. Alejandro Tonatiu Velzquez Snchez
Instituto Politcnico Nacional ESIME-Zacatenco,
MEXICO

Robotics And Mechatronics Applied To Medical Rehabilitation: Progress And Perspectives

A. T. Velzquez-Snchez1, E. Lugo-Gonzlez1, R. Tapia-Herrera1, C. R. Torres-San Miguel1
1Instituto Politcnico Nacional ESIME-Zacatenco, Mxico, D. F.

Abstract
The increasing development of the components micro-structured as the MEM's, nanocircuits and
another in the integration of embedded systems, in together with the development of new materials and
advanced control techniques (ANN, GA'S and Fuzzy Logic), have allowed robotics to address problems
in the industry each time more complex, allowing specific tasks that were previously difficult, and their
introduction in areas such as exploration, agriculture, maintenance and medicine. In this last, robotics
has allowed the development of high-precision systems into the medical diagnosis, rehabilitation,
implementation of prosthesis, and the development of devices for microsurgery, providing clinicians
with a tool capable of performing tasks with accuracy manually that could not be achieved.
This paper presents an overview on the state of the art in research and development of robotics applied
to medical rehabilitation was possible to establish the most significant and the way how it has had to
break with many paradigms in the use of robots for the treatment of certain diseases or physical
handicaps. Thus, robots could become an indispensable part of medical programs in the rehabilitation
and motivation of people with sensory or developing neural prostheses, where the application of
robotics has a bright future.

SS10
VIP-ACEX024
Prof. J.A. Beltrn Fernndez
41 | P a g e


MEXICO

Biomechanical Compressive Testing of the Cancellous Bone of a Cervical Porcine Spine

L. H. Hernndez-Gmez1a, J. A. Beltrn-Fernndez2a, J. Guerrero-Hernandez3a, Hilario Hernndez-
Moreno4b, G. Urriolagoitia-Caldern5a, D. Gmez-Medina6a, Y. Espinal-Gutirrez7a. G. Urriolagoitia-
Sosa8a
a Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin, Escuela Superior de
Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica. Edificio 5, 2do piso, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lpez Mateos, Col.
Lindavista, C.P. 07738, Mxico Distrito Federal.
b Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin, Escuela Superior de
Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica, Ticomn, Av. San Jos Ticomn No. 600 Delegacin Gustavo A.
Madero, Mxico D.F. C.P. 07340 Tel.: 5729 6000 Ext. 56092 Fax: 5586 3394
E-mail: 3luishector56@hotmail.com, 2jbeltranf@hotmail.com, 3juan.guerrero.hernandez@hotmail.com,
4hihernandezm@ipn.mx, 5urrio332@hotmail.com, 6frost1364@hotmail.com,
7yazmin_ipn@hotmail.com, 8guiurri@hotmail.com.

Abstract
In this paper, experimental work, related with the evaluation of the mechanical properties of porcine
cervical vertebrae, is reported. It has to keep in mind that bone is anisotropic. However, when
numerical models are developed, it is required to define the region in which the cortical tissue prevails
and, at the same time, it is required to know its mechanical properties. The objective of this testing was
to make an accurate evaluation of the cancellous bone, avoiding the influence of the cortical tissue.
Therefore, the size of the specimen plays an important role in the evaluation. It was determined the
optimal geometry of the specimens for this sort of analysis. For this purpose, 24 specimens of
cancellous bone were taken from twelve male porcine spines. As compressive testing was carried on,
the shape of the specimens was cylindrical. They were compressed to failure at displacement rates of
1, 5 and 10 mm/s. Compressive stiffness, failure load, and failure displacement were measured.

Keywords: Experimental testing, Cancellous Bone, Compressive specimens, cervical vertebrae,
mechanical properties.

SS2
ACEX056
Prof. Zora Jankov
VB-Technical university of Ostrava,
Czech Republic

Artificial neural network modelling of glass laminate sample shape influence on the ESPI modes

Pavel Kotial, Zora Jankov, Soa Rusnkov*, Ji David, Ivan Ruiak
VB-Technical university of Ostrava, Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 17. listopadu
15/2172, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
*Tomas Bata University in Zln, Faculty of Technology, T. G. Masaryka 275, 762 72 Zln, Czech
Republic.

Abstract
The basis of mathematical model of the neural network is a formal neuron which describes by a
simplified way a function of a biological neuron by means of mathematic relations.
42 | P a g e


Learning is a basic and essential feature of ANN. Knowledge is recorded especially through the
strength of linkages between particular neurons. Linkages between neurons leading to a "correct
answer" are strengthened and linkages leading to a "wrong answer" are weakened by means of the
repeated exposure of examples describing the problem area. These examples create a so-called
training set.
For all types of predictions ANN are suitable to be used for their learning Backpropagation algorithms.
This algorithm is convenient for multilayer feedforward network learning which is created minimally by
three layers of neurons: input, output and at least one inner (hidden) layer. Between the two adjoining
layers there is always a so-called total connection of neurons, thus each neuron of the lower layer is
connected to all neurons of the higher layer. Learning in the neural network is realized by setting the
values of synaptic weights between neurons, biases or inclines of activation functions of neurons. The
adaptation at Backpropagation types of networks is also called supervised learning, when the neural
network learns by comparing the actual and the required output and by setting the values of the
synaptic weights so that the difference between the actual and the required output decreases [1, 2].
The glass fabric laminates are widely used when large strength to weight ratios is required. Fibre-
reinforced components of various shapes and different boundary conditions (free, clamped, and
hinged) commonly occur in practice. Designers need to be able to predict the stiffness parameters and
damping values of components for conditions such as aeroelasticity, acoustic fatigue, and so on [3, 4].
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry can serve as a tool of an easy determination of Poissons ratio
, Young's modulus E and shear modulus G from the measured resonant frequencies. Subsequently for
example it is possible to make various computed models on the basis of values determined by ESPI [5,
6].
The present work is devoted to the applications of the artificial neural networks (ANN) for the material
design prediction. We have investigated the dependence of the generated mode frequency as a
function of a sample thickness and a sample shape of glass laminate samples by electronic speckle
(ESPI). Obtained experimental results for differently shaped (thickness, canting and rounding) glass
laminate samples are compared with those of ANN. These experimental results were also compared by
finite element method simulation (FEM). The coincidence of all experimental and simulated results is
very good.

References
[1] Z. Jankov, Z., Artificial Neural Networks in Material Engineering, Ostrava: GEP ARTS, 2006, 81
p., ISBN 80-248-1174-X.
[2] H. K. D. H. Badeshia, Neural Networks in Material Science, ISIJ International, 39, 966-979 (1999).
[3] G. W. Caldersmith, Vibration of Orthotropic Rectangular Plates, J. Acoustica, 56, 144-152 (1984).
[4] L. Gaul, K. Willner, S. Hurlenbaus, Determination of Material Properties of Plates from Modal ESPI
Measurements. Proc.of the 17th IMAC Orlando, Florida, 1999.
[5] C. C. Ma, C. C. Lin, Experimental Investigation of Vibrating Laminated Composite Plates by Optical
Interferometry Method. AIAA J., 39, 491-497 (2001).

SS2
ACEX066
Dr. Ladislav Ecsi
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
SLOVAKIA

Moving toward a more realistic material model of a ductile material with failure mode transition

L. csi1, P. leszts1
1Institute of Appl. Mech. a Mechatronics, Faculty of Mech. Engrg., Slovak University of Technology in
Bratislava, Nmestie slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava 1, SK.
43 | P a g e


Abstract
It is well known, that some materials, such as low carbon steel certain polymers, experience ductile-to-
brittle transition at low temperatures or at very high strain rates. Among the few existing computational
models [1]-[3], that address the issue the theory of viscoplasticity is used exclusively to model such
material behaviour at very high strain rates. The biggest disadvantages of the models are that they
neither allow mixed plastic-viscoplastic deformations nor they can model the transition between them.
In this paper a simple, but universal material model is presented, which is capable of simulating the
ductile-to-brittle transition in the whole domain of strain rates including the limit points when pure
elastic-plastic/elastic-brittle deformations take place corresponding to zero/very high strain rate. The
model behaviour will be shown in numerical examples using an improved weak form and finite strain
theory for fully coupled thermal-structural finite element analyses [4].
[1] A. Needleman, V. Tvergaard, Int. J. Solids Structures, 32, 17/18, 2571 (1995).
[2] M. Zhou, G. Ravichandan, A.J. Rosakis, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 44, 6, 1007 (1996).
[3] S. Li, W.K. Liu, A.J. Rosakis, T. Belytschko, W. Hao, Int. J. Solids Structures, 39, 2571 (2002).
[4] L. csi, P. leszts, Int. J. Multiphysics, 3, 2, 155(2009).

SS2
ACEX069
Prof. Arnaldo Manuel Guedes Pinto
Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
PORTUGAL

Mechanical Behaviour of Adhesive Joints with Embedded Patches

A.M.G. Pinto1, R.D.S.G. Campilho2, I.R. Mendes1, A.G. Magalhes1, A.P.M. Baptista3
1Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto
Rua Dr. Antnio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto
2Faculdade de Economia e Gesto, Universidade Lusfona do Porto
Rua Augusto Rosa, 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
3Departamento de Eng. Mecnica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto

Abstract
Bonded repairs offer an attractive option for repair of aluminium structures, compared to more
traditional methods such as fastening or welding. There are three widely used bonded repair
configurations, i.e., single-strap, double-strap, and scarf. The single-strap and double-strap repairs are
very straightforward to execute but stresses in the adhesive layer peak at the ends of the overlap. The
double-strap repair requires both sides of the damaged structures to be reachable for repair, which is
often not possible. In this bonded repair configuration, with the patches bonded at the outer surfaces,
some limitations emerge such as the weight, aerodynamic performance and aesthetics. The scarf
repair is more complex to fabricate but stresses are more uniform along the bondline, and it does not
require access to both sides of the damage structures for field implementation. Additionally, scarf
repairs minimize the disruption of aerodynamic surfaces. Few studies of single and double-strap repairs
with embedded patches, such that these are completely flush with the adherends, are available in the
literature. Furthermore, no data is available about the effects of geometrical and material parameters
(e.g. the Youngs modulus of adhesive) on the mechanical behaviour of embedded repairs. For this
purpose, in this work standard single and double-strap repairs, and also with the patches embedded in
the adherends, were tested under tension to allow the optimization of some repair variables such as the
44 | P a g e


overlap length and type of adhesive, thus allowing the maximization of the repairs strength. As a result
of this work, some conclusions were drawn regarding the suitability of this modification to increase the
repair strength, and to optimize the aforementioned design variables.

SS2
ACEX070
Prof. Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes Campilho
Universidade Lusfona do Porto,
PORTUGAL

Experimental and finite element evaluation of spot welded-bonded single lap joints

R.D.S.G. Campilho1,2, J.B. Almeida2, A.M.G. Pinto2, M.D. Banea3, L.F.M. da Silva3
1Universidade Lusfona do Porto, Porto, Portugal
2Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
3Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Abstract
Joint design for the union of components is highly relevant because improper design may lead to
overweight or defective structures. Joining has traditionally been achieved by mechanical fastening,
welding or adhesive bonding. Joining of components with structural adhesives is currently one of the
most widespread joining techniques in advanced structures (e.g., aerospace, aeronautical, sports
equipment). Adhesive bonding does not require holes and distributes the load over a larger area than
mechanical joints. However, peak stresses tend to develop near the overlap edges because of
differential straining of the adherends and load asymmetry. As a result, premature failures can be
expected, especially if a brittle adhesive is used. Moreover, adhesive bonding joints are very sensitive
to the surface treatment of the material, service temperature, humidity, ageing and other extreme
environmental conditions. The combination of adhesive bonding with spot welding allows a few
competitive advantages to the traditional adhesive bonds like strength (especially for brittle adhesives),
weight reduction, stiffness, better resistance to peeling and fatigue and easier fabrication, as they do
not require any fixtures during the cementing process. In this work, an experimental and numerical
study was carried out on hybrid spot-welded/bonded unions, by comparison with the traditional spot
welded and adhesively bonded equivalents. The single-lap joint, extensively used for investigation and
practical purposes, due to its simplicity, is used in this study. A brittle adhesive is considered for
expected maximum synergy between the two methods. The numerical work is performed by the Finite
Element Method in ABAQUS, using Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs) for the damage simulation. As
output of this work, this well-known numerical technique for strength prediction is also tested for the
simulation of hybrid joints. A parametric study considering some variables such as the number of spots
and respective pitch allowed the maximization of the joints strength.

SS2
ACEX094
Mr. Daniel Vieira
Minho University,
PORTUGAL

Substituting Conventional Steel Alloys by Carbon Fibre Composites in Structural Parts of an
Existing Laser Cutting Equipment

45 | P a g e


D. G. Vieira1, J. F. Meireles1, J. P. Nunes2, L. F. Silva3
1Mechanical Engineering Dept., Minho University, Campus de Azurem, Guimaraes, Portugal.
2Polymer Engineering Dept. Minho University, Campus de Azurem, Guimaraes, Portugal.
3Mechanical Engineering Dept., FEUP, Porto University, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal.

Abstract
In the present work, finite element analysis (FEM) was employed to validate the use of advanced
carbon fibre composites as replacement of traditional low-alloy steel in the construction of the main
runway frame structure of a laser cutting equipment currently available in the market. The new
composite solution was adopted to increase considerably the current laser equipment precision and
cutting speed. The main objective is to enhance dramatically those machine cutting performances by
producing stiff and much lighter main structural runway frames, which support the machine cutting head
and major laser beam mirrors and lens, and allowing decreasing the inertial and vibration efforts they
develop in service through the use of carbon fibre composites.
The paper will present, compare and discuss the mechanical and dynamical behaviour obtained in the
FEM simulations made by using both solutions, the current one based on a steel frame and the new
innovative composite adopted structure. A processing method to be used in the production of the
innovative composite structure will be also proposed. Finally, as production costs may also have an
important impact on final equipment commercial price and acceptation, an economical study
contemplating both manufacturing situations (currently used and new one) will be discussed.
Nowadays, the global and very competitive market forces machinery industries to build, with very short
conception time, equipments with much better performances at lower costs. To achieve market
competiveness is, therefore, necessary to invest in innovative technologies that may have higher
upfront costs and may become part of the company know-how at medium/long term. The selection of
new and more competitive materials as well as the renewal of existing structures design, by making
them stiffer and lighter and also with higher cutting speeds and energy savings, are critical parameters
to consider.
Based on the above mentioned reasons, the work carried out in this paper is a real attempt to replace
traditional materials by more innovative composite ones in the manufacture of an already existing
machine. Today, carbon fibres became an asset to structural engineering. Carbon fibre is widely used
in highly advanced structural equipments and, begins to be more highly used in civil aviation and
ordinary manufacturing industry. Its major drawback continues to be the high cost and its main
advantages the high stiffness and strength and also its low density.

SS2
ACEX129
Mr. Ibrahim Kocabas
Firat University,
TURKEY

Effect of riveting on the joint strength of adhesively bonded double lap joints

Murat Yavuz SOLMAZ1, Ibrahim KOCABAS1 and Mustafa GUR1
mysolmaz@firat.edu.tr, mgur@firat.edu.tr, ibrahimkocabas@firat.edu.tr
1Firat University Department of Mechanical Engineering, 23119, Elazig, TURKEY

Abstract
The scope of this study is to determine effects of using rivets on the joint strength in addition to
adhesive in order to combine plastic based composite materials,which are often used in today's
46 | P a g e


engineering structures. For this purpose, double lap joints were prepared in 3 different types of
configuration including adhesive, pinned and both adhesive and pinned joints with 3 different overlap
lengths of 30, 45 and 60 mm. Stress-strain diagrams were determined after subjecting the joint
specimens axial tensile test and then the most appropriate joint type was determined by comparing the
test results to each other. According to tensile test results, it was pointed out that the hybrid joints,
where adhesive and rivet are used together ,can carry much more load than the other two joint
connection types.

Keywords: Double lap joint, Adhesive, Rivet, Overlap length, ANSYS.

SS2
ACEX176
Mr. Mohammad Mahdi Kheirikhah
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran

Wrinkling Analysis of Rectangular Soft-Core Composite Sandwich Plates

M.M. Kheirikhah1, S.M.R. Khalili2
1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials & Structures, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Face wrinkling is one of the important behaviors of soft-core sandwich plates subjected to in-plane
compressive loads. To date, there are many theories presented to analyze the wrinkling of sandwich
plates. 3D elasticity solutions [1] can only predict overal buckling of simply supported sandwich plates.
The high-order global-local theory [2] is accurate for the wrinkling analysis of sandwich plates, but its
solutions was not presented analytically till now. Analytical solutions for wrinkling behavior of sandwich
plates [3,4] uses some simplifications, in which resulted in the lower accuracy.
In the present paper, a new improved high-order theory is presented for wrinkling analysis of sandwich
plates with soft orthotropic core. Third-order plate theory is used for face sheets and quadratic and
cubic functions are assumed for transverse and in-plane displacements of the core, respectively.
Continuity conditions for transverse shear stresses at the interfaces as well as the conditions of zero
transverse shear stresses on the upper and lower surfaces of plate are satisfied. The nonlinear Von-
Karman type relations are used to obtain strains. Also, transverse flexibility and transverse normal
strain and stress of the orthotropic core are considered. Analytical solution for static analysis of simply
supported sandwich plates under uniaxial in-plane compressive load is presented using Naviers
solution. Effect of geometrical parameters and material properties of face sheets and core are studied
on the face wrinkling of sandwich plates. Comparison of the present results with those of plate theories
confirms the accuracy of the proposed theory.

[1] A.K. Noor, J.M. Peters, W.S. Burton, J. of Eng. Mechanics, ASCE, 120, 284 (1994).
[2] M. Shariyat, J. of Composite Structures, 92, 72 (2010).
[3] J.B. Dafedar, Y.M. Desai and A.A. Mufti, Int. J. of Solids & Structures, 40, 4501 (2003).
[4] Y. Frostig, Int. J. of Solids and Structures, 35, 183 (1998).

SS2
47 | P a g e


ACEX280
Prof. Dora Francese
University of Architecture Federico II,
ITALY

Soil: a material for bio-compatible and eco-sustainable contemporary buildings

D. Francese1, P. Mendona2, L. Buoninconti1, J. Sousa2
1University of Architecture Federico II, Naples, Italy.
2School of Architecture, University of Minho, Portugal.

Abstract
For long time the research has been addressing towards the creation and the design of high tech
components for buildings with an high performance level in any kind of situation, so as to increase a
global scale dissemination and thus to ensure large market segments and wide economic incomes.
This logic, based on production of goods rather than on saving of resources, had provided, upon time,
a number of negative effects, such as the enlargement of prime matter and pure energy source
consumption, but also as well as a massification of the architecture language and a cultural flatting, by
proposing stereotypes and formal schemes which were insensitive to site diversity and peculiarity.
Studies made by the authors on the Mediterranean area, its construction traditions and its social and
cultural differences, focused on the presence of various invariant lines, due to similar climatic,
geological, historic and human conditions, had shown that, during the whole pre-industrial period, those
conditions had led to the affirmation of such techniques and materials strictly depending on the peculiar
characters of each zone. The various regions, even presenting the aforesaid common and distinctive
features, can be often compared each others, and provide hints for new research currents: low-tech
materials, and thus at low embodied energy, by exploiting a number of local resources and various
configuration solutions, allowing to obtain buildings hat can adapt to different site conditions, and can
provide a clear saving as far as both economic and environmental factors are concerned.
The Rammed Earth and Adobe, even in contemporary building applications, object of the proposed
paper, has been demonstrated to own various relevant characters, since not only presents a good
mechanical resistance aptitude and elasticity, but also appears as a good compromise between
thermal mass and insulation and, last but not least, it holds a good hygroscopic regulation capacity, by
absorbing and giving back the humidity to the environment. These properties allow to achieve eco-
efficiency aims, by limiting resource consumption, as well as bio-compatible objectives, by providing
users health and comfort. Our research groups had carried out theorical and experimental research
that led to the chance of re-employing this traditional material within innovative products, thus
considering soil, still nowadays, as a very good construction material. Case studies in Italy and Portugal
will be shown.

SS2
ACEX285
Mr. Mohammad Ehsan Edalat
Islamic Azad University
IRAN

A New High Strength 0-3 PZT Composite for Structural Health Monitoring

M. E. Edalat1, J. Poursharifi2, M. M. Kheirikhah1, A. Azarbayjani2, M. H. Behboudi2 and H.
Shirmohammadi2
1Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Faculty of Industrial & Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin, Iran
48 | P a g e


2Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract
Nowadays, PZT cement-based composites have been used in structural health monitoring. These
composites fabricate from white cement matrix and lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3) (PZT)
powder under high pressure by steam curing to potential applications in civil engineering. Some
researchers proposed different PZT cement-based composites to structural health monitoring [1-4],
which all of them dont have acceptable tensional and compressive strengths. Therefore these cement-
based composites cant be use as structural member.
In this study, to eliminate this disadvantage, a new 0-3 PZT cement based composite proposed which
has excellent high tensional and compressive strengths and good vibration signal sensing ability. This
composite contains quartz coarse aggregates and mentioned materials. 96 standard specimens were
constructed and tested according to ASTM C-39 and ASTM C-1583 standard codes requirements
under different terms and conditions. Results are shown that the tensional and compressive strengths
of this new proposed composite are about 12 times than the recent 0-3 PZT cement-based composites
which were proposed by [1,2,4]. Also experimental tests are indicated that the piezoelectric properties
of present new PZT composite are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental results [5,6].

[1] D. Zhang, Z. Li, K. Wu, J. Cement and Concrete Research 32, p.825, (2002)
[2] Z. Li, B. Dong and D. Zhang, J. Cement & Concrete Composites 27, p.27, (2005).
[3] C. Xin, H. Shifeng, C. Jun, X. Ronghua, L. Futian and L. Lingchao, Journal of the European Ceramic
Society 25, p.3223-3228, (2005)
[4] H. Shifeng, L. Lingchao, C. Jun, X. Dongyu, L.Futian and C. Xin, J. Ferroelectrics, p.187, 332
(2006).
[5] Banno H., Advanced ceramics, Oxford University Press, p. 8, (1988).
[6] Mazur K. Ferroelectric polymers: chemistry, physics, and applications. New York: Inc, p. 539, (1995)

SS2
ACEX289
Mr. Younes Mohammadi
IRAN

Free Vibration Analysis of Sandwich Plates with FGM Face Sheets and Temperature-Dependent
Properties of the Core Materials

Y. Mohammadi1, S.M.R. Khalili2,3,*
1 Islamic Azad University, Ghazvin Branch, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ghazvin,
Iran.
2 Center of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and structures, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering , K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
3 Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In this paper, the free vibration of sandwich plates with power-law FGM face sheets in various thermal
environments is performed by high-order sandwich plate theory. The material properties of the core,
such as Youngs modulus, density, thermal expansion coefficient and Poissons ratio, are assumed to
be temperature dependent by nonlinear function of temperature [1]. The material properties of the FGM
face sheets are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness according to a power law
distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents [2]. The governing equations of motion in
49 | P a g e


free natural vibration are derived using Hamiltons principle [3]. A new approach is used to reduce the
equations of motion from twenty three equations to eleven equations and then solve them. The new
solution approach consists of isolating six of the unknowns in the displacements of the face sheets
using the compatibility equations, followed by isolating the additional six Lagrange multipliers using the
equations of the face sheets, Finally, the isolated unknowns are substituted into the eleven equations of
the core. Both un-symmetric and symmetric sandwich plates are considered in this analysis. The
results show that the fundamental frequency parameters ( ) increases by increasing the volume
fraction index (). They also shown that the effect of temperature on the value of fundamental
frequency parameters decrease with increases in the FGM face sheets thickness. The results also
reveal that as the side-to-thickness ratio (bh), the core-to-face sheet thickness ratio (h_ch_t ) and
temperature changes, have a significant effect on the fundamental frequency parameters. Good
agreement is found between theoretical predictions of the fundamental frequency parameters and the
results obtained from other references for simply supported sandwich plates with functionally graded
face sheets in the literature.

References
[1] J. N. Reddy, Thermo mechanical behavior of functionally graded materials, Texas, [1998].
[2] H.S. Shen and S.R. Li, Postbuckling of sandwich plates with FGM face sheets and temperature-
dependent properties, J. Composites, 39, 332, (2008).
[3] Y. Frostig and M. Baruch, Localized load effects in high-order bending of sandwich panels with
flexible core, J. Engrg Mech, 122, 1069 (1996).

SS2
ACEX303
Mr. Hamid Reza Salehi
AmirKabir University of Technology
IRAN

Statistical and probabilistic Modelling of particulate polymer nanocomposite

H. R. Salehi 1, M. Salehi1
1Amir Kabir University of technology,Valiasr St., Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In the recent literature, there are several methods for modelling of different properties of polymer
nanocomposite materials. Molecular dynamic, mutiscale and finite element modelling had been used to
predict different mechanical properties of CNT and particulate composite.
In many case, there is a large error between experimental and calculated data. This error is related to
many parameters like interphase, nanophase shape and size, viscoelastic effect and randomness of
characteristics that have large impact on properties of nanocomposite.
Experimental results show that many properties of nanocomposite have probabilistic nature that do not
consider in most of modelling methods. This probabilistic nature of inputs causes probabilistic outputs.
For instance, in modelling of particulate nanocomposite, nanoparticle size, shape, surface property,
interphase effect, may cause probabilistic elastic modulus, shear modulus, poissons ratio, strength,
thermal expansion and conduction coefficient of nanocomposite.
In this research, these probabilistic natures of inputs and outputs have been investigated extensively.
First, a RVE three-phase modelling have been developed and verified. Then by using of Monte-Carlo
simulation, probabilistic nature of inputs considered in modelling. The results showed that use of even
one probabilistic input, convert all outputs from deterministic to probabilistic value that have different
mean value and variance from inputs values. These procedures have been used for different inputs
50 | P a g e


and the results have been evaluated. An experimental verification show the effectiveness of this
method.

[1] Srikanth Pilla, Integration of Micromechanical and Probabilistic Analysis Models of Nanocomposites,
MA thesis, The University of Toledo, 2005.
[2] Probabilistic Simulation for Nanocomposite Fracture, NASA/TM2010-216103.

SS2
VIP-ACEX126
Prof. Joo Rama Correia
Technical University of Lisbon,
PORTUGAL

GFRP sandwich panels for civil engineering structural applications

J.R. Correia1, F.A. Branco1, J.A. Gonilha1, D. Ferreira1, L.Reis2
1Instituto Superior Tcnico/ICIST, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal.

Abstract
In the last two decades, the strength, lightness, corrosion resistance and low maintenance
requirements offered by composite materials have contributed to increase their use in civil engineering
applications [1]. Composite sandwich panels in particular, have considerable potential for structural
applications, due to their high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios, thermal insulation
properties and ease of application [2]. This paper presents results of experimental, analytical and
numerical investigations on the mechanical behaviour of sandwich panels comprising glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) skins and two different core materials: rigid plastic polyurethane (PU) foam
and polypropylene (PP) honeycomb [3]. The influence of the core material properties and the effect of
using lateral GFRP ribs along the longitudinal edges of the panels was investigated. The main goal was
to evaluate the feasibility of using GFRP sandwich panels in either building floors or pedestrian bridge
decks. In what concerns the experimental campaign, initially, it comprised flatwise tensile tests on the
GFRP laminates used in the skins; edgewise compressive, flatwise compressive and tensile tests on
sandwich specimens; and shear tests on the core materials. Subsequently, flexural static tests were
carried out in order to evaluate both serviceability and failure responses of the sandwich panels.
Finally, flexural dynamic tests were performed in order to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the
sandwich panels, namely their natural frequencies, maximum vibrations and structural damping. The
experimental study demonstrated that the sandwich panels with the two different core materials have a
similar behaviour and that the lateral reinforcements (GFRP ribs) significantly increase their stiffness
and strength. The failure modes of the unreinforced panels corresponded to core shear failure, while
the reinforced panel failed due to face skin delamination followed by crushing failure on the skins.The
final part of this paper reports a numerical study, in which tridimensional finite element models of the
tested sandwich panels were developed. The models, validated with the experimental results, allowed
simulating the mechanical behaviour of sandwich panels with a good accuracy and were used to
design GFRP sandwich panels for the two envisaged applications (building floors and pedestrian bridge
decks).

References
[1] J.R. Correia, GFRP Pultruded Profiles in Civil Engineering: Hybrid Solutions, Bonded Connections
and Fire Behaviour, PhD Thesis in Civil Engineering, IST-UTL, 2008.
[2] J.M. Davies, Lightweigh Sandwich construction, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2001, p. 370.
51 | P a g e


[3] I.A. Almeida, Structural behaviour of composite sandwich panels for applications in the construction
industry, MSc Thesis in Civil Engineering, IST-UTL, 2009.

SS2
ACEX137
Dr. Domagoj Matesan
CROATIA

Strength Capacity of Square Reinforced Concrete Slab

D. Matean, J. Radni, N. Grgi, V. amber

Abstract
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia.
The results of three experimentally tested simply supported square concrete slabs with different
arrangement of their equal bottom reinforcement were presented firstly. The slabs were 1.4 m 1.4 m
plane size and 50 mm depth, reinforced by rebars of 4.2 mm diameter. The first slab was reinforced by
14 rebars in both direction, the second slab by 22 rebars in x direction and 6 rebars in y- direction, and
the third slab by 28 rebars in x- direction only. Slabs were incrementally loaded up to failure by short-
term static force at slab mid-span. The previously developed numerical model of authors for non-linear
analysis of concrete plates and shells [1, 2] was verified on determined experimentally results after that.
The numerical model can simulates the most of dominant nonlinear effects of concrete and
reinforcement, as well as the effect of structure large displacement.
Using the verified numerical model of authors [1, 2], the influence of some different reinforcement
arrangement of practical rectangular concrete slabs, 6 m 6 m plane size and 0.16 m depth, on their
limit strength capacity was also examined for uniformly distributed load. At the end, the main conclusion
related to the optimal slab reinforcement was given.

[1] D. Matean, J. Radni, Materials with Complex Behaviour, p. 165, A. chsner et al. Eds., (Springer-
Verlag, Berlin 2010).
[2] J. Radni, A. Harapin, D. Matean, Gradjevinar, 53, 695 (2001).

SS2
ACEX155
Dr. Sang-Woo Kim
Korea Institute of Materials Science,
South Korea

Fabrication of A Sandwich Structure by Multi-Point Stretching Method and Its Structural
Performance

S.W. Kim1, S.H. Kang1 and B.S.Kang2
1Korea Institute of Materials Science, Cangwon, Gyeongnam, South Korea.
2Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.

Abstract
There are various methods to fabricate sandwich panels with truss core such as investment casting,
52 | P a g e


perforation-bending and extrusion-EDM. In order to make up for the weak points of the existing
methods to make truss cores and improve mechanical properties of core structures, a multi-point
stretching (MPS) process is newly developed. In MPS process, three dimensional truss cores are built
up by a number of pins pressed on the nodes of a perforated sheet. Therefore, it can improve core
strength by strain hardening effect because all truss members are stretched during the process and
reduce material waste during perforation process compare with conventional perforation-bending. The
paper focused on the optimum design of pins to avoid fracture initiation in truss member during MPS
process and the investigation of sandwich panels with pyramidal truss core were fabricated by MPS
and adhesive bonding process

SS2
ACEX165
Prof. Woo Jin Song
ILIC, Pusan National University,
S. Korea

Evaluation of Flexural Strength on Fiber Metal Laminates for Multi Layer Printed
Circuit Board using Experiment and Numerical Simulation

W.J. Song1, T.W. Ku2, J. Kim2, B.S. Kang2
1ILIC, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, S. Korea.
2Dept. of Aerospace Eng., Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, S. Korea.

Abstract
Thin multi-layer printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been required and used extensively in the fields of
personal digital devices and mobile utilities, since they became desirable as electronic products to have
more functions with low weight and small size [1]. The flexural strength of PCBs in the off-plane
direction, among mechanical behaviours, can be an important mechanical property [2]. However, ultra-
thin multi-layer PCBs have the possibility of low flexural strength compared with conventional multi-
layer ones. In this study, the flexural strength of fiber metal laminates in thin multi-layer PCBs is
estimated and evaluated through several kinds of parametric analyses considering the thickness of
each composite layer, the layer position of alternative material, micro filler in the epoxy region, and the
volume fraction on the composite layer, based on finite element analysis. The corresponding 3-point
bending tests, which consider the effect of the glass transition temperature, the micro filler and
hybridization of the composite layer, are carried out to confirm the flexural strength of the fiber metal
laminates in the multi-layer PCBs.
The flexural strength of the fiber metal laminates can be significantly improved in higher volume fraction
levels. The flexural strength can be also effectively improved using an epoxy with micro filler and the
higher Tg glass fiber/epoxy materials. Above all methods, the hybridization with composite layers can
be the most effective way to enhance the flexural strength of the fiber metal laminates. It is noted that
various approaches to improving flexural strength in the fiber metal laminates can help the engineer
design and evaluate the multi-layer PCBs, based on using fiber metal laminates.

[1] M. Lee, Circuit World, 26, 24 (2000).
[2] K.T. Kim, T.S. Park, K.H. Im, S.J. Lee, S.Y. Jang, J.C. Jin, S.C. Lee, J.S. Kim, Y.K. Kim, SAMSUNG
Tech. Conference, (2006).

SS2
ACEX342
53 | P a g e


Dr. Hak-Joo Lee
Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials
KOREA

Size-dependent adhesion of nanopatterns fabricated by nano imprint lithography (NIL)

Kwang-Seop Kim, Jae-Hyun Kim, Ki-Don Kim, Jun-Ho Jeong, Hak-Joo Lee
Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery &
Materials (KIMM), 104 Sinseong, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, KOREA

Abstract
Surfaces with nano and micro patterns have been extensively utilized in various applications such as
biosensors and electrical devices. The nano-scale patterns can be fabricated cost-effectively using
nanoimprint lithography (NIL) in which a stamp is in direct contact with a deformable film1. Adhesion
and friction phenomena between the stamp patterns and the polymer film are inevitable in NIL and the
adhesion and friction forces significantly affect pattern transfer2,3. One of the puzzling aspects of NIL is
that the adhesion force between contacting materials can be varied with respect to the pattern size4.
The size-dependant adhesion characteristic is an obstacle to fabrication of multi-scale patterns using
NIL. In this study, 4 types of nano- or micro-patterns are fabricated using NIL. They have the same
area density with one another, but different pattern widths. The measured adhesion between the NIL
patterns and the stamp shows a strong dependency on pattern width, and this phenomenon is
analyzed using a multi-scale model. This multi-scale model provides a useful guideline on multi-scale
fabrication down to 60 nm by NIL.

[1] S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, P. J. Renstrom, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3114 (1995)
[2] Y. Hirai, S. Yoshida, N. Takagi, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2765 (2003)
[3] Y. Hirai, S. Yoshida, N. Takagi, Y. Tanaka, H. Yabe, K. Sasaki, H. Sumitani, K. Yamamoto, Jap. J.
Appl. Phys. 42, 3863 (2003)
[4] L. R. Bao, X. Cheng, X. D. Huang, L. J. Guo, S. W. Pang, A. F. Yee, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20,
2881 (2002)

SS2
VIP-ACEX023
Prof. Toshiyuki Sawa
Hiroshima University,
JAPAN

Stress Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Scarf Adhesive Joints with Dissimilar Adherends
Subjected to Static Bending Moments

T. Sawa1, K.Kotajima1, Y.Sekiguchi1
1Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima,
Hiroshima, Japan
sawa@mec.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Abstract
The stress distributions in the scarf joints with dissimilar adherends subjected to static bending
moments were analized with FEM calculations. In addition, the rupture bending moment was examined.
The results showed that the singular stress was the smallest at the scarf angle of 60 in FEM
54 | P a g e


calculations. It is assumed that the rupture bending moments was increased when the scarf angle was
60. The effects of Young's modulus of the adhesive, that of the adherends and the thickness of the
adhesive layer on the interface stress distributions were investigated with FEM calculations. The results
showed that the stress singularity at the edges of interfaces decreases as the Young's modulus of
adhesive increases, or the ratio of Young's modulus of adherends decreases, or the thickness of
adhesive layer decreased. Experiments measuring the strains on the adherends and the rupture
bending moments were carried out. Fairly good agreements were found between the numerical and
experimental results.

[1] Aksentyan.O.K., Lushchik.O.N., Soviet Applied Mechanics, 18(7),631-636,(1982)
[2] E.D.Reedy.JR, T.R.Guess, Int.J. Solids Structures, 30(21), 2929-2936, (1993).
[3] Adams.R.D, Coppendale.J, J.Adhes, 10(1), 49-62, (1979),
[4] Do Won Seo, Jae Kyoo Lim, Composites Science and Technology, 65, 1421-1427, (2005).
[5] E.D.Reedy, JR. Int.J.Solids Structures. 30(6), 767-777, (1993).
[6] A.Ochsner, M.Stasiek, G.Mishuris, J.Gracio, Int. J. Adhesion & Adhesives, 27, 703-711, (2007).
[7]T.Sawa, A.Iwata, H.Ishikawa, Trans. of JSME, 29(258), 4037-4042, (1986).
[8] Seo. D.W., Lim. J.K., Composites Science and Technology, 65(9 SPEC.ISS.), 1421-1427, (2005).
[9] Reedy Jr. E.D., Guess.T.R, J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 10(1), 33-45, (1996).
[10] T.Sawa, K.Temma, Y.Tsunoda, J. Adhesion and adhesives, 9(3), 161-169, (1989).
[11] Y.Nakano, T.Sawa, F.Nakagawa, JSME International J., 35(2), 145-151, (1992).
[12] Lang, T. P., Mallick, P. K., J. Adhesion and Adhesives, 18 (3), 167-177, (1998).
[13] D.Chen, S. Cheng, Int. J. Solids Structures, 29(7), 845-853, (1992)
[14] Adams.R.D., Harris.J.A., Organic Coating & Applied Polymer Science Proceedings, 47, 243-246,
(1982)
[15] Narasimhan. S, Pandey, P.C., Defence Science Journal, 53(2), pp.175-188, (2003)
[16] J.M.Liu, T.Sawa. H.Toratani, J.Adhesion Sci. Technol., 12(8), 795-812, (1998).
[17] T.Sawa, J.M.Liu, K.Nakano, J.Tanaka, J.Adhesion Sci. Technol., 14(1), 43-66, (2000).
[18] Tong.L., Sheppard.A., Kelly.D., Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, 15(1), 43-48, (1995).
[19] T.Sawa, Y.Suzuki, S.Watanabe, M.Horiuchi, Trans. of JSME (Part A), 59(564), 1881-1887, (1993).
[20] J.M.Liu T.Sawa, J.Adhesion Sci. Technol., 15(1), 43-61, (2001).
[21] I.Higuchi, T.Sawa, H.Suga. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 16(12), 1585-1601, (2002).
[22] T.Sawa, M.Sasaki, Y.Hirayama, ASME IMECE2006-14232, Design Engineering Div. DE, 1-6,
(2006).
[23] Y.Suzuki, Bulletin of JSME, 27(231), 1836-1845, (1984).
[26] Y.Suzuki, Trans. JSME (Part A), 53(487), 514-522, (1987

SS2
ACEX023
Mr. Zhangxin Guo
Northwestern Polytechnical University
CHINA

Numerical analysis of Composite Laminates Stitched around a Circular Hole

Zhangxin Guo*, Xiaoping Han, Xiping Zhu, Xizhe Zhi
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract
55 | P a g e


An approach is proposed to numerically study the composite laminates stitched around a circular hole.
First, the local structure of stitching region is simplified and the finite element analysis (FEA) is carried
out. Then, the overall elastic constants of the equivalent yarns are obtained by comparing the
numerical and experimental results. With this approach, the strain distributions are calculated, and the
effects of stitching parameters such as edge distance, stitching needle span, row spacing, and the
material and diameter of yarn are discussed on the strain concentration factors. It is indicated that the
approach is valid for the existing experimental data, and can be applied to more cases of stitching
enforcement.
Keywords: Composite laminates with holes, Strain concentration, Stitching reinforcement, Stitching
parameters, FEA

Zhangxin Guo* Tel: +86 29 88495547; E-mail address: woxintanran215@163.com (Z.G.Guo).

SS2
ACEX027
Ms. Tahere Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
University of Mashhad
IRAN

Crystallinity Behavior of Medium Density Polyethylene/Copper Composite Fabricated Using Ball
Milling Method

T. Ebrahimi. S.1, S. M. Zebarjad1, J. Vahdati. K.1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
Polyethylene possesses a good combination of physical and chemical properties and processability
with a relatively low cost, which causes its wide application in several industries. Medium density
polyethylene (MDPE) is a kind of PE defined by a density range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm3. MDPE has
good shock and drop resistance properties. Totally, polymers can be modified with metallic fillers for
more specific uses such as anti-fouling compounds, corrosion-resistant paints, and maintenance and
repair products such as coldpoured steel and tooling. Metal filled polymer composites are widely used
for electromagnetic interference shielding. They have a lighter weight than metals and are less costly. It
is therefore important, from a scientific and practical point of view, to understand the effects of metallic
filler on the properties of a polymer matrix.
In the current study the influence of high energy ball milling process, HEBM, and the presence of Cu
particles (0, 1, 3 volume percent) on Crystallinity Behavior of MDPE were investigated. HEBM in
different times (0, 3, 30h) was used to homogeneously disperse Cu particles into a medium density
polyethylene, MDPE. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the morphology of
polyethylene and Cu powders. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystallite size and the
degree of crystallinity. XRD pattern showed that the crystallinity and crystallite size decreased with
increasing the milling time.

[1] A.S. Luyt, J.A. Molefi, H. KrumpThermal, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91 1629 (2006).
[2] L.M. Gorghiu, S. Jipa, T. Zaharescu, R. Setnescu, I. Mihalcea, Polymer Degradation and Stability,
84, 7 (2004).

SS2
56 | P a g e


ACEX029
Prof. Dora Foti
Technical University of Bari,
ITALY

Experimental Study on Concrete Reinforced with Fiber PET

D. Foti1, F. Paparella1
1Technical University of Bari, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bari, Italy

Abstract
As part of the research on fibrous concrete, we report the preliminary results of some tests for a
broader approach to testing, on the possibility of using fibers made from PET (polyethylene
terephthalate) bottles to increase the ductility of the concrete.
The aim is to explore the possibility of recycling a waste material produced in large quantities by now,
getting at the same time, an improvement of ductility of the concrete.
Fibers were used both as strips of reduced length, obtained by appropriate cuts from common bottles
of mineral water to 500 cc., and as circular fibers, obtained by removing the ends of these bottles,
crush, and cut normal to their longitudinal axis.
Taking into account that, from experiments carried out by other researchers [1, 2, 3] it was found that
the introduction of fragments of PET bottles in concrete instead of sand, may determine, above certain
quantities, a marked reduction in compressive strength, in these tests the PET fibers quantities are not
higher than 0.75% of the weight of the concrete. This is also because it was verified that the
introduction of fiber in any kind of conglomerate, involves a significant reduction in its workability. In that
regard, some additives are added to the mixture of the specimens, differently to what has been done in
a previous test campaign [4]. The results from the present bending and compressive tests, will lead to
more research in order to determine the shape, size and optimal quantities of the fibers to be used.
In addition a campaign of impact tests will be performed to evaluate the capacity of these fiber
reinforced concrete to dissipate the impact energy.

[1] Sung Bae Kim, Na Hyun Yi, Hyun Young Kim, Jang Ho Jay Kim, Young-Chul Song. Material and
structural performance evaluation of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete
Composites. 2010; 32: 232-240.
[2] Mahdi, F., Abbas, H., Khan, A.A. Strength characteristics of polymer mortar and concrete using
different compositions of resins derived from post-consumer PET bottles. Construction and Building
Materials. 2010; 24,1: 25-36.
[3] Ochi, T., Okubo, S., Fukui, K. Development of recycled PET fiber and its application as concrete-
reinforcing fiber. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2007; 29: 448-455.
[4] D. Foti. Preliminary Analysis of Concrete Reinforced with Waste Bottles Pet Fibers. Construction
and Building Materials, on printing, 2010.

SS2
ACEX046
Dr. Noura Dahbi
University of Bchar,
ALGERIA

Study of Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Composite Materials

N. Dahbi, B.Diah
57 | P a g e


1Laboratory of semiconductor devices physics (LPDS)
University of Bchar, Algeria.
2Laboratory of composite material and polymer
University of Technology, Iraq.

Abstract
The polymeric materials are the most representative class of materials used in the current
manufacturing of various technical component and consumer goods, specially the composite polymeric
materials which show an accelerated advance in design and application in the past decade. The
composite is a combination of two or more of the tree categories of structural materials: alloys,
polymers, and ceramics; this makes it a material with favourable properties that can not be met by the
polymeric materials [1]. This work presents the fabrication and characterization of mechanical
properties of composite polymeric materials using epoxy resin as a matrix and hybrid of glass, Nylon 6,
and iron fibres as reinforcing materials. The specimens of hybrid composite materials were prepared
with volume fraction of 26%, where the mechanical tests included: bending impact, flexural, hardness,
compression, are investigated in different temperatures to determine the influence of temperature on
these properties. Photo microscope technique was used to study the fracture surface of specimens,
under the impact test at room temperature. In general, the results have shown that after the addition of
metal wires the most of mechanical properties improved.

[1] M.W. Richardson, Polymer Engineering composite, Applied Science, pub London (1987)

SS2
ACEX054
Mr. Valerio C.A. Cruz
Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG),
BRAZIL

Water Absorption in Unsaturated Polyester/Macambira Composites: Theoretical and
Experimental Investigation

V.C.A. Cruz1, M.M.S. Nbrega2, W.S. Cavalcanti1, L.H. Carvalho1, A.G.B. Lima1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Zip Code
58429-900, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil.
2Federal University of Cear (UFC), Zip Code 63000-000, Juazeiro do Norte-CE, Brazil

Abstract
Composite materials are widely used as a technological solution for the development of new products,
environmental and economic concerns have pointed out to the use of natural fibers as polymer
reinforces. Natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites are very sensitive to influences from
environmental agents such as water. The moisture within the natural fibers provokes a weak adhesion
on the polymer matrix-fiber interface, due their hydrophilic nature and to the hydrophobic nature of most
polymers. Several works on the water sorption kinetics in composites reinforced with natural fiber are
reported in the literature [1]-[3]. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical and
experimental study of water absorption in unsaturated polyester composite reinforced with macambira
fiber (Bromlia laciniosa). The studied samples have compositions 30% macambira fiber and 70%
unsaturated polyester with dimensions of 20x20x3 mm3 and 20x20x6 mm3. Tests for water absorption
were performed by immersing the samples in a bath of distilled water at 25, 50 and 70C, and water
uptake was followed gravimetrically along the process. Lumped models to predict water absorption
58 | P a g e


during the transient process is proposed. Results of the micrographs (SEM), absorption kinetic and
area/volume relationships of the composites are shown and analyzed. It was verified that sample
thickness effects were pronounced at lower temperature and temperature effects were more relevant
than those observed for changes in area/volume ratio.

[1] S.H. Aziz, M.P. Ansell, S.J. Clarke and S.R. Panteny, Comp. Sci. Technol. 65, 525 (2005).
[2] S. Panthapulakkal and M.I Sain, J. Comp. Mat. 41, 1879 (2007)
[3] W. S. Cavalcanti; L. H. Carvalho; A. G. B. de Lima, Rev. Mat., 10, 479 (2005).

SS2
ACEX078
Prof. Jos Enrique Crespo Amors
Polytechnic University of Valencia,
SPAIN

Improved tire adhesion of laminates (GTR) by incorporating reclaimed rubber (NRR)

J. E. Crespo1, F. J. Parres1, A. Nadal1
1Polytechnic University of Valencia, Materials Technology Institute.
Plaza Ferrandiz y Carbonell, 1 03801 Alcoy (Alicante).

Abstract
The habit of excessive consumption of so-called first world generates lots of waste, a waste of greatest
concern for its large size and because it can not easily be recycled is tires, since the mass production
of these and the difficulties to manage is one of the most serious environmental problems in recent
years throughout the world. Although it is non-hazardous waste, have features that drive the best way
to manage your treatment. Thus, a tire qualities is that it takes more than 100 years to decompose and
the other is its high heat capacity, making it difficult for fire fighting, another important feature is its
chemical stability (low biodegradability) by which has not been considered as hazardous waste.
This paper seeks to improve the mechanical properties of recycled rubber [1-3] from waste tires (GTR)
through the addition of reclaimed rubber (NRR), with this is to obtain a final material with better
mechanical properties and can be used in different applications depending characteristics obtained.
The aim is to get a new material made from recycled materials so you can enter the market, getting to
work with the environment by a utility to used tires, a material that currently poses a serious problem
because of the huge accumulations that have taken place and the risk of fire and pollution that goes
with it in storage.

[1] J. E. Crespo, F. Parres, A. Nadal, Mat.-wiss. u. Werkstofftech., 40, 211 (2009).
[2] J. E. Crespo, F. Parres, A. Nadal, Mat.-wiss. u. Werkstofftech., 41, 293 (2010).
[3] H. Osman, H. Ismail, M. Mariatti, Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng, 47,

SS2
ACEX082
Ms. Seyyede Akram Hasheminezhad
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
IRAN

Effect of Copper Content on Compressive Strength and Microstructure of Dental Amalgams

59 | P a g e


S.A. Hasheminezhad1, L. Rahanjam2, S.M. Zebarjad3, S.A. Sajjadi4
1,2,3,4 Department of metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad, Box 91775-1111, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract
Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin-copper alloy, is used to fill in
cavities in tooth. The main goal of this research is to investigate the effect of copper on compressive
strength of dental amalgam. For this purpose, amalgam capsules with two different content of copper
were used. Cylindrical samples with diameter to height ratio, 1 to 2, were prepared via moulding
method. To evaluate the role of copper element on compressive strength, compression test was done
at different strain rate i.e. 0.02, 0.2, 0.4 and 2 min-1 .The results and microscopic evaluations showed
that an increase in copper content to amalgam causes to eliminate gamma2 phase (this phase is
susceptible to corrode and increase creep). Therefore, with increasing Cu content, compressive
strength improved and corrosion, tarnish and creep reduced.

SS2
ACEX085
Prof. Kielbus Andrzej
Silesian University of Technology,
POLAND

The Influence of Galvanic Technology Parameters on Coatings Quality Deposited on
Magnesium Alloys

A. Kielbus1, G. Moskal1, R. Cibis2
1 Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland.
2NTP S.A., 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland

Abstract
There are many types of coatings used for magnesium alloys, and each of them has its advantages
and disadvantages. One of the most economical and simple methods is electrochemical deposition of
metals on the substrate surface. This process can be divided into two types: galvanic electroplating
(electrodeposition) or electroless plating. In the case of galvanic process, electrons necessary for
reduction phenomenon are provided from an external source [1, 2].
The article presents the technology of obtaining the galvanic coatings on the ready structural elements
made of Mg-Al magnesium alloys. The technology was developed in NTP S.A. in cooperation with the
Silesian University of Technology. The basic issues of the developed technology were described,
especially taking into consideration the mechanical surface preparation and deposition of base layers
on the basis of chemical nickel, sulfamate nickel and copper plating.
The tests, carried out at the individual stages of industrial technological process, showed that the
essential problem in obtaining the galvanic coatings of satisfactory quality on the elements made of
magnesium alloys lies not only in the correct surface preparation, which is a well known phenomenon,
but also in the processes of later copper plating.

[1] Gray J.E., Luan B., Journal of Alloys and Compounds 336, 2002, 88113.
[2] Designation: B 480 88, 2006, Copyright ASTM International.

SS2
60 | P a g e


ACEX100
Prof. Shiuh-Chuan Her
Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 320,
TAIWAN

Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Measurement of Embedded Optical Fiber Strain
Sensors

S.C. Her1, C.Y. Tsai and C.Y. Huang
1Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 320, Taiwan

Abstract
The application of smart structure in structural health monitoring is under intensive study over the last
few years, particularly in aerospace industry and civil engineering. Several fiber optic technologies have
been proposed for strain/temperature measurements, such as fiber bragg grating (FBG) sensors,
Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensors. As a sensor, it is expected that the strains between the optical fiber
and host structure are the same. However, due to the existence of the adhesive layer and protecting
coating, part of the energy would convert into the shear deformation. Thus, the strain of the optical fiber
is different from the host structure. In this investigation, a theoretical model of the strain transferred
from the host material to the embedded optical fiber was proposed to reveal the differential strains
between the optical fiber sensor and host material. The theoretical predictions were validated with the
numerical analysis using the finite element method. Good agreement shows that the proposed
approach is able to provide an efficient way for the calculation of the strain in the optical fiber.
Experimental tests were conducted to investigate the differential strains between the optical fiber strain
sensor and test specimen. The Mach-Zehnder interferometric type fiber-optic sensor was adopted to
measure the strain. Experimental results show that the strain measured at the optical fiber is lower than
the true strain in the test specimen. The percentage of strain in the test specimen actually transferred to
the optical fiber is dependent on the bonded length of the optical fiber and the protective coating. The
general trend of the strain transformation obtained from both experimental tests and theoretical
predictions shows that the longer the bonded length and the stiffer the coating the more strain is
transferred to the optical fiber.

Keywords : optical fiber strain sensor, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, strain transformation, bonded
length

SS2
ACEX108
Mr. Thomas Norton
University of Nottingham,
UK

Finite Element Modelling of Complex Adhesive Joints Using LS-DYNA
Part 1: Cohesive failure of aluminium bonded joints

T.W. Norton1, S. Pujol2, M.S. Johnson1, T.A. Turner1
1University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
2Aston Martin Ltd, Gaydon, Warwickshire, CV35 0DB, UK

Abstract
61 | P a g e


This paper evaluates the accuracy of finite element modelling of adhesives through the use of a
cohesive zone based model in LS-DYNA.
Solid elements with material card 'MAT_Cohesive_Mixed_Mode_Elastoplastic_Ratedependant'
(MAT_240) are used to represent the adhesive in quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The substrates
are modelled with solid elements and compared against shell elements for faster processing times.
A two-part, cold-cure, structural epoxy adhesive is used to bond anodised (Sulphuric Acid Anodising)
aluminium due to robust, 100% cohesive failure modes. The adhesive model is assumed to represent
100% cohesive failure within adhesive.
The material card is validated against the experimental data generated during adhesive
characterisation. The model is then used to predict the behaviour of aluminium bonded tubular samples
with complex joints allowing several loading conditions to be represented simultaneously, in shear, peel
and torsion. Experimental results of 6082-T6 tubes (3mm wall thickness) are compared against tubes
made from 6063-T6 (1.5mm wall thickness), for stiff substrate against deformable substrate conditions.

SS2
ACEX109
Mr. Lee Jong-Bum
Sungkyunkwan University
KOREA

Investigation of Cu-Cu ultrasonic bonding in multi-chip package using non-conductive adhesive

J. B. Lee and S. B. Jung
School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
#300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea

Abstract
3D integration based on through silicon via offers an attractive and cost effective solution as the trend
towards higher electronics integration, higher speed and more functionality on portable electronic
devices. The high degree of technology and large amount of cost required for development of 3D
packaging make them difficult to apply to low-end products. When the interconnections could be
bonded at low temperature and short time, it would bring many advantages, such as thermal stability,
rapid manufacturing time and lower processing cost. The stacked chips have been bonded by soldering
or electrically conductive adhesive. Recently, ultrasonic flip chip bonding technology became an
interesting potential field of research due to several advantages such as short bonding time, low
bonding temperature, low bonding pressure, good electrical and mechanical performance, and
environmentally friendly. The ultrasonic bonding provides chemical bonding at the bonding interface
and quick curing time of adhesive. In this study, the printed circuit board, silicon carrier and silicon chip
are integrated using ultrasonic energy with non-conductive adhesive. Thermal cycle, high temperature
storage and high temperature/humidity test are evaluated to understand if the interface was vulnerable.
Cross-section features in a bonding interface are inspected by using a scanning electron microscope.

SS2
ACEX119
Dr. Murat Demir Aydin
Atatrk niversity,
TURKEY

3-D Non-Linear Stress Analysis on the Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Composite Joints Under a
62 | P a g e


Bending Moment

Murat Demir AYDIN1, emsettin TEMZ2, Salih AKPINAR3, AdnanZEL2
1Erzurum MYO, Atatrk niversity, 25240 Erzurum, TURKEY
2Dept. of Mechanical Eng., Atatrk niversity, 25240 Erzurum, TURKEY
3Gmhane MYO, Gmhane niversity, Gmhane, TURKEY

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to predict and decrease the three-dimensional effects (anti-clastic,
free edge and bending-twisting coupling effects) and to assess the effects of the fiber orientation angle
of the laminates on the stress distributions and the failure prediction in the Single Lap Composite Joints
(SLJs) subjected to a bending moment via 3-D non-linear finite element method. The SLJs with the
protrusion obtained by extending the adhesive from overlap length at both overlap ends and without the
protrusion were considered and also eight different fiber orientation angle ([90/45/0]2s, [90/30/90]2s,
[0/90]4s, [30/60]4s, [45/-45]4s, [55/-55]4s, [0]16, [90]16) was used. In the analysis, the composite
adherends (AS4/3501-6) were assumed to behave as linearly elastic materials while the adhesive layer
(FM 73) was assumed to be nonlinear. The nonlinear geometric deformations of the SLJs were also
taken into account. Also, the failure index distributions were calculated by using the Tsai-Wu failure
criterion for composite adherends and the extended Drucker-Prager failure criterion for the adhesive
layer. Consequently, it is seen that the state of stress in the vicinity of the free edge of the joint is fully
three dimensional which has not been taken into account in any classical theory so far and the normal
and shear stress distributions are extremely sensitive to this three-dimensional effects (anti-clastic, free
edge and bending-twisting coupling effects). Hence, in real applications of adhesively bonded
composite joints, the out-of-plane stresses and three-dimensional effects cannot be neglected and a
three-dimensional finite element method is essential to evaluate explicitly the stress and failure states.
Also, for both the adherends and the adhesive layer, the ply stacking sequence and protrusion obtained
by extending the adhesive as from overlap length at both overlap have a significant effect on the stress
distribution and the failure.

Keywords: Adhesive; Composite lap joint; Ply stacking sequence; Non-linear finite element; Three-
dimensional effects; Protrusion.

SS2
ACEX134
Mr. Jong-Gun Lee
Sungkyunkwan University,
Republic of Korea

Bondability and Reliability of Multi-Chip Packaging with Non-conductive Paste Using Thermal
Compression Energy and Ultrasonic Energy

J.G. Lee1, J.B. Lee1, S.B. Jung1
1School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-
do 440-746, Republic of Korea

Abstract
The electrical devices in modern world tend to be miniaturized and have multi-functional performance.
Therefore, many microelectronics manufacturers have been interested in the 3D stacked flip chip
package, because of its many advantages such as smaller foot print and higher electrical and thermal
63 | P a g e


performances than the conventional wire bonding method [1]. As a number of electrical and electronic
equipment manufacturers in increasing chip densities, a range of two and three dimensional silicon
integration technologies are emerging with will support next generation high-end semiconductors.
Recently, interests in ultrasonic flip chip bonding technology has been growing due to its benefits of
lower cost, lower operation temperature and shorter bonding time than conventional thermal
compression bonding [2]. In this study, the reliability of 3D stacked bonding flip chip with non-
conductive paste using ultrasonic energy and thermal compression were evaluated in temperature and
humidity (TH) tests and thermal shock test (TS). The printed circuit board (PCB), silicon carrier and
silicon chip are integrated with different two bonding method. The two bonding method with non-
conductive paste was carried out under optimum bonding pressure, temperature and time. The
electrical resistance of flip-chip was compared with different TH, TS test time.

[1] B.I. Noh, J.W. Yoon, J.W. Kim, J.B. Lee, N.C. Park, W.S. Hong, S.B. Jung, International Jouranl of
Adhesion & Adhesives, 29, 650 (2009)
[2] J.L. Jo, J.B. Lee, S.H. Jeon, J.M. Kim, Y.E. Shin, J.H. Moon, C.D. Yoo, S.B. Jung, The Journal of
Adehesion, 86, 5, 470 (2010)

SS2
ACEX172
Mrs. Ensieh Mehmandoost
Iran University of Science and Technology,
IRAN

Mechanochemical synthesis (Fe3Al,FeAl)Al2O3 nanocomposites

E. Mehmandoost 1, M. R. aboutalebi 1, H. Saghafian 1
1 School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran,
Iran.

Abstract
Iron aluminides matrix composites have been considered as structural materials in recent decade due
to excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance as well as low density. In this research the iron
aluminide matrix composite powder were fabricated from Fe2O3+Al powder mixtures using
mechanochemical technique. For this purpose, powder mixtures of various Fe2O3/Al mass ratio were
mechanically milled in a high energy ball mill for different time. The reaction progress was evaluated
using XRD and DTA techniques. The morphology of milled powder was examined by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The results showed that during ball milling of Fe2O3Al mixtures, combustion
reaction directly produces the Fe3AlAl2O3 nanocomposite. Wheras FeAlAl2O3 nanocomposite
formation has not been completed during the milling and heating of milled sample is required for
reaction completion. Finally, the influence of different variables on specifications of products were
investigated and suitable conditions for synthesis of iron aluminides matrix composites were presented.

Keywords: Iron aluminide matrix composite, Milling, Mechanochemical synthesis, combustion, FeAl,
Fe3Al

SS2
ACEX281
Mr. Mohamad Fotouhi
Amirkabir University of Technology,
64 | P a g e


IRAN

Numerical prediction of the delamination behavior in glass/epoxy composite materials during
quasi-static 3-point bending test

M. Fotouhi1, H. Heidary2, J. Khodaie3, C. Teymuri1, S. Hosseini1,
1Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Hafez Aven., No. 424, Iran.
2Takestan, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.
3Kar Qazvin University, Qazvin, Iran.

Abstract
Among the damages in composite materials, delamination is the main fracture mode because of its
important effect on the residual strength of the specimen. In this paper, numerical FEM analysis is
developed to study the delamination process during quasi-static 3-point bending test on glass/epoxy
composite materials. The 3-point bending test simulates push out delamination caused by thrust force
(the most effective factor in delamination) throughout the process of drilling without backup plate. The
FEM analysis was used to study the distribution of stresses, initiation, and growth of delamination
process. In this work, two types of specimen at different layups, unidirectional [0, 90]s and [0]s, leading
to different levels of damage evolution, were studied. In numerical model the cohesive element and
Hashin's criterion were used for simulation. The validation of this numerical model is carried out thanks
to 3-point bending tests conducted at different feed rates on two types of specimens in glass/epoxy
composites. Also the numerical results provide the right correlation with the experimental values.
Moreover, the comparison between the numerical results and those provided by the analytical models
of the literature was done.

[1]Lachaud F, Piquet R, Collombet F, Surcin L. Compos Struct;52:51 16 (2001).
[2] R. Zitoune, F. Collombet Composites: Part A 38 858866 (2007).

SS2
ACEX293
Mr. Mohammad Hossein Shakib
K. N. Toosi University of Technology
IRAN

Effect of Physical and Geometrical Parameters on Transverse Low-Velocity Impact Response of
Composite Sandwich Panels with Functionally Graded Core

S. M. R. Khalili1, M.H. Shakib1, B.Eftari1, K. Malekzadeh1
1Centre of Advanced Materials and Structures, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
The problem of low-velocity transverse impact on a sandwich panel with functionally graded (FG) core
is studied in this paper. The interaction between the impactor and the panel is modeled with the help of
a system having two-degrees-of-freedom consisting of springsmasses. In order to determine the
contact force history, a numerical procedure is employed based on improved higher-order sandwich
plate theory (IHSAPT). In this analysis, the in-plane normal and shear stresses in the core are
considered. Displacement components in the core are assumed to vary as a polynomial function with
unknown coefficients. The numerical results of the analysis have been compared either with the
65 | P a g e


available experimental results or with some theoretical results. It is established that the dynamic
behaviour of the sandwich panel with FG core depends on various parameters, such as the aspect ratio
and the length-to-thickness ratio of the panel, core thickness, type of FG core and impactor parameters
like its potential energy, velocity, etc.

[1] Y. Frostig, O. T. Thomsen, J. Solid.Struct, 41, 1697 (2004)
[2] M. R. Khalili, K. Malekzadeh, R. K. Mittal , J. Comp.Struct., 77, 430 (2007).
[3] K. Malekzadeh, S. M. R. Khalili, R. K. Mittal, J. Sand.Struct.Mat., 7, 431 (2005).

SS2
ACEX295
Prof. M. Sadighi
AmirKabir University of Technology
IRAN

Indentation of a Functionally Graded Plate Containing a Semi-Elliptic Surface Crack by a Rigid
Spherical Indenter

A. Nikbakht1, M. Sadighi2
1PhD Candidate, 2Associate Professor, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic),
Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Graded materials, also known as functionally graded materials (FGMs), are multiphase composites
mainly composed of a ceramic and a metal; thus, they exploit the heat, oxidation and corrosion
resistance typical of ceramics, and the strength, ductility and toughness typical of metals. These
materials are mainly used as heat barriers. In addition, many of the present and potential applications
of FGMs involve contact problems. On the other hand, the production process of FGMs is somewhat
complex and leaves some defects in the produced structure. One of the most important defects in such
structures is surface cracks. Here, the combination of the contact and crack problems is investigated in
a functionally graded rectangular plate containing a semi-elliptic surface crack indented by a frictionless
rigid spherical indenter. The plate is simply supported and the crack is located in the middle of the plate
surface in the tension part of the plate. The crack surface is parallel to one of the plate edges. The
gradient of mechanical properties variation is considered through the thickness of the plate and is
modeled by a polynomial function and the Poissons ratio is kept constant. The equations of equilibrium
are derived in terms of the displacement field and solved numerically to find the contact rule and Mode I
stress intensity factor at the crack tip. In order to validate the analytical results, a simulation of the
problem is done by Abaqus software. The effects of gradient changes and crack dimensions on the
contact rule and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip are investigated. The acquired results from
the numerical analysis show that the influence of the material nonhomogeneity on the stress
distribution, contact rule and Mode I stress intensity factor can be quite significant. In addition, the
numerical results are in good agreement with results acquired from software simulation.

SS2
ACEX298
Prof. Sandro Marden Torres
Univesidade Federal da Paraba,
BRAZIL

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Geopolymer as matrix applied in composites with natural fibers

S. De Barros1, S. M. Torres1, M. E. O. Alexandre2,
E. A. S. Correia1, K. C. Gomes1, N. P. Barbosa1
1Univesidade Federal da Paraba - UFPB, Joo Pessoa/PB Brazil
2Instituto Federal de Educao, Cincia e Tecnologia da Paraba-IFPB, Joo Pessoa, Brazil

Abstract
Geopolymers are synthetic minerals of acknowledged interesting chemical, mechanical and thermal
performance [1]. As far as environmental issue is concerned, the use of alkali-activated industrial by-
product precursors and the near-room casting temperature (around 60 C) can be seen as an
advantageous choice for many applications [2]. Whereas most epoxy resin would char at temperatures
above 300 C, geopolymers can uphold good mechanical performance in temperatures as high as
1000 C.
Natural fibers are already employed in the automotive industries in composites with polymer matrix.
One of the problems to expand the use of this type of material is precisely the fire resistance. In this
sense, geopolymeric matrices open up horizons for this type of application.
In this work composites with geopolymeric matrices reinforced with natural fibers such as sisal (Agave
Sisalana) and pineapple leaf fiber (Ananas Comosus) are studied. The characterization of the
materials was carried out using thermal analysis (TG, DSC), microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy
(FTIR, DRX), as well as mechanical tests.

[1] J. Davidovits, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 37, 1633 (1991).
[2] A. Palomo, j.i. lopes de la fuente, Cem. Concr. Res., 33, 281 (2003).

SS2
ACEX301
Mr. Shahab Tafazoli Mehrjardi
K.N. Toosi University of Technology,
IRAN

Effect of a Distributed Attached Mass on the Vibration of Sandwich Panel Using Higher Order
ESL Theory

S. Tafazoli1, S.M.R Khalili1,2
1Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK

Abstract
In many engineering applications such as the aerospace, finding the vibrational response of the system
is so important and many investigators focused in this field. The use of higher-order shear deformation
theory (HOST) as the most general and accurate ESL (Equivalent Single Layer) is increased due to its
more realistic assumptions. In case of a plate with a distributed mass, few investigations have been
done yet.
Malekzadeh et. al [1] investigated the free transversal vibrations of a composite plate carrying a
distributed mass by means of a mathematical model. Malekzadeh and Sayyidmousavi [2] investigated
the free vibration analysis of rectangular sandwich plates with a flexible core, both without and with a
uniformly distributed attached mass on the top face sheet using the finite element method through
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APDL. In this paper, higher-order shear deformation theory is extended for a sandwich plate carrying a
distributed attached mass. The mass inertias of the distributed attached mass are added to the
equations of motion by means of Heaviside function. Galerkin method is also used in order to solve the
derived equations. Verification is presented both for sandwich panel with and without a distributed
attached mass. Various conditions such as variation of the thickness of the core, variation of thickness
of the distributed attached mass, variation of the density and area of the distributed attached mass are
investigated to show the decreasing in the amount of the first natural frequency of the sandwich panels.

[1] K. Malekzadeh, A. Sayyidmousavi. J. Sandwich Structures and Materials, (2009)
[2] K. Malekzadeh, S.Tafazoli, S.M.R Khalili, J. Composite Materilas

SS2
ACEX305
Mr. Mehdi Hosseini
IRAN

Indentation Behavior of Composite Sandwich Plates Subjected to Initial In-plane Stresses

M. Hosseini1, S. M. R. Khalili1,2, K. Malekzadeh Fard1
1Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
This paper deals with the deformation of a composite sandwich plate subjected to static indentation of a
flat-ended cylindrical indenter. An analytical solution is obtained using the minimum total potential
energy principle approach. The elastic strain energy, the plastic work dissipated in crushing the core
and the external work are calculated using an appropriate shape function for the facesheet deflection.
In contrast to the previous analytical models for the indentation of composite sandwich plates, in the
present model, the stacking sequence of the facesheets can be completely arbitrary. Furthermore, in
the present model the effects of the initial in-plane normal and shear stresses on the edges of the
sandwich plate are also considered. The relation between the indentation load and the transverse
deflection is derived by minimization of the total potential energy. Analytical predictions compare well
with experimental results found in the literature. The effects of ply thickness, number of layers, stacking
sequence and initial in-plane stresses on the load-indentation response are studied and discussed.

Keywords: composite sandwich plate; indentation; pre-stress

SS2
ACEX306
Mr. M. Damirchili
IRAN

Nonlinear Thermoelastic Stress Analysis Of Rotating
Fg Disk With Variable Thickness And Temperature-Dependent Material Properties By Finite
Element Method

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M. Damirchili1, S.M.R. Khalili2,3 , M. Azadi4
1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Science & Research Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sharif University of Technology,
Tehran, Iran

Abstract
In this paper, nonlinear radial and hoop thermoelastic stress analysis of rotating disk made of
functionally graded material (FGM) with variable thickness is carried out using finite element method
(FEM). To model the disk by FEM, one-dimensional two degrees elements with three nodes are used.
The geometrical and boundary conditions are in the shape of non-existence pressure (zero radial
stress) in both external and internal surfaces and zero displacement at the internal surface of the
rotating disk. Furthermore, it is assumed that the heat distribution is of second order function, while the
material properties such as elasticity modulus, Poissons ratio and thermal expansion coefficient are
considered to vary using a power law function in radial direction and also with temperature. The
displacements and stresses for various power law indices (N) and angular velocities are calculated in
radius direction. By increasing the values of the power law index (N) and the angular velocity, the
values of displacements and stresses are increased. Also, the effect of varying thickness and
dependency of material properties on temperature distribution is investigated.

Keywords: Finite element method, Functional graded material, Rotating disk, Variable thickness, Power
law function, Radial and hoop stress

SS2
ACEX325
Mr. Kwang-Seok Kim
Sungkyunkwan University,
KOREA

Adhesion Enhancement of Ag Film Screen-printed on Polyimide by Atmospheric Pressure
Plasma

K. -S. Kim1, J. -H. Ahn2, S. -B. Jung2
1SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746,
Republic of Korea.
2School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746,
Republic of Korea.

Abstract
To meet the ever increasing expectations of consumer in electronic industry, metallization of micro-
scale circuits on flexible polymer substrates such as polyimide (PI) is one of the key processes [1].
Screen printing is considered an attractive alternative to conventional photolithography for metallization
on account of high process efficiency, large-area patternability and environmental-friendliness [2].
Conductive metals on PI, however, have poor interfacial adhesion due to the low specific surface
energy of PI [3]. As a solution for the weak adhesion property, atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP)
was investigated. The gases used for plasma treatments were mixture of He (78%), Ar (21%) and O2
69 | P a g e


(1%). Ag films were screen-printed on the PI substrate by using a Ag nanopaste (73 wt%, Ag
nanoparticle), and then, were sintered at 200 C for 30 min. The effect of APP treatment on the
interfacial adhesion energy of Ag on PI was evaluated by a 180 peel test. The root-mean-square
roughness was calculated from the roughness profile determined by atomic force microscopy. X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was conducted on the peeled PI surface to elucidate the chemical
bonding state at the interface. The peel strength of the screen-printed Ag increased significantly by the
APP treatment, which was attributed to the strong interaction between the oxygen-containing groups of
PI and Ag.

[1] S.H. Kim, S.W. Na, N.-E. Lee, Y.W. Nam, Y.H. Kim, Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, 2072 (2005).
[2] K.-S. Kim, Y.-C. Lee, J.-W. Kim, S.-B. Jung, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 11, 1493 (2011).
[3] S.J. Park, H.-Y. Lee, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 285, 267 (2005).

SS2
ACEX332
Mr. Jian Xiong
Harbin Institute of Technology,
P.R.China

Quasi-static compressive and low velocity impact response of multilayer carbon fiber sandwich
panels with pyramidal truss cores

J. Xiong1,2 , A. Vaziri2, L.Ma1, L.Z. Wu1, J.S.Yang1
1Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R.China.
2Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Abstract
A new method for fabricating multilayer carbon fiber composite Pyramidal truss cores was developed
based on the molding hot-press technique. The quasi-static compressive and low-velocity impact
response of multilayer carbon fiber pyramidal truss cores were investigated. Functionally graded
multifunctional pyramidal truss structures by varying the relative density of the pyramidal lattice at each
layer were also investigated. Two typical relative densities were considered in this study, buckling,
delamination, fracture and debonding were observed during quasi-static compression and low-impact,
and failure modes are different with different relative densities. Our results show that multilayer carbon
fiber composite pyramidal truss cores have significant advantages in low-velocity impact, energy
absorbing and dissipation with low-density and thus, could be used in development of novel light weight
multifunctional structures.

SS2
ACEX334
Prof. Kamonpan Pengpat
Chiang Mai University,
Thailand

Effects of Rice Husk as a Precursor on Crystallization Kinetic of 45S5 Bioactive Glass-Ceramics

W. Leenakul1,2, S. Eitssayeam1,2, G. Rujijangul1,2, T. Tunkasiri1,2, N. Tongsiri3,
K. Pengpat1,2
1Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
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50200, Thailand.
2Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200,
Thailand.
3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.

Abstract
The crystallization kinetic under non-isothermal treatment of 45S5 bioactive glass-ceramics made from
rice husk ash was studied. In order to investigate and control the sintering process of these samples,
the crystallization kinetic of the major phase was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in
the range of 700 to 800 oC and temperature-time-transformation (TTT) curves were established.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed to investigate the thermal parameters of the
prepared glasses. Phase evolution of the glass-ceramics sintered at temperature ranging between 600-
900 oC was investigated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron
microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. All thermal parameters (Tg1, Ts, Tc and
Tg2) of the prepared glass containing rice husk precursor were found to be lower than that of the
controlled glass. It was found that the major crystalline phase in all sintered samples was
Na6Ca3Si6O18.

SS2
VIP-ACEX026
K.N. Toosi University of Technology
IRAN

Static Behavior of Composite Sandwich Plates as Energy Harvesting Structures

S. Khalili, S.M.R. Khalili, M. Amidpour
Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
e-mail:smrkhalili2005@gmail.com

Abstract
Increasing demand for energy, decreasing conventional fossil-fuel energy sources, and environmental
concerns are driving forces toward renewable energy sources. The efficiency of energy absorbing
structures is continuously improved by developing various types of structural geometries and selecting
appropriate energy absorbing materials like polymeric foams or metallic foams. Composite structures
nowadays are widely used in industries. Because of the materials which used in these structures, too
many useful properties could achieve. Light weights, high energy absorptions, high stiffness, fracture
toughness and etc. are the properties which specify composite structures. Advanced technical methods
should be developed to increase the efficiency of devices in harvesting energy from various
environmentally friendly resources and converting them into other kinds of energies. In this study, a
sandwich composite structure with specific core and face sheets has modeled in the ABAQUS
software. Structure has put under static analysis and all the energy magnitudes have achieved from the
simulation. Internal energy in the model could stored and use. With comparison between different
terms, different face sheets and applying different sequences in layers shows different results in the
model.
Using various kinds of materials in the face sheets with different densities and elasticity amounts, helps
to get more energy from static loading in the structure. For the best condition of energy absorption, by
changing the sequences of the layers in the face sheet, energy absorption is higher.
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Keyword- Static Analysis, Sandwich structures, Indentation, Contact Force, Energy absorption, Finite
element analysis

SS2
ACEX070
Prof. Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes Campilho
Universidade Lusfona do Porto,
PORTUGAL

Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Single-Lap Joints at High Temperatures

M. D. Banea1, L. F. M. da Silva2, R. D. S. G. Campilho3
1Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica (IDMEC), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal,
E-mail: mbanea@fe.up.pt
2Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua
Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
3Faculdade de Economia e Gesto, Universidade Lusfona do Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n 24, 4000-
098 Porto, Portugal.

Abstract
In this work, single lap joints (SLJs) were fabricated and tested at room temperature (RT) and high
temperatures (100C, 125C, 150C, 175C and 200C). The influence of temperature on the lap-shear
strength of the adhesive was investigated both experimentally and numerically. Results showed that
the failure loads vary with temperature and this needs to be considered in any design procedure. The
lap-shear strength of the adhesive increased with rising of temperature up to the glass transition of the
adhesive (Tg=155C) and decreased for tests above the Tg (175C and 200C). Therefore, the lap
shear strength increased with the adhesive ductility up to the best compromise between the ductility
and the bulk strength, attaining an optimum, resulting in a maximum joint strength at around 125 C.
Also, numerical predictions based on the use of the cohesive zone model (CZM) were obtained.
Comparisons between the experimental and numerical maximum loads representing the strength of the
joints show a reasonably good agreement.

SS2
ACEX280
Prof. Dora Francese
University of Architecture Federico II,
ITALY

Innovation of materials for ecological building products

D. Francese1, G. Mensitieri2, C. Balestra1
1Dept. of Architectural Configuration and Application, Faculty of Architecture, University Federico II,
Naples, Italy.
2Dept. of Materials and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Naples Federico
II, Naples, Italy.

72 | P a g e


Abstract
The architecture, as well as all other sciences, should today face a scenery of ecological crisis, due to a
great alteration of the ecosystem balance beyond the resilience threshold.
A so wrecking impact had weakened our planets exhausting resources and those who require long
time for regenerating, and had downgraded the quality of those once considered unlimited such as
water and earth, by accelerating the erosion processes and by preventing the regeneration
phenomena. The limits imposed by the environment, blended with the need of guaranteeing health and
comfort to users, have now become a challenge for the innovation of product in various fields.
In this contribution we illustrate recent activities of our research group in the field of innovative
materials, inspired by the need of developing and using lower impact and better performing materials.
Examples of use of materials from renewable resources, of biopolymers, of innovative reinforcing fibers
and of hybrid organic-inorganic composites will be discussed. The aim is to better integrate the
approaches of Material Engineering with issues emerging from Sustainable Architecture by exploiting
the potential in lowering the overall impact of different kinds of materials. The output will be that of
obtaining building products with a de-materialized production process, i.e. which can reduce at
minimum the use of matter and energy during the various stages of the production itself, which can be
bio-compatible during all the phases of the life cycle and which can preview a dismissing process at
closed cycle so as to avoid as much as possible the impacts to ecosystems. In particular the paper will
deal with the opportunity of applying such innovative materials to building components which can be
employed as bioclimatic devices and healthy systems for a sustainable architecture.

SS2
ACEX285
Mr. Mohammad Ehsan Edalat
IRAN

Natural vibration analysis of a soft core corrugated skin sandwich plate using finite element
method

M. M. Kheirikhah, V. Babaghasabha, A. NaeimiAbkenari and M. E. Edalat
Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch,
Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering,
Qazvin, Iran

Abstract
Nowadays, the corrugated plates and sandwich panels and thin plates stiffened by ribs are commonly
available structural materials which invented to stiffen flat panels against applied loads and structural
vibrations. Early solutions for the static loads of edge-loaded, simple,
at plates can be attributed to, among others, Timoshenko [1]. Thiswork was extended to corrugated
panels by Seydel [2]. Early work on the wrinkling and buckling of sandwich panels can be attributed to
Gough et al. [3]. The response of natural vibration a soft core corrugated composite skin sandwich
plate is investigated in this paper, and the natural frequency of the presented model was obtained using
finite element method (FEM). Finite element model of the problem has been constructed in the ANSYS
9.0 standard code area. Trapezoidally corrugation shape was studied on the face sheets of the
sandwich structure. By using the trapezoidally shape, a model includesa wavy soft core,was located
between twowavy trapezoidally skins are designed. The core is assumed as a soft orthotropic material
and skins are assumed generally unequal laminated composites. In [1999],K.M. Liew et al.[4]
presented an essential boundary condition in ANSYS design. In [2009], K.M. Liew et al. [5] presented
an analysis on the trapezoidally and sinusoidally wave corrugation shape skin using a mesh-free
73 | P a g e


Galerkin method. In [2009], J. Reany et al. [6] presented an analysis on the sandwich core with ANSYS
design. Comparing the present numerical results with the mentioned publishedpaper demonstrate the
accuracy of the proposed model. The numerical results exhibit that using the trapezoidally composite
skin sincrease the natural frequency of the structures. In the present paper, an accurate finite element
model is presented for vibration analysis of soft-core trapezoidal sandwich plates. The sandwich plate
is composed of three layers: top and bottom skins and core layer.

Reference:
[1] S. Timoshenko, Theory of elastic stability. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.(1936)
[2] S. Timoshenko, Woinowski-Krieger S. Theory of plates and shells. NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book
Co.(1959)
[3] GS. Gough, CF. Elam,NA.deBruyne. The stabilization of a thin sheet bycontinuous supporting
medium. J Roy Aero Soc. 44,1243,(1940)
[4] K.M.Liew, T. M. Teo, Three-Dimentional vibrationanalysis of rectangular plates based on differential
quadraturmethod. 220(4), 577-599, (1999)
[5] K.M. Liew, L. X. Peng, S. Kitipornchai, Vibration analysis of corrugated Reissned-Midlin plates using
a mesh-free Galerkin method. 51, 642-652, (2009)
[6] J. Reany, J. L. Grenestedt, Corrugated skin in a foam core sandwich panel. 89, 345-355, (2009)

SS2
ACEX137
Dr. Domagoj Matesan
CROATIA

Numerical Model for Static and Dynamic Analsis of Masonry Structure

J. Radni, D. Matean, A. Harapin, M. Smilovi, N. Grgi
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia.

Abstract
The numerical model for static and dynamic analysis of various types of planar masonry structures,
including the soil-structure interaction, was presented. It is possible to simulate dominant material
nonlinearities of constitutive materials (masonry, concrete, reinforcement and soil), as well as the
contact problems and geometric nonlinearity. Micro and macro models for masonry were described.
Orthotropic material model for masonry was presented, with the different material parameters in
horizontal and vertical directions. Opening and closing of cracks in masonry, concrete and soil was
modelled. Influence of shear stresses on strength capacity of masonry was included. The shear and
tensile stiffness of masonry and concrete cracking was modelled.
For the verification of the presented numerical model, two stories masonry wall was tested on
horizontal static force up to the failure. The wall was real practical size with: 5.6 m height, 3 m length
and 0.2 m depth. It was confined with the vertical and horizontal ring beams. The wall was vertically
loaded by the ballasts on the floor levels. The displacement of the wall at the floor levels, as well as the
strains (stresses) of masonry, concrete and reinforcement, was measured for each increment of lateral
forces at floor levels.
Some additional static and dynamic experimental tests of various masonry structures are planned for
the further verification of presented numerical model.

SS2
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ACEX085
Prof. Kielbus Andrzej
POLAND

Effect of Ca and Sr Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg-Al Sand
Casting Magnesium Alloys

A. Kielbus1, T. Rzychon1
1 Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland

Abstract
Calcium is known to promote hardening of magnesium and its alloys, including at enhanced
temperatures, though the data on its effect on magnesium alloys are quite scarce. [1]. The sand cast
Mg-Al magnesium alloy has excellent mechanical properties, however high strength and high creep
resistance was developed by additional elements of Ca and Sr [2]. In this paper, the influence of Ca
and Sr addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-9Al sand cast magnesium alloy
was investigated. The effects of Ca additions (1.52.0 wt.%) and Sr (1.01.5 wt.%) on the
microstructure and the hardness of an sand cast Mg9.0 wt.% Al alloy have been investigated. Sand
casting was performed at 730C temperature. For the microstructure observation, a OLYMPUS GX71
metallographic microscope and a HITACHI S-3400N scanning electron microscope were used.
Quantitative examination was conducted using the Met-Ilo automatic image analysis program. Ca and
Sr addition to Mg-9Al magnesium alloy refines the dendrite cell size and the Mg17Al12 phase. With Ca
and Sr addition, new (Al,Mg)2Ca and (Al,Mg)4Sr phases are formed and the amount of the Mg17Al12
phase decreases. The hardness of the MgAlCa alloys increased with increasing Ca and Sr content,
due to increase of volume fraction of intermetallic phases.

[1] Rokhlin L. L., Nikitina N. I., Metal Science and Heat Treatment 45, 2003, 171173.
[2] Hirai K., Somekawa H., Takigawa Y., Higashi K., Materials Science and Engineering A 403, 2005,
276280

SS2
ACEX100
Prof. Shiuh-Chuan Her
Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 320,
TAIWAN

Fracture Analysis of a Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack in Hollow Cylinders by Weight Function

S.C. Her1, H.H Chang
1Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 320, Taiwan

Abstract
Hollow cylinders are widely used as pressure vessels and pipes in many engineering applications such
as nuclear and chemical industries. Semi-elliptical surface cracks are commonly found in the
manufacturing process and during service life. Subsequent fracture analysis of such cracks is of great
importance to access their load carrying capacity and remaining service life. The analyses require an
accurate evaluation of stress intensity factors. The weight function is a powerful method for calculation
of stress intensity factors. Once the weight function is known for a particular cracked body, the stress
75 | P a g e


intensity factor for any loading applied to that body can be obtained by integrating the product of the
loading and the weight function. In this investigation, the weight function method was employed to
calculate the stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface crack in a hollow cylinder. An uniform
stress and a linear stress distributions were used as the two references to determine the weight
function. These two referenced stress intensity factors were obtained by a three-dimensional finite
element method which employed singular elements along the crack front and regular elements
elsewhere. The weight functions were then applied to a wide range of semi-elliptical surface crack
subjected to several non-linear loadings. The results were validated against finite element data and
compared with other analyses. In the parametric study, the effects of the ratio of the surface crack
depth to length ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 and the ratio of the crack depth to the wall thickness ranged from
0.2 to 0.8 on the stress intensity factors were investigated.
Keywords : semi-elliptical surface crack, weight function, stress intensity factor.

SS2
VIP-ACEX026
K.N. Toosi University of Technology
IRAN

Effect of Impactor Parameters on the Impact Response of Composite Plates

M. Soroush1, S.M.R. Khalili2,3, A. Davar2
1Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tehran, Iran
2Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK

Abstract
Advanced composite structures are widely used as primary structures in many applications. It is well
known that composites are very susceptible to transverse impact. The behavior of composites under
impact has been of significant concern in many advanced engineering structures and components and
many researchers have made their efforts to analyze the impact dynamics of composite structures. But,
there are little investigations about the effect of impactor parameters on the impact response.
Hence, in the present study, the effect of impactor parameters like impactor Young's modulus and
impactor tip radius on the impact response parameters such as maximum contact force, contact time,
energy transferred to the shell, restitution coefficient and impulse (area under contact force vs. time)
are investigated. For this purpose, first the validity of the results is checked by making comparison with
those reported in the cases of composite plate [1] and cylindrical panel [2]. Also, the ABAQUS finite
element commercial code is used to model the impact phenomenon. Details about the method of
modeling of impact are presented in the author's earlier work [3].
The results show that as the Young's modulus of the impactor increases from 9.1 GPa (like ice) to 550
GPa (like tungsten carbide), the maximum contact force increses rapidly for values of Young's modulus
between 9.1 GPa and 150 GPa. Also, the results indicate that as the Young's modulus increases,
beyond a special limit (26 GPa), second impact occurs. Interestingly, before this limit, the impulse is
decreased and after that the impulse is increased.

[1] C.T. Sun and J.K. Chen, J. Compos. Mater., 19, 490504 (1985).
[2] L.S. Kistler and A.M. Waas., Int. J. Solids Struct., 36, 13111327 (1999).
[3] S.M.R. Khalili, M. Soroush, A. Davar and O. Rahmani, Compos. Struct., in press,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.10.003
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SS3
ACEX022
Dr. Humberto Dria Silva
University Federal of Pernambuco,
BRAZIL

Simulation of variation of intraocular pressure

H.D. Silva1, L.C.P. Dria2, C.P. Dria3, C.P. Dria4, M.C.T.D. Silva5, H.D. Silva Jr.6, M.T.D. Silva6
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
2Computer Engineer, UPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
3Biologist, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.
4Production Engineer, FBV, Recife, PE, Brazil.
5Information Technology, UNIBRATEC, Recife, PE, Brazil.
6Student, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.

Abstract
The human cornea has five layers. The epithelium is a thin layer of tissue multicellular fast-growing and
easily-regenerated cells in a period of seven days, it is external, it occupies approximately 10% corneal
thickness and it is composed of about six layers of cells. The stroma constitutes about 90% of the total
thickness of the cornea and it consists of Approximately 200 layers parallel and its fibers are arranged
in a manner orthogonal to the fibers of the layers adjacent. The Bowmans's layer lies between the
epithelium and the stroma. It is tough layer, very fine and very resistant to trauma, pressure and
infection. The move of the corneal leaves the surface of the Bowmans's layer with its uniform curvature
due to moving between the sub-layers of the stroma, whose movement are facilitated by mixing of
aqueous humor and metabolic secretions. The cornea receives nutrients via forced convection from the
tear fluid at the outside and the aqueous humor at the inside. The accumulation of metabolic secretions
in the epithelium cause stinging and blurred vision and the metabolic secretions accumulation of
between the sub-layers of the stroma hinder the movement between its sub-layers and weaken the
mechanism of forced convection. Then, gradually, the mass transport will be carried out by diffusion.
Deficiency of the forced convection reduces of the movement of the metabolic secretions, causing its
dehydration, by decanting, and the consequent increase of its viscosity.
Because of the difficulty to convince a professional to measure intraocular pressure under certain
conditions, to prove the transient intraocular pressure, we developed a simulator that is presented in
this work demonstrates the transient pressure and help to understand the risk of life of patients
underwent surgery laser trabeculoplasty, to reduce intraocular pressure.

SS3
ACEX035
Prof. Carla Sofia Veiga Fernandes
ESTiG/IPB,
PORTUGAL

Blood Flow in Cylindrical Stenosed Channel Numerical Approach

S. Ferreira1, D. Rocha1, R.P. Dias1,2, C.S. Fernandes1
1Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gesto, Instituto Politcnico de Bragana, Campus de Sta.
Apolnia, 5301-857 Bragana, Portugal.
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2CEFT - Centro de Estudos de Fenmenos de Transporte, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade
do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.

Abstract
Arthrosclerosis means literally arteries hardening. However, arthrosclerosis it is a generic term that is
related with three patterns of vascular diseases, which have the hardening and loss of elasticity of the
arteries walls as a common factor [1]. The dominant pattern is atherosclerosis, characterized by the
formation of atheroma, which is comprised by fibrous plaques that generally exhibit a centre rich in
lipids.
In the present work, the flow of blood in a cylindrical channel, containing an atheroma at the walls, has
been numerically studied using the finite-element software package POLYFLOW. In the simulations,
blood was considered an incompressible homogenous fluid and the flow regime was the laminar
regime. The rheology of the mentioned fluid was described by distinct constitutive equations [2] -
constant viscosity, power-law model and Carreau model. The local behaviour of properties such as
pressure, interstitial velocities, shear rate and shear stress was explored in the present investigation.
The local behaviour of these properties can help to understand the formation and detachment of
thrombi.

[1] S.L. Robbins, R.S. Cotran, V. Kumar and T. Collins, Fundamentos de Robbins Patologia estrutural
e funcional, 6 ed. (Editora Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, 2000).
[2] B.M. Johnston, P.R. Johnston, S. Corney, D. Kilpatrick, J Biomech, 37, 709 (2004).

SS3
ACEX080
Mr. Andr Filipe Simes Ferreira
University of Coimbra,
PORTUGAL

Molecular dynamics study of oligomer-membrane complexes with biomedical relevance

A.F. Ferreira, P. Alves, J.F. Coelho, M.H. Gil, P.N. Simes
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra
Plo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, Coimbra 3030-790, PORTUGAL.

Abstract
The use of liposomes as drug delivery systems (DDS) is well know. However, for this kind of
application the stability of liposomes (shelf stability and in blood stream) is an issue. One way to
address this problem is the development of polymer-liposome complexes for providing improved
stability as well as better selectivity characteristics.
This work reports the modeling and simulation studies, by molecular dynamics (MD), on polymer-
membrane complexes with biomedical interest. For computational resources reasons, a bilayer
membrane was used to mimic the liposome surface, whereas the targeted polymers, which have been
recently synthesized in our laboratory, were replaced by representative oligomers. The MD simulations
were performed by using the united-atoms 53a6 GROMOS force-field, with the GROMACS 4.5.2
package in a Linux cluster consisting of eight computer nodes, two Intel XeonTM 2.4GHz CPUs
(Gulftown) each, and Infiniband intercommunication. Different oligomers with different chain lengths
were tested, and their interactions with the bilayer surface analyzed. Some heating ramps were also
simulated to understand how the oligomer-membrane complex reacts under different environment
temperatures.
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SS3
ACEX021
Prof. M.H. Fathi
Isfahan University of Technology
IRAN

Bioceramic Nanocomposite Coating for Human Body Implant

M.H. Fathi1, M. Mazrooei Sebdani1, V. Mortazavi2
1 Biomaterials Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,
Iran.
2 School of Dentistry, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran

Abstract
Preparing a composite could be a subject of interest in order to achieve a combine of optimum
properties. Researches have been focused on adding ceramics with superior mechanical and
bioactivity properties to hydroxyapatite [1]. Bioactive glass with considerable bioactivity could be a good
candidate [2]. Forsterite could be a material of interest because of the superior mechanical properties
[3, 4]. Furthermore, it is expected that addition of the bioceramics with reduced grain size lower than
100nm improves the properties of the composites [4]. The aim of this work was fabrication and
characterization of hydroxyapatite-forsterite-bioactive glass nanocomposite coatings. The novel
hydroxyapatite-forsterite-bioactive glass nanocomposite coating on 316L stainless steel (SS) was
prepared via a sol-gel process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques were used to investigate the microstructure and
morphology of the coatings. The local mechanical properties, e.g. nano-hardness, elastic modulus and
fracture toughness of four type coatings with different amounts of forsterite, were determined by nano-
indentation method using load and displacement data. The nano-indentation tester was equipped with
Atomic Force Microscopy to image the indenter mark. The crack-free and homogeneous
nanocomposite coatings with no observable defects were prepared. The nanoindentation data showed
that hardness and elastic modulus values of hydroxyapatite-forsterite-bioactive glass nanocomposite
coatings were in the range of 2.4-3.4 (GPa) and 46-96 (GPa) respectively. The fracture toughness
values of nanocomposite coatings also varied in the range of 4.9-11 (MPam1/2). The data showed an
overall trend of increasing with the increase in forsterite amounts. Results suggested that novel
composite coatings might be potentially useful for biomedical applications especially as a coating for
human body implant.

[1] M.H. Fathi, M. Salehi, A. Saatchi, V. Mortazavi, Dent Mater, 19, 188 (2003).
[2] A. Balamurugan, G. Sockalingum, J. Michel, J. Faure, Mater. Lett. 60, 3752 (2006).
[3] M.H. Fathi, M. Kharaziha, Mater. Lett. 63, 1455 (2009).
[4] G. Chen, G.X. Sun, Z.G. Zhu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 265, 197 (1999).
Keywords: Nano bioceramic, Nanocomposite, Hydroxyapatite, Bioactive Glass, Forsterite,
Nanostructured Materials.

SS3
ACEX057
Prof. Seyed Mohammad Rajaai
Azad University,
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IRAN

Proposing a Closed Form Solution to Investigate the Brain Motion During Head Impact

S. M. Rajaai, S. Baghaei, A. Sadegh
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Azad University, Abhar Branch, Abhar, Iran
2School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA

Abstract
The blunt head impact could be mathematically modeled and the brain motion relative to the skull could
be investigated. In this study the model consists of a spherical shell representing the skull, a spherical
mass modeling the brain, and series of springs and dashpots simulating the damping characteristics of
the meningeal layers including the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). The mass (the brain) is suspended
within the shell (the skull) through the springs and dashpots. The model is then subjected to a blunt
impact of low velocity. The equation of motion for this nonlinear system is obtained using Newtons
equation and the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method. The nonlinear differential equations of the motion are
numerically solved, and the vibration responses of the brain and skull are determined. Instead of
solving the nonlinear equation of motion using numerical methods, a closed from solution could be
proposed in order to parametrically study the brain motion and skull kinematics. After introducing the
linear solution, the dynamic responses have been compared with the outcomes of the numerical
method. The comparison reveals that the closed form solution would be appropriate for prediction and
parametric investigation of the relative displacement between the brain and the skull.

SS3
ACEX040
Mr. Christopher Rene Torres-San Miguel
Instituto Politecnico Nacional
MEXICO

Numerical Analysis of the Densitometry Osseous of a Trabecular and Cortical Bone in Swine
Specimens

Torres-San Miguel, C. R.1, Urriolagoitia-Caldern, G.1,
Urriolagoitia-Sosa, G.1, Escalante-Rodrguez, A.2, Hernndez-Gmez, L. H.1,
Rodrguez-Martnez, R.1y Beltrn-Fernndez, A.1
1Instituto Politecnico Nacional
Escuela Superior de Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica
Seccin de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacin
Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lpez Mateos, Zacatenco, Edificio 5, 2do Piso
Col. Lindavista, C. P. 07738, Mxico, D. F., Mxico
2 Instituto de Seguridad y Servicio Social de los Trabajadores del Estado
Hospital Regional, 1 de Octubre, Av. Instituto Politcnico Nacional 1669,
Col. Magdalena de las Salinas, C. P. 07760, Mxico, D. F., Mxico

Abstract
Osseous densitometry is a surgical technique that allows, through radiation, the quantification of the
osseous mass of human being. This is a noninvasive and relatively simple technique that can be
implemented. Its main advantages are; high sensitivity for diagnosis, high precision and the application
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of low levels of radiation during the procedure. These advantages have established this technique as
one of the most used in the analysis of osseous mass. This technique is based on the use of computer
axial tomography (TAC), which selectively measures the osseous mineral density and bone mass
volumetric contain in the patient. So far, the main limitation of the TAC technique is the difficulty on
assessing the density of the proximal femur. In this paper it is presented a new procedure for the
determination of bone tissue (based on density data obtained by TAC) and the correlation of density
between the trabecular and cortical bone tissues. This research involves a numerical analysis in which
it is compared the existing density obtained by TAC before and after removal of the trabecular tissue. It
is important to mention, that controlled porcine specimens were used to outlay in Hounsfield units (HU)
and 60 scans were analyzed, especially at the swine femur neighborhood (it is estimated that within
this zone the maximum and minimum osseous density values are found). From a volumetric model
performed on a commercial computer finite element program, it was possible to establish a critical point
to predict the stress fields acting on a bone under the effect of an external agent. This research is a first
approach to the densitometry problem and therefore it requires a separate experimental study to
validate the obtained results. Also, from the development of this methodology, it is possible to obtain
the apparent density of the bone and validate its implementation for a customized prosthesis. For both
cases, mechanical characteristics were analyzed which are highly dependent on the anisotropy of bone
condition. Finally, by the application of this study it was possible to determine Sighns index by using
tomography procedure and it was also possible to determine the risk of fracture in the femoral
trochanter.

Keywords: CT scans, Sighns index, Femoral joint.

SS3
ACEX095
Dr. Kheng Lim GOH
Monash University Sunway Campus,
MALAYSIA

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the structure-property relationship of collagen microfibres

S.Y. Chen1, K. Liao1, K.L. Goh2
1Nanyang Technological University, POSTCODE, Singapore
2Monash University Sunway Campus, Selangor, 46150, Malaysia

Abstract
The stiffness and strength of collagen are profoundly influenced by crosslinking density [1]. Ultraviolet
radiation is a viable way of producing the cross-links but its effects vary with type of ultraviolet light
used and duration of exposure [2]. Moreover, prolonged exposure to UV radiation would cause protein
degradation and loss of function [3]. Here, ultraviolet light of two different wavelengths, namely 365 nm
(UVA) and 254 nm (UVC), were used to determine the extent of cross-linking in collagen microfibres
from a ligament of a lamb. In addition, collagen fibres were irradiated for 3 different time periods to
determine the effects of exposure duration to ultraviolet light. Microfibres exposed to UVA yielded
mechanical properties superior to both native and UVC treated fibres. Increasing irradiation time
brought about initial increase in strength due to formation of cross-links. However, after 30 minutes of
exposure, chain cleavages weakened the microfibre. Although increasing cross-linking density would
have made the microfibres brittle to tensile loading, SEM images showed that failure of microfibres was
a result of fibrillar pull-out instead of abrupt fractures. This investigation suggests the possibility of
tailoring the mechanical properties of collageneous bioscaffolds that are seeded with stem cells to
achieve a specific cell lineage that could yield the desired tissue to be engineered.
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[1] A.J. Bailey, Mechanisms of Ageing & Development, 122, 735 (2001).
[2] K.S. Weadock, E.J. Miller, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 29,1373 (1995)
[3] L.H. Kligman, M. Gebre, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 54, 233 (1991).

SS3
ACEX099
Prof. Marc J.M. Abadie
Nanyang Technological University,
SINGAPURE

Transesterification in Biodegradable Thermoplastic Elastomers

Vitali T. Lipik1, Marc J.M. Abadie1, 2
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, MSE, Division of Materials Technology, Nanyang
Technological University, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore , 639798
2ICGM - AIME & Laboratory of Polymer Science & Advanced Organic Materials, Universit Montpellier
2, France
marc@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the basic methods of synthesis of biodegraded polymers. The main attention
is given to coordinated anionic ring opening polymerization (CAROP) as allowing for precise control of
polymer molar mass. The particular positive feature of living polymerization is that polymer block
structure can be obtained. After polymerization of one type of monomer, a second monomer can be
added and polymerization continues in one pot based on macromolecules which were synthesized at
the first step [1]. Application of different initiators and catalyst provide the possibility to obtain a variety
in polymer structure.
Type of copolymers depends of the order of initiation of the monomers. Starting first with caprolactone
CL and then L-lactide L-LA second gives bloc copolymer PCL-b-PLLA [2, 3]. However if we change the
order of polymerization, i.e.L-LA first and CL second, a random copolymer PLLA-co-PCL. This
difference is du to the low rate coefficient of polymerization of CL (k1 = 0.36) compared to L-LA (k2 =
42). We also know that transesterification increases significantly after monomer consumption at the
synthesis, that when all monomer is consumed, DPI increases and finally that the, catalyzor Sn(Oct)2
degrades polymer by reacting with ester bonds of the polymer and the monomer.
Developed methods of suppression of transesterification [4, 5] give a chance to build block structure of
biodegradable copolymers with different blocks sequences, which brings a wide list of new polymer
properties. We give a new vision of the synthesis of diblock or triblock copolymers starting with L-LA
first in the same experimental conditions which are used for synthesis of PCL-b-PLLA or PLLA-b-PCL-
b-PLLA by Sn(Oct)2. Several chemicals have been used as protector against the destructive influence
of transesterification. The protector X should contain ester bonds or part which can act as electrons
donor and limit negative action of catalyst which provokes transesterification.
In presence of Lure (or Protector), diblock and triblock copolymers have been obtained with success
starting from L-LA monomer. Transesterification has been identified by NMR and MALDI-Tof.

References
[1] Yodthong Baimark, Robert Molloy. Synthesis and characterization of poly(L-lactide-co--
caprolactone) (B)-poly(L-lactide) (A) ABA block copolymers. Polymers for Advanced Technologies.
2005. 16. 332337
[2] V. T. Lipik, L. K. Widjaja, S. S. Liow, S. S. Venkatraman, M. J. M. Abadie. Synthesis of
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biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers (BTPE) based on -caprolactone. eXPRESS Polymer Letters
Vol.4, No.1 (2010) 3238
[3] Vitali T. Lipik, Subbu S. Venkatraman, Marc J.M. Abadie. Influence of structure of biodegradable
triblock polymer PLA-(PCL-co-PLA)-PLA on mechanical properties. Vysokomolekulyarnye soedineniya.
2010, Vol. 52, 10, P. 112.
[4] Marcin Florczak, Jan Libiszowski, Jaroslav Mosnacek,a Andrzej Duda, Stanislaw Penczek. L,L-
Lactide and e-Caprolactone Block Copolymers by a Poly(L,L-lactide) Block First Route // Macromol.
Rapid Commun. Vol. 28. 2007. P. 13851391.
[5] Vitali T. Lipik, Leonardus K. Widjaja, Sing S. Liow,, Subramanian S. Venkatraman & Marc J.M.
Abadie. The transesterification phenomenon and its effects on the mechanical properties of
polycaprolactone-polylactide copolymers. Polymer Stability and Degradation. 2010. (in press).

SS3
ACEX102
Dr. Vengadaesvaran V.Balakrishnan
University Malaya,
MALAYSIA

Structural and Surface Characterization of Free Mercury Silverfil Amalgam

Chanthiriga Ramasindarum*, Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim*, B. Vengadaesvaran**,
M.Ambar Yarmo***
*Conservative Department of Dentistry, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
**Centre for Ionics, Department of Physic University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia,
*** School of Chemical Science and Food Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.

Abstract
SilverFil (Silverfildental Products, Malaysia) is another commercially available dental amalgam;
however it is based on silver and mercury only. It is claimed that upon amalgamation, there is no
excess mercury in SilverFil. The objectives of this study were to determine the structural state and
chemical composition of the starting materials and presence of mercury in the resulting amalgam. All
the starting materials of SilverFil and the SilverFil amalgam specimens were characterize using Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The FESEM images of the amalgam shows silver-mercury (Ag-Hg)
clusters. The elemental mapping of SilverFilTM shows good distribution of Ag and Hg. The EDX
analysis showed that all the chemical composition of the starting materials contain no and consist of
only Ag and Hg. These results agreed concurred with the XRD analysis. The XRD analysis also
revealed that the chemical composition of SilverFil is similar to naturally occuring mineral called
Moschellandsbergite. The XPS analysis showed that there was no free mercury (Hg0) present in the
starting material. When the resulting amalgam was analysed, the binding energy of Hg(4f) were
101.8eV and 100.6eV confirming the presence of bonded mercury to oxygen (HgO). It can be
concluded that there was no free mercury present in SilverFil.

SS3
ACEX312
Dr. A.L.A. Escada
So Paulo State University-UNESP,
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BRAZIL

Analysis of bioactivy of Ti-7,5Mo after surface treatment

A.L.A. Escada1, S.G. Schneider2, J.P.B. Machado3, A.P.R. Alves Claro1
1 Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Guaratinguet, So Paulo State
University-UNESP, Guaratinguet, SP, Brazil.
2 Department of Engineering Materials (DEMAR), School of Engineering Lorena, University of So
Paulo EEL/USP, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
3Associated Laboratory of Sensors and Materials - LAS, National Institute for Space Research INPE,
So Jos dos Campos, SP, Brazil.

Abstract
In the present work, bioactivity of experimental alloy Ti-7,5Mo was evaluated after surface treatment
and soaking in SBF to form bonelike apatite. Ti-7,5Mo alloy was obtained from C.P. titanium and
molybdenum by using an arc-melting furnace. Ingots were submitted to heat treatment at 1100C for
one hour, cooled in water, cold worked by swaging. Discs with 13 mm in diameter and 3 mm in
thickness were cutting for each one. Then, samples were immersed in NaOH aqueous solution with 5M
at 80C for 72h, washed with distilled water and dried at 40C for 24h. For heat treatment, after the
alkaline treatment, samples were heat treated at 600 C for 1h in a electrical furnace in air. Followed,
discs were soaking in SBF for 24h to form an apatite layer on the surface. The surfaces were
investigated by using SEM and AFM. The results indicate that apatite could form on surface of Ti-
7,5Mo experimental alloy.

SS3
ACEX375
Dr. Osama Abdelaal
Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology,
Egypt

Rapid Prototyping techniques for Tissue Engineering scaffolds fabrication

O.A. Abdelaal1, S.M. Darwish1
1Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.

Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffold is a 3D construction that works as a template for tissue regeneration.
Scaffold should have some basic requirements including biocompatibility,suitable mechanical
properties, appropriate surface chemistry, high porosity and interconnectivity. Although several
conventional techniques such as solvent casting and gas forming are utilized in scaffold fabrication;
these processes shows poor interconnectivity and uncontrollable porosity of the produced scaffolds.
However, Rapid prototyping (RP) techniques which are a group of advanced manufacturing processes,
can produces a custom made objects directly from computer data such as computer aided design
(CAD), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Using RP fabrication
techniques, constructs with controllable and complex internal architecture with appropriate mechanical
properties can be achieved. The present review intends to provide the reader with an overview of the
current state of the art in the area of tissue engineering scaffolds fabrication using the advanced RP
processes. This work also highlights the existing limitations in addition to future prospects in scaffold
fabrication by RP techniques.
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SS3
VIP-ACEX027
Prof. Saied Darwish
King Saud University,
SAUDI ARABIA

Finite Element Analysis for a car engine hood

A. Al-Ghamdi, S. M. Darwish, Sh. M. Elseufy
College of engineers, King Saud University
Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Engine hood is one of the most important components in a car; due to the multi-function of the engine
hood. During maintenance of the engine area; engine hood mechanisms must be safe enough to carry
it. During car normal use or in case of crashes, engine hood must be stiff and safe enough. To add
more stiffness for the car front area, engine hood global and local stiffness analysis is a step forward to
reach this goal. Therefore the present work is intended to check the hinges, lateral stiffness, closed and
opened gas spring latch that is close to the inner and outer engine hood panel.
Predetermined values from previous work conducted on a similar existing SUV vehicle were used as
targets to be achieved by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of engine hood.
Comparison between FEA results and targets led to the necessity of increasing the thickness from
1.2mm to 1.5mm for the bump stopper bracket and improve geometry for some parts for the sake of
increasing stiffness.

Keywords: Finite element analysis / Automotive Engineering/car engine hood / modal analysis/static
analysis

SS3
ACEX022
Dr. Humberto Dria Silva
University Federal of Pernambuco,
BRAZIL

Analysis of failure mechanism of forced convection in the retina of the human eye

H.D. Silva1, L.C.P. Dria2, C.P. Dria3, C.P. Dria4, M.C.T.D. Silva5, H.D. Silva Jr.6, M.T.D. Silva6
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
2Computer Engineer, UPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
3Biologist, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.
4Production Engineer, FBV, Recife, PE, Brazil.
5Information Technology, UNIBRATEC, Recife, PE, Brazil.
6Student, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.

Abstract
The metabolic secretions produced by the cells inside the human eye are accumulated simultaneously
in all parts their, subject only to its origin, however, the symptomatology is well characterized as the
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location of accumulation. Genetic factors are directly related to how the metabolic secretions clumps
occurs and the accumulation form is very specific according to the movements of the eyes, arising from
activities performed by the patient, so any outcome is unpredictable. The retinal vasculature is
arranged in a three-dimensional network. Abnormalities of retinal circulation are key pointers to retinal
dysfunction and may highlight perturbations of systemic circulation. The weakening of the mechanism
of the cornea bending results in the loss of variation of intraocular pressure and, consequently, the
weakening of the mechanism of forced convection of the metabolic secretions produced in the retina,
due to the increase of its work activities, then, in the retina initiates the accumulation of these
secretions, without uniformity, causing gradual obstruction of its system of mass transport, nutrients
and metabolic secretions. This accumulation is readily observed by pressing the hands for several
minutes in the eyes closed, then, there is the light perception in one without uniformity region.
This work analyzes the anatomic structure and biophysics, exposed in the scientific literature, along
with the symptoms of the presbyopia treatment, of the first author, to understand that the gradual
obstruction of the system of mass transport in the retina cause the reversal of the colors and degrades
the image boundaries during his recovery, after the ocular system to be submit to focus an image with
colors and well defined margins. The projection limit is the same of the excess secretions, then, the
vasculature of the region receives opposite pressures in reduction.

SS3
ACEX021
Prof. M.H. Fathi
Isfahan University of Technology
IRAN

Poly (-Caprolactone)/ Nano-Fluoridated Hydroxyapatite Scaffold with Improved Mechanical
Properties for Bone Tissue Engineering

M.H. Fathi, M.A. Golozar, N. Johari

Abstract
Biomaterials Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,
Iran.
Composite or nanocomposite materials made by a polymeric matrix and ceramic reinforce agents have
been suggested to design porous materials with adequate mechanical properties for bone tissue
engineering [1]. When bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioglass are hybridized with
biodegradable polymers, the mechanical properties, biological activity and osteoconductivity of
obtained composites are improved [2]. On the other hand, the fluorine-substituted hydroxyapatite (FHA)
provides lower dissolution, better protein adsorption, cell attachment, and better alkaline phosphates
activity in compare with HA [3]. The aim of this study was to prepare a novel poly (-
caprolactone)/nano-fluoridated hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffold with improved mechanical
properties. Poly (-caprolactone)/nano-fluoridated hydroxyapatite scaffold was produced by solvent
casting/particulate leaching method. The fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA100) nanopowders had a
chemical composition of Ca10(PO4)6F2. Different weight fractions of 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the
FHA100 were added to the PCL. Sodium chloride (NaCl) particles having 300500m diameters were
used as porogen. Structural, mechanical, and chemical properties of prepared scaffolds were
evaluated. Morphology, size, and distribution of pores in the scaffolds were studies by Scanning
electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
were used to identify and determine the phase structure, chemical composition and functional groups of
obtained scaffolds. Porosity of the scaffolds was measured using the specific gravity bottle, based on
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the Archimedes Principle as a known method. Compressive mechanical properties of the scaffolds
were also evaluated. Results showed that by increasing amount of NaCl, the porosity of scaffolds
increased. It was also found that compressive strength of scaffolds increased by increasing the weight
ratio of FHA100 and decreased by increasing the porosity.

[1] H. Deplaine, J.L. Gmez Ribelles, G. Gallego Ferrer, Comp Sci Tech. 70, 1805 (2010).
[2] H. Kim, E. Lee, H. Kim, V. Salih, J.C. Knowles, Biomat. 26, 4395 (2005).
[3] M.H. Fathi, E. Mohammadi Zahrani, J Cry Growth. 311, 1392 (2009).
Keywords: Nanocomposites, Bioactive glass, Fluoridated Hydroxyapatite.

SS3
ACEX095
Dr. Kheng Lim GOH
Monash University Sunway Campus,
MALAYSIA

Finite element analysis of copper wire bonding in microelectronics

N. Dastgir1, N. Ismail2, A.Ihsan2, N.Q. Guo1, K.L. Goh1
1 School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
2 Spansion (KL) Sdn. Bhd., Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract
Wirebonding is the most dominant form of semiconductor chip interconnection method used in the
modern microelectronics industry [1]. While the industry favours gold wires [2], increasingly copper wire
is gaining acceptance owing its superior electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, and lower cost
as compared to gold [3]. Here, we report an investigation on the influence of bonding parameters on
the stresses generated in the copper wire-pad system using finite element (FE) analysis. An axis-
symmetric FE model comprising a capillary tube enclosing a copper wire ending with the free air ball in
contact to an aluminum pad was developed. Mesh convergence was achieved at 25,000 nodes. The
following parameters were investigated: bonding force (F=0.44N), bonding temperature (T = 180oC),
diameter of the ball (D=50mm), pad thickness (H = 0.65mm) and pad width (W=37mm). A sensitivity
study of the effects of possible variations in the magnitude of each parameter on the stresses in the
wire-tube-pad system was carried out. The maximum stress in the wire and pad increases with F
(0.30N-0.75N); similar effects are also observed with T (25oC-450oC). On the other hand, the
maximum stresses decrease with increase in D. However, the maximum stress within the wire and pad
does not vary appreciably with increasing H. Away from the site of contact of the ball and pad, stress at
the edge of the pad decreases as W increases, consistent with St Venants principle. This study
predicts that to lower the stress generated in the wire and pad during the wire bonding process at high
T it may be necessary to decrease F or increase D.

[1] G.G. Harman in Wire Bonding in Microelectronics : Materials, Processes, Reliability, and Yield
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010).
[2] H. Xu, C. Liu, V.V. Silberschmidt, S.S. Pramana, T.J. White and Z. Chen, Scripta Materialia, 61, 165
(2009).
[3] C.J. Hang, C.Q. Wang, M. Mayer, Y.H. Tian, Y. Zhou and H.H. Wang, Microelectronics Reliability,
48, 416 (2008).

SS3
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ACEX099
Prof. Marc J.M. Abadie
SINGAPURE

UV Curing Kinetic of High Performance Epoxy Resins

Vanda Yu. Voytekunas2, Deborah Jones, Feng Lin Ng1, Lia Wijayanti Pratomo1 & Marc J.M. Abadie1,
2
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, MSE, Division of Materials Technology,
Nanyang Technological University, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore , 639798
2ICGM - AIME & Laboratory of Polymer Science & Advanced Organic Materials, Universit Montpellier
2, France, marc@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract
UV curable materials has been shown to be the most attractive not only from environmental point of
view, introducing solvent free formulations and ambient temperature operations but also due to the high
polymerization speed of resins, resulting in reduced cost of final product. Tailor made properties is
another great advantage of materials, produced by UV induced polymerization. To date, most attention
has been paid to free radical systems, based mainly on acrylates [1], compare to epoxies [2, 3] which
follow a cationic mechanism of UV crosslinking in precence of cationic photoinitiators.
In present work curing kinetics of UV-initiated cationic photo-polymerization of EPICLON series epoxy
resin HP-820 [4, 5] and key cure process parameters, such as the extent of cross-linking and
conversion, polymerization rate and the order of reactions have been studied by Photo-Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DPC). Different kinetics analysis results, including enthalpy of the reaction,
induction time, peak maximum, percentage conversion and rate coefficient were obtained for studied
epoxy system at different isothermal temperatures (30-70oC), allowing calculating activation energy.
Two kinetic parameters rate coefficient (k) and the order of the initiating reaction (m) were
determined, using an autocatalytic kinetic`s model.

References
[1] Synthesis UV Curing Kinetics of New Functionalized Oligosiloxanes.
Cristina Iojoiu, Mariana Pinteala, Bogdan C. Simionescu, Jean-Yves Sanchez & Marc J. M. Abadie -
Current Trends in Polymer Science, Vol. 10, 55-67 (2007)
[2] Kinetic Model of Photoinduced Polymerisation of Phenyl Glycidyl Ether Monomer. L.L. Ionescu-
Vasii & M.J.M. Abadie - Polym. International, 47, 221-225 (1998)
[3] Kinetic Study of the UV-initiated Cationic Polymerization of Cycloalophatic Diepoxide Resin. Vanda
Yu. Voytekunas, Feng Lin Ng & Marc J.M. Abadie -,Europ. Polym. J., Vol. 44, issue 11, pp. 3640-3649,
2008
[4] Kinetics Studies of UV-Curable Epiclon HP-7200 Based Resin Systems. V.Yu. Voytekunas, F.L.
Ng, C.L. Koh, M.J.M. Abadie - 8th International Technical Symposium on Polyimides and High
Performance Polymers - STEPI 8, Montpellier 9-11 June (2008) - STEPI 8 Book, MJM Abadie & B
Sillion Ed., pp. 321-336 (2009)
[5] Kinetic Analysis of UV-curable Epoxy Resins for Micromachining Applications. Voytekunas Vanda
Yu., Ng Feng Lin, Koh Chai Ling & Abadie Marc J.M. - Advanced Materials Research, vol. 74, pp
299-302 (2009)

SS3
ACEX102
Dr. Vengadaesvaran V.Balakrishnan
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University Malaya,
MALAYSIA

Synthesis and Surface Analysis of Nanocrystallite Silver

B.Vengadaesvaran,W.Ahliah Ismail, R.Puteh,
Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science,
University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
E.mail: venga@um.edu.my

Abstract:
Nanocrystallites silver was successfully synthesized by the precipitation of silver nitrate with different
molarities. Scherrer Equation estimated the crystallite size in the region of 17 nm based on XRD peaks.
X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique was used for surface analysis of the precipitate.
XPS analysis showed that the silver peak intensity increases with increment of silver nitrate molarity.
The presence of C, O, Ti, N and W were detected. The binding energy after the charge effect correction
for all the silver formed was 368.4 0.5 eV. This confirmed the nanosize silver was formed as silver
metal and some oxide on the surface. The surface analysis was conducted using EDX and Auger as
comparison. FESEM and TEM studies confirmed the presence of particles of nanometric size.

SS4
ACEX038
Dr. Murat Yavuz Solmaz
Firat University
TURKEY

Investigation of Abrasive Wear Behaviours of the Polyester/Co Composites Depending on
Reinforcement Volume Fraction and Particule Size

Murat Yavuz SOLMAZ1, Ibrahim KOCABAS1 and Hasim PIHTILI1
mysolmaz@firat.edu.tr, ibrahimkocabas@firat.edu.tr, hpihtili@firat.edu.tr
1Firat University Department of Mechanical Engineering, 23119, Elazig, TURKEY

Abstract
The aim of this study, is to determine effects of the metal powder addition on the wear behaviour of the
polyester based composite materials which are broadly used. Two different tungsten (W) powders
which are 0.9 and 1.8 in diameter were added to polyester matrix for six different weight ratios of 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 10% respectively. Dry wear behaviours of the composed specimens were observed for
different loads, speeds and wear displacements. Experimental results which were obtained for the
same tribological conditions have been compared to each other to identify effects of the weight ratio
and particule size on the wear behaviours of the polyester-w composites.

Keywords: Wear behaviour, Composite, Polyester, Tungsten, Reinforcement fraction.

SS4
ACEX039
Mr. Hazhar Modarresi
Urmia University
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IRAN

Failure-Mechanism Control of Stiffened-Circular Plates during Bending

H. Modarresi 1, H. Showkati 1
1University of Urmia, Urmia, Civil Engineering Department, Iran

Abstract
Experimental and analytical results have been carried out to predict the failure mechanisms of steel
circular plates. This study is presented for two diametral and circumferential stiffener effects in a pure
bending. For this purpose, two series of experimental works have been performed by exerting a lateral
uniform pressure on the stiffened circular plates. First installation of diametral stiffeners on the
underside faces of the circular plates caused their local buckling to be circumvented. As in annular
stiffened circular plates the yield lines might form near every edges along radial directions, second
series of experimental works were set up to restrict the formation of yield line locations. Stiffeners of the
latter series of experiments have had an octagonal plan with the reverse T, L, and I shape cross
sections, while, they were all straight and R shape for the former. The experimental results of the
specimens have been verified by the non-linear analytical results using the Finite Element Method
(FEM) of the simulated models. Results of these studies have shown that failure mechanism of
specimens would be predictable as their load bearing capacity increases.

SS4
ACEX042
Prof. Ivica Kuzmani
CROATIA

Materials Damages Observation for Educational Purposes at BSc Level

Ivica Kuzmani, Igor Vujovi
University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Zrinsko-Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia,
ivujovic@pfst.hr

Abstract
This paper presents results on education in material science and technology from Maritime Faculty at
BSc level. The goal is experimental observation of mechanical [1, 2] damages to the materials and,
consequently, impact to the electrical properties of the materials [3, 4]. Since, it is expensive for small
faculties to buy devices in nanotechnology, the article introduces optical microscopy as cheaper way to
make closer micro and nano world to students [5, 6]. Experiments presented to students include
corrosion and crack impact to the materials' properties [7, 8]. It is also shown that students preferred
this way of education instead of classical lessons and seminar works.

[1] T. H. Courtney, Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Waveland Press, Long Grove, (2000).
[2] W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction, John Wiley & Soms, New
York, (2007).
[3] R. E. Hummel, Electrical Properties of Materials, Springer, New York, (2005).
[4] S. O. Kasap, Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, McGraw Hill, New York, (2006).
[5] National Instruments Catalog, http://www. ni.com
[6] G. L. Hornyak, H. F. Tibbals, J. Dutta, J. J. Moore, Introduction to Nanoscience & Nanotechnology,
90 | P a g e


CRC Press, Boca Raton, (2009).
[7] I. Vujovi, Z. Kulenovi, I. Kuzmani, D. Kezi, Stress Intensity Factor, Energy Distribution and
Forces Acting on Crack in Piezoelectric Robots' Sensors, Chapter 52 in DAAAM International Scientific
Book 2006, DAAAM International, Vienna, (2006).
[8] Z. Kulenovi, I. Kuzmani, I. Vujovi, About a Crack in Piezoceramic Element of Electromechanical
Device on the Ship, Nae more, 52(1-2), 2005, pp. 75-80

SS4
ACEX112
Mr. Martin Sevcik
Institute of Physics of Materials AS CR,
Czech Republic

Crack propagation in welded polyolefin pipes

M.evk1,2, P. Huta2, L. Nhlk1,2, Z. Knsl2
1Brno University of Technology, Brno, Technick 2, 616 69, CZ.
2Institute of Physics of Materials, Brno, Zizkova 22, 616 62, CZ.

Abstract
Nowadays, polyolefin pipes are extensively used for the local and national transmission of gas and
water supplies. Secure and cost effective joining methods are key points for applications of plastic
pipelines in praxis. The morphology and material structure of welded joints are complicated in their
comparison with base pipe material. The formation of the weld is highly dependent on both thermal
history and stress state. Consequently, material parameters characterizing weld joint and
corresponding heated zone influence the reliability and safety of the welded pipe system as a whole.
During the butt-welding processes currently used, the changes of mechanical properties inside the weld
are usually continuous and formation of the bead geometry can be estimated.
In the contribution a welded polymer-polymer butt joint between two geometrically identical pipes is
considered and its possible damage caused by inner crack growing in the weld zone is numerically
analysed. A three-dimensional model of a welded pipe was created to study crack propagation in a real
pipe structure. The numerical model take into account geometry of the bead and change of the material
properties inside weld zone. Results obtained from welded and non-welded pipe are compared and
discussed. The results described in the paper can be used for estimation of the critical crack length or
for estimation of the critical applied inner pressure and are of paramount importance for service life
estimations of polymer welded pipes in praxis. Acknowledgement: The investigation has been
supported by grants 101/09/J027 and 106/09/H035 of the Czech Science Foundation.

SS4
ACEX130
Dr. Pavel Huta
Institute of Physics of Materials,
CZECH REPUBLIC

Constraint effect on the slow crack growth in polyethylene

P.Huta1, M. Zouhar1,2, E. Nezbedov3, J. Sadlek3, J. dek2, L. Nhlk1,2, Z. Knsl1
1Institute of Physics of Materials, Brno, ikova 22, 616 62, CZ.
2Brno University of Technology, Brno, Technick 2, 616 69, CZ.
91 | P a g e


3Polymer Institute Brno, Brno, Tkalcovsk 36, 656 49, CZ.

Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is common thermoplastic material used for pipe structures. There
are two basic failure modes of a pipeline (i) rapid crack propagation (RCP) which could affect a
significant length of pipeline, and (ii) long time brittle failure of the system due to a slow crack growth
(SCG) initiated in the pipe and resulting in local brittle failure. Therefore in the case of SCG, an
important role in determining the lifetime plays the crack initiation stage and the slow crack growth. In
many cases used HDPE materials contain small flaws. Their existence can substantially reduce the
time for crack initiation and the service life of pipes corresponds approximately to the time for crack
propagation from the initial crack to the final failure. In these cases the residual lifetime estimation
based on numerical simulation of slow crack propagation through the pipe wall can be used.
For evaluation of slow crack growth kinetics of considered materials PENT test is usually applied. The
geometry of the specimens corresponds to SEN (single edge notch) tensile specimen and can be taken
either from compression-moulded plaques or directly from pipes. With the aim to compare two different
geometries of the laboratory specimens with different constraint level modified SEN specimen and CT
specimen were used for experimental tests. The stress field near the crack tip was determined in the
framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics by the stress intensity factor and T-stress. The value of
the T-stress characterise different constraint level and can help transfer more accurately data from
small laboratory specimens to real pipelines. The effect of the constraint on the failure behaviour of
such materials are evaluated and discussed.
Acknowledgement: The investigation has been supported by grants 106/09/0279 and 101/09/J027 of
the Czech Science Foundation.

SS4
ACEX158
Prof. Lubos Nahlik
Brno University of Technology,
Czech Republic

Macroscopic behavior and damage of particulate composite with crosslinked polymer matrix

L. Nhlk1,2, B. Ma2, P. Huta1
1Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, ikova 22,
61662, Czech Republic.
2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Technick 2, 61669, Czech
Republic.

Abstract
Particulate composites with crosslinked polymer matrix and solid fillers are one of important classes of
materials such as construction materials, high-performance engineering materials, sealants, protective
organic coatings, dental materials, or solid explosives.
The contribution is focused on estimation of macroscopic mechanical properties of particulate
composite with crosslinked polymer matrix. Extended numerical calculations on the base of finite
element method were performed to estimate stress-strain curve of polymer composite. Numerical
determination of the effective properties of particulate composites involved the calculation of the stress
and strain fields for a representative volume element (RVE) that simulates the microstructure of the
composite. Unit cells containing particles are used to determine the corresponding macro strength.
Numerical simulations take into account nonlinear properties of crosslinked polymer matrix, different
92 | P a g e


concentration of the crosslinker (polymethyl methacrylate) and wide interval of volume fractions of
tough particles. Simple damage model was used to simulate failure of the matrix. The mechanical
properties obtained from computations are compared with experimental data and very good agreement
has been found. The methodology presented can be used for estimation of mechanical properties of
particulate composite with crosslinked polymer matrix.

SS4
VIP-ACEX035
Prof. Paulo M. S. T. de Castro
FEUP,
Portugal

Characterization of the fatigue crack growth behaviour of 32mm thick welded steel CT
specimens

C. Albuquerque1, V. Richter-Trummer2, R. M. C. Miranda2
M. A. V. de Figueiredo2, R. Calada1, P. M. S. T. de Castro2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, FEUP, Portugal
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Portugal

Abstract
The design of composite bridges is typically carried out on the basis of SN criteria; however, finer
analyses of the structural integrity may be carried out using Fracture Mechanics principles. A study of
the fatigue crack growth on steel CT specimens according to ASTM E647, performed in the context of a
R&D project concerning the new Alccer do Sal railway bridge, is presented in this communication.
Tests were carried out on CT specimens with the thickness of a structural detail of interest (B = 32
mm). The test matrix used included three values of R ratio (min./max. load), 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7, and three
material conditions, namely base material (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). An
evaluation of opening load behaviour was carried out, and it showed extensive closure caused by
residual stresses in the welded specimens. Consequently the investigation included the full field
measurement of the residual stress perpendicular to the crack plane and the contour technique was
used for that purpose. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the fracture surface of CT
specimens was carried out, examining the relationship between striation distance s and macroscopic
fatigue crack growth rate da/dN. Fatigue crack growth rates below approximately 2 to 3 x10-7 m/cycle
are associated with approximately constant s values.

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge the cooperation of Eng. Henrique Nicolau and Eng.
Adrito Cardoso, of the company Teixeira Duarte SA which kindly supplied the material for the tests. Dr
Rui Rocha performed the SEM observations at CEMUP. FCT project PTDC/ECM/69697/2006 and
scholarships SFRH/BD/47545/2008 and SFRH/BD/41061/2007 are acknowledged.

SS4
VIP-ACEX036
Dr. Pedro M. G. P. Moreira
INEGI,
Portugal

Mechanical characterization of Cu ETP used in electric motors rotor bars

93 | P a g e


P. M. G. P. Moreira1, M. A. V. de Figueiredo2, P. M. S. T. de Castro1,2
1 INEGI, Instituto de Engenharia e Gesto Industrial, Porto, Portugal
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEUP, Portugal

Abstract
A contribution to the characterization of the mechanical behaviour of Cu ETP used in the manufacture
of electric motors is presented, focusing on rotor bars material and their brazed connection to the
copper ring. The work is a collaborative effort of WEG and INEGI seeking to contribute to the
optimization of a new generation of electric motors. Mechanical testing, metallographic and
fractographic analyses were carried out with the objective of evaluating the state of the bars material
before and after service.
From the micrographic analysis of base material it was found that despite working temperatures of
300C the material after and before service presents similar microstructures. Nevertheless, room
temperature tensile tests indicate that the specimens taken from the material before service have
higher yield and rupture stresses, whereas the material after service presents higher elongation values.
Material in its condition before service was also tensile tested at different temperatures in order to
characterize the temperature dependence of yield and rupture stresses. As expected, a decrease of
yield and rupture stresses as the temperature increases was observed.
Fatigue tests of material in its condition before service revealed a fatigue life of 107 cycles for a remote
stress of approximately 134MPa.

Acknowledgement: The copper material was supplied by WEG. Dr. Moreira acknowledges POPH -
QREN-Tipologia 4.2 Promotion of scientific employment funded by the ESF and MCTES.

SS4
ACEX150
Prof. Abdulmohsen Albedah
SAUDI ARABIA

Single Patch Repair of Two Adjacent Cracks

A. Albedah1*, F. Binyahya1, and M. Es-Saheb1, B. Bachir Bouiadjra2,1
1Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2 LMPM, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sidi Bel Abbes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
* Corresponding author email: albedah@ksu.edu.sa, tel/fax: 96614676827/96614676652

Abstract
Adhesive bonded patching is one of the most widely used repair techniques for cracked or damaged
metallic and composite structures. In this technique, a composite patch is bonded to the parent
structure to reinforce the cracked zone and to restore the structure to its original design specications.
This technique has successfully addressed some of the aging aircraft problems. However, most of the
previous research works concentrated on single crack patching. This work involves the investigation of
the optimal single patch repair of multi adjacent cracks. The investigation covers the effects of the crack
dimensions and orientations on the best patch orientation and its configuration. The investigation will be
carried out using 3D finite element analysis. The criteria used for assising the performance of the
single patch repair are the stress intensity factors and J integrals of the cracks and the shear stresses
in adhesive layer. The obtained results of the SIF will be correlated to the patch fiber orientation. An
attempt will be made to obtain optimal single patch repair configuration for two adjacent cracks. This
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will lay down guidelines for single patch repair of multi adjacent cracks.

References
[1] Bachir Bouiadjra B, Achour T, Berrahou M, Ouinas D, Feaugas X. Numerical Estimation of the
mass gain between double symmetric and single bonded composite repairs in aircraft structures,
Materials and Design, 2010.
[2] A Albedah, B Bachir Bouiadjra, W Ouddad, M Es-saheb, F Binyahia Elastic plastic analysis of
bonded composite repair in cracked aircraft structures Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
first published on September 7, 2010.
[3] Fekirini H, Bachir Bouiadjra B, Belhouari M, Boutabout B, Serier B, Numerical analysis of the
performances of bonded composite repair with two adhesive bands in aircraft structures. Composite
structures, 2008; 82:84-89
[4] Bezzerrouki M, Bachir Bouiadjra B, Ouinas D. SIF for cracks repaired with single composite patch
having two adhesive bands and double symmetric one in aircraft structures. Computational materials
sciences, 2008;44: 542-546
[5] Aminallah L, Achour T, Bachir Bouiadjra B, Serier B, Amrouche A, Feaugas X, Benssediq N.
Analysis of the distribution of thermal residual stresses in bonded composite repair of metallic aircraft
structures. Computational materials sciences, 2009; 49:1023-1027
[6] Albedah A, Bachir Bouiadjra B, Mhamdia R, Benyahia F, Es-Saheb M. Comparison between double
and single sided bonded composite repair with circular shape, Materials and Design 2011;32 :996
1000
[7] A. Albedah, B. Bachir Bouiadjra, R. Mhamdia, F. Benyahia, M. Es-Saheb, Comparison between
double and single sided bonded composite repair with circular shape , Materials & Design, In Press
Published online 24 August 2010.
SS4
ACEX170
Ms. Min Jung Lee
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
South Korea

Simulation of the adhesive joints with the patterned surface by the independent surface model

M. J. Lee1, J. M. Lim1, B. C. Lee1
1Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yu-seonggu, Daejeon, South Korea.

Abstract
Adhesive joints have been widely used in vehicle and aerospace fields for a weight reduction of the
products. Therefore, the strength of the adhesive joints needs to be increased and behaviour of the
adhesive joints should be predicted to design accurate. There have been studies to improve the
adhesive joints strength by surface treatment methods or using two adhesives with different mechanical
properties, etc. Various modeling methods also have been studied to predict the behaviour of the
adhesive joints. Unfortunately, it still needs to be studied a relation between the bonded surface and
the strength of the adhesive joints to apply the practical design. It is not easy to analyze the relation
between the bonded surface and the strength of the adhesive joints through a finite element method so,
behaviour of the adhesive joints are analyzed with a cohesive zone model or interface modeling
methods in average point of view.
In this study, a micro-pattern is fabricated to improve the strength of the adhesive joints. Single leg
bending joints and end notched flexure joints are manufactured with the various pattern sizes and
experimented. Then, a characteristic of the surface is classified and each classified surface is modeled
independently. The finite element analysis is performed and the results of the simulation are compared
with the experimental results. From the comparison, the simulation with the independent surface model
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of the classified bonded surface can predict the behaviour of the adhesive joints.

[1] M. Alfano, F. Furgiuele, A. Leonardi, C. Maletta and G.H. Paulino, Int. J. Fract., 155 (2008).
[2] M.F.S.F. De Moura, J.P.M. Goncalves, J.A.G. Chousal and R.D.S.G. Campilho, Int. J. Adhes.
Adhes., 28, 419 (2008)
[3] Lucas F.M. da Silva, N.M.A.J. Ferreira, V. Richter-Trummer and E.A.S. Marques, Int. J. Adhes.
Adhes., 30, 735 (2010)

SS4
ACEX171
Mr. YoungTae Kim
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
South Korea

Development of the new crack propagation element by incorporating both the cohesive zone
model and extended finite element

Y.T. Kim1, H.C. Oh1, B.C. Lee1
1Departmenet of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 373-1,
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea

Abstract
Many crack propagation simulation methods have been proposed. One of the popular crack
propagation simulation methods is the extended finite element method. This method is that a standard
finite element is enriched near the crack by incorporating both discontinuous fields and the near tip
asymptotic fields through a partition of unity method. So, the crack propagation simulation is available
without the re-meshing process. Also there is the cohesive zone model which is effective for the crack
propagation simulation. The cohesive zone model is used to simulate the crack propagation at the
crack tip using the cohesive element using the traction separation law. This method is so simple and
easy to implement.
The extended finite element method is available crack propagation simulation without re-meshing
process but it is difficult to simulate how long to propagate the crack. The cohesive zone model is
available to determine the propagation length from the crack tip using traction-separation law but the
crack path should already be known and cohesive elements need to be generated in the crack path.
Thus the mesh generation is difficult.
In this paper, the new crack propagation element is developed by incorporating the extended finite
element method and cohesive zone model. Using this element, the crack propagation simulation is
available without the re-meshing process and easy to determine how long to propagate the crack
effectively. Consequently, the accuracy of the crack propagation simulation is improved.

[1] M. Alfano, F. Furgiuele, A. Leonardi, C. Maletta, G. H. Paulino, Int. J. Fract., Vol. 157, p. 193-204
(2009)
[2] N. Mos, J. Dolbow, T. Belytschko, Int. J. Numer. Mech. Engng., Vol. 46, p. 131-150 (1990).

SS4
ACEX374
Mr. Kyung-Shik Kim
Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials,
Korea
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Statistical analysis of fatigue life on copper thin films

Y. Hwangbo1, K. S. Kim1, H. J. Lee1
1Department of Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of
Machinery and Materials, 104, Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
Fatigue tests were performed on an electrodeposited copper film of 12m thickness at four levels of
maximum stress with two levels of mean stresses. From the fatigue test results, this study shows the
probability distribution of the fatigue life in respect to the stress levels. For this, three ranking methods
such as Kaplan-Meier, mean rank and median rank were used, and five probability distributions such
as normal, 2-parameter log-normal, 3-parameter lognormal, 2-parameter weibull and 3-parameter
weibull distribution were considered. The effect of each method on determining probability distribution
is discussed, and this study shows which of the probability distributions is dominant irrespective of the
fatigue life. Furthermore, based on authors previous work [1], it is also examined that the monotonic
plastic strain (ratcheting strain) is main role for the high cycle fatigue life of copper film, and through
SEM analysis on fracture appearance according to the fatigue life, the reason related to the above
results is discussed.

[1] Y. Hwangbo and J.H. Song, Mater. Sci. Engi. A., 527, 22222232 (2010).

SS4
ACEX045
Dr. Farej Ahmed Emhmmed
Misurata University,
LIBYA

Keying Effect During Fracture Of Stainless Steels

Farej Ahmed Emhmmed
Dept. of Material Science , Misurata University , Libya

Abstract
Studies have been conducted to investigate the fracture mechanism of stainless steels during
environmentally-assisted cracking. Specimens of duplex stainless steels (Zeron 100) were heat treated
at 475C for different ageing periods and tested in 3.5% NaCL aqueous solution under cathodic
protection. Specimens stiffness was measured and compared to that predicted by literature. The
threshold stress intensity factor KISSC , intrinsic parameter , was calculated for valid and invalid
cracks. Metallographic examination confirmed that cracking took place by ferrite cleavage and
austenite ductile tear off. The austenite phase was generally acted as a crack bridge or crack arrestor
i.e. blocks the crack propagation. Specimens measured stiffness , (Ms) , showed higher values with
crack length increase. Discontinuous cracking, ligaments, were observed specially just before the
arrested crack tip. The stress intensity factor (Karrest= K1SCC) was observed to be quite scattered due
to unbroken ligaments/ austenite bridging , shielding , at the crack wake. The highest Karrest value was
observed typically for invalid SCC cracks bridged by unbroken ligaments. The Karrest value observed
for valid cracks was observed to be lower than that for invalid cracks. As bridging effect increases with
amount of crack growth, the Karrest value observed with the smallest amount of crack growth is more
likely to represent the (KISCC) intrinsic value for SCC. This value was found to be in the range of 40-
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45MPam.

SS4
ACEX050
Dr. Valery Rudyak
Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
RUSSIA

Estimation of the Stress State and Pore Pressure in Near-Wellbore Zone with Taking Into
Account Mudcake Dynamics

V.Ya. Rudyak1, A.V. Manakov2, A.V. Seryakov2
1Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Novosibirsk, Leningradskaya st.
113, Russia.
2Baker Hughes Novosibirsk Technology Center, Novosibirsk, Kutateladze st. 4a, Russia.

Abstract
In groundwater hydrology, oil and gas geology, mining, underground building engineering, when a
borehole is being drilled the extremely important task is the estimation of surrounding rocks stress
state. If borehole crosses the watered layers or oil pay while drilling then the pore pressure distribution
near the orifice also has the important value. In all cases both the influence of pore pressure changing
on rock matrix deformation and influence of stress state on fluid filtration should be taken into account.
In this work the own algorithm based on finite element method has been developed where beside
deformation and filtration coupling the low-permeability mudcake build up on the borehole wall also is
modeled. The Biot model [1] is used in algorithm. In case when mudcake forms, poroelastic equations
are solved jointly with equation of mudcake dynamics on filtration boundary [2].
The modeling of mudcake influence on stress state of different type of reservoir around vertical
borehole has been carried out. It is shown that for high-permeability reservoir like Berea sandstone the
mudcake decrease the amplitude of tensile hoop stress around the orifice and prevent from expansion
of this stress into formation. For low-permeability reservoir like Weber sandstone the mudcake
formation on borehole wall has small effect on fluid penetration into productive pay. As a result of this,
after the several hours of mud invasion the hoop stress may cause the rock failure at the distance
about 2.5 radii from borehole axis. In conclusion the influence of possible borehole inclination on stress
state and pore pressure of non-homogeneous formation is discussed.

[1] M.A. Biot, J. Appl. Phys., 12, No.2, 155 (1941).
[2] A.A. Kashevarov, I.N. Yeltsov, and M.I. Epov, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., 44, 872 (2003).

SS4
ACEX063
Prof. Kopecky Miroslav
ROZTEKA,Ltd.
SLOVAKIA

Computer Analysis of Experimental Random Signals in Industrial Conditions and Applications

Miroslav Kopeck1 ,MarianKopeck2
1 Full prof. ROZTEKA,Ltd. 01001 ilina, Slovakia,
tel.:++421417634566, e-mail: mirkopecky@inmail.sk
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2Post-graduate student VB-TU Ostrava,CZ.
73601 Haviov,CZ ,
tel: ++420739552823, e-mail:marian.kopecky.st@vsb.cz.

Abstract
The paper focused on the service loads and cumulative damage analysis.
The description of the service load contains: the examples of statistical analysis of
random stress process, stress spectrum and stress program. This work presents a method
of determining of structural parts random loading distribution, [1] , [3].The methods
described in this paper are the ways to reach the solution goals by means of a
characteristic curve of strength reliability with the maximum use of computer
technology.
The results of its application would be presented to mobile facility elements.
A motorcycle running along a road is subjected to two vertically imposed
displacements, one at each wheel. The description of the road surface must be
complete enough to describe adequately the displacement imposed at each wheel at least
in statistical terms and the correlation between the two displacements.
In some mobile machinery and equipment, or their elements are the problems of fatigue.
The problem of fatigue strength and service-life, [2] , as the most important phenomena
of strength reliability under those conditions, is connected more or less with a certain
degree of uncertainty.
The basic elements of the fatigue life evaluation,[3] , [2], are reviewed in Figures.

References :
[1] Kopecky, M.: Non-destructive techniques for measuring random loading signals and their
analysis. VDI-Berichte, Nr. 940: 33-39, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1992.
[2] Kopecky, M.,Vavro,J.: A fatigue curve as a random element. In: Proceeding of 5th Polish
Slovak Scientific Conference on "Computer Simulation in Machine Design",
Wierzba, Poland, pp. 79-82, ISBN 83-912190-3-8, 2000.
[3] Szala, J.Fatigue fracture of parts of structures as a vibration effect . In: Proceeding of 16th
Symposium on Vibration in physical system,Poznan-Blazejewko, Poland, pp.40-49, 1996.

SS4
ACEX067
Prof. Enio Pontes de Deus
Universidade Federal do Cear,
BRAZIL

Study of crack propagation on specimens of AL5083 with application in naval industry

J.M. Morales, I. Retamero, J. Rivilla, V. Sanz, S.C.Oliveira Jr, E.P. de Deus
Universidade Federal do Cear, Fortaleza, Cear, 60455-76, Brazil.
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Andaluca, 41004, Espaa.

Abstract
This study consists of an analysis of crack propagation on AL5083 specimens with application in naval
industry. These recyclable alloys show certain allowable characteristics such as lightness and
durability. Because of that, ships can be faster and also increase their load capacity and become more
strenghten. Firstly, it is carried out a material characterization and their mechanical properties. In
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addition, a three-point bending model is developed considering a crack at the centre of the specimen.
Furthermore, a computational analysis is conducted based on an internationally known code. The
second stage consists of an experimental program carried out by an universal machine so as to verify
crack propagation and also failure. After that, it is made a comparative study among results of the
laboratory tests and computational ones, thereby observing their period of fatigue life and also bending
rupture.

[1] T.L. Anderson, Fracture Mechanics Fundamentals and applications , 3nd Edition, Ed. CRC Press,
(2010).
[2] F. Pars, Teora de la Elasticidad, Ed. Grupo de Elasticidad y Resistencia de Materiales,
Universidad de Sevilla. (2000).
[3] HYDRO ALUMINIUM VEKST. Aluminium in the Marine Environment. 1st Edition, Noruega, (2002).

SS4
ACEX075
Prof. Silvio de Barros
Univesidade Federal da Paraba,
BRAZIL

Crack propagation curves on flexure adhesion tests

S. De Barros1, L. Champaney2
1Univesidade Federal da Paraba - UFPB, Joao Pessoa/PB Brazil
2LMT Cachan 61, av du Pt Wilson - 94235 Cachan Cedex France

Abstract
Crack propagation tests are normally used to identify the adhesion parameters, helping to evaluate the
quality of bonded joints. In classic tests, a initial crack between two bonded plates propagates when a
flexure load is applied. The critical energy release rate Gc is one of the basics parameters
characterizing a bonded joint. One can predict the behavior of the bonded plates during a crack
propagation test by obtaining the propagation curves for a given Gc value.
Two different methods to obtain this curves are considered here. In a classic analytical approach, the
adhesion between the plates is considered perfect. In such case the interface stiffness is not taken into
account. Both plates behave as one when the joint is undamage and as two separated plates in the
cracked zone. By applying the classic beam theory one can study the behavior of the plates during the
delamination in the framework of the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics [1]. The second approach is
numerical. The bonded interface is now consider elastic. The interface stiffness is also a parameter that
characterize the bonded joint. The propagation curves are obtained with the aide of the finite element
code CAST3M by taking the structural response for a given value of initial crack at a time [2].

[1] O. Allix, P. Ladeveze and A. Corigliano. Comp. Structures, 31, 61 (1995).
[2] CEA, Available from: http://www-cast3m.cea.fr/cast3m/. CAST3M User Manual, 2003.

SS4
ACEX079
Mr. Aref Khederlou
University of Urmia,
IRAN

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Reliability of a Rotational Friction Damper (RFD) in Diagonal Bracings

A.Khederlou1, H.S.Monir1, H.Modarresi1
1University of Urmia, Urmia, Civil Engineering Department, Iran

Abstract
The reliability assessment of a recently developed friction damper has been considered in this paper.
Frictional dampers (FD) are passive energy absorbing systems, which incorporates friction
phenomenon for the absorption of energy. This device is a permanent passive disposable system
which has been widely used so far in many buildings. As well as illustrating the configurations and
performances of this new energy absorbing device, its reliability assessment is being studied in this
paper. A model structure is designed by using classic earthquake resistant building rules and is put
under base excitation until it reaches the considered damage criteria. The same model is then
equipped with this new damper and is put under the same excitation as had been unequipped
structure. The reliability of system at this configuration is computed to see how much assurance is
achieved. The results are indicating that the application of the device has greatly risen the reliably of
the structure and still the project is economic.

SS4
ACEX081
Prof. Abilio Manuel Pinho de Jesus
IDMEC Plo FEUP,
Portugal

A procedure to derive probabilistic fatigue crack propagation data

J.A.F.O Correia1,2, A.M.P. de Jesus1,2, A. Fernandez-Cantelli3
1ECT - University of Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila, Portugal
2IDMEC Plo FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
3University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijn, Espaa

Abstract
Recently, a new class of fatigue crack growth models based on elasticplastic stressstrain histories at
the crack tip region and strain-life damage models have been proposed [1]. The fatigue crack
propagation is understood as a process of continuous crack initializations, over material representative
elements, which may be governed by strain-life data of the material. The residual stresses developed at
the crack tip play a central role in these models, since they are used to assess the actual crack driving
force, taking into account mean stress and loading sequential effects. An extension of the crack
propagation model, proposed by Noroozi, Glinka e Lambert [1] is proposed in order to derive a
probabilistic crack propagation data, in particular the derivation of the P-da/dN-DK-R field. The key
issue in the proposed modelling it the replacement of the deterministic strain-life model by a
probabilistic one. The probabilistic strain-life field proposed by Castillo and Fernndez-Canteli [2] is
extended to use a damage parameter to take into account the mean stress effects. In particular, a
probabilistic Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) field is developed and applied to the strain fields at the crack
tip to derive the probabilistic crack propagation field. The proposed model is demonstrated for a puddle
iron from the Fo bridge. Using strain-life data available for the material, the probabilistic crack
propagation field is generated for several stress ratios and is compared with experimental data, a
satisfactory agreement being found.

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[1] A.H. Noroozi, G. Glinka, S. Lambert. A two parameter driving force for fatigue crack growth analysis,
Int. J. Fatigue, 27, 1277 (2005).
[2] E Castillo, A, Fernndez-Canteli. A Unified Statistical Methodology for Modeling Fatigue Damage,
Springer (2009).

SS4
ACEX121
Dr. Bin Li
Instituto Superior Tcnico
PORTUGAL

Finite Element Implementation of Critical Plane Approaches for Component Design under
Multiaxial Fatigue Loading

B. Li, L. Reis, M. De Freitas
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tcnico
Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract
In order to design more complex components under service loading conditions, computational
methodologies are required to implement the multiaxial fatigue life models in the finite element
computation procedures. In this paper, a finite element based critical plane approach is developed
incorporating the Fatemi-Socie (FS) and SmithWatsonTopper (SWT) multiaxial fatigue criteria, [1].
The critical plane approach is based on physical observations that fatigue cracks initiate and grow
within a material on certain planes, which are called critical planes. In practice, the critical plane
approach identifies the orientation of the plane which maximises the relevant fatigue damage
parameter, at each spatial location of interest, covering the complete loading cycle, [2, 3].
In the present work, the process for determining the critical plane of the specimen is implemented as
the following way: First of all, stress and strain data for all the relevant integration points are collected
from the FE analysis at every time increment in the loading cycle. The stresses and strains at the first
row of through-depth integration points of each element are used since they are more accurate than
nodal values. Three-dimensional stress and strain transformations are applied to each element to find
the corresponding stresses and strains for different candidate critical plane angles, and the
corresponding fatigue damage parameters are computed on that plane. Then, the plane with maximum
damage parameters is identified as the critical plane. The approach is applied to a wheel-rail contact
problem to predict cracking locations, crack orientations, and component lifetimes. The implementation
is validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental observations published in the
literature.

References
[1] Socie, D. and Marquis, G. Multiaxial Fatigue, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA
15096-0001, 2000.
[2] Reis, L., Li, B. and de Freitas, M. Analytical and experimental studies on fatigue crack path under
complex multiaxial loading. Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 29 (4), pp.281-289,
2006.
[3] Li B, Santos JLT, de Freitas M. Unified numerical approach for general multiaxial fatigue life
evaluation, Journal of Mechanics of Structures and Machines 2000; 28(1): 85-103.

SS4
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ACEX125
Mr. Jorge Antonio Palma Carrasco
BRAZIL

Numerical Modeling of Hydrogen Diffusion in Structural Steels under Cathodic Overprotection
and its Effects on Fatigue Crack Propagation

J.A.P. Carrasco1, D.D.S. Diniz1, J.M.A. Barbosa2, A.A. Silva1
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil.
2Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil

Abstract
The effects of work environment on the structural steels are very concern: exist several phenomena
associated with the action of environmental effects that cause the degradation of their mechanical
properties, such the different damage processes caused by the hydrogen present in the environment. A
hydrogen source is the cathodic protection system: when the cathodic current density for CP is too
large is characterized the so-called Cathodic Overprotection, and hydrogen is produced on coating
defects and absorbed into the steel. The absorbed hydrogen could cause Hydrogen Embrittlement,
which is a degradation process that has shown a very significant influences on the intensification of
fatigue crack growth, and in the decreased the fatigue resistance of these materials [1]. This paper
presents a numerical simulation of the effect hydrogen atomic diffusion on fatigue crack propagation on
structural steels using a numerical formulation based on a synthesis of fracture mechanics and
continuum damage mechanics [2]. The simulation was performed in an idealized rectangular elastic
specimen with an edge crack loaded in the tensile opening mode, in plane strain state and under the
effects of a cyclic mechanical load and an environmental action, characterized by the hydrogen
concentration at the crack tip and its diffusion through lattice ahead of the crack tip. This last process
was simulated using the Difference Finite Method. On the other side, the equations that describe the
evolution of the variables at the crack tip form a non-lineal system of ordinary differential equations that
was solved by means of the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The simulations results shown that under
these conditions, the fatigue crack evolution process is enhanced by the hydrogen presence in the
material, and that the start time of the propagation decreases as its concentration increases. These
results show good correlation and consistency with the macroscopic observations, providing a better
understanding of hydrogen embrittlement on fatigue of structural steels.

[1] J. Capelle, J. Gilgert and G. Pluvinage, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 833 (2010)
[2] V. Bolotin, Doklady Physics, 45 (6), 291 (2000).

SS4
ACEX168
Mr. Hossein Heidary
Iran University of Science and Technology,
IRAN

Study on machining characteristics of glass/epoxy composite materials by acoustic emission
signals

H. Heidary1, A. Refahi Oskouei2, A. Ahmadi1, A. Sharifi3, B. Moosaloo1
2East Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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3K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In conventional machining, drilling is the most applied method accounting for as much as 40% for all
material removal processes. However, little is now about the interacting conditions between the drill tool
and material, which may be multi-type and multi-size. Damage free in drilling different fiber reinforced
composites is the main objective of present paper. Dominant damage mechanisms during drilling
process are: delamination, debonding, matrix cracking and fiber breakage. Acoustic Emission sensing
was employed for on-line detection of composite damage induced by drilling. This paper addresses an
application of wavelet-based signal processing technique on a composite during drilling. The aim of this
study was to discriminate damage mechanisms signals by wavelet transform method. To accomplish
mentioned goal, some extra experimental tests such as quasi-static 3-point bending, pure matrix
drilling, fiber tensile test and drilling of composites in two different lay ups are needed. Result shows
Acoustic Emission analysis by wavelet method can monitor damage mechanism in drilling of
composites.

[1] C.C. Tsao, J. Materials & Desing., 29, 9 (2008).
[2] S.R. Ravishankar, C.R.L. Murthy, NDT&E International, 33, (2000).

SS4
ACEX169
Prof. Amir Refahi Oskouei
IRAN

Damage monitoring of composite materials by acoustic emission signals classification

A. Refahi Oskouei1, H. Heidary2, M. Farajpur1, A. Ahmadi2, R. Mirbaqerijam3
1East Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Bahonar St., Tehran, 33955163, Iran.
3Iranshahr Azad University, Iranshahr, Iran.

Abstract
Acoustic Emission (AE) can be used to discriminate the different types of damage occurring in a
constrained composite. However, the main problem associated with data analysis is the discrimination
between the different acoustic emission sources. The objective of the cluster analysis is to separate a
set of data into several classes that reect the internal structure of the data. Indeed, cluster analysis is
an important tool for investigating and interpreting data. In this work, unsupervised pattern recognition
analyses (fuzzy c-means clustering) associated with a principal component analysis are the tools that
are used for the classification of the monitored AE events. A cluster analysis of AE data is achieved
and the resulting clusters are correlated to the damage mechanisms of the material under investigation.
Time domain methods are used to determine new relevant descriptors to be introduced in the
classification process in order to improve the characterization and the discrimination of the damage
mechanisms. The results show that there is a good fitness between clustering groups and damage
mechanisms. Also, AE with clustering procedure are as effective tools that provide a better
discrimination of damage mechanisms in glass/polyester composite materials.

[1] S. Huguet, N. Godin, R. Gaertner, L. Salmon, D. Villard, Composites Science and Technology, 62
(2002).
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[2] Chandrashekhar Bhat, M.R. Bhat, C.R.L. Murthy, Composite Structures, 61 (2003).

SS4
ACEX309
Mr. Seyyed Reza Hamzeloo
Amirkabir University of Technology,
IRAN

Damage detection by means of guided wave propagation in a pressurized hollow cylinder

R.Hamzeloo1, S.M.Rezaei1,2, M.Shamshirsaz2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2New technology Research Center , Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an emerging technology that can be used to identify, locate, and
quantify structural damages before failure. Among SHM techniques, Lamb waves are widely used since
they can cover large areas from a single location. This paper is a numerical simulation and verification
of health monitoring of pressurized hollow cylinder by Lamb wave propagation technique. Effects of
internal pressure on propagated wave through outer skin of cylinder were studied. Dispersion curves on
hollow cylinder were obtained and as a consequent, actuation frequency was selected. The commercial
finite element code (ABAQUS) has been employed to model a hollow cylinder with an actuator-sensor
pair and a tiny groove representing the crack. In a dynamic implicit analysis, a tone-burst waveform
was used to excite piezo-actuator and traveling signals received in a sensor. Elliptical loci of possible
crack positions are constructed based on the flight time of crack reflected waves estimated using
energy spectra from the Hilbert Huang Transform of the sensor signals. The timefrequency distribution
of the transient wave agrees well with the theoretical group velocity dispersion curves.

SS4
ACEX318
Mr. Mohd Akramin Mohd Romlay
Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
MALAYSIA

Probabilistic Fatigue Crack Growth of Cracked Structure

M.R.M. Akramin1, Zulkifli Ahmad1, A.K. Ariffin2 & M. Mazwan Mahat3
1Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, 26600, Malaysia.
2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43650, Malaysia.
3Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) Shah Alam, Selangor, 40450, Malaysia

Abstract
In order to model the uncertainties in fracture mechanics analysis a probabilistic approach is
introduced. The nature of crack in materials is affected by uncertainties aspects which became the
main focus in this research work. The objective of this work is to calculate the rigidity of cracked
structures based on failure probability by using simulation technique. The methodology consists of
cracked structures modelling, finite element calculation, generation of adaptive mesh, sampling of
cracked structure including uncertainties factors and probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo method.
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Probabilistic analysis represents uncertainty in modeling studies which offers the opportunity to make
statistical statements about the impact of parameter uncertainty especially when compare with
deterministic models. Therefore, the hybrid finite element and Monte Carlo analysis provides the failure
probability of the structures. The probability of failure caused by uncertainties relates to loads and
material properties of the structure are estimated using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Variability of
loads and material properties are represented in a probabilistic analysis by using statistical distribution
functions. The amplitude load has been used in order to represent the fatigue load in real phenomena.
Numerical examples are presented to show that probabilistic analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation
provides accurate estimates of failure probability. The comparison shows that the combination between
finite element analysis and probabilistic analysis provides a simple and realistic of quantify the failure
probability.

SS4
ACEX321
Prof. Nik Abdullah Nik Mohamed
National University of Malaysia,
MALAYSIA

Redistribution of Residual Stress at the Crack Tip

N. Nik Abdullah1, Mohammad Hadi Hafezi2, S. Abdullah3
1,2,3 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, 43600
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract
Keywords: elasto-plastic stresses, residual stress, fatigue crack growth rate In a component under
service load the distribution of incompatible strain cause a residual stress which is called initial residual
stress field in the uncracked structure. As soon as the appearance of micro-cracks network any sharp
crack very quickly blunts due to plastic deformation. Uniaxial elasto-plastic stresses and strains in
bodies subjected to uniaxial loading are calculated by helping Neubers rule associated with Ramberg-
Osgood equation and Hencky stress-strain relationships. Then, the residual stress distribution, which
has a significant role in the plastic zone at the crack tip, can be calculated. Some inconsistences in the
algorithm for solving equation set are found and discussed, though, the algorithm produce reliable
results at the crack notch root, but the residual stress distribution along the crack front path (away the
crack notch root) seems to be inconsistent. Finally, the algorithm is developed in order to find correct
residual stress intesity values. The new algorithm has been verified for several metallic materials.

SS4
ACEX335
Mr. Mohammad Noori
Iran

Investigation of vacancy and topological defects effects on the buckling behavior of SWCNTs
via a structural mechanics approach

M. Noori1, R. Eslami Farsani2, K. Malekzade3
1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran South Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In this paper, the influence of various vacancy defects and topological defects on the critical buckling
loads in carbon nanotubes under axial compression is investigated via a new structural model in
ANSYS software.
The necessity of desirable conditions and expensive tests for experimental methods, in addition to the
time expenditure required for atomic simulations, are the motivation for this work, which, in addition to
yielding accurate results, avoids the obstacles of the previous methods. In fact, this model is a
combination of other structural models designed to eliminate the deficiencies inherent in individual
approaches. BEAM4 element is considered for modeling of nanotube that BEAM4 is a uniaxial element
with tension, compression, torsion, and bending capabilities. The element has six degrees of freedom
at each node. The effect of different types of vacancy defects and topological defects at various
locations on the critical buckling loads is studied for zigzag and armchair nanotubes with various aspect
ratios (Length/Diameter). Finally, results of the present structural model are compared with those from
molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and show good agreement between our model and the MD model.

SS4
VIP-ACEX103
Prof. Jess Toribio
University of Salamanca
SPAIN

Compliance Evolution iIn Round Cracked Bars
Subjected to Tensile Cyclic Loading

J. Toribio1*, J.C. Matos2, B. Gonzlez1 and J. Escuadra2
1 Department of Materials Engineering, University of Salamanca
E.P.S., Campus Viriato, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain
Tel: (34-980) 54 50 00, Fax: (34-980) 54 50 02, e-mail: toribio@usal.es
2 Department of Computing Engineering, University of Salamanca
E.P.S., Campus Viriato, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain

Abstract
This paper studies the dimensionless compliance in cylindrical geometries with transverse surface
cracks subjected to axial tensile loading. Compliance evolution is analyzed when round bars subjected
to fatigue with free and constrained sample ends, initial crack geometries of straight or circular fronts
and several materials characterized through of the Paris parameter m are used. With this aim, a
computer application that calculates the crack fronts geometric evolution and the dimensionless
compliance was made by discretizing the crack front and assuming that every point advance
perpendicular to the crack front according to the Paris law. The results show that dimensionless
compliance grows with the increase of the relative crack depth and the decrease of the aspect ratio,
showing greater values for free sample ends than for constrained sample ends. Furthermore, during
fatigue crack growth, materials with higher values of the Paris parameter m produce slightly greater
dimensionless compliance and a better convergence between the results for straight or circular initial
crack.

Keywords: Dimensionless compliance, Fatigue crack growth, Numerical modelling, Cracked round bar,
Paris law.
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SS4
ACEX042
Prof. Ivica Kuzmani
CROATIA

Robust to Illumination Variations Preprocessing for Image Sequence Visualization

Igor Vujovi*, Ivica Kuzmani*, S. M. Bero**, J. oda**
* University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Zrinsko-Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia,
ivujovic@pfst.hr
** University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
Ruera Bokovia bb, 21000 Split, Croatia

Abstract
To obtain better image quality, it is possible to use several images. It is perfect for superresolution
algorithms [1, 2], which enables better subpixel clarity of the image and look in more details. However,
it is possible that illumination variations, i.e. caused by source of light, degrade the benefits of
superresolution algorithms. Therefore, it is important to reduce such event by stabilizating variations.
In order to reduce illumination variations, enhanced algorithm for stabilization is proposed. It is based
on the energy contained in the coefficients of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform [3, 4]. In the
proposed algorithm, energy plays role of the memory buffer in memory-based techniques for reduction
of the illumination variations.
Benefits of such stabilization of the image are in higher quality of images and better visualization.

[1] H. Y. Yun, C. K. Hong, Interframe intensity correlation matrix for self-calibration in phase-shifting
interferometry, Applied Optics. 44 (23): 4860-9, 10. August 2005.
[2] M. K. Ng, A. C. Yau, Super-Resolution Image Restoration from Blurred Low-Resolution Images,
Journal of Mathematical Imaging & Vision 23 (3): 367-378, November 2005.
[3] I. Selesnick, R. G. Baraniuk, N. G. Kingsbury, The Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform, IEEE
Signal Processing Magazine, 2005, No. 22, pp. 123-151
[4] A. Mertins, Signal Analysis: Wavelets, Filter Banks, Time-Frequency Transforms and Applications,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (1999).

SS4
ACEX067
Prof. Enio Pontes de Deus
Universidade Federal do Cear,
BRAZIL

Analysis of the guided systems of fixed complete denture with 4 osseointegrated implants for
the edentulous mandible

L.C.G. Pennafort Jr.1, S.C. Oliveira Jr.1, E.P. de Deus
1Failure Analysis and Materials Testing Laboratory, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil

Abstract
108 | P a g e


This study aimed to obtain comparative elements among the guided systems of fixed complete denture
with 4 osseointegrated implants with immediate loading, considering the importance of understanding
the implant project as a process where biomaterials and biomechanics are assessed. The three-
dimensional finite element method was used to analyze the tension concentrations in the whole
implant-supported system, associated to the variation of the confection material of the prosthetic bar
among the nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys, adding metallographic tests of the Ni-Cr and
Co-Cr alloys, with the objective of identifying the micro-structure and consequently evaluate its
influence in the mechanical behavior of the system. Two systems were analyzed, one with cantilever
and other without (tilted implants), submitted to a vertical load of 756N on the superior face of the
prosthetic implant-supported bar. Parallel to this study the prosthetic groups straight and tilted were
also separately verified.
The results demonstrated that the use of tilted implants avoiding the use of cantilever reduced
considerably the tension levels in the prosthetic bar and in the abutments, however in the implant-bone
area an increase of approximately 1.5 times was observed, compared to the straight implant under
cantilever. The study of the alloys pointed the Co-Cr alloy as a material of better performance regarding
the mechanical behavior.

SS4
ACEX169
Prof. Amir Refahi Oskouei
IRAN

Study Effect of Machining Parameters on Residual Tensile strength after drilling of composite
materials by Acoustic Emission signals

A. Refahi Oskouei1, H. Heidary2, N. Zarif Karimi3, M. Pezhmanyar4,V. Hosseinkhani5,
H. Ghezel Sofloo6
1East Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Bahonar St., Tehran, 33955163, Iran.
2,3,4,5Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Hafez Aven., No. 424, Iran.

Abstract
Drilling results damage in the form of delamination, matrix cracking, etc. around the hole and may
ultimately cause variation in the residual strength of the component with a drilled hole. The damage
generated during the drilling of composites can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of the
composite products. In this study, effects of machining parameters (Cutting speed and feed rate) on
delamination factor and residual tensile strength are considered. In order to quantify these effects
mathematical model were developed for all the machining parameters. ANOVA analysis has used to
find the most important machining parameter according to residual strength of woven glass/ resin
epoxy in tensile stress. During tensile test of drilled laminate, AE events have recorded. By feature
extraction of AE time domain parameters, the suitable parameter for detecting characteristic of residual
strength has been found.

Keywords: residual strength, drilling, composite damage, Acoustic Emission
[1] I. Singh, N. Bhatnagar, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 27 (2006)
[2] M. de Freitas, R. de Carvalho, Composites Science and Technology 66 (2006).

SS4
VIP-ACEX103
109 | P a g e


Prof. Jess Toribio
University of Salamanca
SPAIN

Role of Hydrogen Exposure Time on Hydrogen Assisted Micro-Cracking in Hot Rolled Pearlitic
Steel Bars

J. Toribio1, D. Vergara1, M. Lorenzo1
1University of Salamanca, Zamora, E.P.S., Campus Viriato, 49022, Spain

Abstract
Pearlitic steel wires are susceptible to surface cracking, in particular of the stress corrosion origin.
Environmentally assisted fracture of pearlitic steels has been the subject of extensive studies on the
importance of hydrogen embrittlement in material damage. In this sense, the pearlitic steels subjected
to hydrogen-assisted fracture (HAF) atmospheres show a typical fractography called tearing
topography surface (TTS) which is linked with hydrogen-assisted micro-cracking in pearlitic steels and
thus with hydrogen transport by diffusion in the material. The size and the geometry of the hydrogen
affected zones directly influence the fracture behaviour of pearlitic steel bars subjected to hydrogen
atmospheres, and therefore it is a relevant issue in fracture mechanics, health monitoring and integrity
of structural elements working in tension such as bars, wires, rods, strands, etc. This paper deals with
this very important problem by means of the analysis of the influence of the hydrogen exposure time on
the aspect ratio of the aforesaid hydrogen assisted micro-cracked areas (TTS zones). To this end,
fracture surfaces were analyzed in specimens taken from industrial hot rolled steel bars subjected to
standard tension test up to collapse under aggressive environmental conditions causing HAF. In
addition, assuming that this geometry is similar to an ellipse, the evolution of the axes of this geometry
with the crosshead speed has been quantified, showing that the hydrogen exposure time promotes
more slender elliptic geometries. Implications of these results in damage tolerance and structural
integrity of pearlitic steel bars are discussed in the paper.

SS5
VIP-ACEX021
Prof. Markus Merkel
University of Applied Sciences Aalen
GERMANY

Impact Behaviour of Cellular Materials

W. Rimkus1, M. Merkel1, A. chsner2
1University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
2Technical University of Malaysia, Johor, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia

Abstract
The ability to absorb energy is an important property for any material within engineering design. For
automotive as well for aerospace industry the need for good energy absorption in case of an impact is
obvious. Additionally, the damping behaviour of a material represents another mechanism of energy
absorption at vibrating systems.
Within this paper synthetic foams as well as metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS) were tested at a
drop tower. We investigated the capability to absorb energy and the damping behaviour for a large
variety of samples. The density of the plastic foams ranges from 0.4 g/cm3 to 1.4 g/cm3. MHSS
110 | P a g e


represent a relatively new group of advanced composite materials characterised by high geometry
reproduction leading to relatively constant mechanical and physical properties. The MHSS combine the
well-known advantages of cellular metals without major scattering of their material parameters. Within
this paper results are presented for sintered and adhesively bonded metallic hollow sphere structures
Experimentally processed results are compared to results gained by numerical simulation. Regarding
MHSS different macroscopic properties can be assigned to the different geometry of the spheres
(diameter, wall thickness) and assembling technique.

SS5
ACEX089
Prof. Branca Freitas de Oliveira
BRAZIL

Finite Element Simulation of a Rollover Protective Structure

T. R. Cesa1, B. F. Oliveira1
1Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91509-900, Brazil.

Abstract
This work presents a finite element simulation of the real test which is performed to validate the
strength and energy absorption capacity of a rollover protective structure (ROPS) [1,2] of agricultural
tractors. The test consists of four steps: rear loading, crushing of the rear columns, side loading and
crushing of the front columns.
In this study a new design of a cabin for narrow tractors was made and from it the computational test
was run for validation of the cabin. The simulation was performed using ANSYS software, considering
the nonlinear characteristics of the materials, since during the test the plastic limit is reached.
With the computational results, it was possible to simulate the four steps of the ROPS test and to
predict the behavior of the structure before to make the real test. These results were used to propose
design and materials changes that significantly improved the energy absorption making it more
efficient. The proposed cabin design reaches the energies and forces required in each step of the
ROPS test and the deformation needed to achieve them does not make any cabin part to enter the
operator survival space inside the cabin.
It was conclude that it was possible to virtually test the ROPS, making material and design changes in
order to have a more adequate structure before a first real test, reducing the cost for validation of the
new cabin model.

[1] International Organization for Standardization - Iso 5700 -Tractors for Agriculture and Forestry
Rollover Protective Structures - Static Test Method and Acceptance Conditions, 2006.
[2] Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE J2194 - Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) For Wheeled
Agricultural Tractors, 2009.

SS5
ACEX316
Dr. Carlos Alexandre de J. Miranda
IPEN,
BRAZIL

Numerical Simulation Versus Experimental Results of 9 m Drop Tests of a Cask for Nuclear
111 | P a g e


Research Reactors Spent Fuel

C.A.J. Miranda1, R.P. Mouro2, M. Mattar Neto1
1Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares, Brazil.
2Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Brazil.

Abstract
A tri-national IAEA-sponsored project has being carried out jointly by Argentina, Brazil and Chile to
develop a storage and transportation cask for the spent fuel generated by their research reactors. The
severe design requirements of a cask intended for the transport of spent fuels establish that the cask
shall be qualified by experiments that simulate normal and accidental conditions likely to occur in public
roads. The tests shall be performed in sequence, using the same damaged prototype. In any condition,
the cask integrity must keep its safety functions: containment of the radioactive products, integrity of its
biological shielding and prevention of criticality of the fuel elements. The cask consists of a sturdy
cylindrical body with internal cavity to accommodate a basket that holds the spent fuel elements. The
cask body has a sandwich-like shielded wall consisting of stainless steel outer and inner surfaces and
lead in-between. A double lid system guarantees the required containment and the internal lid has a
double sealing system. It is allowed the use of shock absorbers which are made with energy absorbing
materials with a strongly non-linear behavior as honeycomb, polyurethane foam or wood. Several tasks
have already been performed in this project, including two test campaigns where a half scale model
was submitted to the prescribed 1.2 meter and 9 meter free drop on a rigid surface, punch test and
immersion test, among others. This paper presents an overall description of the designed cask, the
impact limiters design evaluation (based on the maximum expected package acceleration levels), a
discussion of the nonlinear aspects involved (material and geometrical ones as well as contacts),
based on the already done numerical simulations of the 9m drop test and the impact limiters material
characterization. Some comments and conclusions are addressed based on the numerical and
experimental results obtained in two test campaigns.

SS5
ACEX377
Mr. Massimo Fossati
Politecnico di Milano,
ITALY

Numerical Analysis of a ballistic impact: comparison between different FE solvers

M. Fossati1, D. Lumassi, A. Manes1, M. Giglio1
1 Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Via la Masa 1, Milano, Italy
andrea.manes@polimi.it

Abstract
Ballistic impact, in particular with small and deformable bullets, is gaining nowadays a role
increasingly in the assessment of critical mechanical components. Although experimental tests have a
primary role, numerical simulations are fundamental to improve the awareness in the impact events
and to reduce experimental efforts. However, despite the increasing use of FE analysis, real bullet
impacts are very difficult to numerically reproduce, especially as far concern the high deformable ball
type bullets (unfortunately of widespread circulation and seriously dangerous both for human crew and
mechanical components) [1,2]. Starting from the illustrated premises, this work provides a detailed
approach for ballistic impact simulations between a NATO 7.62 projectile and a critical mechanical
112 | P a g e


component using two numerical Finite Element solvers: ABAQUS and LS-DyNA. The two software
provide not only different solvers but also diverse frameworks. Moreover such complex simulations
are strongly dependant from several parameters. In particular material models (constitutive law, failure,
strain rate and temperature dependency), available inside the software, are a key issue and will be
investigated in detail. The comparison will highlight the different approaches available and the
consistency of the final results will be validated through measurement from experimental tests.

[1] Brvik T, Dey S, Clausen AH, (2009) Perforation resistance of five different high-strength steel
plates subjected to small-arms projectiles. Int J Impact Eng 36: 948-964.
[2] T.Brvik, M. J. Forrestal and T. L. Warren Perforation of 5083-H116 Aluminum Armor Plates with
Ogive-Nose Rods and 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets Experimental Mechanics 2011 50-7:969-978

SS5
ACEX345
Dr. Vyacheslav Burlayenko
University of Technology,
Poland

Numerical Analysis of Dynamics of Sandwich Plates Damaged by Low Velocity Impact

V.N. Burlayenko1,2, T. Sadowski1
1University of Technology, Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 40-618, Poland.
2National Technical University KhPI, Kharkov, Frunze 21 Str., 61002, Ukraine.

Abstract
In this paper dynamics of sandwich plates with impact-induced damage [1] is being studied. Basing on
the finite element method a model of a vibrating sandwich plate containing post-impact damage zone is
developed. The computational model is created with the ABAQUS code [2] and consists of continuum
shell elements for each of the face sheets and three-dimensional brick elements for the core. The
impact-damaged region within the sandwich plate is modelled as a region containing the damaged face
sheet with a residual indentation, beneath of which a crushed core with reduced stiffness properties is
located. As a result of the presumed impact event the separation between the impacted face sheet and
the crushed core is introduced into the model.
The explicit integration scheme within ABAQUS/Explicit is used to solve the problem stated and to
study the dynamic response of the sandwich plate damaged by low velocity impact. The influence of
the impact-induced damage modes involving the core crushing, face sheet fracture and face sheet-to-
core interface degradation on natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes and frequency
responses of sandwich plates are examined. For this purpose parametric studies over a wide range of
parameters of post-impact damage zone are carried out and results obtained are discussed in details.

[1] S. Abrate, Appl Mech Rev, 50, 6282 (1997).
[2] ABAQUS Version 6.9-1 EF Users Manual, Dassault Systems Simulia Corp., 2009.

SS5
ACEX358
Mrs. Kirschbichler Stefan
Graz University of Technology
AUSTRIA

113 | P a g e


Methods to prevent or mitigate accidents with large animals

Heinz Hoschopf Graz University of Technology, Vehicle Safety Institute Austria
Stefan Kirschbichler Graz University of Technology, Vehicle Safety Institute Austria
Sinz Wolfgang Graz University of Technology, Vehicle Safety Institute Austria
Ernst Tomasch Graz University of Technology, Vehicle Safety Institute Austria
Saied Mohamed H. Darwish King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Motaz Almodimigh King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Hermann Steffan Graz University of Technology, Vehicle Safety Institute Austria

Abstract
Accidents with animals have a minor impact in the official statistics. However, animal accidents are
relevant with respect to socio-economic costs. In Germany only, the insurance companies recorded
annually 210 000-235 000 wildlife collisions between 2000 and 2005. The annual regulatory burden is
between 370 - 464 million Euros. However, these accidents usually result in property damage only.
Accidents, especially accidents involving large animals are dangerous for the vehicle occupants. Thus
the official statistics in Germany showed for that period 18 to 28 fatalities, 580-750 serious injured
persons and 2100 to 2600 slightly injured persons every year. Not included in the national statistics are
accidents that result from avoiding maneuver and lead turn-off the road accidents followed by collisions
with the infrastructure or causing an oncoming traffic accident. In this study typical accident scenarios
with large animals will be evaluated and simulated. In particular, the impact on passengers for these
types of accidents are investigated and analyzed by multi-body simulation methods. The occupant
loads are determined for typical animal accidents and the influencing factors on the occupant loads are
derived. Based on these studies avoiding scenarios are developed for both, the vehicle (primary and
secondary safety) and the infrastructure.

SS5
VIP-ACEX133
Prof. Giuseppe Lamanna
Second University of Naples,
ITALY

Evaluation of the structural integrity of hybrid railway cabin including crash
components

F. Caputo1, G. Lamanna1
1Second University of Naples, via Roma, 29 - 81031, Aversa, Italy

Abstract
The regional railway vehicles turned to the transport of people are often designed to
maximize the number of transportable passengers; this trend causes the deficiency of
suitable spaces of survival between the anterior face and the pilot cabin of the train
necessary to allow an appropriate dissipation of energy during collision phenomena [1-2].
Subject of this work is to study the static and dynamic behavior of a hybrid material cabin
involved in a longitudinal "primary impact" against a rigid barrier, as required by
scenarios 1, 2 and 3 of the UNI EN 15227:2008 standard.
Fulfillment of the requirements of the UNI EN 15227 standard is a challenge
scientifically interesting, because facing the crashworthiness problem, within the space
constraints imposed on a regional vehicle (without a front aerodynamic shock absorber
114 | P a g e


nose), means to absorb high energy (up to 10002000 kJ) in confined spaces, resulting in
high average force that has to be absorbed by the structure in order to limit deceleration
values [3].

References.
[1] F. Caputo, G. Lamanna, G. Romaniello, A. Soprano, Proceedings of XXXVIII AIAS
Conference, w.n. 051, Turin, Italy (2009).
[2] F. Fidanza, F. Caputo, G. Lamanna, Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on
Passive Safety, 129, Berlin, Germany (2008).
[3] G. Lamanna, F. Caputo, A. Soprano, Key Eng. Mater., 417-418, 685 (2010).

SS5
ACEX378
Mr. Nima Allahverdizadeh
Politecnico di Milano,
ITALY

Application of CDM Models on Ti-6Al-4v titanium alloy: Damage evolution investigation

N. Allahverdizadeh1, A.Manes1, M.Giglio1
1 Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica, milano, Via la Masa 1, Italy
andrea.manes@polimi.it

Abstract
Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) is a powerful framework to characterize the failure behaviour
of materials. Until now different CDM models are proposed and their applicability on different materials
is investigated.Due to the generality of the approach in metallic material, it is possible to extend the
methodology also to Titanium alloys that, at present, are an optimal solution for critical components
especially in aerospace industries. Recently, a comprehensive study by Giglioet el.[1] has been carried
out to characterize the mechanical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. A wide range of experimental
tests, by means of a multi-axial test machine, havebeen performedon simple specimens in order to
calibrate constitutive law and failure behaviour. Starting from this work the calibration of CDM models
likeLemaitres CDM model [2] and Bonoras nonlinear CDM model [3] on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy have
been carried on all the procedure illustrated in this paper.The above mentioned CDM models
calibrationsare subsequently compared with experimental results and failure locus proposed by Giglio
et al. [1] (Based on Bao-Wierzbickis framework [4]). Virtual simulations are performed using FE models
in uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions. Furthermore,damage evolution curves are obtained and
investigated for different conditions.

[1] M. Giglio, A. Manes, F. Vigan, Ductile fracture locus of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, article under
evaluation
[2] J.Lemaitre, J.Eng.Mater.Technol, 107, 83 (1985).
[3] N.bonora, Eng. Fracture Mechanics, 58, 11(1997).
[4] Y.Bao, T.Wierzbiki, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 46, 81(2004).

SS5
VIP-ACEX021
Prof. Markus Merkel
University of Applied Sciences Aalen
115 | P a g e


GERMANY

Laser Beam Cutting for Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures

H. Riegel1, M. Merkel1, A. chsner2
1University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
2Technical University of Malaysia, Johor, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia

Abstract
Metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS) represent a relatively new group of advanced composite
materials characterised by high geometry reproduction leading to relatively constant mechanical and
physical properties. The MHSS combine the well-known advantages of cellular metals without major
scattering of their material parameters. Various joining technologies such as sintering, soldering and
adhering can be used to assemble single metallic hollow spheres to interdependent structures and
allow adjusting different macroscopic properties.
A machining process for MHSS has to reflect the special characteristic of the composite material.
Classical cutting techniques like sawing or milling often fail. Spheres or large pieces are separated from
the bulk structure and cause a rough surface at the cutting zone. Other cutting techniques like jet
cutting cannot be used for oxidising material. The overall objective of any cutting technique is to
achieve a good quality cutting zone and not to destroy or manipulate neighbouring zones.
This paper presents laser beam cutting as a proper technique to cut composite materials like MHSS.
The quality of the cutting zone strongly depends on the process parameter. The type of joining
technique mainly influences the heat transfer between spheres and causes different levels of damage
for sintered, soldered or adhered MHSS.
Numerical simulation (Finite Element Method) was used to predict heat flux and temperature level for
different geometric parameters of the spheres (diameter, wall thickness). The experimental work was
done by a CO2-laser with a wave length of 10,6 m and a maximum power of 1,5 kW.
All investigations were done with hollow sphere structures having different macroscopic dimensions
(length, width, thickness).

SS6
VIP-ACEX028
Prof. Andreas Oechsner
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
MALAYSIA
.

SS6
ACEX143
Mr. Rolf Winkler
University of Applied Sciences Aalen,
GERMANY

Random Packing in Hollow Sphere Structures

R. Winkler1, M. Merkel1, A. chsner2
1University of Applied Sciences Aalen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalen, Germany
2Technical University of Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Johor, Malaysia

116 | P a g e


Abstract
Hollow sphere structures (HSS) represent a relatively new group of cellular metals. In contrast to foams
where the irregular cells lead to a broad bandwidth in the physical properties HSS are characterised by
relatively constant mechanical and physical properties. From engineering point of view this is a strong
argument for the design of components. A sphere represents the basic unit. Single hollow spheres are
assembled to a structure by different joining technologies such as soldering, adhering or sintering.
Model structures can be assumed to be regular, like a simple cubic packing (SC), body centred cubic
packing (BCC), face centred cubic packing (FCC) or hexagonal closest packing (HCP), or random
sphere packing.
Mainly regular structures (SC, BCC, FCC or HCP) with identical spheres are used in numerical
simulation. But in nature these theoretical structures are not occurring. This study will investigate real
structures by using X-Ray technologies and image processing. Parameters, like packing fraction or
porosity, of real structures will be determined and will be compared to idealized structures or random
simulated structures. The determined parameters shell help to find a meaningful representative volume
element (RVE) which can be used for thermal, static or vibro numerical analyses.

SS6
ACEX030
Prof. Akio Oota
Toyohashi University of Technology,
JAPAN

Developments of Low-Loss Bi2223/Ag Superconducting Tapes by Introducing Interfilamentary
Oxide Barriers

A. Oota1, R. Inada1, C. Li2, P.X. Zhang2
1Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, JAPAN
2Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xian, Shaanxi, 710016, CHINA

Abstract
Powder-in-tube processed (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi2223) superconducting tapes with high critical
current densities Jc of 40-50 kA/cm2 are commercially available on the order of 1 km length. However,
their AC losses are still too high compared to a practical level of AC power devices such as cables and
transformers operating at 77K because of strong electromagnetic coupling among Bi2223 filaments via
Ag matrix with low resistivity. This paper presents our recent activities for developments of low-loss
Bi2223 superconducting tapes by introducing interfilamentary oxide barriers. SrZrO3 was selected as
barrier materials for fabrication to suppress the side effect on the Bi2223 phase formation during
sintering. By controlling the thickness of barrier layers among the filaments, reducing the tape width (<
3 mm), and also by twisting the filaments tightly (< 5 mm in twist pitch lengths), the coupling frequency
fc which is a measure for electromagnetic decoupling among the filaments in AC magnetic fields turns
out to be well above 250 Hz even in AC perpendicular fields at 77 K. In addition, transport Jc values of
the barrier tapes with tightly twisted filaments are between 12 and 15 kA/cm2 at 77 K in self fields. To
our knowledge, this is the first achievement for both Jc > 12 kA/cm2 and fc > 250 Hz simultaneously in
a single Bi2223 tape. At 50 mT and 50 Hz, our twisted barrier tapes showed 60-70% lower
perpendicular field losses than a conventional 4 mm-width tape with fully coupled filaments. These
results may open up a way toward a new horizon for realization of superconducting power devices such
as cables and transformers under AC operation at 77 K.

This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research from MEXT (No.20686020)
117 | P a g e


and JSPS (No.22560270) of Japan. It was also supported in part by DAIKO Foundation.

SS6
ACEX113
Dr. Seung Eon Kim
Korea Institute of Materials Science,
KOREA

Effect of Pore Structure on Mechanical Properties of Porous Titanium

S.E. Kim1, J.K. Hong1, Y.T. Hyun1, N.K. Park1
1Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 641-831, Korea

Abstract
Porous materials have been used for various applications such as filters, catalysts, sound/shock
absorber, insulators, implants, bearings, etc., owing to increased specific surface area, decreased
density and other functions. Titanium and its alloys have been extensively used in aeronautical
vehicles, petrochemical components, medical devices, automobile parts, accessories, sports and life
goods, owing to high specific strength, good corrosion resistance and biocompatibilities, compared with
stainless steels or aluminum alloys. Therefore, porous titanium is promising material for biomedical
implants, chemical filters, and different structural and functional applications.
Although several processing routes such as powder sintering, sponge templating, gas foaming, fiber
mesh bonding have been tried to fabricate porous metals, layer manufacturing technology has been
recently paid much attention because it facilitates three dimensionally controlled design and fabrication
of porous body by computer aided processing[1]. In this study, we designed and fabricated porous
titanium with different pore structures by a modified layer manufacturing process[2]. The pore structure
was controlled by layering patterns and road gaps during the process. The porosity was measured by
Archimedes method, and the pore size distribution was analyzed by mercury porosimetry and scanning
electron microscopy. Compression tests were conducted to evaluate the compressive strength and
elastic modulus of porous titanium. Further, bending tests were carried out with different pore structures
as well. The mechanical properties and fracture mode of porous titanium will be discussed in
comparison with those of human bone.

[1] G. Ryan, A. Pandit and D.P. Apatsidis, Biomaterials, 27, 2651 (2006).
[2] S.E. Kim, D.G. Lee, Y.T. Hyun and J.K. Hong, International Conference on Cellular Materials,
Dresden, Germany, Oct. 27-29 (2010).

SS6
VIP-ACEX041
Prof. Luiz Antonio Bragana da Cunda
Federal University of Rio Grande,
BRAZIL

New Results on Plasticity and Damage Analysis of Metal Foams under Dynamic Loading

L. A. B Cunda1, B. F. Oliveira2, G. J. Creus3
1Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil.
118 | P a g e


Abstract
As compared with homogeneous metals and alloys, metallic foams provide low density, high specific
stiffness, high energy absorption and good damping and are thus interesting alternatives to employ as
protection against shock and impact. The knowledge and computational modeling of the mechanical
behavior of metal foams structures is thus of great importance for real life applications.
Computational dynamical analyses of RVE (Representative Volume Elements) of MHSS (Metallic
Hollow Sphere Structures) have been performed considering varying material properties and loading
rates. The interpretation of these results and the adequacy of the RVE concept in a dynamic context
are discussed in the present work.
Continuing with the research previously developed [1,2], the effect of relative spheres distribution is
studied. Syntactic and partial geometries submitted to dynamical loading under different impact
conditions are considered. The material is modeled as elastoplastic with damage in a large strain
context and the results are compared with those of other authors and experimental tests [3,4].

[1] B. Oliveira, L.A.B. Cunda, A. chsner, G.J. Creus, Materialwiss. Werkst., 40, 144 (2009).
[2] L.A.B. Cunda, B.F. Oliveira and G.J. Creus, in Mecnica Computacional, Vol. 29, p. 8233, E.N.
Dvorkin, Ed. (AMCA, Buenos Aires, 2010).
[3] T. Fiedler, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aveiro, Portugal (2007).
[4] T. Fiedler and A. chsner, Scripta Mater., 58, 695 (2008).

SS6
ACEX051
Dr. Refaay Ahmed Ibrahem
Beni-suef University,
EGYPT

Triboelectric Behaviour of Ptfe Composites for Textile applications

R. A. Ibrahim*, W. Y. Ali**
*Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Beni-suef university - EGYPT
**Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Taif University, KSA

Abstract
Research on electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition hazards of textiles is important for the safety of
astronauts. The likelihood of ESD ignitions depends on the environment and different models used to
simulate ESD events. [1]. Materials can be assessed for risks from static electricity by measurement of
charge decay and by measurement of capacitance loading [2]. In the present work, electrostatic
charge of PTFE composites were measured to propose new engineering materials with low or neutral
electrostatic charge which can be used for industrial application especially as textile materials and
some other mechanical applications. Square specimens of 50 mm side of composites containing (PTFE
+ Wool, PTFE + PA, PTFE + Polyester, PTFE + Cotton) were tested by sliding against (ceramic, car
padding materials, and house padding materials) Ultra surface Dc Voltmeter used to measure the
electrostatic charge of these composites. The results show that increases of cotton or polyamide
contents decrease remarkably the electrostatic charge of PTFE composite.
KEYWORDS PTFE Composites, Textile fibers and Triboelectric discharge.

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References
[1] W. Zhancheng, Y. Chen, H. Xiaofeng and L. Shanghe, Research on ESD ignition hazards of
textiles. Journal of Electrostatics 57 (2003) 203207
[2] J. Chubb, New approaches for electrostatic testing of materials, Journal of Electrostatics 54 (2002)
233244.

SS6
ACEX073
Mrs. Susana Zepka
Technological Institute of Aeronautics,
BRAZIL

Definitions of parameters to differ the mathematics modeling of the creep behavior of the Ti-6Al-
4V alloy with and without ceramic coating

S. Zepka1, L.A.N.S. Briguente1, C. Moura Neto1, D.A.P. Reis1, M.J.R. Barboza2, A.A. Couto3,4
1Technological Institute of Aeronautics So Jos dos Campos So Paulo - Brazil
2Lorena Engineering School University of So Paulo Lorena So Paulo Brazil
3Institute of Reserch on Nuclear Energy IPEN So Paulo Brazil
4University Presbiterian Mackensi Sao Paulo Brazil

Abstract
Material for aeronautical use has been developed to work in meet increasingly stringent. For certain
components higher the work temperature more efficient is the process. For some materials this
temperature increase and work in oxygen-rich atmosphere, leads them to structural failure. One of
phenomena that cause this behavior is the creep, thermally active mechanism which limits the useful
life of structural materials like titanium and its alloys. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is, actually, the greater use in
aeronautics industry, and one of this used is in turbine blades. To protect this structure, to can work in
higher temperature and increase its useful life is used ceramic coating like a thermal barrier. This work
has the objective compare the mathematic modeling of the creep behavior of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with
and without CoNiCrAlY + ZrO2 ceramic coating. The parameter identification in mathematic modeling
that can predict not only the behavior as the useful life of the component studies, it help so much in the
comparison of the two conditions, without the need for mechanical tests, saving time and specimens
test, same times with high complexity in them fabrication and deposition of the coating.

[1] M. J. R. Barboza, Study and Modeling under Creep Conditions of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, PhD Thesis, ITA,
2001.
[2] A. B. Menezes, Creep study in titanium alloys with enphasisin structural analysis, Graduation Work,
ITA 2009.
[3] H. Kraus, Creep Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.

SS6
ACEX074
Mrs. Karina Martinolli dos Santos
Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica (ITA),
BRAZIL

Evaluation on Inconel 718 creep behavior

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K. Martinolli1, D.A.P. Reis1 and C. Moura Neto1
1Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica (ITA), So Jos dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Abstract
Superalloys are used primarily in aerospace applications. These applications require a material with
high mechanical strength, good resistance to fatigue and creep, good corrosion resistance and ability to
operate continuously at elevated temperatures. These alloys were developed for elevated temperature
service, where relatively severe mechanical stressing is encountered, and where high surface stability
is frequently required. Inconel 718 has being investigated because it is one of the most widely used
superalloys. Constant load creep tests were conducted on a standard creep machine at 650 to 700C
and stress levels of 625-814 MPa. It was obtained sets of curves and experimental parameters for the
primary, secondary and tertiary regions, as a function of stress and temperature applied. It was
evaluated the ductility, the creep rate and lifetime.

[1] THOMAS, A., EL-WAHABI, M., CABRERA, J.M., PRADO, J.M. High temperature deformation of
Inconel 718, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177, 469-472, 2006.
[2] HIRSCHMANN, A.C.O., MOURA NETO, C., REIS, D.A.P., SUGAHARA, T., COUTO, A.A.,
CASTAGNET, M., PIORINO, F., BARBOZA, M.J.R. Comportamento mecnico da liga Inconel 718 sob
condies de trao a quente, CIBIM, 2009.
[3]BARBOSA, C., NASCIMENTO, J.L., CAMINHA, I.M.V., ABUD, I.C. Microstructural aspects of the
failure analysis of nickel base superalloys components. Engineering Failure Analysis v.12 p. 348361,
2005.

SS6
ACEX092
Mr. Christoph Veyhl
The University of Newcastle,
AUSTRALIA

Thermal Property Characterisation of Alulight and Alporoas Metallic Foam

C. Veyhl1, a, I.V. Belova1, b, G.E. Murch1, c, A. chsner2, 1, d, T. Fiedler1, e
1 The University of Newcastle, School of Engineering, Centre for Geotechnical and Materials
Modelling, Centre for Mass and Thermal Transport in Engineering Materials, Callaghan, NSW 2308,
Australia
2 Technical University of Malaysia, Department of Applied Mechanics, 81310 Skudai, Malaysia
aChristoph.Veyhl@uon.edu.au, bIrina.Belova@newcastle.edu.au, cGraeme.Murch@newcastle.edu.au,
dAndreas.Oechsner@gmail.com, eThomas.Fiedler@newcastle.edu.au

Abstract
Keywords: thermal conductivity, micro-computed tomography, finite element analysis, closed-cell foam
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used in order to determine the effective thermal conductivity of closed-
cell Alulight and closed-cell Alporas foam. The Alulight foam is a new kind of foam with more
homogeneous properties than Alporas foam. Both materials combine attractive properties such as
high impact energy absorption, compressive strength, structural damping and low thermal conductivity.
In order to capture the complex meso-structure of these materials, finite element models are based on
micro-computed tomography records. In the compass of the numerical analysis, special focus is given
to thermal anisotropy. To this end, effective thermal conductivities are obtained for a total of nine
independent directions for both materials.
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SS6
ACEX098
Mrs. Luciana Briguente
Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica,
BRAZIL

Microstructural evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V with Widmansttten structure and thermal barrier
coating after creep test

L.A.N.S. Briguente1, A. A. Couto2,3, D.A.P. Reis1, C. Moura Neto1, M.J.R. Barboza4,
1Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica, ITA, So Jos dos Campos, Brazil
2Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares, IPEN, So Paulo, Brazil
3Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, So Paulo, Brazil
4Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, EEL-USP, Lorena, Brazil

Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V is the most used of titanium alloys and presents some important properties as metallurgical
stability, high specific strength, corrosion and creep resistance [1]. However, the affinity with oxygen is
one of the factors that limit its application as structural material at high temperatures [2,3]. Due to the
needs of developing materials that can be used in more severe conditions, studies of coating
technology become important [4]. The aim of this work is the microstructural evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V
with Widmansttten structure and with thermal barrier coating (CoNiCrAlY + ZrO2) applied by plasma
spray after creep tests. Creep tests were performed at 600C in stress conditions of 125, 250 and 319
MPa and at 319MPa in temperatures of 500 and 700C at constant load. It was used optical
microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as analysis techniques. The microstructural analysis
shows that the material in these conditions presents a ductile fracture characterized by formation and
coalescence of micro cavities with shape and size varieties. The size and shapes are influenced by the
stress applied in creep tests.

1 M. J. R. Barboza, E. A. C. Perez, M. M. Medeiros, D. A. P. Reis, M. C. A. Nono, F. Piorino Neto, C.
R. M. Silva, Materials Science and Engineering A., 428, 319 (2006).
2 H. Guleryuz, H. Cimenoglu, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 472, 241 (2009).
3 I. Gurrappa, A. K. Gogia, Surface and Coatings Technology, 139, 216 (2001).
4 E. Celik, I. Ozdemir, E. Avci, Y. Tsunekawa, Surface & Coatings Tech., 193, 297 (2005).

SS6
ACEX140
Ms. Tarcila Sugahara
BRAZIL

Creep behavior of the Inconel 718 superalloy

T. Sugahara1, D.A.P. Reis1, C. Moura Neto1, A.A. Couto2, F. Piorino Neto3, M.J.R. Barboza3
1Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica, So Jos dos Campos-SP, Brazil.
2Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares, So Paulo-SP, Brazil.
3Instituto de Aeronutica e Espao, So Jos dos Campos-SP, Brazil.
4Escola de Engenharia de Lorena-USP, Lorena-SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
A superalloy is an alloy developed for elevated temperature service, where relatively severe
mechanical stressing is encountered, and where high surface stability is frequently required. High
temperature deformation of Ni-base superalloys is very important since the blades and discs of aero
engine turbine, because need to work at elevated temperature for an expected long period. The nickel-
base alloy Inconel 718 has being investigated because it is one of the most widely used superalloys[1].
The objective of this work was to evaluate the creep behavior of the Inconel 718 focusing on the
determination of the experimental parameters related to the primary and secondary creep states.
Constant load creep tests were conducted with at 650, 675 and 700 C and the range of stress was
from 625 to 814 MPa to according to ASTM E139 standard. The relation between primary creep time
and steady-state creep rate, obeyed the equation for both atmospherics conditions at 650, 675 and
700 C. The microstructural characterization employing the technique of scanning electron microscopy
have been valuable tools for understanding the mechanisms of creep.

[1] Sims, Stoloff, Hagel. Superalloys II High-Temperature Materials for Aerospace and Industrial Power
(1987).

SS6
ACEX151
Ms. Arezoo Sezavar
IRAN

On the role of pre-strain on shape memory effect of Nitinol Orthodontic Wires

A.Sezavar, H. Azmal, S. M. Zebarjad, S. A. Sajjadi
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi
Square, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) play an important role in various engineering and biomedical applications
due to their special characteristics of shape memory effect and super-elasticity. These alloys are a
class of smart material having the unique ability to return to a predefined shape when heated. Ni-Ti
alloy is a kind of shape memory alloy that is employed in medical applications Such as orthodontic
treatments.
In the current research, thermomechanical behavior of the thermal nitinol orthodontic wires was
investigated. For this purpose the wires were elongated at different strains. The strain rate was
1mm/min. In order to find out the role of cold work on shape memory effect the wires were tested using
a dilatometer apparatus. The samples were heated from room temperature up to 70 c. The results
show that transition temperatures of thermal nitinol orthodontic wires studied in the current research
depend on strain amount. The finished austenite transformation temperature increases from 28.4c to
47.8c as the strain percent increases from%7.5 to %9.5. The results show that the sample with %8.6
strain is suitable for orthodontic wire, because its finished transformation temperature is close to human
body temperature. Therefore this sample has ability in making high force for teeth displacement.

Keywords: Shape memory alloy, Thermomechanical, Nitinol, Orthodontic Wires.

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SS6
ACEX156
Prof. Antonio Luciano Seabra Moreira
Institute of Technology, Federal University of Par,
BRAZIL

Influence of Thermosolutal Convection on the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition in Unsteady-
State Directional Solidification of Al-9%Si Alloy

Andra M. Moutinho a, Diego L. B. Carvalho a, Antonio L. S. Moreira a,
Daniel J. Moutinho b, Jos M. Filho b, Otvio F. L. Rocha b
a,Institute of Technology, Federal University of Par, UFPA, PO Box 479, 66.075-000, Belm, PA,
Brazil
b,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Par, IFPA, 66093-020, Belm, PA, Brazil

Abstract
In alloy castings it is usually desirable for the grain structure to be fine and equiaxed. Therefore,
metallurgists need a precise understanding of the influence of solidification parameters to improve the
materials performance. Despite this effort there is as yet no way that the macrostructure of an ingot can
be predicted nor even any clear agreement on how the columnar to equiaxed transformation (CET)
actually occurs. The CET may be sharp or gradual and experimental observations show that the
position of this transition and the size of the equiaxed grains are dependent on thermal conditions
associated with the casting process including alloy composition, melt superheat, direction of heat
extraction, mold temperature, mold material, heat-transfer coefficients at the metal-mold interface,
cooling rate, casting size, melt convection and transport of solute. The gravity effects in relation to the
CET have been investigated with the chill placed in general on the bottom or top of the mold. In the
case of vertical upward directional solidification the influence of the convection is minimized when
solute is rejected for the interdendritic regions, providing the formation of an interdendritic liquid denser
than the global volume of liquid metal. When the process is carried through vertically downward the
system provides the melt convection which arises during the process. In the horizontal unidirectional
solidification the convection in function of the composition gradients in the liquid always goes to occur.
An interesting feature of the horizontal system is the gradient of solute concentration and density in
vertical direction because solute-rich liquid falls down whereas free solvent-crystals rise due buoyancy
force. In spite of this, only a few studies have reported these important effects of melt convection to the
CET for this case. In this article the CET was studied in Al-9%Si hypoeutectic alloy during the
horizontal directional solidification in a cooled mold as a function of solidification parameters such as
transient heat-transfer coefficient at the metal-mold interface, expressed as a power function of time
given by the general form hi = C(t)n, tip growth rates, thermal gradients, and cooling rates which affect
the structural transition. Specimens were solidified under unsteady state heat flow conditions and a
combined theoretical and experimental approach was applied in order to quantitatively determine the
solidification thermal variables considered. The macrostructure obtained has indicated that the CET
occurred on a near vertical plane in the casting. A comparative study between the results of this article
and those from the literature proposed to investigate the CET during upward vertical solidification of Al-
9%Si alloy is also conducted and the results show that the resulting thermosolutal convection seems to
favor the structural transition which occurred for a critical cooling rate of about 1.46 K/s for the alloy
investigated.

Keywords: directional solidification; columnar to equiaxed transition; Al-9%Si alloy.

SS6
124 | P a g e


ACEX177
Mr. Hesam Ghourchibeigy
K. N. Toosi University of Technology,
IRAN

Numerical analysis of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) for Cu-Zn-Al-Mn Shape Memory
Alloys

H. Ghourchibeigy 1, A. Shokuhfar1, S. M. R. Khalili1, M. S. Haghighat Nia 2, F. Arabi 2
1K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.
3Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Different external parameters related to the ECAP process of Cu-Zn-Al-Mn shape memory alloys have
been studied using ABAQUS 6.10 Software, which is widely used today. The parameters studied are
outer corner angle and, die and billet temperature. Exploring optimum amounts for the influencing
parameters, have made this work outstanding. Besides, there was no data for ECAPing Cu-Zn-Al-Mn
shape memory alloys; so, the next work should be experimental study of the process. This study was
conducted to find out that how dimensions affect the process.
The analysis was carried out on . Billet with dimensions of 10100 mm was modeled by 2D plane strain
simulations with ideal-elastic material properties of Cu-Zn-Al-Mn.
The strain homogeneity and the amount of strain induced in the deformed samples were directly
obtained from the effective strain distribution in the samples simulated with different tool angles.
To study die and billet temperature effects, four different simulations was carried out. The first one
simulated the situation at which the die temperature is and billet temperature is . The second one was
done with the same temperature for die and billet, . Third case was carried out with room temperature
for both die and billet in .
Based on strain homogeneity in the sample, lower dead zone formation and without involving any
detrimental effects, the optimum parameters were chosen.

SS6
ACEX294
Mr. M. Atarian
IRAN

Effect of ceramic particles on tribological properties of polymeric resin
M. Atarian1, A. Shokuhfar1, H. R. Salehi2
1K.N. Toosi University of Technology,Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran.
2Amir Kabir University of technology,Valiasr St., Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
The phenolic-based composite and components are widely used because of their excellent thermal,
tribological and mechanical behaviors. In present study, phenolic resin composed of hexamine,
novalac, furfural and furfuryl alcohol has been used. The 3-point flexural test of this resin showed
strength of 72MPa and flexural modulus of 6.5 GPa. Its density is about 1.29 g/cm3. Effect of two oxide
nano-particles (ZrO2 and TiO2) and two carbide nano-particles (SiC and TiC) on the tribological
properties of phenolic resin were experimentally investigated(the content of the fillers was 0.5, 1,
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2vol.%). The size and morphology of nanoparticles have been determined by SEM and TEM. In this
study, a special focus is to show effect of different fillers and proportion of particles on wear rate and
coefficient of friction. The fillers were ultrasonically mixed with phenolic resin and molded in form of
(0.8cm diameter 1.5cm height) cylinder. The samples were cured at 180C with special heating cycle.
Beside of filler type and content, the effect of filler size has been determined. The effect of particle size
on the wear resistant and coefficient of friction were analyzed and properties of microcomposites and
nanocomposites compare in details. The wear tests were performed on pin-on-disk testing apparatus
and at ambient temperature. The composite disks were tested in dry sliding against steel pin. The wear
surface of samples have been investigated by SEM and role of nano and microparticles showed on
different wear mechanisms.

[1] Bhabani K. Satapathy, Jayashree Bijwe, Wear 253, 787794(2002).
[2] S. K. Sinha, Polymer Tribology, p428, B. J. Briscoe, Ed, (Imperial College Press, London, 2009).

SS6
ACEX297
Dr. Tomasz Rzychon
POLAND

Methodology of Quantitative Evaluation of Structure in Cast Magnesium Alloys

T. Rzycho, J. Szala1
1 Silesian University of Technology, 40-019 Katowice, Krasiskiego 8, Poland.

Abstract
Magnesium alloys with alkaline earth elements are attractive materials for components working at
elevated temperature (ca. 180C) in automotive industry. It is well known that properties of engineering
materials depends on the microstructure. Therefore the complex procedures for quantitative description
of microstructure, which enable to obtain the repeatable and unequivocal results, are very important in
process control of technology parameters as well as to determine relationship between properties and
microstructure of materials.
The article presents comprehensive procedure consistent with modern quality assurance system for
quantitative assesment of porosity, primary grains and intermetallic compounds in magnesium alloy
containing aluminum and strontium. The presented procedure for this alloy includes: a methodology of
metallographic specimens preparation, methodology of image acquisition with light microscopy and
scanning electron microscopy and finally automatic image analysis operations sequence enabling
detection pores, grains boundaries and intermetallic compound. Moreover, the procedure contains
guidelines for statistical analysis allows for an objective interpretation of results.
In order to develop the complex procedure for quantitative description precisely phase identification
using the X-ray diffraction analysis, Rietveld method and EBSD method was performed.

SS6
ACEX319
Prof. Paulo Sergio Pizani
Federal University of Sao Carlos,
BRAZIL

Rare Earth- and Transition Ions-Doped PbTiO3: Vibratory Mill Activated Synthesis, Dynamical,
126 | P a g e


Optical and Structural Characterization

P.S. Pizani1, N.S. de Souza1, C.E.M. Campos2, and C.A. Fortulan3
1Universidade Federal de So Carlos, Departamento de Fsica, Caixa Postal 676 13 565-905 So
Carlos, SP, Brazil.
2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, BR 88040900 Florianpolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
3Universidade de So Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de So Carlos, Departamento de Engenharia
Mecnica, Avenida do Trabalhador So-carlense, 400, Caixa Postal 369 - 13566-590, So Carlos, SP,
Brazil.

Abstract
Rare earth (Sm, Er) and transition element (Cr, Mn, Ni, Co) doped lead titanate was synthesized by
using a special vibratory mill to active the solid state reaction between nanoparticules, with total
diameter of about 70 nm and crystalline core of about 30 nm. Particle size distribution, Raman
scattering, photoluminescence and x-ray diffraction was employed to study the time evolution of the
morphological, optical, structural and dynamical properties. The tetragonal ferroelectric phase was
reached after thermal treatment during five minutes at 770 K, in air. After thermal annealing, a Raman
scattering analysis of the hydrostatic pressure effects on the phonon spectrum was performed, using a
conventional diamond anvil cell.

SS6
ACEX357
Prof. Ragaie M. Rashad
Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
EGYPT

This investigation aims at study; develop a new low alloy austenitic structural Control the
Microstructure to Create Machinable and Nonmagnetic
Low Alloyed Structural Steel

Y.M.S.Shash1; A.E.Amer2; R.M. Rashad3and W. S. Elghazaly4
1, 3 Mechanical Design &production Dept. Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
2 central Metallurgical Research Institute
4 Graduate Student, Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
Corresponding Author (aeid958@yahoo.com)

Abstract
Steel that resembles traditional austenitic stainless steels in its microstructure at room-temperature and
magnetic properties that could be used in power generation devices such as turbines, generators, etc.
There will be very little power loss in power generation devices due to low permeability and the non-
magnetic nature of austenitic matrices. Furthermore, this steel can compete in abrasion resistant
applications while maintaining good combination of strength and toughness as well. A series of pearlitic
hyper eutectoid cast steels were experimented having chemical composition of; 1.6- 1.66 % Carbon,
0.3 % Silicon, 0.7-2.4 % Manganese and 0.2-2.8 %Chromium. Vanadium was used to refine the grains
of the final steel matrices. After melting and casting, the steels were subjected to homogenizing
annealing at 790-820C to attain good machinability. The steel specimens were then subjected to
austenitizing heat-treatment cycle and then quenched in water from 1150-1160C, this insures fully
austenitic microstructures (nonmagnetic). The initial study on the experimentally proposed alloy
indicated that the investigated steel has reasonably good strength, and moderate ductility compared to
127 | P a g e


other previous investigated alloys as well as its non-magnetic property.

SS6
ACEX376
Dr. Yaser Abdulaziz Hadi
Yanbu Industrial College,
Saudi Arabia

Enhancement of Hardness and Tensile Properties of Carbon Steel by Surface Hardening
Treatment

Dr Yaser Abdulaziz Hadi
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Yanbu Industrial College, Saudi Arabia
Email: yasirhadi@yahoo.com

Abstract
Keywords: Hardening, Carburizing, Annealing
Most bearings for piston-driven aircraft engines and early jet engines were made of through hardening
steel or carburizing grades of alloy steels. Minor improvements in the performance of plain carbon steel
were achieved by extra alloying additions, but these incremental changes were not enough to keep up
with the higher operating temperatures [1]. This article discusses the surface hardness and tensile
properties of plain carbon steel {C 0.06% max, Mn 0.25% max} that are extensively produced for a
variety of applications. The carburizing surface treatment is employed to achieve that objective.
Different carburizing conditions of 825 C, 850 C, 875 C and 900 C carburizing temperatures and 3
hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours and 24 hours carburizing times were employed. Annealing
and quenching hardening treatments were conducted for the sake of comparison and results analysis.
The ultimate tensile strength can be increased by considering carburizing conditions. The hardness can
be increased by 70% relative to received specimen and by 108% relative to annealed specimen. The
hardness of quenched hardened specimen Hardness can be achieved by 850 C and 900 C
carburizing temperatures and 12 hours carburizing time.1.

SS6
ACEX051
Dr. Refaay Ahmed Ibrahem
Beni-suef University,
EGYPT

Effect of Wool Contents and Fibre Direction on the Tribological Properties of PTFE Fibre
Composites in Textile Applications

R. A. Ibrahim 1*, M. I. Khashaba2, W. Y. Ali 2**
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Beni-Suief University EGYPT.
2Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, P. N. 61111, El-Minia, EGYPT.
**Current Address: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Taif University, K. S. A.

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Abstract
Research on electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition hazards of textiles is important for the safety of
astronauts, [1]. Materials can be assessed for risks from static electricity by measurement of charge
decay and by measurement of capacitance loading, [2]. Tribology is the science and technology of two
interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices, [3]. In the present work,
electrostatic discharge of PTFE composites was measured to propose new engineering materials with
low or neutral electrostatic charge to be used as textile materials. Test specimens of composites
containing PTFE and wool of volumetric ratio ranging from 0 to 50 % in different shapes were tested by
sliding under different loads against engineering materials (ceramic, car padding, and house padding
materials). The friction coefficient was determined by test rig designed and manufactured for this work.
Ultra surface Dc Voltmeter was used to measure the electrostatic charge generated from the friction of
those composites. The results show that the increase of wool contents in PTFE composites decreases
remarkably the electrostatic charge of PTFE composite.

Keywords: PTFE Composites, Textile fibers and Electric static discharge.
References
[1] W. Zhancheng, Y. Chen, H. Xiaofeng and L. Shanghe, Research on ESD ignition hazards of
textiles. J. of Electrostatics 57, pp 203207, (2003).
[2] J. Chubb, New approaches for electrostatic testing of materials, J. of Electrostatics 54, pp 233244,
(2002).
[3] Bhushan B., Introduction - measurement techniques and applications, Handbook of
Micro/Nanotribology, pp. 3 - 4, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, (1999)

SS6
ACEX297
Dr. Tomasz Rzychon
POLAND

The influence of hotchamber die casting parameters on the microstructure and mechanical
properties of magnesium-aluminum alloys containing alkaline elements

T. Rzycho1, B. Adamczyk Cielak2, A. Kiebus1, J. Mizera2
1Silesian University of Technology , Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Krasiskiego 8, 40-
019 Katowice, Poland
2Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Wooska 141, 02-
507 Warsaw, Poland

Abstract
The AJ62 magnesium alloy (Mg-6Al-2Sr) is characterized by good creep resistance up to 175C and
good castability enabling production of thin-walled elements in die casting process. The aim of the work
was to analyse the influence of hotchamber die casting parameters on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of AJ62 magnesium alloy. Die casting of investigated alloys was carried out on
280 tone locking force hotchamber die casting machine. The piston speed, pressure, die temperature
and casting temperature were changed during die casting. The microstructural examinations after die
casting showed that the alloy consisted of the solid solution , lamellar eutectic (Al,Mg)4Sr, minor
amounts of massive Al3Mg13Sr phase and globular particles of Mn5Al8 . Precipitates of Mg17Al12
phase were not detected. The stereological examinations after die casting showed that the volume
fraction of massive Al3Mg13Sr phase was dependant on the casting rate. In the range of lower casting
speed a growth of the die temperature results in the growth of volume fraction of this phase. Changing
129 | P a g e


casting rate at both applied die temperatures had no significant influence on the volume fraction of
(Al,Mg)4Sr and Al8Mn5 phases. The gas porosity is strongly influenced by applied pressure and piston
speed during die casting process. The mechanical properties of AJ62 magnesium alloy are better at
low porosity and high volume fraction of intermetallic phases.

SS7
ACEX026
Prof. Shinichi Tsuda
Tokai University
JAPAN

Computational Method for Robust Control of Space Robot in Target Capturing Operation

T. Kobayashi, S.Tsuda
Course of Aerospace, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Kitakaname 4-1-1, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Japan
Tokai University 259-1292

Abstract
The space robot is expected in the near future to perform more intelligent and autonomous operations,
such as to repair failed spacecraft and to capture space debris. In those missions robot is obliged to
handle the unknown target. Especially the mass property of the target is one which is unknown a-priori.
Based on the above consideration this study deals with the robust control of the space robot during the
target capturing operation under unknown parameters. Sliding mode control method [1] is applied to
assure the asymptotic stability. In this study the target is assumed to have unknown mass property
which is sufficiently large. Under such condition robust control is implemented to stabilize attitude
motions of the space robot body and target, which was rotating freely in the inertial space. Robust
control is given by applying the Gershgorins Thorem to evaluate the Lyapunov function and its time
derivative, which is assured to have the negative-definiteness. In order to assure this we introduce the
supremum value of the unknown mass property, which can be considered larger than the actual value.
The control for translational and rotational motions is also derived from Lyapunov function evaluation.
Numerical simulations were carried out, where two dimensional motions are assumed. This assumption
is not unrealistic because in-plane motion and out-of-plane motion can be separatey performed. The
target originaly has the tumbling motion, flat spinning, with unknown mass property. Therefore the
space robot captures this target and control their attitude and translational motion. The results of the
simulations are quite satisfactory and satisfy the control requirements. This shows the applicability of
our approach for unknown target capturing and control. [1] K. Noba, H. Den,Sliding Mode Control
(Corona Publishing Inc., Japan, 1994).

SS7
ACEX044
Mr. Muhammad iqbal sabir
Harbin Engineering University,
CHINA

Magnesium Alloy Stent Expansion Behavior Simulated by Finite Element Method

Muhammad Iqbal Sabir, Erbao Liu, Zhen Li, Yufeng Zheng, Li Li
1 College of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China
130 | P a g e


a iqbalsabir@hotmail.com, b liutong_05@163.com, d,* lili_heu@hrbeu.edu.cn

Abstract:
The percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) assisted with stenting procedure has
become a primary treatment to coronary heart disease. In fact, the structure conditions of both ends of
stent system influence a stents direct expansion behavior. The expansion behavior of the
cardiovascular stent is important for design and development and the finite element method (FEM) is
an efficient way to study it. Two common FEM models are currently used to simulate the cardiovascular
stent. In the first model, pressure is directly applied to the inner stent, and the balloon is ignored.
Whereas in the second model, the balloon usually simulated as a shell, is used to model stent
expansion. In our research pressure is directly applied to the inner surface of the stent. The aim of
research carried out was to simulate the mechanical properties of the magnesium stent using finite
element analysis. Implantation and in vivo loading are considered. Finite element analysis provides a
quick and cost-effective method for evaluating stent performance, yielding accurate information on the
effective limits of the structure, the expanded geometry and the stress and strain deformation fields
within the stent for various loading conditions without the requirement for multiple experiments. In this
paper, a 3D geometrical model of the new heart-shaped- cell stent is studied. The material of the stent
is magnesium Alloy. The dimensions of the stent are, length 7mm, 1.3mm outer diameter, cross
sectional width and length are 0.08mm respectively. The stent structure is meshed by the 20 node solid
186 tetra mesh. The boundary condition applied at the cross sectional nodes of the stent structure. To
ensure that the process of coronary stent expansion does not occur in a virtual rigid movement, without
impeding the expansion of the external force, so the model constrained symmetrically. All nodes
limiting the displacement in the Y-direction, but does not hinder its direction in the X and Z
displacement. The transient load is applied in the inner surface of the stent. Nonlinear transient
analysis is carried out by using commercial finite element package (ANSYS, Inc, Canonsburg PA,
USA).
In this paper, it is reported that finite element method (FEM) applied to simulate the transient expansion
process of magnesium stent system and to obtain the mechanical properties. Six mechanical properties
are studied by mathematical modeling with determination of: (1) stent deployment pressure, (2) the
intrinsic elastic recoil of the material used,(3) the stent foreshortening, (4) the stent coverage area, (5)
the stent flexibility, and (6) the stress maps. These results show the potential application and implanted
behavior of the Magnesium stent design and material.

SS7
ACEX048
Dr. Hamid Khachab
Bechar University,
ALGERIA

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of MBE growth: Investigation of different substrates

KHACHAB Hamida, ABDELKAFI Yamanib and BELGHACHI Abderrahmanec
Laboratory of Semiconductor devices physics(LPDS), Physics Department, Faculty of science and
technology, Bechar University, PO Box 417 Bechar, Algeria
akhachab_hamid_2000@yahoo.fr, bayamani4@yahoo.fr, cabelghachi@yahoo.fr
Keywords: MBE growth, reconstruction, roughness, rate coverage, GaAs (001), 2(2x4), alpha,
gamma, Kinetic Monte Carlo.

Abstract
131 | P a g e


Kinetics of semiconductors growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been the object of a
considerable recent attention involving the growth of III-V materials particularly GaAs.
In this paper; We present a kinetic Monte Carlo model describing the growth on the GaAs(001) 2(2x4)
reconstructed surface by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and including a roughness surface. We
investigate the cases of both homoepitaxial growth of GaAs(001) for two type of substrate; smooth
(perfect) and reconstructive substrates alpha, bta2 and gamma). This study allows us to better
understand the growth mechanisms (deposition, diffusion, nucleation absorption, desorption and
incorporation) of GaAs (001) for the substrates studied.

References
[1] G. Mller, J. J. Mtois and P. Rudolph: Crystal Growth, Elsevier (2004).
[2] K. Byrappa and T. Ohachi: Crystal Growth technology, Springer (2002).
[3] H.Khachab, in: Modlisation de la croissance pitaxiale par jets molculaires avec la mthode de
monte carlo cintique, thesis, doctor of science, Tlemcen university, Algeria (2010).
[4] H. Khachab, Y. Abdelkafi, A. Belghachi : Defect and Diff Forum Vols. 297-301 (2010) p. 308.
[5] M. Itoh: Progress in Surface Science Vol. 66 (2001), p. 53.
[6] Y.Abdelkafi : Modlisation et simulation de lpitaxie par jets molculaires, Mmoire de magister,
Universit de Bchar, Algrie (2009).
[7] B.A. Joyce, D.D. Vvedensky, G.R. Bell , J.G. Belk, M. Itoh and T.S. Jones: Mat. Sci. Eng. B
Vol. 67 (1999), p. 7.
[8] D.D. Vvedensky, M. Itoh, G.R. Bell, T.S. Jones and B.A. Joyce: J.Crystal Growth Vols. 201/202
(1999), p. 56.
[9] B.A. Joyce, D.D. Vvedensky, A.R. Avery, J.G. Belk, H.T. Dobbs and T.S. Jones: Appl. Surf.
Sci. Vol. 130 (1998), p. 357.
[10] H.Khachab, Y.Abdelkafi & A.Belghachi: In situ simulation by RHEED of GaAs (001) 2(2x4)
reconstructed surface, International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology (ICIMT
2009), pp 517,IEEE conference (2010).

SS7
ACEX114
Mr. Keivan Hosseini Safari
K.N.T University of Technology,
IRAN

Constitutive Model for High Strain Rate Deformation of Amorphous Polymers

K.H. Safari 1, J. Zamani1
1Modern Forming Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.T University of Technology,
Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Mechanical response of polymers to high strain rate loading is governed by its ability to access various
molecular mobility. Primary () and secondary (, etc.) processes of plastic flow in amorphous
polymers are restricted in different strain rate regime that are thought bring about enhanced strength.
Following the structure and one-dimensional rheological interpretation originally described by Haward
and Thackray [1], and based on constitutive model framework offered by [2], a new continuum- level
model is proposed to account for different processes of plastic flow. In order to liking between material
viscoelastic, yield and post yield strain- stress behavior, the proposed model has been implemented
numerically into a finite element code, ABAQUS/Explicit. Drawing off of existing experimental data of
Split-Hopkinson pressure bar and servo-hydraulic tests at low and moderate strain rates, appropriative
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constants of the model are chosen. Compration the results of model and available experimental data
demonstrate the ability of the constitutive model to accurately predict the strain rate dependence of
polymers during uniaxial compression at strain rate up to 104 s-1.

References
[1] R. Haward and G. Thackray. Proceeding of The Royal Society A, 302, 453-472 (1968).
[2] M. Boyce, K. Parks and A. Argon. Mechanics of Materials, 7, 35-47(1988)

SS7
ACEX120
Mr. Marco Donisete de Campos
Federal University of Mato Grosso,
BRAZIL

Galerkin Finite Element Method for Solving Convective Non-linear Equation

M.D. Campos1,3, E.C. Romo2, L.F.M. Moura3
1Federal University of Mato Grosso, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences,
Barra do Garas, Mato Grosso, 78600-000, BR.
2Campus of Itabira, Federal University of Itajub, Itabira, Minas Gerais, 35900-373, BR.
3State University of Campinas, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Thermal and Fluids Engineering
Department, Campinas, So Paulo, 13083-970, BR.

Abstract
The fast progress has been observed in the development of numerical and analytical techniques for
solving convection-diffusion and fluid mechanics problems. Here, a numerical approach, based in
Galerkin Finite Element Method [1], is presented for the solution of a class of non-linear transient
convection-diffusion problems. Using the analytical solutions and the L2 and L error norms, some
applications is carried and valuated with the literature [2].

[1] B. Jiang, The Least-Squares Finite Element Method. Springer, 1998.
[2] Z. Guo-Zhong, Y Xi-Jun and W. Di, Numerical solution of the Burgers equation by local
discontinuous Galerkin method, Appl. Math. Comput., 216, 3671, 2010.

SS7
ACEX160
Dr. Rizalman Mamat
MALAYSIA

Numerical Analysis of Fresh Air Dispersion in Combustion Chamber of a Portable Furnace

Rizalman Mamat, Cik Anuar Mohamed Yunus, Jasri Mohamad, Mahadzir Ishak
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang

Abstract
The design of combustion chamber is crucial to achieve high temperature combustion in a combustion
chamber of a furnace. The fresh air flow through the combustion chamber is being the main subject of
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study to enhance the air-fuel mixing in a combustion chamber. The standard CFD code by Fluent is
used to mesh and perform the numerical calculations. The three dimensional simulations result is used
at the design stage to optimize the basic geometry of the furnace. The circulation flow of fresh air in a
furnace is found to be stable and uniform throughout out the chamber. However the dispersion of the
fresh air charged into the combustion chamber is highly depending on the design of flow passage and
the velocity inlet of the air.

SS7
ACEX167
Dr. Zdenek Majer
Brno University of Technology,
CZECH REPUBLIC

Numerical Study of Microcrack Behaviour in Polymeric Composites with Respect a Nonlinear
matrix

Z. Majer1, P. Hutar2
1Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
2Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.

Abstract
In this paper polymeric particulate composites, especially polypropylene (PP) matrix and rigid particles
(mineral fillers, e.g. H2MgO2 or Mg(OH)2), are studied. Polymeric particulate composites are frequently
used in many engineering applications due to the possibility both of modifying many diferent
mechanical properties and reducing the price/volume ratio of resulting material [1]. The composite was
modeled as a three-phase continuum matrix, interphase and particle. The properties of the particles
and interphase (size, shape, material properties) have a significant effect on the global behaviour of the
composite.
The model was created with respect a few general terms [2]: (i) particles should be of small size (less
then 5 mm), (ii) aspect ratio must be close to unity to avoid high stress concentration, (iii) particles must
debond prior to the yield strain of the matrix polymer in order to change the stress state of the matrix
material and (iv) particles must be dispersed homogeneously in the matrix polymer.
On the basis of fracture mechanics methodology the interaction of micro-crack propagation in the
elastoplastic matrix filled by rigid particles covered by the interphase was analyzed.

[1] B. Puknszky, Interfaces and interphases in multicomponent materials: past, present, future,
European Polymer Journal, Vol. 41, pp. 645-662, ISSN: 0014-3057
[2] W. C. J. Zuiderduin, C. Westzaan, J. Hutink, R. J. Gaymans, Toughening of polypropylene with
calcium carbonate particles, Polymer, Vol. 44, pp. 261-275,
ISSN: 0032-3861.

SS7
ACEX315
Prof. Winfried Waidmann
Aalen University of Technology and Business,
GERMANY

CFD Simulation of Cavitation in Fluid Flows

134 | P a g e


M. Fuchs1, M. von Dirke2, M. Macdonald1, D. Harrison1, W. Waidmann3
1Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Cowcaddens Road, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK. 2L'Orange
GmbH, Stuttgart, Porschestrasse, 70435, Germany.
3Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Beethovenstrasse, 73430, Germany.

Abstract
This paper provides an insight to the latest findings of a research project aiming to obtain a reliable and
resource-friendly prediction of cavitation in fuel injections systems via the use of Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) software.
Modern diesel injection systems are characterised by fast opening and closing valves and very high
pressure drops up 2000 bar. Due to the geometric design or rapidly changing boundary conditions, the
pressure drops locally below the steam pressure inducing cavitation [1]. In regions of higher pressure
values, steam then condenses and the collapsing steam bubbles can erode metals over a period of
time. As a result of this, the cavitation may finally cause failure of the hydraulic components [2].
The research is split into different phases, whereas the first deals extensively with preliminary
investigations. Therefore, the behaviour of the Ansys CFX standard cavitation model is investigated on
throttles as well as on fuel injectors with respect to several considerations and applications. In this
context, important discoveries were made and are presented in this paper. The influence of mesh
quality and geometry are highlighted, as well as the effect of the wall distance (YPLUS), time step and
parameters of the cavitation model. The convergence of simulation and real damage symptoms are
checked by existing damage analysis and reports.

[1] C. Brennen. Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics. Oxford University Press. 2005.
[2] W. Bauer, U. Iben and M Vo. Simulation of cavitating flow in injection systems. Numerical Analysis
and Simulation in Vehicle Engineering. VDI-Berichte 1846, pp. 1029 - 1041, VDI-Verlag. 2004.

SS7
ACEX323
Prof. Mrio M. Graa
Instituto Superior Tcnico,
PORTUGAL

On the realistic computation of interpolatory quadrature errors

Mrio M. Graa
Departamento de Matemtica
Instituto Superior Tcnico, Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract
For a given smooth real function , and an interpolatory rule approximating the integral , expressions
for the quadrature error are well known [1, Ch. 5]. These expressions depend on a certain power of
the quadrature step (for a grid of equally spaced nodes) as well as on certain derivative , , [2, Ch. 6].
In practice the derivative is unknown or very difficult to obtain. Even in the case such a derivative is
available, the usual procedure for majoring the error on the whole interval , say , can be misleading
since the computed value of frequently overestimates the true error. The aim of this work is to obtain
realistic estimates of the truncation error for some well known interpolatory quadrature rules. Our
approach can also be useful for any quadrature rule with a known theoretical error expression. Given
an even or equally spaced small set of quadrature nodes, hereafter called a cell, we construct a
quadrature rule as well as the respective realistic error estimate for the cell. The estimates for are
135 | P a g e


obtained using finite differences [3] which can be exactly computed by means of an a priori
rationalization of the discrete data . This enables us both to explore the whole information contained
into the data and to keep track of the sign of the error . The output consists of sums and , obtained on
the whole interval , giving simultaneously an approximation for and a realistic quadrature error . This
approach is well suited for implementation by a symbolic language. Several illustrative examples have
been worked out using the Mathematica language.

[1] A. R. Krommer and C. W. Ueberhuber, Computational Integration, SIAM, Philadelphia, (1998).
[2] H. Rutishauser, Lectures on Numerical Mathematics, Birkhauser, Boston, 1990.
[3] B. Fornberg, Finite difference method, Scholarpedia, 2010,
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Finite_difference_method.

SS7
ACEX339
Dr. Elizabeth Lys
University of Nantes
FRANCE

Simulation of the temperature change induced by laser pulse on CFRP composite using a finite
element code for non destructive testing

E. Lys1, F. Bentouhami2, B. Campagne3, V. Mtivier1, H. Voillaume3
1Laboratoire Subatech EMN-IN2P3/CNRS-Universit de Nantes, 4, rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722,
44307 Nantes, France.
2Airbus France, Centre Technocampus EMC2, Alle du Chaffault, 44340 Bouguenais, France.
3EADS Innovation Works, Centre Technocampus EMC2, Alle du Chaffault, 44340 Bouguenais,
France.

Abstract
Laser-ultrasonic is an innovating technique developed in aeronautics for quick and contactless
inspection of composite materials. For the Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of composites, a short
and powerful laser pulse generates ultrasonic waves. A part of the incident laser beam is absorbed at
the surface, which generates a temperature increase of the material. This temperature increase
generates local stress and thermal warping that are responsible for the generation of ultrasonic waves.
There are basically two schemes for generating ultrasonic waves: thermoelastic regime and ablative
regime. In NDE, the main difficulty is to stay in the thermoelastic regime in order to avoid damaging the
material. The study of the surface temperature is an important parameter to evaluate if the
thermoelastic regime condition is respected. This paper describes the case of the thermal interaction
between a CO2 laser beam pulse and the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) composite material.
The laser beam is considered spatially and temporally Gaussian and the material is decomposed as
two media. The first is a 40-m thick resin and the second is a 4-mm thick CFRP. By considering a
laser beam as a volumic heat source with a 120-ns duration pulse, a 90-mJ energy and a 10-ms time
range between two pulses, we have developed a finite element model using Elmer code to simulate the
heat equation in transient regime and to finally evaluate the composite surface temperature increase.
The results of thermal analysis are applied to understand the influence of resin skin thickness on the
generation of ultrasound waves.

SS7
ACEX341
136 | P a g e


Prof. Maria do Carmo Coimbra
University of Porto

The Moving Finite Elements Method for 1D and 2D Burgers Equation

J.D. Rodrigues, M.C. Coimbra, A.E. Rodrigues
LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr.
Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the moving finite elements method (MFEM) with particular
highlighting to the solution of the Burgers equation in spatial domains of dimension one or two, 1D or
2D respectively. The moving finite elements is a moving mesh technique introduced by Miller and
Miller [2] and Miller [1] that automatically concentrates the mesh in regions of high spatial activity. Our
formulation of MFEM [3,4] is a variant of the method proposed by Miller and coworkers, based on the
use of higher order Lagrange basis functions for both the trial and the test spaces. We address the
degeneracy of the moving finite elements equations by the use of an appropriate penalization. For 2D
spatial domains the MFEM is obtained by approximating the solution by a piecewise polynomial of high
degree on a hexagonally connected triangular mesh. At each instant of time, the MFEM gives us not
merely the approximated solution but furthermore the mesh where this solution is defined. As it is well
known the Burgers equation, as an evolutionary equation, is a suitable model for many interesting
physical problems. Therefore, in this paper, we use Burgers equation as a test model to show the
features of the MFEM as well to illustrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the MFEM in solving time-
dependent partial differential equations in spatial domains of dimension one or two.

[1] K.Miller, Moving finite elements. II, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 18, 10331057, (1981).
[2] K.Miller, R.N.Miller, Moving finite elements. I, SIAM J. Numer. Anal.,18, 10191032,(1981).
[3] M.C. Coimbra, Mtodo dos Elementos Finitos Mveis: Aplicaes a Sistemas de Equaes de
Derivadas Parciais Bidimensionais, PhD Thesis, FEUP [2000].
[4] M.C. Coimbra, C. Sereno, A.E. Rodrigues, A moving finite element method for the solution of two-
dimensional time-dependent models, Appl. Numer. Math., 44, 449-469, (2003).

SS7
VIP-ACEX162
Prof. Tomasz Sadowski
Lublin University of Technology,
POLAND

Numerical modelling and testing of spot welding-adhesive joints for industrial applications in
aerospace

Tomasz Sadowski, Przemysaw Golewski, Marcin Kne
Lublin University of Technology, Poland

Abstract
Experimental investigations
The aim of the paper is to investigate experimentally mechanical behaviour of spot-welding -adhesive
joints of aluminium strips subjected to uniaxial loading. The tests were performed for: 1) a pure
adhesive joint in order to investigate material parameters for numerical modelling of the hybrid joint, 2)
137 | P a g e


a pure joining of the parts by spot-welding, 3) the spot-welding-adhesive joining of the structural
elements. The experiments with application of digital image ARAMIS system allowed for on-line
monitoring of the deformation process of the joined elements.
Numerical modelling
Numerical modelling was performed for experimentally investigated specimens with ABAQUS code.
The results investigated within the paper lead to the following major conclusions:
the strengthening of joints by application of adhesive significantly improve static strength
the final failure of the joined structural system significantly depends on the surface adhesive area
the stiffening effects of the hybrid joint lead to higher reliability and durability of the structural joints

Acknowledgment
Financial support from Structural Funds in the Operational Programme - Innovative Economy (IE OP,
Poland) financed from the European Regional Development Fund - Project "Modern material
technologies in aerospace industry", No POIG.0101.02-00-015/08 is gratefully acknowledged (RT-15:
Unconventional technologies of joining elements of aeronautical constructions).

SS7
ACEX124
Mr. Jose Carrasco Fernndez
Airbus Operations S.L. Getafe
SPAIN

Stiffened panel buckling and bending analyses using Rayleigh-Ritz method

J. Carrasco-Fernndez
Airbus Operations S.L. Getafe (Madrid), Spain.

Abstract
A Rayleigh-Ritz energetic procedure is proposed to calculate the buckling onset and bending behaviour
of flat CFRP stiffened panels submitted to any combination of in-plane loads (biaxial compression and
shear) and pressure. Panels may consist in any kind of anisotropic laminate. Thickness, lay-up and
material property changes are allowed along both longitudinal and transverse directions and transverse
shear effects are considered using a first order theory (Mindlin [1] and Reissner [2]). Stiffeners,
idealized as offset beams, can also be placed in both directions. For this purpose, the full set of in-
plane displacements (u0, v0 and w) and the transverse section rotations (x and y) will be used.
Simply supported edges are the assumed boundary conditions for the panel. Nevertheless, additional
restrictions can be added by means of the definition of certain torsion or flexural stiffness at the edges.
Therefore, clamped conditions or any other condition between clamped and simply supported can be
analysed. The consideration of all these features, together with the high performances of the Rayleigh-
Ritz method compared with Finite Elements analyses, allows a wide application in real aircraft
structures, such as CFRP torque box covers and spars with great performances and accuracy.
Comparisons with Finite Element methods in real structures will be shown.

[1] R. D. Mindlin, in Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural vibration of isotropic, elastic
plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 18, p3138 (1951).
[2] E. Reissner, in The effect of transverse shear deformation on the bending of elastic plates, Journal
of Applied Mechanics, 67, A69-A77 (1945).

SS7
138 | P a g e


ACEX132.1
Prof. Alen Harapin
CROATIA

Numerical model for predicting the behaviour of structures under fire

N. Tori1, B. Pero1, A. Harapin1, I. Boko1
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia

Abstract
The paper presents a numerical model and a computer program for predicting the behaviour of
structures under the influence of high temperatures (fire). Behaviour of the structure or a structural
element under fire depends on factors such as the time-temperature curve as a representation of fire
action, the development and spread of heat in the structure over time, the level of mechanical stress in
the structure (load level), the mechanical properties of the material at high temperatures and the
restraint conditions at the supports. All of these factors need to be included in the model to obtain a
clear insight of the physical processes that occur during the fire. The calculation procedure is based on
an iterative process that is repeated for each time-step. At each time-step the structure is sectioned
based on the temperature distribution so that the stiffness for each element/cross-section can be
determined. Element/cross-section stiffness is based on temperature dependant stress-strain curves
taken from literature as well as those determined by experiments. The adjusted stiffness is used to
calculate the global 3D system for external load and check (the change in) the global displacement
vector. The developed model consists of three complementary parts (modules). The first part (first
module) is a standard linear model for the calculation of inner forces of 3D beam structures under
external static forces. The second part (second module) represents a 3D transient, nonlinear heat
transfer model that calculates the temperature distribution along the beam element, as well as the
temperature distribution in the cross-section of the beam. The third part represents a module that
calculates the stress and strain components for each of the cross sections, as well as section stiffness.
Finally, a simple numerical example of a simply supported steel beam model is presented to show the
efficiency and the accuracy of the developed algorithm and software.

[1] J. Radni, L. Markota, A. Harapin in Journal of the IABSE, 16 (1), 59-65, 2006.
[2] I. Boko, in Proceedings of 3rd Int. Conf. on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation,
1258-1262 (2007.)

SS7
ACEX135
Prof. R. Leticia Corral-Bustamante
Technological Institute of Cuauhtmoc City,
MEXICO

Modeling of Virtual Particles of the Big Bang

R. L. Corral-Bustamante1, A. R. Rodrguez-Corral2
1Technological Institute of Cuauhtmoc City, Tecnolgico Ave. S/N, Z.P. 31500, Cuauhtmoc City,
Chihuahua, Mxico. E-mail: leticia.corral@cimav.edu.mx
2Autonome University of Chihuahua City, Av. Escorza No. 900, Z.P. 31000, Chihuahua City, Mxico,
E-mail: aaronrrc@hotmail.com

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Abstract
In this work is presented a mathematical model in 4 dimensions proposed to predict the behavior of the
transport phenomena of mass (energy) in space-time continuum through a metric tensor. Of this tensor
is obtained a system of non-linear equations that constitute the Ricci tensor, which in turn contains the
metric "true" to predict the flow behavior of absorption and emission of a mass of huge gravitational
field similar to that is believe to existed in the Big Bang.Computing the curvature of space-time through
tensor analysis by means of the nonzero components of a specific general relativity tensor through
calling sequence of the parameters that indicate covariant metric, contra-variant metric, Christoffel
symbols of the second kind, Ricci tensor and Einstein tensor that allow us to predict a vacuum solution
of the Einstein field equations, where the quantum vacuum is filled with virtual particles that make up
the mass of enormous superficial gravity of the type of black holes and wormholes predicted by
Wheeler [1] as well as the particle predicted by Higgs [2]. By Generating the geodesic equations,
another system of non-linear equations, we obtain the relativistic equation which is the carrier of
information of the behavior of the entropy of matter. Numerical integration is required with approximate
solutions. Approximate integration return or plot an approximation to an integral[3].

[1] R.W. Fuller and J.A. Wheeler, Phys.Rev., 128, 919 (1962).
[2] Q.H. Cao and Ch.R. Chen, Phys.Rev., D76:073006, (2007).
[3] R.L.Burden and J.D. Faires, in Numerical Analysis, 9th edition (Thompson Brooks-Cole, 2010).

SS7
ACEX148
Mr. Kazunari Kotajima
Hiroshima University,
JAPAN

Axisymmetric Finite Element Stress Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Stepped-Lap Joints of
Hollow Cylinders Subjected to Static tensile loadings

T.SAWA1, Y.UEDA2,K.KOTAJIMA,Y.SEKIGUCHI
1Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University,1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihirosima,
Hiroshima, Japan; sawa@mec.hiroshima-u.ac.jp
2Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University,1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima,
Hiroshima, Japan; m095103@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Abstract
Stress distributions in stepped-lap joints hollow cylinders subjected to static tensile loading are
analyzed using axisymmetric finite-element method (FEM). For establishing an optimum design method
of the joints, the effects of some factors are examined. As the results, it is found that the maximum
value of maximum principal stress 1 occurs at the butted edge of the internal diameter and the outer
diameter of the adherend s interfaces. The maximum value of 1 decreases as the adhesive Youngs
modulus increase and as the adhesive thickness decrease. And the maximum value of 1 of the outer
diameter decreases as the number of steps increases. However the maximum value of 1 of the
internal diameter increases as the number of steps increases. In addition the joint strength is estimated
using the interface stress distributions. For verification of the FEM calculations, experiments were
carried out to measure the strains at the interfaces and the joint strength. Fairly good agreements were
found between the numerical and experimental results.

Reference
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[1] H. S. Kim, S. J Lee, D. G Lee, Composite Structures, 32, 1-4,(1995)593-600.
[2] K. Mori, T. Sugibayashi, ISME Int. J, Series I, Solid Mechanics, Strength of
Materials, 33, 3(1990),349-355.

SS7
ACEX161
Mr. Ramazan Ozcelik
Middle East Technical University,
TURKEY

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Structural Steel Retrofitted Reinforced Concrete Test Frames

R. Ozcelik1, U. Akpnar1, B. Binici1
1Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06531, Turkey

Abstract
This study explains modeling strategy and effectiveness of the numerical simulation of the deficient and
retrofitted reinforced concret test frames. Pseudo dynamic (PsD) tests were conducted on the three two
story-three bay reinforced concrete (RC) frames. While one of them was reference frame with infill
walls, the others were strengthened with chevron brace and internal steel frame. For PsD test Duzce
motion record was applied in three scale levels namely 50%, 100% and 140%. Nonlinear time history
analysis was performed to observe the ability of estimating the dynamic response of the test frame.
Force based fiber elements were utilized to model RC beams and columns by considering the confined
and unconfined concrete parts of these members sections. The infill walls were modeled using
compression truss elements connected to the diagonal nodes of the beams and columns joints. The
numerical simulation the infill wall was conducted by an element removal algorithm to accurately
simulate the collapse of the infill wall. To capture accurate buckling and post buckling predictions, the
effective length of the braces was adjusted properly by introducing rigid end zones at brace ends. For
brace buckling simulations, braces were divided into four equal elements that were pin connected at its
ends to rigid elements simulating the gusset plates. Sinusoidal initial crookedness was used at mid-
span of the brace. Internal steel frame was composed of composite beams and columns. Hence,
concrete and steel members were defined with appropriate steel and concrete fibers as a simple
section to model composite member. The simulations revealed that collapse simulation of the infill wall
plays a crucial role in estimating large seismic deformation demands. It was also observed that post
installed connections of the structural steel members may exhibit some flexibility, hence need to be
taken into account in the numerical models. We conclude our study by comparing the performance
estimations obtained from numerical results with test observations.

SS7
ACEX291
Mr. Ugur Akpinar
Middle East Technical University,
TURKEY

Different Analysis Strategies for RCC Dam Design

U. Akpinar1, A. Aldemir1, B. Binici1
1 Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Inonu Bulvari, 06531, TR.

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Abstract
This study presents the results of numerical simulations of 56 m high Kocak Concrete Gravity Dam
which is planned to be constructed in a high seismic zone, Giresun, Turkey. A three stage analysis
procedure was employed, namely stability analysis, two dimensional finite element analysis both in
frequency and time domain and three dimensional dynamic analysis. The preliminary dimensions of the
dam cross section is determined from stability analysis following USACE 1110-2-12 and 110-2-2200
recommendations. Afterwards, time history analysis were conducted by following the procedure of
Fenves and Chopra (1985) that accounts for foundation flexibility, dam-reservoir interaction rigorously
using the finite element method. In order to estimate the crack lengths and distances, nonlinear time
history analysis were conducted for the two dimensional model using Westergaards added mass
approach including concrete cracking based on a smeared rotating crack approach. In 3D linear
spectrum analysis, the importance of modeling exact geometry and complete soil-dam interaction and
the influence of earthquake induced were investigated. It was found that the preliminary design section
based on rigid body equilibrium is susceptible to cracking. However, the locations of expected cracks
are highly dependent on the 2D versus 3D idealization of the dam geometry. Considering the fact that
length to height ratio of the dam is around 3, detailed three dimensional simulations are found to be
necessary to determine potential damage locations after an earthquake. Analysis results shed light on
the locations of grout curtain to reduce uplift pressures without sustaining severe damage under
Operational Based Earthquake Hazard, and stability of the structure under Maximum Design and
Maximum Credible Earthquake Hazard Levels.

[1] United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seismic Design Provisions for Roller Compacted Concrete
Dams,, Engineering Procedure 1110-2-12 (1995).
[2] United States Army Corps of Engineers, Seismic Design Provisions for Roller Compacted Concrete
Dams,, Engineering Procedure 110-2-2200 (1995).
[3] G. Fenves, A. K. Chopra, Simplified analysis for earthquake resistant design of concrete gravity
dams, Report No. UCB/EERC-85/10 (1985).

SS7
ACEX310
Dr. Essam Al-Bahkali
SAUDI ARABIA

Elastic Plastic Stress Distribution in Spot Weld-Bonded Lap Joint

E. A. Al-Bahkali, M. H. Es-Saheb, J. Herwan
King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Spot welding, bonding and Weld-bonding processes have many applications in different industries such
as automobile, and aerospace. A full understanding of these processes is a must for the joints
automation of manufacturing and design. However, the modeling and analysis of these processes is
complex. One important needed aspect is the knowledge of the stresses distributions at all levels of
elastic and plastic loadings. These are required to assess the joint performance and application limits.
This issue is not systematically investigated neither reported in literature. Very few scattered works are
reported in the elastic region only. Hence, to improve design procedures and welding codes, a careful
investigation covering all stresses distributions are essential. In this work, complete 3-D finite element
modelings of the spot welded, bonded and weld bonded joints, using ABAQUS finite element package
142 | P a g e


are developed and presented under axial loading conditions. The elastic plastic properties, modulus
of elasticity, fracture limit, for strips nugget, and heat affected zones, and adhesive are experimentally
evaluated. The stress distributions for each joint covering both the elastic and plastic regions are
obtained from the finite element developed models and presented. The F.E. results obtained,
particularly in the elastic regions compared very well with the previous published works. It also showed
that, adding an adhesive layer to the spot weld joints tremendously decrease the stresses developed in
spot weld joint. In addition, as the load increased in the elastic region, the stresses decreased rapidly.
When the load increased in the plastic region, the stresses continued to decrease, but in a less manner
than that in the elastic region.

[1] T.A Venkatesh, K. J. Van Vliet, A. E. Giannakopoulos, and S. Suresh, Determination of elasto-
plastic properties by instrumented sharp indentation: guidelines for property extraction, Scripta
Mateialia, 42, p.833 (2000).
[2] M. Dao, N. Chollacoop, K. J. Van Vliet, T. A. Venkatesh, and S. Suresh, Computational modeling of
forward and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation, Acta Materialia, 49, p.3899 (2001).
[3] Q.D. Yang, M.D. Thouless, and S.M. Ward, Elastic-plastic mode II fracture of adhesive joints,
International Journal of Solid Structure, 38, p3251 (2001).
[4] P.K. Ghosh and Vivek, Weldbonding of stainless steel, ISIJ International, 43, p.85, (2003).
[5] Al-Samhan and S.M. Darwish, Finite element modeling of weld-bonded joints, J of Mater Process
Tech, 142, p.587 (2003).
[6] M. N. Cavalli, M.D. Thouless, and Q.D. Yang, Cohesive modeling of deformation and fracture of
weld-bonded joints, AWS (2003).
[7] S. Li, M.D. Thouless, A.M. Waas, J.A. Schoeder, and P.D. Zavattieri, Use of Mode I cohesive zone
models to describe the fracture of an adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite, Composite
Science and Technology, 65, p.281 (2005).
[8] B. Bouyousfi, T.Sahraoui, S.Guessasma, and K.T.Chaoch, Effect of process parameter on the
physical characteristic of spot weld joints, J Mater and Design, 28, p.414 (2007).
[9] X. Kong, Q. Yang, B. Li, G. Rothwell, R. English, and H. J. Ren, Numerical Study of spot-welded
joints of steel, J Mater and Design, 29, p.1554 (2008).
[10] ABAQUS Users Manual, Version 6.8, (2009).

SS7
VIP-ACEX022
Prof. Guillermo J. Creus
BRAZIL

A Parametric Finite-Volume Formulation for Linear Viscoelasticity

S. P. C. Marques1 , R. S. Escarpini1 & G. J. Creus2
1 Federal University of Alagoas, Macei, AL, Brasil
2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Abstract
This paper presents a new numerical model for the analysis of structures of heterogeneous materials
with linear elastic and viscoelastic constituents. The model is based on the recently developed
parametric finite-volume theory [1,2,3] that has produced a paradigm shift in the finite-volume theory's
development. This parametric formulation, which has demonstrated to be an efficient alternative to the
finite element method in the modeling of linear elastic heterogeneous materials, is here extended to
model linear viscoelastic behavior. The present model employs the state variables approach for the
143 | P a g e


computation of the time-dependent strains. Several examples, including both homogeneous and
heterogeneous situations, are analyzed. Comparison between the numerical and analytical results
shows the excellent performance of the proposed model.

[1] M.A.A. Cavalcante, S.P.C. Marques, and M.-J. Pindera , J. Appl. Mech., vol. 74(5), pp. 935-945,
2007.
[2] M.A.A. Cavalcante, S.P.C. Marques, and M.-J. Pindera , J. Appl. Mech., vol. 74(5), pp. 946-957,
2007.
[3] M.A.A. Cavalcante, S.P.C. Marques, and M.-J. Pindera , Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 422-438,
2008.

SS7
VIP-ACEX343
Dr. Gilcilene Sanchez de Paulo
Universidade Estadual Paulista
BRAZIL

Numerical Solution of the FENE-P Model for Viscoelastic Free Surface Flows

G.S. Paulo1, M.F. Tom2, C.M. Oishi1
1Departamento de Matemtica, Estatstica e Computao, Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia,
Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil.
2Departamento de Matemtica Aplicada e Estatstica, Instituto de Cincias Matemticas e de
Computaco, Universidade de So Paulo, So Carlos, SP, Brasil.

Abstract
This work deals with the development of a numerical technique for simulating viscoelastic free surface
flows using the FENE-P (Finitely-Extensible-Nonlinear-Elastic dumbbell model with Peterlin
approximation) nonlinear constitutive equation [1]. In particular, we are interested in flows possessing
moving free surfaces. The equations describing the numerical technique are solved by the finite
difference method on a staggered grid. The fluid is modelled by a Marker-and-Cell type method and an
accurate representation of the fluid surface is employed. The full free surface stress conditions are
considered. The FENE-P equation is solved by a high order method, which requires the calculation of
the extra-stress tensor on the mesh contours. An implicit treatment to solve the momentum equation
and the pressure equation is employed. To validate the numerical technique developed in this work
flow predictions for fully developed pipe flow are compared with an analytic solution from the literature
[2]. Then, results of complex free surface flows using the FENE-P equation such as the transient
extrudate swell problem and a jet flowing onto a rigid plate are presented.

[1] R. B. Bird, P. J. Dotson, and N. L. Johnson, J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 7, 213 (1980).
[2] P. J. Oliveira, Acta Mech., 158, 157 (2002).

SS7
ACEX279
Mr. Muhammad Saadi
University of Management and Technology,
PAKISTAN

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Indigenous Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Smart Laundry System

M. Saadi1, L. Wuttisittikulkij2
1. Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of Management
and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai
Patumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Abstract
Smart home appliances provide ease in everyday life and their requirement and low cost availability is
inevitable now days. Automating household products will release a lot of burden and makes this world a
better place to live. This paper focuses on introducing a fuzzy logic based solution for automating the
washing machine which is a useful domestic product and free us from manual washing. However, most
washing machines employ a mechanical timer to control it. The mechanical manual timers are prone to
breakdown and the electrical contacts wear out. Sometimes, it is often hard to stop the machine,
because the only way to do it is to turn it counter clockwise. The result of this is that the timer
mechanism does not go back to its home position. Digitizing the input solves this problem because the
operational current is digital and can be turned off using a smart controller. Thus the controller will
decide when to run the motor and when not to. This paper deals with the indigenization of FLC based
Washing Machine, which is proficient of automating the inputs which can bring revolution in the lives of
persons who interact with washing machines on frequent basis.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, washing machine, digitizing

SS7
ACEX025
Dr. Rajai Alassar
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
SAUDI ARABIA

Hagen-Poiseuille Flow In Semi-Circular Microchannels

R.S. Alassar
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
In this paper, an exact solution of Hagen-Poiseuille flow in microchannels with semicircular cross-
sections is obtained. The velocity, shear stress distribution, and the friction factor are calculated and
compared to known approximate solutions in the literature. An attempt to extend the solution to
channels with semi-elliptic cross-sections is made.

SS7
ACEX062
Prof. Pablo Batista Guimares
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,
BRAZIL

Determination of the Residual Stresses from a Temperature Field Numerically Obtained in a
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Steel Alloy ASTM AH36

P. B. Guimares1,2, P. M. A. Pedrosa1, Y. P. Yadava1, J. M. A. Barbosa1, R. A. S. Ferreira1
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica, Av. Ac. Hlio Ramos
s/n, Cidade Universitria, CEP 50.740-530, Recife-PE.
2Instituto Federal de Educao, Cincia e Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Av Professor Luiz Freire, 500,
Cidade Universitria-PE, CEP 50740-540, Recife-PE.

Abstract.
In this work we developed a numerical-experimental methodology to determine the temperature field of
a welded joint for subsequent determination of residual stresses. The numerical model is based on the
coupling of different physical phenomena of thermal, mechanical and metallurgical nature present in a
welding operation. The numerical simulations were performed using a software based on finite element
method (FEM). Through the FEM considering aspects that make the mathematical modeling of
complex welding process, such as changes in physical and mechanical properties of materials as a
function of temperature, transience and speed of the welding process, phase transformations of the
material, different mechanisms of heat exchange with the environment (convection and radiation), all
associated with a high nonlinearity. The heat source used for analytical modeling of the heat input was
of the type proposed by Goldak double ellipsoid. This model can be easily applied in industry because
of its control through the input parameters of the welding process, such as current, voltage and welding
speed. The material used in this study consisted of steel plate ASTM AH36, much used in ship building.
To validate the numerical-experimental model, we used a rectangular plate of 60 mm x 50 mm, 3 mm
thick, welded by TIG process and its residual stresses were determined using x-ray diffraction method.
Through this study can be optimized part of the welding procedures currently practiced in the
petrochemical and shipbuilding industries, due to the reduction of the levels of residual stress.

Keywords: Temperature Field, Residual Stresses, TIG Welding.

SS7
ACEX068
Mr. Wagner Celso Paiva Barbosa de Lima
BRAZIL

Numerical simulation of the oil/water separation by hydrociclone: influence of turbulence
method

C.W.P.B. de Lima1, F.P.M. Farias3, S.R. Farias Neto2, A.G.B de Lima1
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre of Science and Technology (CCT)
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2Department of Chemical Engineering
Av. Aprgio Veloso, 882 - Bodocong, Zip Code 58429-900, C. Grande, Paraba, Brazil
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre for Sustainable Development of the Semiarid
(CDSA),3Department of Technology Development,
Av. Luiz Grande - Zip Code 58540-000, Sum, Paraba, Brazil.

Abstract
Hydrocyclones with special design have been developed for the treatment of produced oily water to
respect legislation before discharge to the sea. The presence of free, dissolved and emulsified oils can
cause significant impact to the environment if they are not removed [1]. The difference of the density
146 | P a g e


and centrifugal force promotes a rotational flow leading to formation of a vortex inside of hydrociclones.
One of the main advantages of this separation device is not present moving parts. They are basically
formed by a conical section connected directly to another cylindrical section, and fitted with a tangential
inlet and two outlets: the top and bottom [2]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate numerically two
important aspects in the oil/water separation by hydrociclone: the influence of turbulence method (k-
method, Stress-Reynolds) and mesh type (structured and unstructured). All numerical results were
obtained by commercial code Ansys CFX. Results of pressure, velocity and volume fraction are
presented and analyzed.

[1] F.P.M. Farias, C.J.O. Buriti, W.C.P.B. Lima, S.R. Farias Neto and A.G.B. Lima, Defect and Diffusion
Forum, Vol. 303-304, p.131-137 (2010).A.B. Black, C.D. Grey and [2] M.H. Shojaeefard, A.R.
Noorpoor, H. Yarjiabadi and M. Habibian, International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 17, n.3-4,
p. 9-19 (2006).

SS7
ACEX071
Dr. Ramadan M. Al-Habashi
Nasser Internationalism University (NIU),
LIBYA

New developed Formula to calculate the permittivity of Ferrite-polymer Composite

Ramadan Al-Habashi1,3 and Zulkifly Abbas2
1 Physics Department, Nasser Internationalism University (NIU), Tarhona, Libya.
2Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory (AMNL), Institute of Advanced
Technology (ITMA) and Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
3Member of the Nano and Advanced Technology Project, National Authority of Scientific Research,
Tripoli, Libya.

Abstract
Results of new developed formula named Habashi-Zul formula, based on Maxwell-Garnett (MG)
formula with a comparison of various theoretical models including the MG, Looyenga, Bruggeman and
Sen-Scala-Cohen, have been carried out and discussed with comparisons to the measurements results
for ferrite-polymer composite samples. This was to calculate the complex permittivity of such composite
materials. The lowest mean error percentage values were detected from the developed (Habashi-Zul)
formula for each composite, which was different from composite to others depend on the mole fraction
x. The developed or Habashi-Zul model appears to add a new contribution to the theoretical models to
calculate the effective permittivity of mixture ferrite-polymer materials, due to its accuracy as compared
with others.

Keywords: ferrite-polymer composite, Permittivity, Sm-YIG-PVDF, Maxwell Garnett.
Corresponding Author: Ramadan Al-Habashi, email: rtasneem2000@gmail.com

SS7
ACEX072
Mr. Clenilson Ferreira da Silva
BRAZIL
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Numerical analysis of the dispersion of pollutants in soils

C. F. Silva1, S. R. de Farias Neto1, A. G. B. de Lima 1
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Center of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, ZipCode 58429-900, Campina Grande,Paraiba, Brazil.

Abstract
The pollution in soil can have a wide range of negative consequences for human health and life on the
planet. Soon, study on groundwater flow and solute transport in soils has increased due to the
increasing concern with the quality of soil and environment in general [1]. The pollutant in contact with
the surface invades unsaturated zone soil forming a plume of contamination that can reach the aquifer
[2]. Therefore, much research has been devoted in the last 20 years to create models that simulate the
formation of pollutant plumes and help to take decisions on the management or treatment of area
pollution [3].
In this sense, this paper aim to present numerical simulation of dispersion pollutants in soils resulting
from leaking in petroleum storage tanks (gasoline and ethanol) and evaluate the impact on the
environment using ANSYS CFX. The numerical results presented and evaluated in this study are:
velocity, pressure, concentration of pollutants in porous media, and these parameters will be exposed
in real time, in transient form.

[1] J. L Favero, A. R Muniz and R. P. B. Santos, Eng. Sanit. Ambient., 12, 410 (2007).
[2] J. M. M. Mello, H. L. Brando, A. A. U. Souza, A. Silva and S. M. A. G. U. Souza, J.Petrol. Science
Eng.,70, 131 (2010).
[3] P. Hhener and O. Atteia, Adv. Water Resour. 33, 710 (2010)

SS7
ACEX101
Dr. Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Education Organization of Fars Province
IRAN

A promising avenue for the intensification of turbulent free convection in square cavities using
an adequate selection of binary gas mixtures

Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Education Organization of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract
This paper addresses a detailed procedure for the accurate calculation of the reduced Prandtl numbers
of selected binary gas mixtures. Binary gas mixtures find application as working fluids of
thermoacoustic refrigerators. Light helium (He) is the primary gas and carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur hexafluoride, tetrafluoromethane and xenon are the heavy secondary gases.
The three thermophysical properties specifying the Prandtl number of binary gas mixtures are viscosity,
heat capacity at constant pressure and thermal conductivity, which in general depend on temperature
T, pressure p and molar gas composition w. The precise formulas for the calculation of the trio of
thermophysical properties thermal conductivity, heat capacity and viscosity are gathered from various
reliable sources . When the set of computed Prandtl numbers of selected binary gas mixtures in (0, 1)
is plotted against the molar gas composition w for the seven binary gas mixtures, the family of Prandtl
148 | P a g e


numbers of selected binary gas mixtures curves for He+CO2, He+CH4, He+N2, He+O2, He+SF6,
He+CF4 and He+Xe exhibited distinctive concave shapes.

1. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1964.
2. Chapman, S., and Cowling, C. F., The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1970.
3. Schreiber, M., Vesovic, V., and Wakeham, W. A., Thermal Conductivity of Atom-Molecule Dilute
Gas Mixtures, High Temp.- High Pressure, vol. 29, pp. 653-658, 1997
4. Raithby , G. D., and Hollands, K. G. T., " Natural Convection" Handbook of Heat Transfer , 3rd ed.,
edited by W. M. Roshsenow, J.P. Hartnett, and Y. I.Cho, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998, Chap. 4.

SS7
ACEX122
Prof. Lorenzo Peroni
Politecnico di Torino DIMEC,
ITALY

The use of equations of state and strength material models in the analysis of structures
interaction with high energy particle beam

M. Scapin1, L. Peroni1, A. Bertarelli2, A. Dallocchio2
1Politecnico di Torino DIMEC, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, IT
2 Mechanical and Materials Group, Engineering, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, CH

Abstract
The unprecedented energy intensities of modern hadron accelerators yield special problems with the
materials that are placed close to or into the high intensity beams [1]. The energy stored in LHC in a
single beam is equivalent to about 80 kg of TNT explosive, stored in a transverse beam area of 0.2
mm0.2 mm. The materials placed close to the beam are used at, or even beyond, their damage limits.
However, it is very difficult to predict structural efficiency and robustness accurately: beam-induced
damage occurs in a regime where practical experience does not exist.
This study is performed in order to estimate the effects on metal structures due to the impact with a
high energy proton beam generated by LHC. The case study represents an accidental case
consequent to an abnormal release of the beam, in which a certain number of protons irradiate the
target directly. The energy delivered on the component is calculated using the FLUKA code [2] and
then used as input in the numerical simulations that are carried out via a FEM code.
To correctly simulate this scenario a proper equation of state and strength material model have to be
used, taking into account phase changes, thermo-mechanical coupling, strain-rate, temperature and
pressure effects.

[1] Petterson TS, Lefvre P (1995) The Large Hadron Collider: conceptual design. CERN Desktop
Publishing Service, Geneve
[2] Fasso A et al (2005) FLUKA: A Multi-Particle Transport Code
[3] Tahir NA, Goddard B, Kain V et al (2005) Impact of 7-TeV/c large hadron collider proton beam on a
copper target. Appl. Phys. 97

SS7
ACEX127
149 | P a g e


Mrs. Joana Maria Rodrigues Curto
University of Beira Interior,
PORTUGAL

The Fibre Properties Influence on a three Dimensional Web Model. Reinforced Office Paper and
Nanoweb Case Studies

J.M.R. Curto1*, E.L.T. Conceio2, A.T.G. Portugal3, R.M.S. Simes4
1,4 University of Beira Interior, Textile and Paper Materials Research Unit,
Chemistry Dep., Rua Marqus dvila e Bolma n. 54 Covilh, Portugal. e-mail: joana.curto@ubi.pt.
2,3 University of Coimbra, Chemical Engineering Dep., Plo II, Rua Slvio Lima Coimbra. Portugal

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present an innovating multi scale 3D paper model developed to include
key fibre parameters and an example of its application to a reinforced Eucalyptus office paper and a
textile non woven nano web. Many authors have identified the importance of fibre properties, specially
fibre transverse dimensions and mechanical behaviour, flexibility and collapsibility, on paper properties.
Due to the variability and complexity of fibres, when trying to establish relationships based on
experimental data is hard to separate effects. When changing a raw material several, if not all, the fibre
dimensions change. Also when studying paper densification both mechanisms occur simultaneously,
fibre flexibility and collapse. Mathematical paper models can be useful tools to overcome experimental
limitations. This article presents a three dimensional model and computational simulation developed to
study the influence of fibre properties on paper structure. The model intends to capture key paper
making fibre properties, morphology, flexibility and collapse. And includes the principal process
operations like fibre deposition and network forming, densification. The model is a deposition model like
de KCL-PAKKA model, extended to simulate fibre interactions and for the first time including a fibre
microstructure model that includes fibre lumen. A paper simulator is developed from scratch, using
MATLAB, and presenting several original contributions. Cellular automata are used to implement
computational fibre properties and exploited to calculate determinant paper structural properties. The
computational results were validated with experimental data. The analysis is carried out from the
consorting of fibre morphology, Wet Fibre Flexibility, SEM photographs and characterization of
laboratory isotropic hand sheets. An experimental design was devised in order to quantify the raw
material influence, beating degree, and long fibres incorporation level on Eucalyptus globulus based
paper properties. The resulting porous structure was characterized and the mechanical performance
was determined. Decision trees were used to classify the experimental and computational data. The
use of the proposed paper model reveals to be a useful tool to investigate the relative influence of fibre
wall thickness, fibre flexibility and fibre collapsibility on paper properties. The developed multi scale
model gave realistic predictions and enabled us to link fibre microstructure and web properties.

Keywords: 3D paper model, Eucalyptus office paper, fibre collapse, fibre flexibility, paper structure
properties, nanoweb

SS7
ACEX139
Dr. Dayene Miralha de Carvalho Sano
Universidade do Oeste Paulista,
BRAZIL

Numerical Simulation of liquid phase in the dip-coating technique, applied to tin dioxide
deposition
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D.M.C. Sano1, L.V.A. Scalvi2
1Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
2Department of Physics, FC, UNESP - State University of So Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.

Abstract
The fluid flow in the liquid phase of the sol-gel-dip-coating process is numerically simulated, and
applied for tin dioxide (SnO2) thin film deposition. The fluid modeling is done by assuming Newtonian
behavior, since the linear relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient is clearly observed.
The mathematical approach is supported on the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations ant the
developed numerical method follows the finite difference MAC (Marker-and-Cell) methodology [1]. The
problem is solved in two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Results are visualized by means of
velocity vector distribution in the colloidal suspension, yielding subsides to investigate the influence of
fluid rates towards the substrate, concerning the uniformity and homogeneity of the deposited film. The
velocity vectors distribution is compared to the optical properties of growing films deposited under
similar experimental conditions. Velocity vectors are more intense at the substrate bottom, in good
agreement with the experimental observation of lower optical transmittance in the ultravioletvisible
range at the substrate base, which is related to a larger thickness at this film position. Using numerical
as well as experimental viscosity values, in the range 1.5 to 18 cp, for the SnO2 colloidal suspension, it
was concluded that films deposited from higher viscosity suspensions are thicker. It has been
concluded that fluid velocity distribution reflects direct on the film optical quality, which is rather relevant
for application in optoelectronic devices.

[1] F. H. Harlow and J. E. Welch, Physics of Fluids, 8, 2182-2189 (1965).

SS7
ACEX144
Prof. Jose Maria Andrade Barbosa
UFPE,
BRAZIL

Formulation and Simulation of Deformation Assisted Diffusion Problem in an Inelastic Solid

F.A. Cruz1, F.C. G. Santos1, J. M. Andrade Barbosa1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, UFPE, Recife, PE Brazil.

Abstract
In the present paper, we presents a formulation and numerical implementation of a fully coupled
continuum model for deformation-diffusion in inelastic solids. The governing equations are obtained
after supplementing the basic balances with a thermodynamically consistent framework. and can be
used to describe the hydrogen effect on material deformation. The power expended by microforces
related to the hydrogen solutes and concentration gradients is included in the thermodynamics, and
these forces are required to satisfy equilibrium conditions at the micro level. The theory is developed for
small strains, whereby the total strain is decomposed into the sum of contributions form elasticity,
plasticity and hydrogen effects. The couplings of Internal state variables associated with the
concentration of hydrogen, and associated gradients are introduced via Helmholtz free energy, in
addition to the standard kinematic variables. of elastic strain and temperature including both
deformation assisted diffusion and Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity. A numerical algorithm is
presented to solve the discrete system of equations is based on the finite element method is presented
151 | P a g e


and MphyScaS (MultiPhysics MultiScale Solver) conceptual system. In order to illustrate the potentiality
of the proposed model, applications in the context of hydrogen embrittlement are presented.

Key-words: Finite element method; Coupling problem; Hydrogen embrittlement; Hydrogen diffusion;
Plasticity;

SS7
ACEX154
Prof. Mahir Es-Saheb
King Saud University
SAUDI ARABIA

Size Effect of Diametral Compression Test: A Numerical Study

M. H. Es-Saheba*, A. Al Bedaha, F. Benyahyaa
aMechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University
P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
essaheb@ksu.edu.sa, albedah@ksu.edu.sa, fbenyahia@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract
The diametral compression test is widely used by many industries to quantify the fracture strength and
tensile properties of brittle materials such as concrete, rock, coal, polymers, cemented carbides,
pharmaceuticals and ceramics. However, no standard specimen diameter is universally used in this
test. In this study, the validation of the diametral disc compression test with a small flat ground and soft
pad utilization over a wide range of diameters has been established. The stress distribution was
determined by finite element analysis (FEA) for a range of diameters and loading conditions. The
results showed that the diameter and both ground flat areas and soft pads have significant effect on the
stress distribution patterns in the test. Also, as loading continued they tend to deviate immediately from
the assumed ideal point load condition. The obtained results and data over a wide range of diameters,
particularly at the disc center, were manipulated. The maximum tensile stress variations, at the center,
with different loading conditions over a wide range ratio (of the width of the loading area, B, to the
diameter, D) up to 0.5 were recorded. Consequently, the stress differences from the ideal case were
calculated and fitted with a proper correction equation. It is found that the effect of the specimen
diameter size is more pronounced at the smaller diameter sizes. However, the effect of the size can be
divided into three distinct regions; the small range (D 20mm), the medium range (21 D 60mm),
and the large range (D 61mm). Thus, three correction quantities should be used, separate one for
each range, rather than one for all values of D. Also, it is clear that the effect of the specimen size is
more significant on the resulted tensile stresses than B (i.e. loading geometry configuration). To
compensate for the inaccuracies resulted from the use of the existing formulas, three corrections terms
are proposed to incorporate the diameter effects. Also, some recommendations on standardizing the
specimen sizes in this test, to improve both the measurements and interpretation of the test data, is
discussed and documented. The use of these correction equations is essential in order to obtain
accurate results of the diametral compression test. It is expected that the results presented in this
investigation will stimulate efforts towards establishing accurate experimental methods and guidelines
for evaluating the exact properties of materials.

References
1. F. L. L. B. Carniero and A. Barcellos, "Concrete tensile strength", Union of Testing and Research
Laboratories for materials and structures, Paris. No. 13 (1953).
2. Fayed, M.E. and Otten, L. Edts., "Handbook of Powder Science and Technology", Van Nostrand
152 | P a g e


Reinhold Company Inc., New York, 1984, 153-157.
3. M. Khanal, W. Schubert, J. Tomas, DEM simulation of diametrical compression test on particle
compounds, Granular Matter, 2-3,7, (2005),83-90.
4. P. Chen, H. Xie, F. Huang, T. Huang, Y. Ding, Deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives
under diametric compression test, Polym. Test, 3, 25, (2006), 333-341.
5. Es-Saheb M.H., "Dynamic Fracture of Manufactured Powder Compacted cylindrical Components ",
International JMPT, (2006).
6. P. Jons, H. Ggblad, K. Sommer, Tensile strength and fracture energy of pressed metal powder by
diametral compression test, Powder Technol., 2-3, 176, (2007), 148-155.
7. P. Jons, H. Ggblad, K. Sommer, Tensile strength and fracture energy of pressed metal powder by
diametral compression test, Powder Technol., 2-3, 176, (2007), 148-155.
8. S. P. Mates, R. Rhorer, S. Banovic, E.Whitenton, R. Fields, Tensile strength measurements of
frangible bullets using the diametral compression test, Int J Impact Eng, 6, 35, (2008), 511-520.
9. M. H. Es-Saheb, A. Al Bedah, Reassessment of the Diametral Compression Test Using Finite
Element Analysis, the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computational Engineering and
Experimenting, ACE-X 2009, Rome-Italy, from 22-23 June, 2009.
10. M. H. Es-Saheb, A. Al Bedah, Faycal Benyahya, Diametral Compression Test: Validation Using
Finite Element Analysis, the 4th International Conference on Advanced Computational Engineering
and Experimenting, ACE-X 2010, Paris- France, from 08-09 July, 2010.

SS7
ACEX163
Dr. C.K. Chio
University of Macau
P. R. China

Computations of Nom-isothermal Reversed Stagnation-point Flow over Flat Plate

V.K. Sin, C.K. Chio
University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.

Abstract
The classic problem of two-dimensional steady stagnation-point flow has been analyzed using similarity
solution by Hiemenz, one of Prandtl's first students. This similarity solution is appropriate for flow
directed perpendicular to an infinite flat plate, which is based on boundary layer approximation in the
direction normal to the plane. On the contrary, reversed stagnation-point flow over an infinite flat wall
does not have analytic solution in two-dimensional steady state case. Hence, numerical solution of
reversed stagnation-point flow is sought by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in this paper.
Important application of reversed stagnation-point flow can be found in oil recovery industry. This paper
concentrates on two issues. Firstly, the numerical solution of two-dimensional steady viscous reversed
stagnation-point flow over a flat plane is investigated. The other one is to include the non-isothermal
fluid which is at a temperature different from that of the wall. The temperature profile can be obtained
by solving both the energy equation and the Navier-Stokes equation. Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) software of STAR-CD and COMSOL Multiphysics will be used to solve the governing equation
and the results will be compared with each other. Effect of inlet velocity on size of vortices near the wall
region will be considered. Cases corresponding to different inlet fluid and wall temperatures will also be
investigated.

References
[1] K. Hiemenz, Die Grenzschicht neinem in den gleichformigen Flussigkeitsstrom eingetauchten
153 | P a g e


geraden Kreiszylinder, Dinglers Polytech. J, 326:321410, 1911.
[2] L. Howarth, The boundary layer in three dimensional flow. Part II. The flow near a stagnation point,
Philosophical Magazine (Series 7), 42(335):14331440, 1951.
[3] A. Davey, Boundary-layer flow at a saddle point of attachment, Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
10:593610, 1961.
[4] V.K. Sin and C.K. Chio, Study of Reversed Stagnation-point Flow, Proceedings of the IRAST
International Congress on Computer Applications and Computational Science 2010 (CACS 2010),
December 4-6, 2010, Paramount Hotel, Singapore, ISBN 978-981-08-6847-5.
[5] V.K. Sin and T.Y. Tong, The Aspect Ratio Effect on Temperature of 2-D Non-Isothermal
Stagnation-Point Flow, Proceedings of the International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied
Mathematics 2010 (ICNAAM 2010), The Fifth Symposium on Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow and
Heat Transfer, September 19-25, 2010, Rhode, Greece, American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Conference Proceedings.
[6] V.K. Sin and T.Y. Tong, Stagnation-Point Pressure Distribution and Wall Shear Stress: Numerical
Simulation and Similarity Solution, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009
(WCE2009) - The International conference of Mechanical Engineering, July 1-3, 2009, Imperial College
London, London, UK, pp. 1673-1678, ISBN 978-988-18210-1-0.
[7] V.K. Sin and T.Y. Tong, Comparison of Numerical Simulation of 2-D Stagnation-Point Flow with
Similarity Solution, Proceedings of The International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied
Mathematics 2008 (ICNAAM 2008), The Third Symposium on Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow and
Heat Transfer,, September 16-20, 2008, Kos, Greece, pp. 763-766, American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Conference Proceedings, ISBN 978-0-7354-0576-9.
[8] P.G. Drazin and N. Riley, The Navier-Stokes equations: a classification of flows and exact solutions,
Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[9] F.M. White, Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed., McGraw-Hill book Company, New York, 2003.
[10] STAR-CD, Version3.2, Methodology, Confidential for authorised users only, CD-Adapco Group,
2004.

SS7
ACEX166
Dr. M. Daoudi
University of Bechar,
ALGERIA

Hydrodynamic simulation of electronic noise in submicron n+nn+ Hg0.8Cd0.2Te structure

M. Daoudi1, A. Belghachi1 and L. Varani2
1Laboratory of semiconductor devices physics, University of Bechar, n417 Bechar 08000, Algeria.
2Institut dElectronique du sud, UMR CNRS 5214, universit Montpellier II, c.c.084, place Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. E.mail: daoudimadz@yahoo.fr,

Abstract
Modern microelectronics is evolving toward a deep miniaturization (submicron scale length) and a
search to increase the operation frequency of semiconductor devices. As a consequence, the
knowledge of small-signal kinetic coefficients (e.g., differential mobility, current spectral-density, etc.) is
of relevant importance to model and forecast device performances [1]. The aim of this work is to apply
the hydrodynamic model coupled with a Poisson equation to submicron n+nn+ Hg0.8Cd0.2Te structure
in view of the importance that this material has in modern infrared detection [2, 3]. The main objectives
are to provide simultaneously the dynamic small-signal noise associated with voltage fluctuations
around a stationary value.
154 | P a g e


[1]. L. Reggiani, T. Kuhn, and L. Varani, Noise and correlation functions of hot carriers in
semiconductors, Appl. Phys. A, Vol. A54, no. 5, PP. 411-427, May 1992.
[2]. M. Daoudi, A. Belghachi, L. Varani, and C. Palermo, Hydrodynamic simulation of electron transport
in n-type Hg0.8Cd0.2Te ; Eur. Phys. J. B 62, 1518 (2008).
[3]. M. Daoudi, A. Belghachi, C. Palermo, H. Marinchio and L. Varani, Hydrodynamic modelling of
transport in submicron Hg0.8Cd0.2Te; Journal of physics: conference series 193 (2009) 012003 DOI:
10.1088/1742-6596/193/1/012003, IOP Publishing.

SS7
ACEX288
Mr. Majid Niaz Akhtar
University of Technology Petronas
MALAYSIA

3D Forward Modeling of Seabed logging by Finite Element Method (FEM) for Hydrocarbon
Exploration

M.N.Akhtar1, N.Yahya2, and N.Nasir1
1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
2Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: majidniazakhtar@gmail.com

Abstract
3D electromagnetic (EM) modelling of seabed logging requires more accurate methods for the
detection of hydrocarbon reservoir. Finite element method (FEM) is chosen for 3D modelling of seabed
logging to get more precise EM response from hydrocarbon reservoir below hundred of meters from
seafloor. FEM allows to investigate the total electric and magnetic fields instead of scattered electric
and magnetic fields, which shows accurate and precise resistivity contrast below the surface of
seafloor. Finite Element Method (FEM) was applied on the lab scale tank to replicate the marine
environment. Different orientations of the transmitter and receivers were also modelled in scale tank
that would better detect the hydrocarbon reservoir. It was investigated that E field and B field shows
better resistivity contrast for inline configuration of the transmitter other than broadside position of
transmitter. Finite element method on the lab scale model was able to delineate better oil location with
greater magnitude of E-field (31.25%) than the B field (10.20%) with and with out oil. FEM was also
used to compare magnitude of normalised B field from experiments and modelling of lab scale tank. 3D
forward modelling from lab scale tank to real seabed model with different frequency response was used
to see hydrocarbon at few hundred of meters below seabed. It was also investigated that 0.1 Hz
frequency can be able to show better resistivity contrast with greater magnitude of E field (20%) and B
field (16.94%) for our proposed model.

SS7
ACEX331
Prof. M.K. Ebrahimi
University of Bradford,
UK

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Comparison of Backward and ForwardApproach in Distributed Lumped Models

M.K. Ebrahimi, B.A. Mason, A. Pezouvanis
School of Engineering, Design and Technology,
University of Bradford,
West Yorkshire,BD7 1DP, UK.

Abstract
Many mechanical systems can be considered as having distributed and lumped parameter (DLP)
characteristics. These arise from the use of spatially dispersed components such as shafts, rotors and
beams together with relatively compact elements such as gears, bearings, couplings and loads.The
design, analysis and simulation of DLP system where there is substantial spatial dispersion, would be
considered in this paper using backward and forward modelling technique.Without models which
replicate the dynamic behaviour of dynamic systems adequately there are many penalties. In
particular the prediction of transient, induced stress levels, noise, vibration and wear all manifest
themselves in the final implementation which, in general would at best, be less than optimum in terms
of dynamic performance. At worst, dangerously high stress levels and catastrophic failures could be
encountered.To simulate the DLP systems there are mainly two different approaches, Forward dynamic
simulation (FDS) and Backward or quasi-static inverse simulation (QIS). Forward dynamic simulation is
capable of describing the dynamic behaviour of a system to a high level of detail, but suffer from long
simulation times (Forward simulatorsrequire feedback).Backward simulations on the other hand are
very fast, but lack the ability of describing the dynamics properly. The aim of this paper is to shows that
the DLP model can increase the accuracy in both backward and forward representations. This would
enable the effect of the spatial dimensions, damping and stiffness changes etc., to be quickly
determined. Moreover, the response characteristics, peak stress concentrations, and the effect of all
parameter variations could be accurately assessed, from the admittance description of the system
model.Hybrid analysis, design and modelling methods also offer a unique, universal, analytical
environment enabling rapid model construction and the incorporation of linear and non-linear effects
together with computational effectiveness and efficiency. Problem specific solutions associated with
finite element analysis are avoided in the synthesis of the characteristics of spatially dispersed,
dynamic processes, by this technique. By way of contrast the spatial dimensionality of system
components appear as coefficients, when employing hybrid lumped-distributed system analysis. This
enables the effect of the system configuration and composition to be easily investigated. As a result of
this approach, which reflects the actual arrangement of the power transmission system, the stationary,
travelling and reflected speed and torque characteristics are generated directly for purposes of
measurement, design and analysis.

Keywords: power, transmission, distributed, lumped, hybrid modelling.
References:
1. Whalley, R., Mitchell, D., and Ebrahimi, M., "Mechanical Drive Control", ProcIMechE. pt 1, Vol.
213,1999, pp 301-310.
2. Whalley, R., Ebrahimi, M., and Mitchell, D., "Structural Properties of the Matrix Quadratic and its
Inverse", Applied Math. Modelling, Vol. 21,1997, pp 261-274.
3. Curtan, R.F ., and Pritchard, A.J ., "Infinite Dimensional Linear Systems Theory", Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1978.
4. Whalley, R., "The Response of Distributed-Lumped Parameter Systems", Proc. IMech.E. pt C, Vol.
202(C6), 1988, pp 421-428.
5. Whalley, R., and Ebrahimi, M., "Analytical Solution of Distributed-Lumped Parameter Network
Models", ProcIMechE, pt 1, Vol. 211(13), 1997, pp 203-218.
6. Aleyassin, M., Ebrahimi, M., and Whalley, R., "Multivariable Hybrid Models for Rotor Bearing
Systems", Journal of Sound and Vibration, Val. 233(5),2000, pp 835-856.
7. Menday, M., Ebrahimi, M., The Application of Parameter Design Methods to a Driveline System",
156 | P a g e


MBDMST, Conference 1997, UK, ISBN 1-86058-0645.
8. Ebrahimi, M., Machine Tool Drivetrain Modelling by Computer Aided Control, Journal of Computer
Applications in Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3/4/5, 2000, pp. 221-228.
9. Aleyaasin, M., Ebrahimi, M., and Whalley, R., Multivariable Hybrid Models for Rotor Bearing
Systems, Journal of Sound and Vibration.233 (5), 2000, pp835-856.
10. Whalley, R., and Ebrahimi, M., "Analytical Solution of Distributed-Lumped Parameter Network
Models", Proc.I.Mech.E.,pt I, Vol. 211(13), 1997, pp 203-218.

SS7
ACEX356
Ms. Caitriona de Paor
University College Cork
IRELAND

Effect of random geometric imperfections on buckling capacity of thin shells under uniform
external pressure

C. de Paor1, J.P. Gleeson2, D. Kelliher1, K. Cronin3
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland
2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Ireland
3Department of Process and Chemical Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland

Abstract
Thin-walled cylindrical shells are commonly used in the process sector as storage tanks and pressure
vessels. These shells may be prone to collapse due to an accidentally induced internal vacuum; this
can occur as a result of the mal-operation of a steam cleaning or sterilisation cycle for example. It is
widely known that the buckling capacity of thin-walled cylinders is extremely sensitive to geometric
imperfections and in this paper, the effect of geometric random geometric imperfections on the buckling
capacity of thin shells under external pressure is investigated. Measurement surveys of 39 small-scale
steel shells are carried out and a database is established consisting of measurements of radial
deviation from perfect circularity. Radial deviation can be represented as a Gaussian, two-dimensional,
homogeneous, random field in the axial and circumferential directions respectively. A fully separated
correlation structure is adopted for the field reflecting the fact that radial deviations in both orthogonal
directions are independent. Suitable auto-correlation functions for radial deviation in the axial and
circumferential directions are identified. An algorithm, based on the Fourier transform of the auto-
correlation functions is developed to produce numerical realisations of the random field of radial
deviation. Thus, shells with random geometric imperfections having the same statistical
characterisation as those experimentally measured can be generated numerically by Monte Carlo
simulation. A geometrically nonlinear static analysis is then carried out on these shells using finite
element analysis to determine the buckling pressure. A reliability model is then set up whereby one
may accurately determine the probability of collapse of a cylinder given a specific level of initial
imperfection using these finite element models.

SS7
ACEX359
Mr. Benammar Abdessalem
Center of scientific and technical
research in welding and control
ALGERIA
157 | P a g e


Estimation Of Defect Delamination In Ultrasonic NDT Using Chirplet Transform

Abdessalem Benammar a,b,*, Redouane Drai a & Abderrezak Guessoum b
aDivision de traitement du signal et de limage, Centre de recherche scientifique et technique en
soudage et contrle. Route de Dly-brahim BP 64 CHERAGA ALGERIE.
bDpartement dElectronique, Facult des sciences de lingnieur, Universit Sad Dahlab de Blida,
BP 120, Route de Soumaa, 09000 Blida, ALGERIE. * Abs_benammar@yahoo.fr

Abstract
In this paper, we address the inspection problem of composite materials using an ultrasonic signal
processing. We consider two main stages for estimation and detection of delamination defect: the pre-
processing technique necessary to improve the signal to noise ratio of composite materials signals and
the estimation with chirplet transform technique used for the detection of delamination defects. The
good performance of the proposed method is experimentally verified using ultrasonic traces acquired
from two specimens of carbon fibre reinforced polymer multi-layered composite materials (CFRP).

Keywords: Composite materials; Delamination defects; NDT; Ultrasonics; Signal processing; Chirplet;
Matching pursuit.

SS7
ACEX101
Dr. Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Education Organization of Fars Province
IRAN

The laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures

Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Education Organization of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract
This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures along a heated
flat plate. To form the binary gas mixtures, light helium (He) is the primary gas and the heavier
secondary gases are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), xenon (Xe), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The central objective in the work is to
investigate the potential of this group of binary gas mixtures for heat transfer intensification. From fluid
physics, two thermophysical properties: viscosity and density influence the fluid flow, whereas four
thermophysical properties: viscosity , thermal conductivity , density , and heat capacity at constant
pressure Cp affect the forced convective heat transfer. The heat transfer augmentation from the flat
plate is pursued by stimulating the forced convection mode as a whole. In this regard, it became
necessary to construct a specific correlation equation to handle binary gas mixtures owing Prandtl
number . Whenever there is heat transfer enhancement in a forced flow, drag force accretion seems to
be inevitable. A standard formula for estimating the drag force Fd exerted on the flat plate is available
from the fluid dynamics literature.

[1] M. M. Papari, D. L. Hitt, A. Campo, Int. J. Heat and Mass Trans. 2005, 48, 5081-5088.
[2] J. O. Hirschfelder, C. F. Curtiss, R. B. Bird, "Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids," John Wiley,
New York (1964).
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[3] S. Chapman and T. G. Cowling, "The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases", Cambridge
University Press, London (1970).

SS8
ACEX157
Dr. Mahadzir Ishak
MALAYSIA

The Characteristics of Unidirectional Solidified Ni-Al-Mo alloys

Abstract
Currently, thermal efficiency of power plants is less than 40%. It shows that power generators lost a lot
of unused heat energy and carbon dioxide has been released more than it should be. It is urgent needs
to use the resources effectively in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, there are many
studies aimed to the development of high efficiency gas turbines. The gas turbine rotor blade are made
of high-strength, high heat resistance, and high hardness materials. However, to improve the thermal
efficiency, introduction of higher combustion temperature is one of effective ways. Therefore, the gas
turbine rotor blades will require high strength materials at higher temperature. This study is focus on
one of supercomposite materials which is unidirectional solidified Ni-Al-Mo eutectic alloy. The aim of
this research is to improve the strength of material by various heat treatment conditions (solution
treatment and aging treatment).
The material composite was fabricated by unidirectional solidification method in the eutectic
composition alloy. Performing unidirectional solidification on Ni-Al-Mo alloy in eutectic composition
produced phase -Ni and ' phase-Ni3Al as a matrix, and phase-Mo growth into fibrous and lamellar-
like. The specimens were solution treated at temperature 1180 and 1280 followed by water
quenching. In addition, aging treatments were carried out at various temperatures (700 to 1000)
and different time duration. The microstructure, mechanical properties and characteristics of non-
treated, solution treated and aging specimens were investigated.
It was found that the mechanical properties of unidirectional solidified Ni-Al-Mo can be improved by
solution treatment and the strength can be improved further by performing aging treatment. The
optimized conditions are at 1280 and 4 hours for water quenching (solution treatment) followed by
aging process at 800 and 4 hours. The increased of mechanical properties due to uniformly
precipitated of finely dispersed phase-Ni3Al throughout the specimens.

SS8
ACEX024
Dr. Marcelo Araujo da Silva
RM Solues Engenharia Ltda
BRAZIL

Dynamic Analysis of Pre-Cast RC Telecommunication Towers Using a Simplified Model

Marcelo A. Silva(1), Jasbir S. Arora(2) and Reyolando M. L. R. F. Brasil(3)
(1) RM Solues Engenharia Ltda. - Engineering Director - Av. General MacArthur, 330, 2 Andar -
CEP: 05.338-000 - So Paulo-SP. Brazil - E-mail: marcelo@rmsol.com.br
(2) - F. Wendell Miller Professor, The University of Iowa, Associate Director, Virtual Soldier Research
(VSR) Program/CCAD,4110 SC/Eng/UIowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 - E-mail: jasbir-arora@uiowa.edu
(3) - Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering - Polytechnic School - The University of
159 | P a g e


Sao Paulo Associate Professor, Cx. Postal 61548, CEP 05.424-970, Sao Paulo -SP., Brazil - E-mail:
rmlrdfbr@usp.br

Abstract
I.Motivation
The motivation of this paper is to define a procedure to simplify the dynamic analysis of Reinforced
Concrete (RC) Telecommunication Towers. While the static analysis is very direct and easy to be
accomplished, the dynamic analysis is harder and more difficult to be done. So using graphs created by
the authors, the engineer can easily obtain the dynamic response of a tower, only by multiplying the
results of a static analysis by the coefficients obtained in the graphs.
II.Methodology
According to NBR-6118 code (ABNT, 1988 [1]), if the first natural frequency of vibration of a given
structure is smaller than 1 Hz, it is necessary to perform dynamic analysis of the structure; otherwise a
static model can be used. One peculiar characteristic of these pre-cast RC structures is that they often
present the first natural frequency of vibration smaller than 1 Hz and so the dynamic analysis is needed
[2]. This occurs because these structures are usually very slender and have a significant mass
distributed near the tip. The verification of the RC design is done based in the NBR-6118 code (ABNT,
2003 [3]). The main feature researched is the dynamic magnification factor, defined here as the ratio
between the flexure moment given by the dynamic and static models (ABNT, 1988 [1]). Surfaces are
created to give the dynamic magnification factor (surfaces) as a function of the structure height and the
first natural frequency of vibration. To create these surfaces, optimization problems (inverse problems
[4]) were formulated where the objective function is the error between the dynamic magnification factor,
computed according to (ABNT, 1988 [1]), and other given by equations, defined in function of the
structure height and first natural frequency of vibration. The design variables are the coefficients of
these equations and constraints are imposed to avoid negative and also very large frequencies. The
static analysis is quite straightforward and easy to implement. However, same thing is not true for
dynamic analysis because it requires computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes and
coefficient of amplification, beside others variables.
III.Results
With the methodology proposed here only the static results and the first natural frequency of vibration
are need to accomplish the dynamic analysis of a given structure. The method is easier and faster than
the tradition dynamic analysis approach. In this work, dynamic and static test results of 90 real
structures are used in the optimization process. The difference between the results given by the
simplified method proposed here and the complete dynamic analysis are less than 2%.
IV.Conclusions
The methodology proposed here is quite precise and can reduce drastically engineering and
computational time used to accomplish the dynamic analysis of RC Telecommunication Towers. In
spite of it, the graphs created by the authors constitute a new tool that can easily be used by
Engineers.
Acknowledgements
This work is result of a research project completed during an academic visit accomplished by Marcelo
Araujo da Silva at The University of Iowa, under the supervision of Prof. Jasbir S. Arora, in Iowa City,
IA, USA. The program was sponsored by RM Solues Engenharia Ltda. A great portion of the work
was developed using resources of the Optimal Design Laboratory at The University of Iowa. All these
supports are gratefully acknowledged.

References
[1] ABNT Associao Brasileira de Normas Tcnicas, (1988), NBR-6123 - Foras Devidas ao Vento
em Edificaes (in portuguese).
[2] Silva, M. A. and Brasil, R. M. L. R. F., (2006). Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Based on Experimental
Data of RC Telecommunication Towers Subjected to Wind Loading, Mathematical Problems in
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Engineering 2006 (2006), Article ID 46815, 10 pages.
[3] ABNT Associao Brasileira de Normas Tcnicas, (2003), NBR-6118 - Projeto de Obras de
Concreto (in portuguese).
[4] Arora, J. S., (2004), Introduction to Optimum Design, Second Edition, Elsevier Academic Press.

SS8
ACEX034
Prof. Mohamed M. ElMadany
SAUDI ARABIA

Optimal Active Suspension with Preview for a Quarter-Car Model Incorporating Integral
Constraint and Vibration bsorber

Mohamed M. ElMadany
Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
E-Mail: mmadany@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract
The design methodology of road vehicle passive suspensions has been well established, and the
automotive engineer must make a trade-off between ride comfort and road safety. Active suspension
technologies have been investigated and developed in order to improve the ride quality. Unlike passive
systems comprised of springs and dampers, active suspensions use force generating elements, driven
by an external power source. These elements can be made to respond to any set of measurements of
the system states. Thus, the active suspension, in principle, continually supply and modulate the flow of
energy, and can be adapted to the instantaneous operating conditions by changing their characteristics
accordingly.
However, the performance improvements of the active systems over the passive ones are limited
because of the lack of sufficient information about the incoming road input. This lack of information
forces the designer to select the control laws that are acceptable to a large class of inputs, leading to
systems that are optimally in an average sense. With look-ahead preview, road elevation information
ahead of the vehicle is gathered and utilized in controlling suspension actuators. Consequently, the
required control force can be synchronized in an efficient way, leading to more relaxation of the trade-
off between ride comfort and road holding.
In this paper, an optimal multivariable controller with preview has been designed for suspension control
of vehicle. The controller takes the form of a linear quadratic regulator with supplementary states for
added integral action. The effect of preview control on the performance of a quarter-car model
equipped with a passive vibration absorber is examined. The vibration absorber is used to reduce the
axle vibration without sacrificing the ride comfort. It is assumed that the road irregularities ahead of the
vehicle are measured, and this information is used to generate an enhanced control law in order to
provide further improvements in the performance over that without preview. An optimal performance
comparison of active systems with preview, optimally designed using full-sate feedback with and
without a passive vibration absorber is presented and discussed.

SS8
ACEX174
Prof. Ragaie Mohamed Rashad Hassan
Cairo University,
EGYPT
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Control the Microstructure to Create Machinable and NonmagneticLow Alloyed Structural Steel

Y.M.S.Shash1; A.E.Amer2; R.M. Rashad3and W. S. Elghazaly4
1, 3 Mechanical Design &production Dept. Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
2 central Metallurgical Research Institute
4 Graduate Student, Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
Corresponding Author (aeid958@yahoo.com)

Abstract
This investigation aims at study; develop a new low alloy austenitic structural steel that resembles
traditional austenitic stainless steels in its microstructure at room-temperature and magnetic properties
that could be used in power generation devices such as turbines, generators, etc. There will be very
little power loss in power generation devices due to low permeability and the non-magnetic nature of
austenitic matrices. Furthermore, this steel can compete in abrasion resistant applications while
maintaining good combination of strength and toughness as well. A series of pearlitic hyper eutectoid
cast steels were experimented having chemical composition of; 1.6- 1.66 % Carbon, 0.3 % Silicon, 0.7-
2.4 % Manganese and 0.2-2.8 %Chromium. Vanadium was used to refine the grains of the final steel
matrices. After melting and casting, the steels were subjected to homogenizing annealing at 790-820C
to attain good machinability. The steel specimens were then subjected to austenitizing heat-treatment
cycle and then quenched in water from 1150-1160C, this insures fully austenitic microstructures
(nonmagnetic). The initial study on the experimentally proposed alloy indicated that the investigated
steel has reasonably good strength, and moderate ductility compared to other previous investigated
alloys as well as its non-magnetic property.

SS8
VIP-ACEX037
Prof. Sergio Frascino Muller de Almeida
BRAZIL

Buckling Optimization using Lamination Parameters

S.F.M. de Almeida1, A.P.C.S. Ferreira1, G. Bonet2
1Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica, So Jos dos Campos, 12228-900, Brazil.
2Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ingeniera, Calle 1 y 47, Argentina.

Abstract
Lamination parameters have been used for optimization of composite structures when lamination
angles are used as design variables. With the use of lamination parameters, the buckling and vibration
problems are convex. The convexity property is important in optimization problems because it means
that the optimization procedure is free of local maximum or minimum. However, lamination parameters
are usually combined with the used of lamination angles to ensure that the optimal solution
corresponds to a physically feasible laminate. However, these procedures lead to ill conditioned
problems and computationally inefficient algorithms.
In this work a novel procedure using lamination parameters to optimize a composite panel under
compressive buckling load is described. The proposed optimization procedure does not use gradients
of the objective function in terms of orientation angles. It is based only on the gradient computed in
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terms of lamination parameters that are always simple to calculate. Moreover, the optimization is based
on simple metamodel that is computationally very cheap to compute the objective function. Therefore,
the procedure is very robust always obtaining the global optimum with minimal computational cost.
As examples of practical applications, this work describes the optimization of an optimization buckling
problem for a closed form solution and the solution for a similar problem implementing the proposed
procedure into a commercial finite element code. The results demonstrate that the procedure is robust,
flexible in terms of implementation and numerically efficient.

SS8
ACEX096
Dr. Lucila Yogi
BRAZIL

Evaluation of Creep Resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation

L.M. Yogi1, S. Zepka1, D.A.P. Reis1, M.Ueda2, M.M. Silva1, A.A. Couto3
1Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica, So Jos dos Campos, Brazil.
2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, So Jos dos Campos, Brazil.
3Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares, So Paulo, Brazil.

Abstract
Titanium alloys for aerospace applications contain both alpha and beta stabilizing elements in various
contents depending on the applications and of the required mechanical properties combinations. These
alloys can be worked to control the microstructure through processing as well as heat treatment
variations and to fully optimize the mechanical behavior. In particular, Ti6Al4V containing an (+)
structure continues to be the workhorse of the titanium industry due to their high specific strength,
corrosion resistance, excellent high temperature properties and metallurgical stability. Due to the
successful application in the aerospace industry, Ti6Al4V play a very important role in the
manufacturing of components such as disk and blades for aircraft turbines and structural forgings. This
alloy exhibits two important types of microstructure. The first is obtained after annealing operations and
it is constituted of equiaxed alpha structure with -phase in the grain boundaries. The second type,
obtained after slow cooling into the two-phase region, leads to nucleation and growth of the -phase in
plate form starting from -grain boundaries. Corrosion resistance is attributed to the passive oxide layer
formed over titanium and its alloys. Meanwhile, its surface can suffer intense corrosion caused by wear
processes due to its poor tribological properties. This work aims to evaluate the creep resistance of Ti-
6Al-4V alloy with a structure referred as Widmansttten treated by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation.
Creep behavior was investigated at 600C and 125 to 319 MPa.

SS8
ACEX147
Dr. Jan Valek
VB - Technical University of Ostrava,
CZECH REPUBLIC

New procedure for determination of main technological parameters of rolling mill

Jan Valek1), Jana Mllerov2), Veronika Szarkov3), Krzysztof Rokosz4), Czesaw ukianowicz4),
Draan Kozak5), Pavol Kotial6), Marta Harnirov7
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1) Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17
Listopadu, 708 33 Ostrava- Poruba, Czech Republic
2) Department of Fire Engineering, Faculty of Special Engineering, University of ilina, Ul. 1.mja 32,
01026 ilina, Slovak Republic
3) Institute of Economics and Control Systems, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB - Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
4) Division of Electrochemistry and Surface Technology, Koszalin University of Technology,
RACAWICKA 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
5) JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
6) Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, 17.listopadu
15/2172, 70833 Ostrava Poruba, Czech republic
6) Department of Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies
Technical university of Koice with a seat in Preov
jan.valicek@vsb.cz, jana.mullerova@fsi.uniza.sk, veronica.szarkova@vsb.cz, rokosz@tu.koszalin.pl,
ukianowicz@tu.koszalin.pl, dkozak@sfsb.hr, pavel.kostial@vsb.cz, marta.harnicarova@tuke.sk,

Abstract.
Keywords: automation, reduction, rolling force, determination of main technological parameters
Nowadays, approximately 90 to 95 % of materials are being processed by cold rolling [1 - 3]. There has
been a substantial increase in demand for utility properties as well as for reducing production costs. To
achieve these goals can not be ensured without a high degree of automation, control and monitoring
throughout the manufacturing process. These qualitative changes require deeper and more
comprehensive theoretical and metallurgical technological knowledge of operators in the field of
design, research and prodcution of rooled steel which are being needed for further development of
rolling steel. A continuous quality control of material and surface during the rolling process ia a part of
these tasks and is being associated with providing of full automation of rolling mills. Following
theoretical foundation, we develop a new procedure for determination of main technological parameters
of rolling mill. A main difference of our proposal being compared to current methods of calculation is
based on knowledge of deformation properties of materials and continuous processes of stress-
deformation state and according to a reduction in different stages of rolling. Current procedures are on
the contrary based on static calculations which are based on the geometry of the system working roll
and instantaneous sheet metal thickness in a gap between cylinders. In doing so, the calculations
almost ignore the real stress deformation properties of rolled metal sheet, optimal transmission rate of
deformation in the material at given speeds of cylinders and when given main rolling force. We
emphasize the optimum balance system: main rolling force rolling speeds, respectively transmission
rate of deformation in the material. This procedure allows to achieve a signifficant increase in
operational performance as well as the quality of rolling process.

References
[1] Miiko, R; Kvakaj, T; Vlado, M; Gulov, L; Luptk, M; Bidulsk, J. Defects simulation of rolling
strip. Materials Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, 7-12 (2009)
[2] OTHMANI, A; KAMINSKY C. Three dimensional fractal analysis of sheet metal surfaces. Wear 214.
Elsevier, 147-150 (1998)
[3] VALIEV, R. Z., ESTRIN, Y., HORITA, Z. et al. Producing bulk ultrafine grained materials by severe
plastic deformation. Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, vol. 58, no. 4, 33-39 (2006)

SS8
ACEX175
Dr. Antonio Andr Novotny
LNCC/MCT,
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BRAZIL

A New Method for Inverse Electromagnetic Casting Problems Based on the Topological
Derivative

Alfredo Canelas1, Antonio A. Novotny2, Jean R. Roche3
1Instituto de Estructuras y Transporte, Facultad de Ingeniera, UDELAR,
J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300, Montevideo, Uruguay.
2Laboratrio Nacional de Computao Cientfica LNCC/MCT,
Av. Getlio Vargas 333, 25651-075, Petrpolis - RJ, Brasil
3Institut Elie Cartan de Nancy, Nancy-Universit, CNRS, INRIA,
B.P. 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre ls Nancy, France

Abstract
The inverse electromagnetic casting problem consists in looking for a suitable set of
electric wires such that the electromagnetic field induced by an alternating current
passing through them makes a given mass of liquid metal acquire a predefined shape [1].
In this paper we propose a new method for the topology design of such inductors. The
inverse electromagnetic casting problem is formulated as an optimization problem, and
topological derivatives [2,3,4] are considered in order to locate new wires in the right
position. Several numerical examples are presented showing that the proposed technique
is effective to design suitable inductors.

[1] A. Canelas, J. R. Roche and J. Herskovits. The inverse electromagnetic shaping
problem. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 38 (4):389403, 2009.
[2] J. Ca, S. Garreau, P. Guillaume, M. Masmoudi. The shape and topological
optimizations connection. Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg. 188(4):713726, 2000.
[3] A. A. Novotny, R. A. Feijo, E. Taroco, C. Padra. Topological sensitivity analysis,
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 192(7-8):803829., 2003.
[4] J. Sokolowski and A. Zochowski. On the topological derivative in shape optimization,
SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 37(4):12511272, 1999.

SS8
ACEX290
Mr. Payam Heydari
K.N.Toosi University of Technology
IRAN

Optimization of polymeric microcantilever with metal piezoresistive detector for biosensor
applications

A. Shokuhfar1, P. Heydari1, M. R. Aliahmadi2, M. Mohtashamifar2, S. Ebrahimi-Nejad1
1K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN.
2Electronic Center, Tehran, IRAN.

Abstract
In this paper, geometric optimization of a polymeric microcantilever surface stress sensor with metal
piezoresistive detector has been proposed. Despite efforts for the optimization of silicon-based
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microcantilever sensors [1, 2], polymeric microcantilever sensors based on metal piezoresistive
detectors still need more attention because of the differences between the two types of sensors. The
differences include (a) the dissimilarities in the mechanical properties of the structure of polymeric and
silicon -based microcantilevers, (b) the reduced influence of Jonson and 1/f noise and (c) the increased
influence of thermal mechanical drift and noise in the sensor consisting of metal piezoresistive detector
compared to silicon piezoresistive detector because of the low resistance of metal compare to silicon.
The motivation of this work is to provide an optimized design in order to maximize the sensitivity of
metal piezoresistive polymeric microcantilevers for surface stress sensing. To design the optimized
shape, a goal function and some constrains have been defined and the Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) method has been used to achieve the best geometric shape based on fabrication restrictions.
The novel sensor is composed of one immobilized part for the adsorption of biological agents and
another microcantilever for detection. The proposed biosensor is more sensitive compared to sensor of
other shapes with the same area. Finally, the theoretical results were verified using ANSYS simulation
software and the optimized microcantilever sensor has been fabricated to show the ability to
manufacture the proposed sensor.

[1] X. Yu, J. Thaysen, O. Hansen, and A. Boisen, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 6296 (2002).
[2] S. J. Park, J. C. Doll, A. J. Rastegar, and Beth L. Pruitt, J. Microelectromech. Syst., 19, 149 (2010).

SS8
ACEX344
Prof. John Dryden
The University of Western Ontario
CANADA

Effective Properties of Functionally Graded Cylinders

J.R. Dryden
The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B9, Canada.

Abstract
The stress across the wall of a pressurized pipe made of homogeneous solid was first solved by Lame
in 1852. Due to the current interest in functionally graded materials this problem, where the pipe
properties vary in the radial direction, has been extensively revisited in recent years. In contrast, the
companion problem of finding the stress in a circular bar subjected to pure bending has not attracted
nearly as much attention. For homogeneous solid the bending problem was first solved by Golvin in
1881. Lekhnitskii has extended the analysis to include inhomogeneous solid where the stiffness varies
according to a power law, i.e. E = c rn, and the exponent n is constant. The power law is either
monotonically increasing or decreasing depending upon the sign of the exponent.
Here the question of finding the form of Young's modulus to maximize the effective stiffness is
considered; the volume average of Youngs is specified and this is imposed as a constraint. Since the
main interest is in finding how the stiffness variation influences the effective stiffness, Poissons ratio is
held constant. This is not a serious deficiency.

SS8
VIP-ACEX030
Prof. Pablo A. Muoz-Rojas
UDESC,
BRAZIL
166 | P a g e


Optimization of Periodic Truss Materials including Constitutive Symmetry Constraints

D.C. Guth1, M.A. Luersen2 and P.A. Muoz-Rojas1
1 Laboratrio de Mecnica Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica,
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville, SC, Brasil.
2 Laboratrio de Mecnica Estrutural, Universidade Tecnolgica Federal do Paran (UTFPR),
Avenida Sete de Setembro, 3165, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

Abstract
Periodic truss materials (PTM) - or Lattice Block Materials (LBM) - belong to the family of the
so called ultralight cellular materials, which have attractive engineering properties such as high
stiffness/weight ratio and high energy absorption capability [1]. These materials are obtained by
the periodic repetition of a unit cell given by a truss structure, so that the orientation of the bars
defines the materials macroscopic behaviour. In recent years, the development of new process
technologies for manufacturing PTMs have brought increased interest in modeling their
structural and thermal behavior [2]. In addition to usual analytical and numerical approaches for
analyzing the effect of different unit cell configurations on macroscopic properties, optimization
techniques have been applied in order to tailor unit cells for achieving desired macroscopic
constitutive properties [3]. The present contribution uses mathematical programming for
tailoring PTMs through an optimization problem in which selected homogenized elastic or
thermal constitutive properties are maximized, enforcing the resulting material to be orthotropic
or isotropic by the inclusion of material symmetry constraints. Cross sectional areas and nodal
coordinates of the bars are adopted as design variables. 2D and 3D examples are presented
showing qualitative agreement with results available for 2D and 3D elasticity.

[1] L.J. Gibson and M.F. Ashby, Cellular solids: structure and properties, 2nd edition, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (1997).
[2] G.W. Kooistra and H.N.G. Wadley, Lattice truss structures from expanded metal sheet.
Mater.Design 28: 507514 (2007).
[3] P.A. Muoz-Rojas, T.A. Carniel, E.C.N. Silva and A. chsner in Heat Transfer in Multi-
Phase Materials, chsner, Andreas and Murch, Graeme. (Eds),
http://www.springerlink.com/content/k78488p1t4237370/

SS8
ACEX147
Dr. Jan Valek
VB - Technical University of Ostrava,
CZECH REPUBLIC

New way to take control of a structural grain size in the formation of nanomaterials by extrusion

Jan Valek1), Robert ep2), Krzysztof Rokosz3), Czesaw ukianowicz3), Draan Kozak4), Michal
Zelek1), Pavel Kotial5), Sergej Hloch6), Marta Harnirov6), Petr Hlavek1), Barbora
Haluzkov1)
1) Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17
Listopadu, 708 33 Ostrava- Poruba, Czech Republic
2) Department of Working and Assembly (346), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VB-Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava, Czech Republic
3) Division of Electrochemistry and Surface Technology, Koszalin University of Technology,
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RACAWICKA 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
4) JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
5) Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, 17.listopadu
15/2172, 70833 Ostrava Poruba, Czech republic
6) Department of Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies
Technical university of Koice with a seat in Preov
jan.valicek@vsb.cz, robert.cep@vsb.cz, rokosz@tu.koszalin.pl, ukianowicz@tu.koszalin.pl,
dkozak@sfsb.hr, michal.zelenak@vsb.cz, pavel.kostial@vsb.cz, sergej.hloch@tuke.sk,
marta.harnicarova@tuke.sk, petr.hlavacek@vsb.cz, barbora.haluzikova@vsb.cz
Keywords: nanomaterials, extreme plastic deformation, control, loading, grain diameter reduction

Abstract.
Production of nanomaterials by formation of extreme plastic deformation ECAP (Equal-Channel
Angular Pressing) is one way to prepare of nano-structures of engineering materials by multiple
extrusion of materials into a neck area of sample tube with a rapid change in direction of loading and
loading [1 - 8]. Grain refinement and a structural grain diameter reduction at nano size can be achieved
in this way while acting under extremely high pressures SIGecap [MPa] where there is an increase in
the tensile strenght SIGm [MPa], yield strenght SIGkl [MPa] and the elastic modulus Emat [MPa] by
reducing the elongation Ata [%], because of the implicit function (SIGm, Emat, SIGkl, Ata ...) =
f(dzrnoi, Kplmati). There is a confrontation of our method of calculating with previously used
calculations for granularity dzrno [m according to the Hall-Petch relation. The confrontation of
theoretical results show a close match and simultaneously prove that it is a physical-mechanical
reciprocity and superposition resolution in relation to a so called neutral zone of deformation. Custom
analytical solutions can be applied to solve a problem of determining stress SIGecap [MPa],
respectively of extrusion force Fecap [N] to achieve a desired grain size. However this role has not
been yet solved, because of previously used equations are being derived only on the basis of a
geometry of system which do not provide adequate results. The extrusion of sample is therefore being
performed in multiple cycles, is getting more expensive, is being extended, and an immediate state of
material shall be governed only by a subjective estimation and technologist experience.

References
[1] HORITA, Z., et al. Microstructure control using severe plastic deformation. Science and Technology
of Advanced Materials, vol. 7, no. 7, 649-654 (2006)
[2] VALIEV, R.Z., et al. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation. Progress in
Materials Science, vol. 45, no. 2, 103-189 (2000)
[3] ALEXANDER, D. J., BEYERLEIN, I. J. Anisotropy in mechanical properties of high-purity copper
processed by equal channel angular extrusion. Materials Science and Engineering, A, vol. 410-
411,480-484 (2005)
[4] ZHILYAEV, A.P., et al. Experimental parameters influencing grain refinement and microstructural
evolution during high-pressure torsion. Acta Materialia, vol. 51, no. 3, 753-765 (2003)
[5] KAWASAKI, M., et al. Microstructural evolution in a two-phase alloy processed by high-pressure
torsion. Acta Materialia, vol. 58, no. 3, 919-930 (2010)
[6] NAM, C.Y., et al. Effect of precipitates on microstructural evolution of 7050 Al alloy sheet during
equal channel angular rolling. Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 347, no. 1-2, 253-257 (2003)
[7] SAITO, Y., et al. Ultra-fine grained bulk aluminum produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB)
process. Scripta Materialia, vol. 39, no. 9, 1221-1227 (1998)
[8] HLAVEK, P., et al. Measurement of Fine Grain Copper Surface Texture Created by Abrasive
Water Jet Cutting. Strojarstvo, vol. 51, no. 4, 273-279 (2009)

SS9
168 | P a g e


ACEX379
Mrs. Hanita Daud
MALAYSIA

Effect of Frequency on Hydrocarbon (HC) Detection using 3D Finite Integral Modeling
Hanita Daud2, Majid Niaz Akhtar1, Noorhana Yahya2, Nadeem Nasir1, and Hasan Soleimani2

1Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department,
2 Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department,
Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, MALAYSIA

Corresponding author: hanita_daud@petronas.com.my

Detection of hydrocarbon in sea bed logging (SBL) is still a very challenging task for deep target
reservoir. Response of electromagnetic (EM) field from marine environment is very low and it is very
difficult to predict deep target reservoir below 2500m from the sea floor. Straight antennas at 0.125Hz
and 0.0625Hz are used for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir below the seafloor. Finite
integration method (FIM) is applied on 3D geological seabed model. The proposed area of the seabed
Comparison of different frequencies for different target depths were done in our proposed model. Total
electric and magnetic fields were applied instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, due to its
accurate and precise measurements of resistivity contrast at the target depth up to 3000m. From the
results, it was observed that straight antenna at 0.0625Hz shows 50.11% resistivity contrast at target
depth of 1000m where as straight antenna at 0.125Hz showed 42.30% resistivity contrast at the same
target depth for E field. It was found that E field response decreased as the target depth increased
gradually by 500m from 1000m to 3000m at different values of frequencies with constant current
(1250A). It was also investigated that at frequency of 0.0625Hz, straight antenna gave 7.10% better
delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000m target depth. It was speculated that antenna at 0.0625Hz may be
able to detect hydrocarbon reservoir at 4000m target depth below the seafloor. This EM antenna may
open frontier for oil and gas industry for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir below the
seafloor.

SS9
ACEX053
Prof. Ruperto Bermejo Romn
University of Jan,
SPAIN

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in New Bio-Nanomaterials Based on Apoferritin
Labeled with Biliproteins

R. Bermejo1, A.Ramos1, R.Cuesta1, N.Glvez2 and J.M. Domnguez-Vera2
1University of Jan, EPS of Linares (Jan), Alfonso X El Sabio n28, Linares, SPAIN.
2University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, SPAIN.

Abstract
Biliproteins are water soluble proteins useful as fluorescent markers, natural colorants and
anticarcinogenic compounds, being microalgae the usual source of these macromolecules [1]. In the
other hand, ferritin, the magnetic molecule that stores iron in biological systems, is one ot the most
169 | P a g e


paradigmatic biomaterials [2]. In this sense, magnetic nanoparticles are attracting considerable
attention for their intriguing properties and potential applications as new magnetic devices in high-
density magnetic data storage and for medical diagnosis and therapy. In this context, an interesting
possibility is that of incorporating on the magnetic nanoparticle a fluorescent molecule. In fact, the
incorporation of fluorescence functionality into magnetic nanoparticles is of considerable and
widespread interest, especially in biomaterial sensors and nanotechnology. Still, there are few samples
of magnetic-fluorescent bio-nanoparticles and for this reason, we are constructing covalent
bioconjugates using biliproteins and apoferritin initially. In this sense our group has developed a new
and scalable methodology to obtain these proteins [3,4]. We have obtained the bio-nanoparticles by
reaction of their amino groups and the products were purified by a preparative chromatographic
procedure. The obtained apoferritin-biliproteins bio-nanoparticles have been characterized using uv-
visible absorption spectroscopy, steady-state and anisotropy fluorescence spectroscopy.

[1] A.N. Glazer, Z.Cohen (Ed.), Chemicals from Microalgae, Chapter 11 (1999) 261.
[2] T. Douglas, in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry, Wiley (1996) 91.
[3] R.Bermejo, E. Ruiz and F.G.Acin, Enzyme Microbial Tech. (2007) 40, 927.
[4] A. Ramos, F.G. Acin, J.M Fernndez, C. Gonzlez and R. Bermejo, J Chem Technol Biotechnol.
(2010) 85, 783.

SS9
ACEX090
Mr. Carlos Caro Salazar
Universidad Pablo de Olavide,
SPAIN

Calculation of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering in Metal Nanoparticles

C.Caro1 and P.J. Merkling1
1Department of physical, chemical and natural systems. Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Carretera de
Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain

Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) in metal nanoparticles, such as silver and gold, is a fast
developing technique that enables specific detection of organic contaminants or biomolecules at
analytical-level sensitivity. In this technique, Raman detection intensity is enhanced by factors as high
as ten million due to several mechanisms between metal nanoparticle and target molecule , , . We
have carried out theoretical studies on rhodamine 6G (R6G) in interaction with silver nanoparticles.
R6G exhibits SERS effect and has been extensively studied experimentally, so it is a good benchmark.
By means of density functional quantum chemical calculations, the chemical enhancement was
studied. Shape and enhancement of Raman spectra dependent on nanoparticle system size was
investigated systematically. The spectra compare generally well with experimental results.

SS9
ACEX097
Prof. Luisa Maria Rocha Dures
PORTUGAL

Sol-Gel Synthesis and Washing of Amorphous g-FeO(OH) Xerogels
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L. Dures1, L. Benedini1,2, B.F.O. Costa3, A. Portugal1
1 CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of
Coimbra, Plo II, Rua Slvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
2 Department of Biotechnology Processes, College of Chemical Engineering, Univ. Estadual de
Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, CEP 13083-852 , Campinas, SP, Brasil.
3 CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua
Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal

Abstract
In this work, iron(III) oxyhydroxide xerogels were prepared by sol-gel technology that includes a
washing step for the removal of a salt by-product. The sol-gel synthesis involved an iron(III) nitrate
nonahydrate as precursor, ethanol as solvent and ammonium hydroxide as gelation agent, following
the experimental procedure of an earlier work [1]. However, this chemical route originates a crystalline
ammonium nitrate as a by-product dispersed in the iron oxyhydroxide matrix. The removal of this salt
from the iron(III) oxyhydroxide matrix by washing the gel before the drying stage is studied in this work.
Two solvents were tested, namely water and ethanol. The best washing efficiency was achieved with
water. For this solvent, the optimum number of washing batches was found to be two. Comparing the
xerogels obtained without and with the washing step, the later do not contain a perceptible amount of
the ammonium nitrate salt, as confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The iron phase in
the washed xerogels was found to be g-FeO(OH) (Lepidocrocite), according to FTIR and Mssbauer
analyses, and in consonance with the prevailing iron phase in the unwashed xerogels. The washed
xerogels are amorphous, as revealed by XRD, and are formed by large clusters of well connected
nanocrystallites of iron oxyhydroxide. The washing step enhanced the clearing of mesopores,
originating materials with a specific surface area of ~ 250 m2/g, that is 60 times higher than the
obtained for the unwashed xerogels.

[1] L. Dures, O. Oliveira, L. Benedini, B.F.O. Costa, A. Matos Beja and A. Portugal, J. Phys. Chem.
Solids (2010). In press.

SS9
ACEX152
Prof. Kuan Yew Cheong
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
MALAYSIA

Synthesis of SiC Nanostructures Through Chemical Vapor Growth Route

K.Y. Cheong1, Y.L. Chiew1
1Energy Efficiency & Sustainable Semiconductor Research Group,
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Abstract
In this study, SiC nanorods and nanocolumns were synthesized using a catalyst-free method with
activated carbon powder and oxidized silicon wafer as source materials. The oxidized silicon wafer on
top of a graphite crucible containing the activated carbon powder was then subjected to heating at high
temperatures under vacuum/Argon atmosphere. This method is promising due to its advantages of the
171 | P a g e


lack of metal impurities from catalysts and direct growth of nanostructures on silicon wafer for silicon-
based electronic devices. Oxidation time of the silicon wafer (1 min, 2 min, 8 min and 12 min) was
investigated while the growth temperature and growth time of the SiC nanostructures were held
constant at 1300 C and 1 hour, respectively. Morphology and chemical composition of the
nanostructures were evaluated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Nanorods and nanocolumns of SiC had been observed on the surface of silicon wafer though at
different locations on the silicon wafer. SiC nanorods were mostly found at the center of silicon wafer
that was exposed to activated carbon powder while SiC nanocolumns were mostly found at the side of
the wafer where it was in direct contact with graphite crucible. With increasing oxidation time from 1
min to 12 min, SiC nanorods at the center tended to agglomerate together into particles due to higher
reaction rate from increased SiO gaseous species from longer oxidation time. SiC nanocolumns at the
side of wafer also increased in amount as the oxidation time increased. SiC nanowires were also found
at the side of wafer, growing from the tips of the SiC nanocolumns. The growth of SiC nanowire might
be attributed to the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) growth induced by Fe contaminants at the tips of
nanocolumns. The presence of Fe in the product might be a result of contamination from the furnace.

SS9
ACEX302
Dr. Ewa Mosiniewicz-Szablewska
Polish Academy of Sciences,
POLAND

Selol-loaded PLGA magnetic nanocapsules a new anticancer drug delivery system

E. Mosiniewicz-Szablewska1, P.C. Morais2, P. Suchocki3,4, A.M. Falqueiro5,6, F.L. Primo5,6, A.C.
Tedesco5
1Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikw 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
2Universidade de Braslia, Instituto de Fsica, Ncleo de Fsica Aplicada, Braslia DF 70910-900,
Brazil.
3Department of Drug Analysis, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Institute, Chemska 30, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
5Departamento de Qumica, Laboratrio de Fotobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Cincias e Letras de
Ribeiro Preto, Universidade de So Paulo, Ribeiro Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil.
6Departamento de Cincias Farmacuticas, Faculdade de Cincias Farmacuticas de Ribeiro Preto,
Universidade de So Paulo, Ribeiro Preto SP 14040-903, Brazil.

Abstract
Magnetic polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) nanocapsules, loaded with maghemite (-Fe2O3) nanoparticles
and Selol (a Selenium-based anticancer drug [1]), were successfully prepared by the precipitation
method [2]. They present no agglomeration while revealing a narrow monomodal size distribution with
average diameter of 244 nm. Magnetization measurements, performed in the temperature range from 2
to 300 K, show a typical blocking process at the blocking temperature TB = 122 K and 86 K for the as-
prepared and liophilized sample, respectively. TB decreases with increasing fields, which is reminiscent
of the superparamagnetic behavior. The results show that the Selol-loaded magnetic nanocapsules
could be applied as a novel promising drug delivery system for cancer therapy.

[1] Patent Pol. PL 176530 (Cl. A61K31/095)
[2] A.R. Simioni, O.P. Martins, Z.G.M. Lacava, R.B. Azevedo, E.C.D. Lima, B.M. Lacava, P.C. Morais
and A.C. Tedesco, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 2413 (2006).
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SS9
ACEX314
Prof. Ricardo Simoes
University of Minho,
PORTUGAL

Modeling carbon nanotube clustering and dispersion in CNT/polymer composites

J. Silva1,2,S. Lanceros-Mendez1, R. Simes2,3
1 Center/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
2 Institute for Polymers and Composites - IPC/I3N, University of Minho, Campus de Azurm, 4800-058
Guimares, Portugal
3 School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Cvado and Ave, Campus do IPCA, 4750-810
Barcelos, Portugal

Abstract
A typical approach to increase the application range of polymers is to incorporate nanoscale fillers,
which usually have intrinsically high electrical conductivity, into the polymeric matrix. Among nanoscale
modifiers, carbon nanotubes (CNT) present high electric conductivity (103-104 S/cm), and high tensile
strength [1]. These facts, together with their relatively easy incorporation and dispersion in polymers,
also raised the interest in CNT to provide solutions to some problems in composite applications [2].
However, in order to properly tailor the composite properties for specific applications, the relevant
conduction mechanisms must be better understood. In a previous paper [3], it was demonstrated that
CNT/Epoxy conductivity could be described by a single junction expression. In more recent work [5],
we established that the conductivity for CNT/Polymer composites is mainly due to hopping between
nearest fillers resulting in a weak disorder regime that is similar to the single junction expression. Also
in [5] a new formula was proposed for the percolation threshold and it was speculated that a good
cluster distribution will result in improved electrical properties. In this work, several metrics from
complex network theory were employed to study the role of clustering distribution on the percolation
threshold and their effect on the composite conductivity.
Acknowledgments
Foundation for Science and Technology, Lisbon, for financial support through projects
PTDC/CTM/69316/2006 and NANO/NMed-SD/0156/2007, and grants SFRH/BD/60623/2009 (JS).

References
[1] M H Al-Saleha and U Sundarara, Carbon 47, 2-22 (2009).
[2] Erik T Thostenson, Chunyu Li, and Tsu-Wei Chou, Composites Science And Technology 65, 491-
516 (2005).
[3] P. Cardoso, J. Silva, A. J. Paleo, F. W J van Hattum, R. Simes, and S. Lanceros-Mendez, Physica
Status Solidi A 207, 407 (2009).
[4] T A Ezquerra, M Kulescza, and F J Balt-Calleja, Synthetic Metals 41, 915-920 (1991).
[5] J Silva, R Simoes, S Lanceros-Mendez, R Vaia. Europhysics Letters 93, 37005 (2011).

SS9
ACEX043
Prof. Levent Trabzon
Istanbul Technical University,
TURKEY
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Predicting the Extent of Hydrophilicity on Si Nano-Columnar Surfaces

Muhammed Fatih Can1, Sebahattin Guvendik2, Birgul Benli3, Levent Trabzon2, Huseyin Kizil4,
Mehmet Sabri Celik1

1 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Mineral Processing Engineering
2 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering
3 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemical Engineering
4 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Abstract
Controlling the wettability of nano textured surface structures is essential for understanding of its role
particularly in biomedical applications. The main objective of this study is to explore the wetting
mechanism of a water drop on nano textured Si surface. Si nano-columns with 4-, 3- and 2-fold in-
plane symmetries were grown on the p-type (100) Si wafer by oblique angle deposition (OAD). Surface
morphology was characterized by Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM). Contact angle technique was
used to reveal the wetting characteristics of these textured surfaces. Experimental results were
compared with the theoretical contact angle calculations derived from the Young, Wenzel and Cassie-
Baxter equations in order to identify the conditions for the minimum free energy of the drop. Water
droplets on all plenary symmetries water droplets showed good agreement with the Cassie-Baxter
model of Sunny side up. These findings were used to simulate the extent of the hydrophilicity on the
fabricated textures by taking the contact angle hysteresis (CAH) into account.

Key words: wettability, nano-column, hydrophilic surface, surface modification, contact angle, Cassie-
Baxter model

SS9
ACEX049
Dr. Jos Carlos Jimnez Sez
Universidad Politcnica de Madrid,
SPAIN

Elastic Properties of Co/Cu Nanocomposite Nanowires

J.C. Jimnez-Sez1, A.M.C. Prez-Martn2, J.J. Jimnez-Rodrguez2
1Dept. Fsica y Qumica Aplicadas a la Tcnica Aeronutica, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid (UPM),
E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
2Dept. Fsica Aplicada III, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.

Abstract
The fabrication of magnetic composite nanowires [1] has recently received much attention because of
the demand for development of high-density magnetic recording media and novel magnetic sensors.
These studies were triggered by the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects [2]. The
mechanical deformation process of Co/Cu multilayered nanowires was simulated by Molecular
Dynamics (MD) under uniaxial tensile and compressive stress. The potential of the immiscible CoCu
system was modeled by a second moment tight-binding approximation (TB-SMA). The influence of
crystallographic orientation: <111>, <100> and <110> is determinant in the deformation process of a
nanocomposite material. Two elastic properties such that the Youngs modulus and the yield stress
174 | P a g e


have been derived from the stress-strain curves at different conditions. The strain rate, volume/surface
ratio, temperature and thickness ratio between Co and Cu sublayers in these multilayered nanowires
were varied and their effect analyzed depending on the orientation. According to the structural
evolution, the influence of material characteristics on the plastic deformation was also discussed. Thus,
plastic deformation takes place more easily in Cu sublayers. The mechanisms of deformation were also
investigated from the type of dislocations in the nanowire for the different orientations. Thus, <110>
nanowires slip via {111}<112> partial dislocation nucleation and propagation. Unlike, <111> and <100>
nanowires slip via both {111}<112> and {111}<110> dislocations.

[1] T.M. Whitney, J.S. Jiang, P.C. Searson and C.L. Chien, Science 261, 1316 (1993).
[2] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A.
Friederich and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988).

SS9
ACEX059
Prof. Wong Chee How
SINGAPURE

On the study of mechanical properties of imperfectly straight carbon nanotube

C. H. Wong and V. Vijayaraghavan
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798

Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) has attracted numerous attention and has been the focus of research since it
was discovered in the early 1990s [1]. Since then many studies aimed to investigate the mechanical
characterization of CNT through experimental and theoretical means. Theoretical studies are usually
carried out by employing molecular dynamics (MD) techniques that involves computation of the
interatomic forces as a function of the bond energies described by various empirical pair potentials [2-
4]. Although recent theoretical studies on CNT with defects have been carried out, almost all assumed
that the CNT has a perfect straight wall, which is seldom exhibited in experiments.
In this study, we report the buckling characteristics of CNT, which are slightly curved along the axial
direction. The mechanical performance of the CNT with curvature was compared with that of the
pristine CNT by using MD simulation technique using Brenners second generation potential function
[5]. The effects of such curvature on the CNT bundles and the orientation of the CNT have also been
studied.
Results indicate that the mechanical properties of these classes of CNTs deviate from the ideal
perfectly straight CNTs. Further analysis was done to observe the characterization of CNT bundles. It
was found that the orientation of the CNT largely influences the fracture mode under buckling.

[1] S. Iijima, Nature 354, p. 56 (1991).
[2] G.C. Abell, Physical Review B 31, p6184 (1985).
[3] J. Tersoff, Physical Review Letters 56, p 632 (1986).
[4] J. Tersoff, Physical Review B 37, p 6991 (1988).
[5] D.W. Brenner, O.A. Shenderova, J.A. Harrison, S.J. Stuart, B. Ni, S.B. Sinnott, Journal of Physics-
Condensed Matter 14, p783 (2002).

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SS9
VIP-ACEX031
Prof. Noorhana Yahya
MALAYSIA

Hardness Improvement of Dental Amalgam Using Zinc Oxide Nanorods

N. Yahya1, Noor Rasyada Ahmad Latiff 2
1Department of Fundamental and Applied Science,
2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
31750, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

Abstract
Strength test of a dental amalgam material was conducted. Zinc oxide nanopowder was used as a filler
element to enhance the hardness and other mechanical properties of the dental amalgam material.
Zinc oxide nanopowder was synthesized by using sol-gel technique, stirred in 3 days period and
sintered at two different temperatures; 250C and 350C. The samples were characterized by XRD,
FESEM and Raman spectroscopy. The samples were then mixed with the material and compacted into
cylindrical-shaped pellets. Therefore, its green density, compressibility and Vickers hardness were
determined. Increment of 183% in hardness was observed, with average Vickers hardness of 0.95 GPa
by using 250C zinc oxide as nanofiller.

SS9
ACEX036
Mr. Ali Sadeghi
IRAN

A New Insight into the Flexural Vibration of Double Tapered Atomic Force Microscope
Cantilevers by Considering the Contact Position

A.Sadeghi1, N.Refahati1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand,
Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The resonant frequency of flexural vibration for a double tapered atomic force microscope (AFM)
cantilever has been investigated by using the Timoshenko beam theory. In this paper the effects of the
contact position, contact stiffness, height of the tip, thickness of the beam, the height and breadth taper
ratios of cantilever and the angle between the cantilever and the sample surface based on Timoshenko
beam theory on the non-dimensional frequency and sensitivity have been studied. The differential
Quadrature method (DQM) is employed to solve the nonlinear differential equations of motion. The
results show that the resonant frequency decreases when Timoshenko beam parameter or cantilever
thickness increases and high order modes are more sensitive to it. The first frequency is sensitive only
in the lower range of contact stiffness, but the higher order modes are sensitive to the contact stiffness
in a larger range. Increasing the tip height increases the sensitivity of the vibrational modes in a limited
range of normal contact stiffness. Furthermore, by increasing the breadth taper ratio, the frequency
increases. The results of DQM are compared with the exact solution for a rectangular AFM cantilever.
176 | P a g e


[1] Binning, G, Quate, C.F. and Gerber, C. J. Physical Review Letters, 56, 930 (1986)
[2] Turner, J.A. and Wiehn, J.S., J. Nanotechnology, 12, 330 (2001)
[3] Dupas, E., Gremaud, G. and Kulik, A. J. Review of Scientific Instruments, 72 (2001)
[5] Wu, S.T., Chang, W. and Hsu, J., J. Microelectronic engineering, 71, 15 (2004)

SS9
ACEX037
Mr. Nima Refahati
IRAN University of Science and Technology,
IRAN

The Flexural Vibration of V Shaped Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers by Using the
Timoshenko Beam Theory

N.Refahati 1, A.Sadeghi1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand,
Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The resonant frequency of flexural vibration for a V shaped atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever
has been investigated using the Timoshenko beam theory. Generally, three Different regions are
considered for V shaped cantilevers, one region with constant cross section and height and two double
tapered regions. In this paper, the effects of the contact position, contact stiffness, the height of the tip,
thickness of the beam, the height and breadth taper ratios of cantilever , the angle between the
cantilever and the sample surface and width ratio based on Timoshenko beam theory on the non-
dimensional frequency and sensitivity to the contact stiffness have been studied. The differential
quadrature method (DQM) is applied to solve the nonlinear differential equations of motion. The results
show that the resonant frequency decreases when Timoshenko beam parameter or cantilever
thickness increases and high order modes are more sensitive to it. The first frequency is sensitive only
in the lower range of contact stiffness, but the high order frequencies are sensitive to the contact
stiffness in a larger range. It is possible to increase the range of sensitivity to the contact stiffness by
increasing the width ratio for the first mode. All vibrational modes are sensitive to the angle between
the cantilever and sample surface and by increasing angle, the non-dimensional frequency decreases.
By increasing the height H, for a limited range of contact stiffness the sensitivity to the contact stiffness
increases. By increasing both height and breadth taper ratios the resonant frequency increases. The
resonant frequency is sensitive to the width ratio and by increasing this ratio, the resonant frequency
decreases, but critical contact stiffness increases and finally the variations of the height and breadth
taper ratios and width ratio are affected on the sensitivity to the contact stiffness. We show that the
sensitivity to the contact stiffness can be increased by the variations of height taper ratio and this
matter has never been investigated formerly.

[1] Binning, G, Quate, C.F. and Gerber, C. J. Physical Review Letters, 56, 930 (1986)
[2] Turner, J.A. and Wiehn, J.S., J. Nanotechnology, 12, 330 (2001)
[3] Dupas, E., Gremaud, G. and Kulik, A. J. Review of Scientific Instruments, 72 (2001)
[5] Wu, S.T., Chang, W. and Hsu, J., J. Microelectronic engineering, 71, 15 (2004)

SS9
ACEX077
177 | P a g e


Mr. Salman Ebrahimi-Nejad
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Lab,
IRAN

The Effect of Hydrogen Storage on the Buckling of Boron Nitride Nanotubes

S. Ebrahimi-Nejad, A. Shokuhfar, A. Zare-Shahabadi
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Lab, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.
Toosi University of Technology, Postal Code: 19991-43344, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTs) [1], which are a structural analogue to Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs),
have attracted the wide attention of the scientific community and have been considered as promising
materials due to their unique structural and physical properties [2, 3]. Since their discovery, BNNTs
were proposed and tested as new materials for hydrogen storage [4]. Most experimental and
theoretical results indicate that the hydrogen storage capacity of carbon nanotubes and CNT arrays at
room temperature and moderate pressure do not reach the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) targets
for vehicular fuel cells. Based on theoretical and experimental results, the energy for hydrogen storage
in BNNTs is less than that in CNTs and the diameters of BNNTs can reach hundreds of nanometers,
which are much more than the diameters of CNTs [5]. Therefore, BNNTs would be the better candidate
for hydrogen storage [6].
In this paper, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been performed in order to investigate the
behavior of empty and hydrogen-filled BNNTs of different diameters and chiralities subject to uniaxial
compressive loading. Results of the MD simulations determine the critical buckling loads of the
hydrogen-filled BNNTs of various diameters compared to pristine nanotubes, and indicate whether the
critical buckling loads increases or decreases as a result of hydrogen adsorption in BNNTs.
[1] A. Rubio, J.L. Corkill and M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 5081 (1994).
[2] V. Raffa, G. Ciofani and A. Cuschieri, Nanotechnology, 20, 075104 (2009).
[3] M. Griebel and J. Hamaekers, Comput. Mater. Sci., 39, 502 (2007).
[4] G. Mpourmpakis and G.E. Froudakis, Catalysis Today, 120, 341 (2007).
[5] X.Y. Liu, C.Y. Wang, Y.J. Tang, W.G. Sun, W.D. Wu and J.J. Xu, Physica B, 404, 1892 (2009).
[6] J. Cheng, R. Ding, Y. Liu, Z. Ding and L. Zhang, Comput. Mater. Sci., 40, 341 (2007).

SS9
ACEX083
Prof. Ali Baghizadeh
Van de Graaff Laboratory,
IRAN

High Temperature Annealing Formation of Ge Nano-Islands Deposited By Thermal Evaporation

A.Baghizadeh1, D.Agha AliGol1, E.Lotfib and M.Lamehi-Rachti1
1Van de Graaff Laboratory, Physics Department, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology,
P.O.Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
2 Physics Department, Azad University of Sanandaj, Sanandaj

Abstract
Due to their interesting optical and electrical properties, semiconductor nano-particles have attracted
much attention in recent years. Dielectric layers with embedded semiconductor nano-crystals are
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widely studied recently, in order to overcome difficulties of non-volatile memory devices connected with
the continuous miniaturization of devices, and to develop Si-based light emitting diodes (LEDs)[1]. To
use the maximum potential of Si-based structures as a LED, some groups have shown that using Ge
and Si nano-crystals can improve the quantum efficiency for light emission of for silicon-based
optoelectronic devices.[2]
High Vacuum thermal evaporation is used to grow germanium islands on the silicon oxide covered Si
substrate. The Ge nano-crystals are formed by thermal annealing of an evaporated, thin Ge layer at
different temperatures from 500C to 700C. The thickness of the Ge layer is determined by Rutherford
Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS). Also, combined with channeling technique, the composition and
probable contaminants during synthesis processes are scrutinized by RBS-Channeling. The
topographical images of the surfaces are studied by AFM as at the same time, performing statistical
calculation gives us the quantitative information of nano-islands as the by hand result of such images.
The differences on island formation under few annealing temperatures can be extracted by comparing
the AFM results. As a complementary tool, the FESEM is used to have the direct images of created
islands on the surfaces after each heat treatment.

[1] Zs.J. Horvath, Current Applied Physics 6 (2006) 145.
[2] L Pavesi, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15 (2003) R1169.

SS9
ACEX087
Prof. Andrzej Roman Olszyna
Warsaw University of Technology,
POLAND

Influence of Al2O3/Pr nanoparticles on soil, air and water microorganisms

P. Polis1, P. Mosdorf2, E. Karwowska2, A. Jastrzbska1, A. Olszyna1, A. Kunicki3, R. Piramidowicz4,
K. Anders4, A. Jusza4
1Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Woloska 141, 02-
507 Warsaw, Poland.
2Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653
Warsaw, Poland.
3Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
4Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.

Abstract
One of the most complicated modern problems is the prevention of natural environment. The discharge
of nanoparticles from industrial waste or disposal of such materials from commercial and/or domestic
use will inevitably occur with increasing production and enter into soil, water and air with unknown
consequences. Nanoparticles will inevitably affect the balance of interactions between microorganisms
in different ecosystems changing their microbial communities composition. Thus, this is crucial to
investigate how engineered nanoparticles may impact the health and function of these ecosystems.
Unique optical properties of Praseodymium nanoparticles incorporated into the Al2O3 nanoparticles will
be effectively used in novel generation of optically active materials. In a study, Al2O3/Pr nanoparticles
were investigated for their interaction with microorganisms extracted from soil, air and water
ecosystems.
The results obtained in the present experiments show that the Al2O3/Pr nanopowders produced by our
method do not affect significantly the soil, air and water microorganisms, and can be used successfully
as the raw material in the production of new unique materials.
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SS9
ACEX091
Ms. Chanthiriga Ramasindarum
University of Malaya,
MALAYSIA

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosilica by the Sol-Gel method

C. Ramasindarum1, N.H. Abu kasim1, B.Vengadaesvaran 2
1Conservative Department of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2Department of Physic, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract
Nanosilica was synthesized by sol-gel method [1] using tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) as precursor and
ammonium hydroxide as catalyst. The surface properties and the chemical structure were investigated
by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and BET surface area analysis. The size of
particle was measured using zeta sizer and also SEM. SEM results shows that the particles are in
agglomeration. Therefore a surface treatment has been done using silylation agent to reduce the
agglomeration. XRD powder of nanosilica confirms the amorphous nature of the substance. BET
analysis measured the total surface area and the pore size of the resulting material. FTIR and NMR
spectrums shows the presence of nano silica.

[1] Suchita kalele et al., Current Science., 91, 1038-1052 (2006).

SS9
ACEX107
Ms. Zahra Jamili-Shirvan
IRAN

Nanocrystallization of Co67 Fe4Cr7Si8B14 amorphous alloy ribbons

M. Haddad-Sabzevar, Z. Jamili-Shirvan
Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract
The nanocrystallization of Co67Fe4Cr7Si8B14 amorphous ribbons where prepared by planar flow melt
spinning process (PFMS) was investigated. The melt spinning technique allows the rapid solidification
of metallic alloys to produce amorphous or nanocrystalline materials that have softest magnetic
properties. Low width ribbons (around 5 mm) that produced by melt spinning technique have limitations
in use. Therefore can be changed production parameters in melt spinning method by design of Planar
Flow Melt Spinning (PFMS) technique and produced higher width ribbons. In this work we can produce
Co67Cr7Fe4Si8B14 ribbons with 20 mm width. The Co-rich amorphous alloy has attracted great
interest for a variety of applications including electronics, magnetic recording, and magnetic sensors
due to it's near-zero magnetostriction behavior [1-3] and giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect [4]. It
has been reported that either the magnetic properties may deteriorate after crystallization, or they may
180 | P a g e


be improved if nanocrystalline phases are formed [5]. So the ribbons were isothermally annealed for
half an hour in argon atmosphere at different temperatures between 350C and 650C with 50C steps.
Crystallization of the ribbons studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD)
measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DTA results of amorphous ribbons
showed phase transitions at two temperatures, namely 517C and 600C. XRD results showed that the
samples isothermally annealed up to 450C were amorphous, while TEM results at 400C showed
nanocrytallites of 7-8 nm mean size in amorphous matrix. Volume fraction of these nanocrystallites
increased by increasing temperature. Also the X-ray diffraction pattern of samples annealed at higher
temperature showed that different phases have precipitated. The magnetic properties of annealed
samples were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The VSM results showed that
optimum soft magnetic properties occur at 400C.

[1] T.Y. Byun, Y. Oh, C.S. Yoon and C.K. Kim, J. Alloys Comps., 368, 283 (2004).
[2] I.C. Rho, C.S. Yoon, C.K. Kim, T.Y. Byun and K.S. Hong, J. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 96, 48 (2002).
[3] Z.Z. Yuan, X.D. Chen, B.X. Wang and Z.J. Chen, J. Alloys Comps., 399, 166 (2005).
[4] D.M. Minic, A.M. Maricic, R.Z. Dimitrijevic and M.M. Ristic, J. Alloys Comps., 430, 241 (2007).
[5] S. Lesz, R. Nowosielski, A. Zajdel, B. Kostrubiec, Z. Stoklosa, J. Arch. Sci. Eng., 28, 91 (2007).

SS9
ACEX141
Prof. Jinan Basheer Ahmed
Universiti Malaysia Pahang ,
MALAYSIA

Nanocrystalline Ti xAl 1-x alloys prepared by casting and thin films methods

1Jinan B. Al-Dabbagh, Ibrahim Odeh
Faculty Of Industrial Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang ,Kuantan, Malaysia
Phone:+6095492783, Fax+6095492766, email: jbdabbagh@ump.edu.my

Abstract
In this paper, TixAl1-x alloys with different composition ratios (x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75) have been prepared.
These alloys were fabricated by gradually solidification of melt of Ti, Al metals under vacuum.The
fabricated alloys was then evaporated as thin films of 200nm thickness on glass substrate at room
temperature using thermal evaporation method under vacuum <10-6 Torr.
X-ray diffraction (XRD )and microstructure analysis was then examined for both the as- cast (Bulk) and
the thin films forms. It shows that these alloys have polycrystalline structure (hcp) type (TiAl) and -
(Ti3Al),and (TiAl3) phases for both methods. The crystallite size was calculated using the well known
Sherrer equation and found to decrease as the weight of Ti% increases, from (14nm-9nm) for thin films
,and (27.6nm- 9.3nm) for the bulk . Annealing of thin films alloys increases the average grain size due
to the recrystallization process.

Key Words: TiAl alloys, nanostructure materials, thin films .

SS9
ACEX142
Mr. Abolfazl Zare-Shahabadi
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IRAN

Modeling Creep of Layered Silicate Reinforced Nanocomposites Using Empirical Models

A. Zare-Shahabadi, A. Shokuhfar, S. Ebrahimi-nejad
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Lab, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.
Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In view of the fact that nanomaterials as fillers become the state-of-the-art in materials science,
numerous studies have been carried out and many improved mechanical properties have been
achieved with incorporations of nanofillers into polymer matrices [1]. Zare-Shahabadi et al have used
layered silicate nanoparticles to reinforce and modify bituminous asphalt binders and studied
rheological properties and microstructure of the produced nanocomposites[3,4]. In the current paper,
the low temperature creep of the layered silicate reinforced asphalt binders will be modeled using two
empirical creep models. The used models are Findley power law and Burgers spring and damper
models. The constants of the models are defined using experimental data and the list square method.
The predictions of the models are compared and discussed.

[1] J. Yang, Z. Zhang, A. K. Schlarb, K. Friedrich, Polymer, 47, 6745 (2006).
[2] A. Zare-Shahabadi, A. Shokuhfar, S. Ebrahimi-nejad, Constr Build Mater,
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.013, (2010).
[3] A. Zare-Shahabadi, A. Shokuhfar, S. Ebrahimi-nejad, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 297-301, 579
(2010).

SS9
ACEX153
Prof. Carmelo Luis
Public University of Navarre,
SPAIN

Development of Nano-Structured AA3103 by ECAE and thermal treatments

C. J. Luis, R. Luri, J. Len, I. Puertas, D. Salcedo and I. Prez
Mechanical, Energetics and Materials Engineering Department
Manufacturing Engineering Section
Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosada s/n, 31006 Pamplona, (Spain)
E-mail: cluis.perez@unavarra.es

Abstract
This work presents a study related to the achievement of a nanometric structure in AA 3103 employing
severe plastic deformation processes (SPD), in this case equal channel angular extrusion or pressure
(ECAE/ECAP). The changes in the mechanical properties and in the microstructure of AA 3103 will be
studied after being processed by ECAE. In this way, scanning electron microscopy is used to determine
the evolution of the microstructure after different thermal treatments on the material processed by this
severe plastic deformation process. Furthermore, a more profound knowledge of the changes in the
mechanical properties of this aluminium alloy will be obtained. It will be demonstrate that with different
suitable combinations of thermal treatments and ECAE processing, it is possible to significantly
improve the mechanical properties through obtaining nanometric grain size structures.
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Keywords: ECAE, SPD, Aluminium alloys, UFG.

References
[1] Segal V.M., Reznikov V.I., Drobyshevskiy A.E., Kopylov V.I., Plastic Working of Metals by Simple
Shear translation. Russian metallurgy. pp. 99105, 1981.
[2] Valiev R. Z., Structure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained metals, Materials Science
and Engineering A, Vol. 234-236, pp. 59-66, 1997.
[3] J. Leon, C. J. Luis, R. Luri, B. Huarte, I. Puertas, Comparative Study of the Required Force for
Performing Equal Channel Angular Extrusion with Routes A and C, Current Nanoscience Volume 3
Issue 3 pp.241-244 (4).
[4] Furukawa M.Iwahashi Y., Horita Z., Nemoto M., Langdon T, G., The shearing characteristics
associated with equal-channel angualr pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol 257, pp.
328-332, 1998.
[5] S. Bhaumik, X. Molodova, G. Gottstein, Effect of stress on the annealing behavior of severely
plastically deformed aluminum alloy 3103, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 5826
5830.
[6] H.G. Kang, J.P. Lee, M.Y. Huh, O. Engler, Stability against coarsening in ultra-fine grained
aluminum alloy AA 3103 sheet fabricated by continuous confined strip shearing, Materials Science and
Engineering A 486 (2008) 470480.
[7] Hans J. Roven, Hakon Nesboe, Jens C. Werenskiold, Tanja Seibert, Mechanical properties of
aluminium alloys processed by SPD: Comparison of different alloy systems and possible product
areas, Materials Science and Engineering A 410411 (2005) 426429.
[8] C.J. Luis-Prez, R. Luri-Irigoyen, D. Gastn-Ochoa, Finite element modelling of an AlMn alloy by
equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), Journal of Materials Processing Technology 153154 (2004)
846852.
[9] C.J. Luis Prez, P. Gonzlez, Y. Garcs, Equal channel angular extrusion in a commercial AlMn
alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143144 (2003) 506511.
[10] I.G. Brodova, I.G. Shirinkina, O.A. Antonova, E.V. Shorokhov, I.I. Zhgilev, Formation of a
submicrocrystalline structure upon dynamic deformation of aluminum alloys, Materials Science and
Engineering A 503 (2009) 103105.
[11] C. J. Luis, Y. Garcs, P. Gonzlez, C. Berlanga, FEM analysis of equal channel angular
processes, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 223-250, 2002.
[12] Y. W. Tham, M. W. Fu, H. H. Hng, Q. X. Pei, K. B. Lim, Microstructure and properties of Al-6061
alloy by equal channel angular extrusion for 16 passes, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol.
22 (7), pp. 819-824, 2007.
[13] C. J. Luis Prez, On the correct selection of the channel die in ECAP processes, Scripta Materialia,
Vol. 50 (3), pp. 387-393, 2004.
[14] R. Luri, C. J. Luis, J. Len, M. A. Sebastin, A new configuration for equal channel angular
extrusion dies, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering - Transactions of the ASME, Vol.
128 (4), pp. 860-865, 2006.

SS9
ACEX286
Prof. Reza Eslami Farsani
IRAN

Synthesis and Characterization of PZT Nanocomposite by Sol-Gel Method and Investigation of
its Physicochemical Properties

R. Fazaeli1, Z. Emadian Razavi2, M. Yousefi2, S. Ghasemi2, R. Eslami Farsani3
183 | P a g e


1Modeling and Optimization Research Center in Science and Engineering,
Islamic Azad University- South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University- Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran.
3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Lead Zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr0.58Ti0.42)O3) (PZT) nanocomposite with a Perovskite structure was
prepared by sol-gel method. This composite was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and
scanning electron microscopy. The average crystallite diameter of the PZT powder is calculated to be
58 nm. Then PZT powder is doped with Ti+4, Mo+6, Nd+3, Cr+6, Cu+2, Fe+3, Fe+2, V+5, Ce3+ and
Ag+. The photocatalysed degradation of azo dyes such as Acid Yellow 36, Direct Blue 71 and Reactive
Black 5 investigated in aqueous suspensions of the photocatalyst under the same of conditions. The
degradation was studied by monitoring the change in substrate concentration employing UV
spectroscopic analysis technique. The influence of various parameters such as, solution pH, mass of
catalysts, substrate concentrations, and in the presence of electron acceptor such as H2O2, K2S2O8
and NaOCl has been investigated. The degradation products of azoic pollutant were analyzed by
GC/MS technique. Then photodegradation thermodynamic and kinetic of them were investigated. The
highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo-second order kinetic model.
[1] K. Naeem, Chem. Eng. J., 156, 505 (2010).
[2] J. Mielcarek, React. Kinet. Catal. L., 86, 119 (2005).
[3] J. Ghasemi, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 39, 967 (2007).
[4] H. Huang, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 14264 (2009).
[5] H. Shen, Mater. Res. Bull., 44, 2152 (2009).

SS9
ACEX287
Mr. Shahrouz Zamani Khalajabadi
Azad University
IRAN

Phase formation and structural evolution of nanopowders during synthesis of nanocrystalline
MoSi2 by mechanical alloying method

S.Zamani**, A, Shokuhfar*
Division of Materials Engineering ,Faculty of Engineering. Azad University, Karadj, Iran
Advanced Materials and nanotechnology Research Center, K.N. Toosi University of Technology
**shahroozzamany@yahoo.com:shokuhfar@kntu.ac.ir

Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased activity in research on the materials based on MoSi2 for
high-temperature applications, especially in the aerospace industry. This has been essentially due to
the unique properties of this compound, such as low density, excellent resistance to oxidation and
corrosion even at elevated temperature, high melting point (2030C) and pertinent electrical resistance.
In this research work the MoSi2 intermetallic compound has been synthesized from the elemental
molybdenum and silicon powders by mechanical alloying. MoSi2 is a dimorph phase: the tetragonal
C11b-type -MoSi2 phase (low temperature phase) is stable up to 2173k , above this temperature -
MoSi2 is transformed into the hexagonal C40-type -MoSi2 phase (high temperature phase). -MoSi2
phase melts in a congruent form at 2293k.
Different ball-powder weight ratio (15:1,25 :1 and 35:1) have been applied during synthesize of this
184 | P a g e


intermetallic compound. The structural evolution , morphology of the Phases, grains size and
distribution , phase transformation and crystallite size of powders were investigated Using X-ray
diffraction(XRD), Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped by EDX, Transmission electron
microscopy(TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results show
-MoSi2 phase has been formed at early stage of the process followed by -MoSi2 phase formation
during continuing ball milling.
When ball-powder weight proportion 25:1(optimum amount) was applied after 48h milling time the final
product -MoSi2 phase with very fine crystallite size nearly 11nm together with small amount of -
MoSi2 were achieved , annealing of this product at 1000c for 4 hours leads to transformation of the
remaining high temperature -MoSi2 phase to the low temperature -MoSi2 phase as well.

Keywords: Mechanical Alloying; MoSi2 intermetallic; phase formation , structural evoluation ;
Annealing ; Nanocrystalline.

SS9
ACEX307
Dr. Khairunisak Abdul Razak
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Malaysia

Controlled synthesis of gold nanorods via seeded growth approach

Pauline Teoh 1, Khairunisak Abdul Razak1,2,**, Azlan Abdul Aziz2,3, Rahmah Nordin2
1 School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2 NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular
Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
3 School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of gold nanorods (AuNRs) produced using seeded growth method.
The properties of AuNRs with varying synthesis parameters such as amount of
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), concentration of ascorbic acid, volume of seed solution and
amount of HNO3. Sufficient CTAB amount is important in order to obtain AuNRs. Below 0.2 M CTAB,
AuNRs aspect ratio (length divide by width) was low because the AuNRs formed were short and thick.
At such low CTAB concentration, CTAB amount was insufficient to formed micelles that blocked the
seed in a certain direction for growth of AuNRs. The aspect ratio of AuNRs increasing up to 0.2 M
CTAB, beyond which the spherical shapes Au nanoparticles were formed. The addition of ascorbic acid
up to 0.08 M increased the aspect ratio of AuNRs. However, further increased in ascorbic acid
concentration caused the aspect ratio to decrease due to fast reduction of Au ions. The aspect ratio of
AuNRs rose with increasing the volume of seed solution of up to 50ml, beyond which the aspect ratio
decreased. The addition of HNO3 was beneficial to increase the aspect ratio of AuNRs up to 300ml due
to slower Au ions reduction. However, further addition of HNO3 formed shorter and unstable AuNRs
colloids.

Keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Gold Nanorods; Seeded growth; Chemical synthesis

SS9
ACEX320
185 | P a g e


Ms. Elham Loni
K. N. Toosi University of Technology,
IRAN

Effects of different Capping Agents on the Synthesis of New Cu-In-Eu-S Nanoparticles by Co-
precipitation Method

E.Loni1 , A.Shokuhfar1 , M.H.Siadati1 , A.Zolriasatein1 , M.Ghaffari1
1Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.
N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
This paper concentrates on a new nanoparticle, which obtains with addition of the element Europium to
the common ternary composition of CIS used as absorber material in solar cells. In this study, the new
Cu-Eu-S nanoparticles were synthesized by very fast and easy way of co-precipitation at room
temperature. This new composition have been selected because of the photoluminescence properties
of Europium. photovoltaic properties can be affected by size, distribution and morphology of
nanoparticles which depend to type and amount of capping agent or surfactant in the solution. Here the
influence of three different capping agents on the composition, size, distribution and morphology of the
nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with The corresponding selected
area electron diffraction pattern. The results have shown that the nanoparticle phase is the exact
expected composition of sulphide with homogenous distribution of Eu in samples furthermore, the
variation of morphology and composition by different capping agent have been seen in the samples. A
transition in morphology from speherical particles to rod shape occurred by addition of CTAB instead of
pyridine. Addition of PEG leads to formation of Irregular morphologies like rose-like morphology.
Increasing in pyridine amount leads to reduction in size of nanoparticles. Electron diffraction pattern of
samples by transmission electron microscope shows the o-ring pattern which is characteristic of
nanostructure particles and pattern feature affirms the formation of CuEuS2 phase in particles.

[1] K. H. Kim, Y. G. Chun, B. O. Park and K. H. Yoon, Proceeding ISEA 10, 520, 2004.
[2] J. Olejnck et al., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2009.

SS9
ACEX324
Mr. Morteza Ghadimi
IRAN

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline NiTiCu Shape Memory Compound via Mechanothermal Process

M. Ghadimi1, A. Shokuhfar1, A. Zolriasatein1, H. Rostami2, N. Nemati3
1Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2Faculty of Materials Engineering, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran.
3Department of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract
186 | P a g e


Mechanothermal method (mechanical alloying and a subsequent heat treatment) has been used to
prepare shape memory intermetallic compound with nanocrystalline structure and nominal
compositions of Ni45Ti50Cu5 (at) from the elemental powders. The product was characterized using
X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The results exhibited that after 60 h milling, the Cu dissolve into NiTi structure and the low
crystalline NiTi(110) phase was obtained. Annealing of the milled powders at 900C for 30 min leads to
grain growth, decrease of microstrain and microhardness and finally formation of nanocrystalline
NiTiCu compound.

[1] T. Goryczka, and J. Van Humbeeck, J. Compound Compd., 456, 194 (2008).
[2] D. Vokoun, P. Stalmans, and R. Stalmans., Scripta Mater., 48, 623 (2003).

SS9
ACEX338
Mrs. Nbwia Griffete
Universit Paris Diderot,
France

Synthesis of highly soluble polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles using a combination of
diazonium salt chemistry and the iniferter method

Nbwia Griffete, Aazdine Lamouri, Frdric Herbst, Souad Ammar and Claire Mangeney
ITODYS, Universit Paris Diderot (UMR 7086), 15 rue Jean de Baf, 75013 Paris, France.

Abstract
The grafting of polymer brushes from metal oxide nanoparticles via surface-initiated controlled radical
polymerization has been the subject of intense research these last years1.
One of the key steps for obtaining stable hybrid metal oxide cores/polymer shells nanostructures relies
on the grafting of an appropriate coupling agent between the nanoparticle surface and the polymer
coating.Therefore, the development of versatile and efficient surface modification strategies for
obtaining strong and stable linkages in aqueous media, between the metal oxide NP surface and the
polymer coating still remains challenging.Chemistry using aryl diazonium salts as coupling agents for
polymer coatings has never been extended to the spontaneous functionalization of metal oxyde
nanoparticles, probably due to the poor reducing character of this type of material inhibiting the
generation of aryl radicals able to bind to the NP surface. It is only very recently that our group
succeeded in grafting aryl groups derived from diazonium salts on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles
by taking advantage of the transformation of diazonium species to diazoates in basic media2.We have
developed an original and simple route combining aryl diazonium salt chemistry and the iniferter
method to elaborate individually dispersed, highly soluble and pH-sensitive PMAA-coated magnetic
nanoparticles. Our approach offers several advantages over conventional methods: (i) ease and
rapidity of the diazonium-based coupling agent grafting at the NP surface; (ii) presence of a covalent
bonding between the polymer and the NP surface; (iii) opportunities offered by the living character of
the polymerization process. We believe this synthetic approach will not only pave an additional way for
the preparation of water-soluble and pH-sensitive PMAA-coated Fe3O4 nanocrystals but also provide a
new general functionalization strategy for magnetic nanoparticles.

[1] R. Barbey, L. Lavanant, D. Paripovic, N. Schuwer, C. Sugnaux, S. Tugulu, and Harm-Anton Klok,
Chem. Rev., 2009, 109, 5437; F. Hu, K. G. Neoh, L. Cen and E. Kang, Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7,
809.
[2] N. Griffete, K. Chen, F. Herbst, J. Pinson, S. Ammar and Claire Mangeney, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
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2011, 133, pp 16461649

SS9
ACEX360
Mr. Seyed Vahid Hosseini
IRAN

Effect of Nano-Scratching Parameters on Heat Generation and Temperature of a Copper Single
Crystal

Seyed Vahid Hosseini1, a, Mehrdad Vahdati2, b, Ali Shokuhfar2, c
1Ph.D Student of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2Professor of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
aMscmechanic@hotmail.com , bVahdati@kntu.ac.ir , cShokuhfar@kntu.ac.ir

Abstract
Ultra Precision Machining (UPM) aims at producing high quality surfaces in terms of form accuracy and
surface integrity for advanced technology components such as computer hard disks, lenses, mirrors,
etc. This is made possible by enabling material removal at extremely small depths of cut in the order of
nanometres. In this case, the conventional continuum based method (FEM) becomes impossible to use
for numerical analysis. As an alternative method, molecular dynamics (MD) is significantly implemented
in the field of nano-scratching to investigate cutting mechanism. In this study, a three-dimensional MD
simulation of nanometric cutting of single crystal copper using single crystal diamond tool is conducted
to investigate the effect of depth of cut and cutting speed on scratching process heat generation and
surface integrity. In this model, EAM potential is utilized to calculate the interactions between workpiece
atoms and Morse potential is used to compute interactions between workpiece atoms and tool. The
variation of the cutting forces, machined surface integrity, heat generation and spatial distribution of the
local temperature were investigated. The results reveal that high machining speeds lead to a rough
machined surface with a large chip formation. There is a large increase of local kinetic energy or local
temperature below the tool and in the chip. On the contrary, low machining speeds lead to smoother
machined surface with a smaller chip formation. As well, the kinetic energy or local temperature below
the tool and inside the chip has a little increase. In addition, larger depth of cut can increase the value
of heat generation during the material removal process. Finally, during nanometric cutting there is a
local region of higher temperature and stress below the tool. The relaxation process anneals this
excess energy and leads to a very low dislocation work material.

SS9
VIP-ACEX032
Dr. Zainovia Lockman
Universiti Sains Malaysia
MALAYSIA

Self Ordered Metal Oxide 1D and 3D Nanostructures by Oxidation and Chemical Methods

Zainovia Lockman, Syahriza Ismail, Normi Akmal Mustafa, Tan Wai Kian, Leow Cheah Li, Lim Shu Lee
and Khairunisak Abdul Razak
Green Electronic Nanomaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
188 | P a g e


zainovia@eng.usm.my

Abstract
In this work, the formations of 1D metal oxide (MOx) in a form nanotubes and nanorods and 3D
nanosheets are presented. MOx investigated were those with interesting electrical and optical
properties: ZnO, CuO, WO3, TiO2 and ZrO2. All of these oxides have many applications for example
as electrode in dye sensitized solar cell, as photocatalysts and as electrochromic materials. For these
specific applications, nanostructure is desired due to its extraordinarily high specific surface areas.
ZnO and CuO nanorods were produced by thermal oxidation of Zn and Cu foils. The diameter of the
nanorods was found to be dependent on the oxidation temperatures and times. Oxidation conditions
which allow the formation of the nanostructures were therefore identified. A mechanism of formation of
nanorods on Zn is similar to that of Cu and is believed to be based on the fast diffusion mechanism of
Zn or Cu ions at specific diffusion path leading to the rod structure. It was also seen that on Zn, at
ultra low oxidation temperature, 3D nanosheets were formed. These nanosheets were characterized to
comprise of small ZnO particulates forming an open porous nanosheets structure. At a very short
oxidation time (<10min), ZnO formed was very smooth and was then used as a seed layer for the
growth of aligned ZnO nanorods by chemical solution process based on hydrothermal treatment in Zn
salts and amine. Oxidation of W resulted in compact, flat WO3 and ordered nanoporous WO3 could be
produced when the oxidised foil was subjected to anodic electrochemical treatment in fluorinated bath.
On the other hand, foils like Ti and Zr could be anodised in the same bath for the formation of TiO2 and
ZrO2 nanotubes. The formation of the nanoporous and nanotubular oxides are due to the chemical
dissolution of the oxide layer which resulted in pores of uniform diameter and depth. As for the case of
the TiO2 and ZrO2, the pore walls were found to be severely etched by the fluorine in the
electrochemical bath resulting in the separation of one pore to the other forming the discreet
nanotubular structure.

SS9
VIP-ACEX128
Dr. Marc Meunier
ACCELRYS,
UK

Molecular Modelling of Polymers Nanocomposites: From Full Atomistic to Coarse-Grained
Methods. Theory and applications

M. Meunier,
ACCELRYS, Cambridge, U.K.

Abstract
Molecular modelling has appeared in recent years as a powerful tool to study polymeric materials. A
wide range of properties such as the structure, the solubility, the miscibility and transport are nowadays
routinely computed using different molecular modelling methods, from full atomistic description to
coarse grained (CG) models. In this presentation we will review the recent developments in modelling
applied to the study of polymeric materials. First, a description of the capabilities and limitations of a
range of atomistic simulation methods is given. Secondly, CG methods such as Dissipative Particle
Dynamic1 and CG Molecular Dynamics (CGMD) are explained. With input parameters taken from
atomistic simulations, these provide information about ordering on a nanometer to micrometer length
scale. Case studies and recent published work2-3-4 at Accelrys, in particular in the field of polymer
nanocomposites, will be presented to illustrate the use of such modelling techniques in the field of
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nanomaterials.

[1] R.D. Groot and P.B. Warren. J. Chem. Phys., 107, 4423-4435, (1997).
[2] M. Meunier. J. Chem Phys. 123, (2005).
[3] A. Maiti. J. Wescott, P. Kung. Molecular Simulation, 31, 2-3 (2005).
[4] Wescott, P. Kung, A. Maiti Applied Physics Letters 90, 033116 (2007)

SS9
ACEX360
Mr. Seyed Vahid Hosseini
IRAN

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Dislocation Behavior during Nano-Machining Process on a
Bicrystal with a Grain Boundary

Seyed Vahid Hosseini1, a, Mehrdad Vahdati2, b, Ali Shokuhfar2, c
1Ph.D Student of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2Professor of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
aMscmechanic@hotmail.com , bVahdati@kntu.ac.ir , cShokuhfar@kntu.ac.ir

Abstract
Atomistic details about dislocation interaction with grain boundary have attracted much attention during
the last several decades. This is because the mechanical properties of the polycrystalline materials are
greatly affected by the interaction of lattice dislocations with grain boundaries and the results from the
grain boundary studies have greatly contributed to the design of structural materials. Recently,
atomistic simulation techniques have successfully progressed to achieve atomic scale understanding of
micro mechanism. In particular, the simulation techniques have enabled detailed analyses of
dislocation nucleation and defect interactions during nanoscratching process, including the interaction
mechanism of dislocations with twin boundaries and a mechanism for misfit dislocation creation, and
the role of grain boundaries in the nano-polycrystals during deformation. In this paper, the nano-
machining of copper with and without a grain boundary is compared to study the effect of the grain
boundary on machining characteristics using molecular dynamics simulation with EAM potentials. Also,
interaction of dislocations with a =5 (210) [001] grain boundary that is parallel to the scratching
direction was investigated. Furthermore, the transmission of the dislocations across the grain boundary
was analyzed during the ploughing process of rigid tool on the specimen. The results showed that the
dislocation transmitted across the grain boundary during nanomachining process and left a step in the
boundary plane. Also, results suggested that a partial dislocation in the first grain merged into the grain
boundary and it was dissociated into another partial dislocation in second grain and a grain boundary
dislocation, introducing a step in the grain boundary. Finally, the behavior of tool forces are affected
when the generated dislocation are reach to the grain boundary.

SS9
ACEX097
Prof. Luisa Maria Rocha Dures
PORTUGAL

Modeling and simulation of radial combustion propagation of Fe2O3/Al thermite systems
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P. Brito1,2, L. Dures1, A. Portugal1
1 CIEPQPF, Dept. of Chem. Engineering., Faculty of Sciences & Technol., University of Coimbra, Plo
II, Rua Slvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra - Portugal
2 Dept. of Chem. & Biolog. Technol., School of Technol. & Management, Polytech. Inst. of Bragana,
Campus de Santa Apolnia, PO Box 1134, 5301-857 Bragana - Portugal

Abstract
In previous works [1-2], a one-dimensional model was built to simulate the non-steady radial
combustion propagation on thin disk shaped samples of Fe2O3/Aluminum thermite mixtures and was
successfully tested. Now, the purpose is to extend the referred model to the more sensible two-
dimensional features of the samples, maintaining the main characteristics of the previous model: zero
order kinetics, conductive/radiative heat transfer, assumption of phase transitions, temperature and
composition variation of all system properties during propagation. Therefore, an adaptive numerical
algorithm that conjugates a Method of Lines (MOL) strategy based on finite differences space
discretizations, with a collocation scheme based on increasing level dyadic grids is applied for the
solution of the problem. The model validation implies the comparison of numerical results with available
experimental data obtained in similar conditions. Thus, the particular integration method proves to cope
satisfactorily with the steep travelling thermal wave in 1D and 2D spatial domain supports, either for
trivial uniform mixing conditions, as in complex examples developed to feature more sophisticated
circumstances, such as non-homogeneous reactant mixing [1], and selective pseudo-random
directional flame extinction, which realistically replicate the observed experimental phenomena.

[1] P. Brito, L. Dures, J. Campos, A. Portugal, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 5078 (2007).
[2] L. Dures, P. Brito, J. Campos, A. Portugal, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 21A, p.
365, Marquardt, W., Pantelides, C., Eds. (Elsevier, 2006).

SS9
VIP-ACEX031
Prof. Noorhana Yahya
MALAYSIA

Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging by Finite Integration (FI) and Finite Element (FE) Methods

N. Yahya1, M.N.Akhtar2, and N.Nasir2
1Department of Fundamental and Applied Science,
2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
31750, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

Abstract
Seabed electromagnetic (EM) modelling for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir is still
remains a challenge for oil and gas industry. More precise and accurate electromagnetic (EM) methods
are required for the better detection of hydrocarbon reservoir. Finite integration method (FIM) and Finite
element method (FEM) were chosen for 3D modelling of seabed logging to get more precise EM
response from hydrocarbon reservoir. The purpose of EM modelling was to investigate the total electric
and magnetic fields instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, which shows accurate and precise
resistivity contrast at target depth of 3000m below seafloor. Finite integration method and finite element
method was applied on our proposed seabed model having square area (2020km). It was observed
that finite integration method shows 6.52% resistivity contrast at target depth of 1000m where as finite
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element method shows 16.78% resisitivity contrast of normalised E field. It was also investigated that
normalised E field response decreases as the target depth increases from 1000m to 3000m at
frequency of 0.125Hz and 1250A. It can be seen that at 0.125 Hz frequency phase with source receiver
offset shows 3.8% (FIM ) where as 6.58% (FEM) better delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000m target
depth.

SS9
ACEX083
Prof. Ali Baghizadeh
Van de Graaff Laboratory,
IRAN

Influence of oxygen atmosphere annealing on nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited by RF-
Sputtering

A.Baghizadeh 1, D.Agha -Aligol 1, B. Nedaie Shakarab 2, M.Lamehi-Rachti 1
1Van de Graaff Laboratory, Physics Department, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology,
P.O.Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
2Azad University of Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract
In recent years, ZnO films have attracted much attention. As a wide-band-gap semiconducting material
(3.37 eV at room temperature) with high transmittance in the visible spectrum, ZnO has practical and
potential applications for short wavelength optoelectronic devices and transparent conductive oxide
(TCO) film[1,2]. Thin layers of ZnO have been grown by various techniques, but magnetron sputtering
has the advantage that it can be scaled for large area, uniform deposition [2]. To improve the optical
and electrical properties of ZnO, many research groups have investigated the effects of heat processes
after deposition on ZnO properties. Thermal annealing is a very promising technique to improve crystal
quality. During an annealing process, dislocations and other structural defects will move in the film and
adsorption/decomposition will occur on the surface, thus the structure and the stoichiometric ratio of the
film will change. In this work, we prepare ZnO films on Si(100) substrate by RF-Sputtering and
investigate the structural and morphological changes after annealing at oxygen ambient. The ratio of Zn
to O in the films and also film/substrate interfaces are studied by Rutherford Backscattering
Spectroscopy (RBS). After each annealing process, FESEM is used to indicate what sizes the nano-
grains have and how they distribute. Morphology of grains are probed and analyzed by Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM). The main focus of this work is to get relations between nanostructures formed
during heat processes and the related temperatures used to prepare these nanostructures.

[1] G.Z. Xing, B. Yao, C.X. Cong, T. Yang,Y.P. Xie, B.H. Li, D.Z. Shen, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 457 (2008) 36.
[2] A. Vincze, J. Kova c, I. Novotny, J. Bruncko, D. Hasko, A. Satka, K. Shterev, Applied Surface
Science 255 (2008) 1419.

SS9
ACEX286
Prof. Reza Eslami Farsani
IRAN

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Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan/TiO2 Nanocomposites and Investigation of its
Physicochemical Properties

R. Fazaeli1, S. Ghasemi2, M. Yousefi2, Z. Emadian Razavi2, R. Eslami Farsani3
1Modeling and Optimization Research Center in Science and Engineering,
Islamic Azad University- South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University- Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran.
3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In recent years, synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocomposite contained TiO2 have been interested by
researches and created active research field in basic science and engineering. In this study, TiO2
nanoparticles-doped with Cu2+, Ce+3, Nd+3 and TiO2/chitosan nanocomposite and TiO2/chitosan-
doped with Nd+3, Nd+3/Cu2+ and Nd+3/Ce+3 was synthesized. The prepared nanoparticles have
been characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM and TGA. IR spectra and TGA showed the
existence of chitosan. SEM imaged indicated nanoparticles shape were spherical. Using sherrer's
equation and TEM the size of nanoparticles were ca. 8-10 nm. Photocatalytic activity in degradation of
aqueous solution of Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Direct Blue 71 (DB71), Acid Red 151 (AR151) and the
effect of oxidants such as K2S2O8 and H2O2 were investigated. The results showed that
decolorization efficiency of AR151 increases as H2O2 concentration decreases. The kinetics and
thermodynamics of decolorization were examined by some kinetic and thermodynamic models. The
result shows that the kinetics model reaction in presence of catalysts followed from pseudo-second
order equation presented by Blanchard and thermodynamic model reaction in presence of
chitosan/TiO2/Nd3+/Cu2+ and chitosan/TiO2 catalysts followed from Temkin model. One of the most
important applications of TiO2 nanoparticles in textile industry product of stain resistance cotton fiber,
thus in this research we studied about this effect of nanoparticle TiO2 on cotton fiber. The results
showed that cotton fibers treatment with nanoparticle TiO2 has this property.

[1] F. Chuan, L. Tingzhen and et al., J. Chem. Phys. Lett., 494, 117 (2010).
[2] U.G. Akpan and B.H. Hameed, J. Appl. Catal. C, 375, 1 (2010).
[3] T. Yugui, P. Jun and et al., J. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 138, 84 (2007).
[4] W. Baran and A. Makowski, J. Dyes Pigments, 76, 226 (2008).

Transport phenomena
ACEX311
Dr. Gisele Maria Ribeiro Vieira
Federal Center of Technological CEFET,
BRAZIL

The Water Natural Convection in Enclosures Heated from the Side

G.M.R. Vieira
Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca CEFET/RJ, 20.271-110, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Abstract
An important class of internal natural convection problems are the flow induced in enclosed spaces that
are subject to temperature differences in the horizontal direction. A vast amount of research has been
devoted during the 1970s to predicting the total heat transfer rate between the differentially heated
193 | P a g e


walls of the enclosure, as described by Bejan [1]. Gobin and Le Qur [2], for example, performed a
comparison exercise about melting with natural convection. This work applies different numerical
procedures and models to a simple phase change problem. Braga and Viskanta [3] analyzed the effect
of the maximum density in water solidification in a rectangular cavity.This paper presents a numerical
investigation about the natural convection process into a rectangular cavity. The fixed temperatures
applied to vertical walls include the density maximum. Water and several liquid metals are known to
feature a non-linear density-temperature relationship. This phenomenon occurs with water near 4oC at
atmospheric pressure, which is a temperature often found in several technological applications and in
nature. The governing equations are solved by a finite volume method. The numerical results show
that the non-linear variation of the density influences strongly the flow structure and the heat transfer.
The structures of this flow show that the density maximum generates a complex flow structure of two
contra-rotating cells.

[1] A. Bejan, in Heat Transfer, Vol.1, p.368, C. Robichaud, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1993).
[2] D. Gobin and P. Le Qur, Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, 7, 289
(2000).
[3] S. L. Braga and R. Viskanta, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 35, 861, (1992).

Transport phenomena
ACEX065
Prof. Fabiana Pimentel Macdo Farias
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
BRAZIL

Influence of roughness and dimensions of the vortex finder in the heavy oil-water separation
using hydrocyclones

P.B.M. Oliveira1, F.P.M. Farias1, S.R. Farias Neto3, A.G.B de Lima2
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre for Sustainable Development of the Semiarid (CDSA),
1Department of Technology Development,
Av. Luiz Grande - Zip Code 58540-000, Sum, Paraba, Brazil.
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre of Science and Technology (CCT)
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1Department of Chemical Engineering
Av. Aprgio Veloso, 882 - Bodocong, Zip Code 58429-900, C. Grande, Paraba, Brazil

Abstract
In the last decades the petroleum industry has used frequently hydrocyclones for oil/water separation.
This type of equipment is based in the centrifugal and drag forces and offers low cost of installation and
maintenance. One of the problems found in the hydrocyclones is the presence incrustations and
corrosion which affects the roughness of the internal walls of hydrocyclone. According to Averous and
Fuentes [1] the roughness modifies the turbulent generation near the wall, thus affecting the velocity
profile in the domain of study. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to study numerically the effect of
the vortex finder diameter and the roughness of the hydrocyclone wall. A numerical solution of the
governing equations was obtained using the ANSYS CFX-11 commercial code. Results of the
streamline, pressure drop, volume fraction and efficiency of separation are affected by the roughness of
the wall and vortex finder diameter.

[1] Averous, J. and Fuentes, R., Canadian Metallurgical Quartely, v. 36, n. 5, p.309-314 (1997).

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Transport phenomena
ACEX088
Ms. Lorena Monteiro Cavalcanti Barbosa
BRAZIL

Non-Isothermal Flow Of Heavy Oil, Water And Gas In Pipeline Including Leakage

L.M.C. Barbosa1, J.V. N. Sousa 1, A.G.B.Lima1
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Center of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, ZipCode 58429-900, Campina Grande,Paraiba, Brazil.

Abstract
The operation of pipelines is subject to failure due to the action of agents physicochemical nature which
can deteriorate the wall of pipe (corrosion or fractures). Besides pipeline leakage incite big economic
loss and the environmental pollution. Oil and gas pipeline leakage can be detected by measuring the
chances of pipeline parameters, such as transportation pressure and flux, through monitoring system
and sensors [1]. But, currently, many false alarms are detect due to noise of pipeline resulting from
dynamic effects of flow, or from difficulty in determining the flow characteristics inside the duct at each
instant of time, for example the pressure wave monitoring. Others problems are: calibration of
monitoring system and noise level of measuring instruments, etc. [2].
In this sense, this paper aims to present a non-isothermal three-phase (heavy oil, water and gas) flow
in vertical ducts with and without leaking through numerical simulation using ANSYS CFX. This work
will expose the estimation of characteristic parameters of the fluid during transient flow in real time. The
numerical results presented and evaluated in this study are: velocity, pressure, volume fraction
distribution of the phases, in order to identify the influence of leakage on the behavior of fluid flow.

[1] H. Feng, L. Zhun, S. Jin, Y. Shou, Z. Zeng, and J. Zhunge , J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst., 52, 114 (2009).
[2] S. I. Kam, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 70, 145 (2010).

Transport phenomena
ACEX106
Ms. Daniela Passos Simes de Almeida Tavares
BRAZIL

Evaluation of Multiphase Flow in the Presence of Leaks in Oil Pipelines: Modeling and
Simulation

M.V. Arajo1, D. P. S. A. Tavares1, S. R. de Farias Neto1, A. G. B. de Lima2
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre of Science and Technology, Zip Code 58429-900,
Campina Grande, Paraba, Brazil.

Abstract
The transport of oil and its derivatives is mainly done through networks of pipelines linking the oil fields,
refineries and distribution networks to consumers. They are considered the best way to fluids transport
over long distances in a more safe and economical compared with road, rail and sea. Despite
significant advances in the development of lighter and stronger materials for the construction of
pipelines and the growing number of gas and oil pipelines, various problems of leaks have been
195 | P a g e


observed, which has encouraged the development of reliable techniques to inspect and detect quickly
and accurately possible leaks along these pipelines, with the goal of eliminating or minimizing damage
to the oil industry and other segments and damage to the environment [1]. The leak depends of a
number of properties or parameters measured at the site of the leak, for example, integrity of the pipe
material, release of fluids and noise emission characteristic or manifestation of some other type of
signal behavior of the fluid inside the pipe , variation of pressure drop in the position of the leak, among
others. There are a variety of techniques available for detecting leaks change from visual observation
to mathematical modeling using computational techniques [2].
In this context, this paper aims to study the fluid dynamics of oil in a horizontal pipe in the presence of a
leakage. We applied the Eulerian-Eulerian model, in an area three-dimensional and steady-state
turbulent flow (model k-). We used the commercial package ANSYS CFX 11 to perform all
simulations. The numerical results of velocity, pressure, volume fraction fields of phases involved and
are presented, evaluated and discussed.

[1] A.F. Colombo, B.W. Karney, J. Water Resources Planning Manage, 128, 441 (2002).
[2] A.F. Colombo, P. Lee, B. W. Karney, Journal of Hydro-Environment Research, 2, 212 (2009).

Transport phenomena
ACEX111
Prof. Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto
BRAZIL

Three-dimensional simulation of a vortex cell used to water/oil separation

F.D.T. de Luna1, S.R. de Farias Neto 1, A.G.B. de Lima 2
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre of Science and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering1, Department of Mechanical Engineering2
A. Aprgio Veloso, 882 - Bodocong, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraba, Brazil
Swirling flow has a practical importance in the industry, for example: heat exchangers, cyclones and
combustion chambers. Swirl flow results from the application of a tangential component to the main
axisymmetric axial movement of a fluid. This type of flow appears to be of special interest because this
one not require particular rotation equipment like baffles. Previous studies of this flow pattern [1, 2, 3]
have provided a solid basis for further investigation. Knowledge of the pressure, volume fraction and
flow fields the swirling flow can be very useful for device design of water-oil separation [4]. These fields
can be deduced from computational fluid dynamics or experimental measurements. A numerical study
was used to provide a device with an axisymmetric flow induced by tangential inlet to treatment of
produced water by petroleum industry. Numerical results of the volumetric fraction, pressure, velocity
fields and streamlines show that, in the cases analyzed, the proposed device provides the formation of
core oil coming out by an axial duct, while the water leaves by the tangential.

[1] P. Legentilhomme, J. Legrand, J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 34, 12811291 (1991).
[2] S. R. Farias Neto, P. Legentilhomme, J. Legrand, Computational Methods in Applied Mech. and
Eng., 165, 189213 (1998).
[3] J. Pruvost, J. Legrand, P. Legentilhomme, A. Muller-Feuga, Chem. Eng. Science 57 12051215
(2002).
[4] F.P.M. Farias, C.J.O. Buriti, W.C.P.B. Lima, S. R. Farias Neto, A.G.B. Lima, Defect and Diffusion
Forum, v. 303-304, p. 131-137, 2010.

Transport phenomena
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ACEX136
Mrs. Josedite Saraiva de Souza
BRAZIL

Three-dimensional fluid flow simulation in a tubular ceramic membrane for water/oil separation

J.S. Souza1, A.L. Cunha1, S.R. de Farias Neto 1, E.S. Barbosa 2, A.G.B. de Lima 2
Federal University of Campina Grande, Center of Science and Technology
1Department of Chemical Engineering2Department of Mechanical Engineering
Av. Aprgio Veloso, 882 - Bodocong, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraba, Brazil

Abstract
Innovative technologies are required to cope with the regulations of produced water treatment. Current
technologies used to treat produced water consist of clarifiers, dissolved air flotation, hydrocyclones
and disposable filters/absorbers. Membrane separation has enjoyed great popularity over the last years
and is becoming a promising technology. However, few studies are related to application of inorganic
ceramic membranes on water/oil separation. Ceramic membranes, a special class of micro porous
membranes, are being used in ultrafiltration and microfiltration applications for which solvent resistance
and thermal stability are required [1]. Cross-flow membrane filtration has become firmly established as
a primary technology for ensuring the purity, safety and/or efficiency of the treatment of water or
effluents [2, 3].
In this sense, the aim of this study is simulate laminar fluid flow in porous tubes, a mode of cross-flow
filtration tubular membrane, by using the commercial package ANSYS CFX 11. Results of the pressure,
volumetric fraction and velocity distribution are presented and analysed.
[1] R.W. Backer, Membrane Technology and Research, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2nd ed. (Inc.Menlo
Park, California, 2004).

[2] F.L. Hua, Y.F. Tsang , Y.J. Wang, S.Y. Chan, H. Chua, S.N. Sin, Chem J. Eng., 128, 169175
(2007).
[3] M. Ebrahimi, K. Shams Ashaghi, L. Engel, D. Willershausen, P. Mund, P. Bolduan, P.
Czermak,Desalination., 245, 533540 (2009).

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