Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOOL 2001
WORKCOVER NSW SAFETY IN DESIGN TOOL
4. CHAIR-1 Example 15
5. CHAIR-3 Example 18
6. Case Studies 19
7. References 26
8. GUIDEWORDS 27
CHAIR Introduction 28
CHAIR 1 38
Summary of CHAIR-1 Study Guidewords - Generic 39
Summary of CHAIR-1 Study Guidewords - Overview 40
Sample CHAIR -1 Minute Recording Sheet 41
CHAIR-1 Study Guidewords - Generic 42
CHAIR-1 Study Guidewords - Overview 53
CHAIR 2 68
Summary of CHAIR-2 Study Guidewords 69
Sample CHAIR-2 Minute Recording Sheet 70
CHAIR-2 Study Guidewords 71
CHAIR 3 77
CHAIR-3 Worksheet 78
CHAIR-3 Study Guidewords 79
5. For each logical block, use various guidewords to assist with the
identification of safety aspects/issues.
6. Discuss associated risks and determine if the safety risk can be eliminated.
8. Assess whether the proposed risk controls (i.e. expected safeguards, etc.)
are appropriate (is the risk as low as reasonably practicable).
The purpose of the CHAIR-1 study is to review A designer should be well informed but is not
the conceptual design and identify the expected to know everything, especially with
significant construction, maintenance, repair regard to detailed construction techniques.
and demolition safety risks associated with a Therefore, the designer, or a single third party,
project. By identifying and understanding in isolation should not perform a CHAIR-1
these risks very early in the project phase, risk study. What is required is essentially a
controls can be established to ensure that, if systematic and formalised “brainstorming”
these risks cannot be eliminated, they are at workshop, which involves the appropriate
least managed so they are as low as is stakeholders (designers, construction,
reasonably practicable. maintenance, safety representatives, etc.),
and is led by a facilitator who is a “third
Organisations typically perform feasibility or
party” to the design (but could belong to one
conceptual operational design assessments
of the stakeholder organisations).
which cover the various function and
elements of a design, including safety. The As the CHAIR-1 study is undertaken at the
focus of these assessments is at a conceptual stage of the design process, it is
fundamental level, where it is still possible to difficult to indicate who should attend a
radically change the design concept and CHAIR-1 meeting. The appropriate
significantly improve safety and operability. participants will depend on the type of project
The effectiveness of such studies is being considered. Participants may include:
diminished when time is spent on less architect, design manager, construction
significant issues, which are more manager, safety specialist, client,
appropriately addressed as part of detailed construction foreperson, project managers,
design. engineers and service consultants. A CHAIR-
1 study provides an opportunity for people to
Those involved in the design process should
contribute to improving safety using their
have an informed view of the overall
specialised knowledge. By using a diverse
“constructability” and “maintainability” of
group of people and a systematic
the design, as not only do they influence
methodology, the chance of overlooking a
safety, they also influence project and
major problem is significantly reduced.
operability costs. Such influences may not
necessarily be mutually exclusive. CHAIR-1 Guidewords
Only what is reasonable to foresee at the time A CHAIR-1 study is a form of safety analysis
a concept design is reviewed can be expected similar to a technique used in the
from any design review. It may be possible for petrochemical industry called Hazard and
risks which cannot be foreseen or addressed Operability (HAZOP) study.
at the CHAIR-1 stage to be considered at the
HAZOP has been detailed extensively in
CHAIR-2 and CHAIR-3 stages.
literature, as well as in NSW government
A CHAIR-2 study is performed as the detailed A critical difference between CHAIR-1 and
design is approaching completion, but well CHAIR-2 studies is that analysis for a CHAIR-
before commencement of construction. In 2 study is structured towards the proposed
many cases, it may be possible to identify the construction (or demolition) sequence, rather
constructor who would actually be performing than using a logical breakdown of the specific
the work to assist in performing the study. design. The reason for this is that at the
detailed design stage, there is less
CHAIR-2 is a specific type of study, in that it
opportunity to fundamentally change the
is focused on ways in which a design can be
design. However, there would exist the
modified to eliminate or reduce construction
possibility to modify the design with regard to
and/or demolition hazards. It does not
the intended construction or demolition
replace Job Safety Analysis or Safework
method, the details of which would not have
Method Statements which are performed by
been available at a CHAIR-1 study stage. It
the construction organisation and outline all
also provides a different assessment
the safety controls to be employed to control
perspective from a CHAIR-1 study for
the risk. The primary focus of a CHAIR-2
identifying safety risks.
study is to ensure that, from a design
perspective, as much as can reasonably be Therefore, the guidewords to be used for a
considered practical has been contemplated CHAIR-2 study are different to reflect the task
and incorporated into the design to minimise oriented approach of the construction
construction or demolition hazards. sequence. The aim of a CHAIR-2
methodology is to acknowledge that the basic
CHAIR-2 Study Team
design will be built, but also to identify design
As with a CHAIR-1 study, a CHAIR-2 study is modifications that would result in safer
performed by a group of people who are construction or demolition techniques.
involved in the design and construction of the
As the number of construction sequences may
project, the composition of the team being
be large, the number of guidewords available
dependent on the scope and nature of the
is limited to ensure that a CHAIR-2 study
design under examination. The critical
does not become laborious. A list of the
elements being an appropriate CHAIR-2
CHAIR 2 guidewords is provided the Chair 2
facilitator, appropriate selection of CHAIR-2
section -”SUMMARY-CHAIR 2-
workshop attendees, application of specific
GUIDEWORDS”.
CHAIR-2 guidewords, and clear recording and
follow-up of the minutes from the CHAIR-2 The guidewords have been based on the
meeting. approach of Critical Examination of System
Safety (Wells, 1996) and are applied in the
CHAIR-2 Procedure
Project: Overtaking Lane for Forest Ridge Road Element: Complete system Date: 29 / 02 / 00
GENERIC
1. Size No significant risk
identified
2.1 Heights / Construction of drains Construction / access Confined space injury Designated Drain design should avoid D.F.
Depths to drain is possible confined where possible the need to be
confined space space classed as a confined space
procedure
■ Two churches had to address public access “It was a real benefit having all the key
and safety as the church was situated in the players come together for this process. CHAIR
grounds of primary schools. made you think outside your own square and
Establishing and maintaining a high standard Sean and Ross undertook a half day
of occupational health and safety has always preparation for the workshop which included
been a top priority for the company and key design aspects of the project. During this
accordingly, risk assessments and safety time they familiarised themselves with the
management practices are initiated for all plans, drawings and specifications, selected
John Holland projects. the CHAIR techniques (i.e. a CHAIR 1, 2 or 3)
that were relevant to the requirements and
In one of their more recent projects, the
compiled a method of recording and reporting
company chose to use the “Construction
the workshop outcomes and issues to be
Hazard Assessment Implication Review
resolved.
(CHAIR)” tool, developed for the Construction
MOU, to bring together key design Both agreed that the most effective way for
stakeholders. The tool was used to facilitate them was to address potential OH&S hazards
a brainstorming workshop to review the was to assess one element at a time
project conceptual design and identify continually posing the question - why?
No. Hazard Issue/s Causes / Identified Why ? Alternatives / By Who Implications +/- Benefits
Hazards (the reason for it Suggestions / Comments ($) Who
(position / location being this way) Issues O/M/C
/ size / weight etc.)
1.0 Element being Assessed: Production Hall - Artificial and Natural Light
1.1 Maintaining Access required at Lights have to Provide Design Gantry Mounted -/+ Operators
service at or > 10m above Gantry independent Engineer Scissor must Maintenance
above truss Crane access gantry provide access
level; falls, falling objects for maintaining to all areas of
Gantry required lights and ceiling the ceiling that
Changing and Access required over at height to gain mounted services. require servicing -
servicing light process plant/people appropriate (winch / platform); relocating services
fittings; clearances for or to achieve this
Interface, disruption, materials handling maybe required.
Inspection/Test damage to process in production hall Side mount lights
of fire detectors equipment and reflect with Scissor and Crane
(monthly Fire detector mirrors; or must comply with
Truss arrangement required at highest AS2550 and
point of roof Drop down lights AS1481
Restricted access due structure
to truss depth of Scissor / work-
approx. 2.5m Truss design light platform mounted
weight, architectural on gantry to gain
access
Set position of
lights and detectors
Use scaffold
Use Elevated
Work Platform
1.2 Cleaning Access at > 12.5m Skylights are fixed; Do not clean Design Obtain -/+ Operators
Sky Lights windows, insects, Engineer appropriate
Falls / falling objects Artificial light is dust; level of weather Maintainers
Glass needed Architect seal;
Trusses restrict Reversible windows
Insects access and clean from Maintain seal
external roof from for HVAC system
Dust Crushing fixed static line;
CHAIR
PHASES 1, 2 & 3
What is a CHAIR?
■ A Construction Hazard Assessment and Implication
Review is a detailed and systematic examination of the
construction, maintenance, repair and demolition safety
CHAIR-1 STUDY
CHAIR-1 is a conceptual design review that examines the
various elements of a design using
two types of guidewords:
CHAIR-2 STUDY
CHAIR-2 is a construction or demolition review performed
when the detailed design is
essentially complete but before the commencement of
CHAIR-3 STUDY
CHAIR-3 is a maintenance and repair review performed
when the detailed design is essentially complete.
Why do a CHAIR?
■ A SMARTER DESIGN IS ALSO A SAFER DESIGN
■ improved "constructability"
Use of Guidewords
For each element of the design, each guideword is
systematically considered and the following questions
should be asked:
SIZE
■ TOO LARGE
■ TOO SMALL
HEIGHTS / DEPTHS
■ WORKING AT HEIGHTS
■ FALLS / STRUCK BY FALLING OBJECTS
POSITION / LOCATION
■ TOO HIGH
■ TOO LOW
POOR ERGONOMICS
■ Posture / manual handling injuries
■ Repetitive Strain Injury / discomfort / fatigue /
MOVEMENT / DIRECTION
■ STABILITY COMPRESSION ■ UPWARDS
■ PHYSICAL DAMAGE ■ DOWNWARDS
LOAD / FORCE
■ HIGH / EXCESS
■ LOW / INSUFFICIENT
ENERGY
■ LOW / HIGH ENERGY
■ TENSION / COMPRESSION
TIMING
■ TOO LATE, TOO EARLY
■ TOO SHORT, TOO LONG
EGRESS / ACCESS
■ NO. OF EXIT POINTS ■ ENTRY/EXIT POINTS
■ EMERGENCY EGRESS - LOCATION
MAINTENANCE / REPAIR
■ POSTURE / MANUAL ■ DISCOMFORT / STRESS /
HANDLING PPE (Protective Equipment)
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
■ EXTREME WEATHER (Wind, Rain, Hail, Light)
■ TEMPERATURE (Hot, Cold, Heat, Fire)
EXTERNAL SAFETY
INTERFACES
■ MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC
TOXICITY
■ LEAD / ASBESTOS
■ HANDLING PROCEDURES
FIRE / EXPLOSION
■ PREVENTION SYSTEMS
■ DETECTION SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
■ VAPOUR EMISSIONS
■ DUST EMISSIONS
COMMISSIONING /
STARTUP / SHUTDOWN
■ REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
■ PERSONNEL PROTECTION
■ SAFETY SHOWERS
NATURAL HAZARDS
■ EARTHQUAKE
■ FLOODING
DEMOLITION
DOCUMENTATION
ISSUES
EASE
■
DOCUMENTATION
■ OPERATIONS
■ MAINTENANCE
QUALITY CONTROL
■ INSPECTION AND TESTING
■ QUALITY ASSURANCE
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
■ SEQUENCE
ELIMINATE
■ Falls (of people) ■ Asphyxiation / drowning
■ Falling material / objects ■ Machinery
SUBSTITUTE
■ Falls (of people) ■ Asphyxiation / drowning
■ Falling material / objects ■ Machinery
COMBINE
■ Construction / Lifting Sequence
■ Timing
AVOID
■ Construction / Lifting Sequence
■ Timing / Locations
OTHER ISSUES?
■ Modification
■ Isolation
POSTURE / MANUAL
HANDLING
ACCESS / EGRESS
HEIGHTS / DROPPED
OBJECTS
WEIGHT
DISCOMFORT / STRESS
PROTECTION
PERSONNEL
EQUIPMENT
VISIBILITY
ROTATING / MOVING
EQUIPMENT
IS REPAIR DIFFERENT?
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ISBN 1 876995 27 0 ©Copyright WorkCover NSW 2001. Production and printing by Salmat – 02 9743 8777