Channel Estimatioin and Prediction For Adaptive Ofdma Tdma

CHANNEL ESTIMATIOIN AND PREDICTION FOR ADAPTIVE
OFDMA/TDMA
UPLINKS,BASED ON OVERLAPPING
PILOTS

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a scheme used in the
area of high-data-rate mobile wireless communications such as cellular phones satellite
communications and digital audio broadcasting! "his technique is mainly utili#ed to
combat inter-symbol interference!
"he OFDM technology was first conceived in the $%&'s and $%('s during
research into minimi#ing )nter-*ymbol )nterference ()*)) due to multipath! OFDM is a
special form of Multi +arrier Modulation (M+M) with densely spaced sub carriers with
overlapping spectra thus allowing for multiple-access! M+M is the principle of
transmitting data by dividing the stream into several bit streams each of which has a
much lower bit rate and by using these sub-streams to modulate several carriers! "his
technique is being investigated as the next generation transmission scheme for mobile
wireless communications networ,s!
- multiple-access is a transmission scheme where several simultaneous users
can use the same fixed bandwidth! *ome other multiple access schemes are "DM-
("ime Division Multiple -ccess) FDM- (Frequency Division Multiple -ccess and +DM-
(+ode Division Multiple -ccess)!
"he purpose of this pro.ect was to implement an OFDM system within the
Matlab software pac,age! /e are transmitting text image and speech at a time and
de-multiplexing at the receiver side! "he simulation explored the advantages and
disadvantages of the OFDM communication technique!
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Initial propoal !or OFDM "#r# $a%# in t&# '( an% t&# )(* It &a ta+#n $or#
t&an a ,-art#r o! a .#nt-r/ !or t&i t#.&nolo0/ to $o1# !ro$ t&# r##ar.& %o$ain to t&#
in%-tr/*T&# .on.#pt o! OFDM i ,-it# i$pl# 2-t t&# pra.ti.alit/ o! i$pl#$#ntin0 it
&a $an/ .o$pl#3iti#*So, it i a !-ll/ o!t"ar# pro4#.t*OFDM %#p#n% on
Ort&o0onalit/ prin.ipl#* Ort&o0onalit/ $#an, it allo" t&# -2 .arri#r, "&i.& ar#
ort&o0onal to #a.& ot&#r, $#anin0 t&at .ro tal+ 2#t"##n .o5.&ann#l i #li$inat#% an%
int#r5.arri#r 0-ar% 2an% ar# not r#,-ir#%* T&i 0r#atl/ i$pli!i# t&# %#i0n o! 2ot& t&#
tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r, -nli+# .on1#ntional FDM6 a #parat# !ilt#r !or #a.& -2 .&ann#l
i not r#,-ir#%*Ort&o0onal Fr#,-#n./ Di1iion M-ltipl#3in0 7OFDM8 i a %i0ital $-lti
.arri#r $o%-lation .&#$#, "&i.& -# a lar0# n-$2#r o! .lo#l/ pa.#% ort&o0onal -25
.arri#r* A in0l# tr#a$ o! %ata i plit into parall#l tr#a$ #a.& o! "&i.& i .o%#% an%
$o%-lat#% on to a -2.arri#r, a t#r$ .o$$onl/ -#% in OFDM /t#$*Ea.& -25.arri#r
i $o%-lat#% "it& a .on1#ntional $o%-lation .&#$# 7-.& a ,-a%rat-r# a$plit-%#
$o%-lation8 at a lo" /$2ol rat#, $aintainin0 %ata rat# i$ilar to .on1#ntional in0l#
.arri#r $o%-lation .&#$# in t&# a$# 2an%"i%t&* T&- t&# &i0& 2it rat# ##n 2#!or#
on a in0l# .arri#r i r#%-.#% to lo"#r 2it rat# on t&# -2.arri#r*
In pra.ti.#, OFDM i0nal ar# 0#n#rat#% an% %#t#.t#% -in0 t&# Fat Fo-ri#r
Tran!or$ al0orit&$* OFDM &a %#1#lop#% into a pop-lar .&#$# !or "i%#2an% %i0ital
.o$$-ni.ation, "ir#l# a "#ll a .opp#r "ir# A.t-all/, FDM /t#$ &a1# 2##n
.o$$on !or $an/ %#.a%#* Ho"#1#r, in FDM, t&# .arri#r ar# all in%#p#n%#nt o! #a.&
ot&#r* T&#r# i a 0-ar% p#rio% in 2#t"##n t&#$ an% no o1#rlap "&ato#1#r* T&i "or+
"#ll 2#.a-# in FDM /t#$ #a.& .arri#r .arri# %ata $#ant !or a %i!!#r#nt -#r or
appli.ation* FM ra%io i an FDM /t#$* FDM /t#$ ar# not i%#al !or "&at "# "ant
!or "i%#2an% /t#$* Uin0 FDM "o-l% "at# too $-.& 2an%"i%t&* T&i i "&#r#
OFDM $a+# #n#*In OFDM, -2.arri#r o1#rlap* T&#/ ar# ort&o0onal 2#.a-# t&#
p#a+ o! on# -2.arri#r o..-r "&#n ot&#r -2.arri#r ar# at 9#ro* T&i i a.&i#1#% 2/
r#ali9in0 all t&# -2.arri#r to0#t&#r -in0 In1#r# Fat Fo-ri#r Tran!or$ 7IFFT8* T&#
%#$o%-lator at t&# r#.#i1#r parall#l .&ann#l !ro$ an FFT 2lo.+* Not# t&at #a.&
-2.arri#r .an till 2# $o%-lat#% in%#p#n%#ntl/*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Sin.# ort&o0onalit/ i i$portant !or OFDM /t#$, /n.&roni9ation in
!r#,-#n./ an% ti$# $-t 2# #3tr#$#l/ 0oo%* On.# ort&o0onalit/ i lot "# #3p#ri#n.#
int#r5.arri#r int#r!#r#n.# 7ICI8* T&i i t&# int#r!#r#n.# !ro$ on# -2.arri#r to anot&#r*
T&#r# i anot&#r r#aon !or ICI* A%%in0 t&# 0-ar% ti$# "it& no tran$iion .a-#
pro2l#$ !or IFFT an% FFT, "&i.& r#-lt in ICI* A %#la/#% 1#rion o! on# -2.arri#r
.an int#r!#r# "it& anot&#r -2.arri#r in t&# n#3t /$2ol p#rio%* T&i i a1oi%#% 2/
#3t#n%in0 t&# /$2ol into t&# 0-ar% p#rio% t&at pr#.#%# it* T&i i +no"n a a cyclic
prefix* It #n-r# t&at %#la/#% /$2ol "ill &a1# int#0#r n-$2#r o! ./.l# "it&in t&#
FFT int#0ration int#r1al* T&i r#$o1# ICI o lon0 a t&# %#la/ pr#a% i l# t&an t&#
0-ar% p#rio%*
1.2 OBJECTIVE 1.2 OBJECTIVE
T&# ai$ o! t&i pro4#.t i to in1#ti0at# t&# OFDM .&#$#, an% r#ali9# a !-ll/
!-n.tional /t#$ in o!t"ar# an% anal/9in0 &o" it i r#%-.in0 t&# int#r5/$2ol
int#r!#r#n.# .a-#% 2/ t&# $-ltipat& !a%in0 .&ann#l an% %i!!#r#nt #!!#.t an%
#ti$atin0, #1al-atin0 t&# p#r!or$an.# o!
1.3 BACKGROUND 1.3 BACKGROUND
Mot !irt 0#n#ration /t#$ "#r# intro%-.#% in t&# $i% :;<(=, an% .an 2#
.&ara.t#ri9#% 2/ t&# -# o! analo0 tran$iion t#.&ni,-# an% t&# -# o! i$pl#
$-ltipl# a..# t#.&ni,-# -.& a Fr#,-#n./ Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7FDMA8* Firt
0#n#ration t#l#.o$$-ni.ation /t#$ -.& a A%1an.#% Mo2il# P&on# S#r1i.#
7AMPS8 onl/ pro1i%#% 1oi.# .o$$-ni.ation* T&#/ alo -!!#r#% !ro$ a lo" -#r
.apa.it/, an% #.-rit/ pro2l#$ %-# to t&# i$pl# ra%io int#r!a.# -#%* S#.on%
0#n#ration /t#$ "#r# intro%-.#% in t&# #arl/ :;;(=, an% all -# %i0ital t#.&nolo0/*
T&i pro1i%#% an in.r#a# in t&# -#r .apa.it/ o! aro-n% t&r## ti$#* T&i "a a.&i#1#%
2/ .o$pr#in0 t&# 1oi.# "a1#!or$ 2#!or# tran$iion*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&ir% 0#n#ration /t#$ ar# an #3t#nion on t&# .o$pl#3it/ o! #.on%5
0#n#ration /t#$ an% ar# #3p#.t#% to 2# intro%-.#% a!t#r t&# /#ar >(((* T&# /t#$
.apa.it/ i #3p#.t#% to 2# in.r#a#% to o1#r t#n ti$# ori0inal !irt 0#n#ration /t#$*
T&i i 0oin0 to 2# a.&i#1#% 2/ -in0 .o$pl#3 $-ltipl# a..# t#.&ni,-# -.& a Co%#
Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7CDMA8, or an #3t#nion o! TDMA, an% 2/ i$pro1in0
!l#3i2ilit/ o! #r1i.# a1aila2l#*
T&# t#l#.o$$-ni.ation in%-tr/ !a.# t&# pro2l#$ o! pro1i%in0 t#l#p&on#
#r1i.# to r-ral ar#a, "&#r# t&# .-to$#r 2a# i $all, 2-t t&# .ot o! intallin0 a
"ir#% p&on# n#t"or+ i 1#r/ &i0&* On# $#t&o% o! r#%-.in0 t&# &i0& in!ratr-.t-r# .ot
o! a "ir#% /t#$ i to -# a !i3#% "ir#l# ra%io n#t"or+* T&# pro2l#$ "it& t&i i t&at
!or r-ral an% -r2an ar#a, lar0# .#ll i9# ar# r#,-ir#% to 0#t -!!i.i#nt .o1#ra0#*
Fi0*:*: &o" t&# #1ol-tion o! .-rr#nt #r1i.# an% n#t"or+ to t&# ai$ o!
.o$2inin0 t&#$ into a -ni!i#% t&ir% 0#n#ration n#t"or+* Man/ .-rr#ntl/ #parat#
/t#$ an% #r1i.# -.& a ra%io pa0in0, .or%l# t#l#p&on/, at#llit# p&on# an%
pri1at# ra%io /t#$ !or .o$pani# #t., "ill 2# .o$2in#% o t&at all t&## #r1i.# "ill
2# pro1i%#% 2/ t&ir% 0#n#ration t#l#.o$$-ni.ation /t#$*
Fi0? :*: E1ol-tion o! .-rr#nt n#t"or+ to t&# n#3t 0#n#ration o! "ir#l# n#t"or+*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

C-rr#ntl/ Glo2al S/t#$ !or Mo2il# t#l#.o$$-ni.ation 7GSM8 t#.&nolo0/ i 2#in0 appli#% to !i3#%
"ir#l# p&on# /t#$ in r-ral ar#a* Ho"#1#r, GSM -# ti$# %i1iion $-ltipl# a..# 7TDMA8, "&i.&
&a a &i0& /$2ol rat# l#a%in0 to pro2l#$ "it& $-ltipat& .a-in0 int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.#* S#1#ral
t#.&ni,-# ar# -n%#r .oni%#ration !or t&# n#3t 0#n#ration o! %i0ital p&on# /t#$, "it& t&# ai$ o!
i$pro1in0 .#ll .apa.it/, $-ltipat& i$$-nit/, an% !l#3i2ilit/* T&## in.l-%# CDMA an% OFDM* Bot&
t&## t#.&ni,-# .o-l% 2# appli#% to pro1i%in0 a !i3#% "ir#l# /t#$ !or r-ral ar#a* Ho"#1#r, #a.&
t#.&ni,-# a %i!!#r#nt prop#rti#, $a+in0 it $or# -it#% !or p#.i!i. appli.ation*
OFDM i .-rr#ntl/ 2#in0 -#% in #1#ral n#" ra%io 2roa%.at /t#$ in.l-%in0
t&# propoal !or &i0& %#!inition %i0ital t#l#1iion 7HDTV8 an% %i0ital a-%io 2roa%.atin0
7DAB8* Ho"#1#r, littl# r##ar.& &a 2##n %on# into t&# -# o! OFDM a a tran$iion
$#t&o% !or $o2il# t#l#.o$$-ni.ation /t#$* In CDMA, all -#r tran$it in t&#
a$# 2roa% !r#,-#n./ 2an% -in0 p#.iali9#% .o%# a a 2ai o! .&ann#li9ation* Bot&
t&# 2a# tation an% t&# $o2il# tation +no" t&## .o%#, "&i.& ar# -#% to $o%-lat# t&#
%ata #nt* OFDM/COFDM allo" $an/ -#r to tran$it in an allo.at#% 2an%, 2/
-2%i1i%in0 t&# a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& into $annarro" 2an%"i%t& .arri#r* Ea.& -#r i
allo.at#% #1#ral .arri#r in "&i.& to tran$it t&#ir %ata* T&# tran$iion i 0#n#rat#% in
-.& a "a/ t&at t&# .arri#r -#% ar# ort&o0onal to on# anot&#r, t&- allo"in0 t&#$ to 2#
pa.+#% to0#t&#r $-.& .lo#r t&an tan%ar% !r#,-#n./ %i1iion $-ltipl#3in0 7FDM8* T&i
l#a% to OFDM/COFDM pro1i%in0 a &i0& p#.tral #!!i.i#n./*Ort&o0onal Fr#,-#n./
Di1iion M-ltipl#3in0 i a .&#$# -#% in t&# ar#a o! &i0&5%ata5rat# $o2il# "ir#l#
.o$$-ni.ation -.& a .#ll-lar p&on#, at#llit# .o$$-ni.ation an% %i0ital a-%io
2roa%.atin0* T&i t#.&ni,-# i $ainl/ -tili9#% to .o$2at int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.#*
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PILOTS

1.4 U!TI"!E ACCE## TEC$NI%UE# 1.4 U!TI"!E ACCE## TEC$NI%UE#
M-ltipl# a..# .&#$# ar# -#% to allo" $an/ i$-ltan#o- -#r to -# t&#
a$# !i3#% 2an%"i%t& ra%io p#.tr-$* In an/ ra%io /t#$, t&# 2an%"i%t&, "&i.& i
allo.at#% to it, i al"a/ li$it#%* For $o2il# p&on# /t#$ t&# total 2an%"i%t& i
t/pi.all/ @( MH9, "&i.& i plit in &al! to pro1i%# t&# !or"ar% an% r#1#r# lin+ o! t&#
/t#$* S&arin0 o! t&# p#.tr-$ i r#,-ir#% in or%#r in.r#a# t&# -#r .apa.it/ o! an/
"ir#l# n#t"or+* FDMA, TDMA an% CDMA ar# t&# t&r## $a4or $#t&o% o! &arin0 t&#
a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& to $-ltipl# -#r in "ir#l# /t#$* T&#r# ar# $an/ #3t#nion,
an% &/2ri% t#.&ni,-# !or t&## $#t&o%, -.& a OFDM, an% &/2ri% TDMA an% FDMA
/t#$* Ho"#1#r, an -n%#rtan%in0 o! t&# t&r## $a4or $#t&o% i r#,-ir#% !or
-n%#rtan%in0 o! an/ #3t#nion to t&## $#t&o%*
1.4.1 &re'(e)cy Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++ 1.4.1 &re'(e)cy Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++
In Fr#,-#n./ Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7FDMA8, t&# a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& i
-2%i1i%#% into a n-$2#r o! narro"#r 2an% .&ann#l* Ea.& -#r i allo.at#% a -ni,-#
!r#,-#n./ 2an% in "&i.& to tran$it an% r#.#i1# on* D-rin0 a .all, no ot&#r -#r .an -#
t&# a$# !r#,-#n./ 2an%*
Ea.& -#r i allo.at#% a !or"ar% lin+ .&ann#l 7!ro$ t&# 2a# tation to t&# $o2il#
p&on#8 an% a r#1#r# .&ann#l 72a.+ to t&# 2a# tation8, #a.& 2#in0 a in0l# "a/ lin+*
T&# tran$itt#% i0nal on #a.& o! t&# .&ann#l i .ontin-o- allo"in0 analo0
tran$iion* T&# 2an%"i%t& o! FDMA .&ann#l ar# 0#n#rall/ lo" 7A( +H98 a #a.&
.&ann#l onl/ -pport on# -#r* FDMA i -#% a t&# pri$ar/ 2r#a+-p o! lar0# allo.at#%
!r#,-#n./ 2an% an% i -#% a part o! $ot $-lti5.&ann#l /t#$*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0:*> B Fi0*:*A&o" t&# allo.ation o! t&# a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& into #1#ral .&ann#l*
1.4.2. Ti.e Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++ 1.4.2. Ti.e Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++
Ti$# Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7TDMA8 %i1i%# t&# a1aila2l# p#.tr-$ into
$-ltipl# ti$# lot, 2/ 0i1in0 #a.& -#r a ti$# lot in "&i.& t&#/ .an tran$it or r#.#i1#*
Fi0* :*C &o" &o" t&# ti$# lot ar# pro1i%#% to -#r in a ro-n% ro2in !a&ion, "it&
#a.& -#r 2#in0 allott#% on# ti$# lot p#r !ra$#* TDMA /t#$ tran$it %ata in a 2-!!#r
an% 2-rt $#t&o%, t&- t&# tran$iion o! #a.& .&ann#l i non5.ontin-o-*

Fi0 :*C TDMA .&#$#, "&#r# #a.& -#r i allo.at#% a $all ti$# lot
T&# inp-t %ata to 2# tran$itt#% i 2-!!#r#% o1#r t&# pr#1io- !ra$# an% 2-rt
tran$itt#% at a &i0&#r rat# %-rin0 t&# ti$# lot !or t&# .&ann#l* TDMA .an not #n% analo0
i0nal %ir#.tl/ %-# to t&# 2-!!#rin0 r#,-ir#%, t&- i onl/ -#% !or tran$ittin0 %i0ital %ata*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

TDMA .an -!!#r !ro$ $-ltipat& #!!#.t, a t&# tran$iion rat# i 0#n#rall/ 1#r/ &i0&* T&i
l#a% t&# $-ltipat& i0nal .a-in0 int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.#* TDMA i nor$all/ -#% in
.on4-n.tion "it& FDMA to -2%i1i%# t&# total a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& into #1#ral .&ann#l* T&i i
%on# to r#%-.# t&# n-$2#r o! -#r p#r.&ann#l allo"in0 a lo"#r %ata rat# to 2# -#%* T&i &#lp
r#%-.# t&# #!!#.t o! %#la/ pr#a% on t&# tran$iion*
Fi0* :*@ &o" t&# -# o! TDMA "it& FDMA* Ea.& .&ann#l 2a#% on FDMA, i
!-rt&#r -2%i1i%#% -in0 TDMA, o t&at #1#ral -#r .an tran$it o! t&# on# .&ann#l*
T&i t/p# o! tran$iion t#.&ni,-# i -#% 2/ $ot %i0ital #.on% 0#n#ration $o2il#
p&on# /t#$* For GSM, t&# total allo.at#% 2an%"i%t& o! >@MH9 i %i1i%#% into :>@,
>(( +H9 .&ann#l -in0 FDMA* T&## .&ann#l ar# t&#n -2%i1i%#% !-rt&#r 2/ -in0
TDMA o t&at #a.& >(( +H9 .&ann#l allo" <5:' -#r*
Fi0* :*@ TDMA/FDMA &/2ri%, &o"in0 t&at t&# 2an%"i%t& i plit into !r#,-#n./
.&ann#l an% ti$# lot*
1.4.3. C,/e Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++ 1.4.3. C,/e Di*i+i,) (l-iple Acce++
Co%# Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7CDMA8 i a pr#a% p#.tr-$ t#.&ni,-# t&at -#
n#it&#r !r#,-#n./ .&ann#l nor ti$# lot* In CDMA, t&# narro" 2an% $#a0#
7t/pi.all/ %i0iti9#% 1oi.# %ata8 i $-ltipli#% 2/ a lar0# 2an%"i%t& i0nal, "&i.& i a
p#-%o ran%o$ noi# .o%# 7PN .o%#8* All -#r in a CDMA /t#$ -# t&# a$#
!r#,-#n./ 2an% an% tran$it i$-ltan#o-l/* T&# tran$itt#% i0nal i r#.o1#r#% 2/
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

.orr#latin0 t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal "it& t&# PN .o%# -#% 2/ t&# tran$itt#r* Fi0* :*' &o"
t&# 0#n#ral -# o! t&# p#.tr-$ -in0 CDMA*
So$# o! t&# prop#rti# t&at &a1# $a%# CDMA -#!-l ar#? Si0nal &i%in0 an% non5
int#r!#r#n.# "it& #3itin0 /t#$, Anti54a$ an% int#r!#r#n.# r#4#.tion, In!or$ation
#.-rit/, A..-rat# Ran0in0, M-ltipl# U#r A..#, M-ltipat& tol#ran.#*

Fi0* :*' Co%# Di1iion M-ltipl# A..# 7CDMA8
Fi0*:*) &o" t&# pro.# o! a CDMA tran$iion* T&# %ata to 2# tran$itt#% 7a8 i
pr#a% 2#!or# tran$iion 2/ $o%-latin0 t&# %ata -in0 a PN .o%#* T&i 2roa%#n t&#
p#.tr-$ a &o"n in 728* In t&i #3a$pl# t&# pro.# 0ain i :>@ a t&# pr#a% p#.tr-$
2an%"i%t& i :>@ ti$# 0r#at#r t&# %ata 2an%"i%t&* Part 7.8 &o" t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal*
T&i .onit o! t&# r#,-ir#% i0nal, pl- 2a.+0ro-n% noi#, an% an/ int#r!#r#n.# !ro$
ot&#r CDMA -#r or ra%io o-r.#*
T&# r#.#i1#% i0nal i r#.o1#r#% 2/ $-ltipl/in0 t&# i0nal 2/ t&# ori0inal pr#a%in0
.o%#* T&i pro.# .a-# t&# "ant#% r#.#i1#% i0nal to 2# %ipr#a% 2a.+ to t&# ori0inal
tran$itt#% %ata* Ho"#1#r, all ot&#r i0nal, "&i.& ar# -n.orr#lat#% to t&# PN pr#a%in0
.o%# -#%, 2#.o$# $or# pr#a%* T&# "ant#% i0nal in 7%8 i t&#n !ilt#r#% r#$o1in0 t&#
"i%# pr#a% int#r!#r#n.# an% noi# i0nal*
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* :*) Bai. CDMA G#n#ration*
1.4.4 CDA Ge)er0-i,) 1.4.4 CDA Ge)er0-i,)
CDMA i a.&i#1#% 2/ $o%-latin0 t&# %ata i0nal 2/ a p#-%o ran%o$ noi#
#,-#n.# 7PN .o%#8, "&i.& &a a .&ip rat# &i0&#r t&#n t&# 2it rat# o! t&# %ata* T&# PN
.o%# #,-#n.# i a #,-#n.# o! on# an% 9#ro 7.all#% .&ip8, "&i.& alt#rnat# in a
ran%o$ !a&ion* T&# %ata i $o%-lat#% 2/ $o%-lar5> a%%in0 t&# %ata "it& t&# PN .o%#
#,-#n.#* T&i .an alo 2# %on# 2/ $-ltipl/in0 t&# i0nal, pro1i%#% t&# %ata an% PN
.o%# i r#pr##nt#% 2/ : an% 5: int#a% o! : an% (* Fi0* :*< &o" a 2ai. CDMA
tran$itt#r*
Fi0* :*< Si$pl# %ir#.t #,-#n.# $o%-lator
T&# PN .o%# -#% to pr#a% t&# %ata .an 2# o! t"o $ain t/p#* A &ort PN
.o%#7T/pi.all/ :(5:>< .&ip in l#n0t&8, .an 2# -#% to $o%-lat# #a.& %ata 2it* T&# &ort
PN .o%# i t&#n r#p#at#% !or #1#r/ %ata 2it allo"in0 !or ,-i.+ an% i$pl#
0)"*-+O1 $'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

/n.&roni9ation o! t&# r#.#i1#r* &i1.1.2 &o" t&# 0#n#ration o! a CDMA i0nal -in0 a
:(5.&ip l#n0t& &ort .o%#* Alt#rnati1#l/ a lon0 PN .o%# .an 2# -#%* Lon0 .o%# ar#
0#n#rall/ t&o-an% to $illion o! .&ip in l#n0t&, t&- ar# onl/ r#p#at#% in!r#,-#ntl/*
B#.a-# o! t&i t&#/ ar# -#!-l !or a%%#% #.-rit/ a t&#/ ar# $or# %i!!i.-lt to %#.o%#*
Fi0*:*; Dir#.t #,-#n.# i0nal
0)"*-+O1 $$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T$EOR3&REA#EARC$ &REA#EARC$
2.1 T$EOR3 & RE#EARC$ INTRODUCTION 2.1 T$EOR3 & RE#EARC$ INTRODUCTION
T&# OFDM t#.&nolo0/ "a !irt .on.#i1#% in t&# :;'( an% :;)( %-rin0
r##ar.& into $ini$i9in0 ISI, %-# to $-ltipat&* T&# #3pr#ion %i0ital .o$$-ni.ation
in it 2ai. !or$ i t&# $appin0 o! %i0ital in!or$ation into a "a1#!or$ .all#% a .arri#r
i0nal, "&i.& i a tran$itt#% #l#.tro$a0n#ti. p-l# or "a1# at a t#a%/ 2a# !r#,-#n./
o! alt#rnation on "&i.& in!or$ation .an 2# i$po#% 2/ in.r#ain0 i0nal tr#n0t&,
1ar/in0 t&# 2a# !r#,-#n./, 1ar/in0 t&# "a1# p&a#, or ot&#r $#an* In t&i intan.#,
ort&o0onalit/ i an i$pli.ation o! a %#!init# an% !i3#% r#lation&ip 2#t"##n all .arri#r in
t&# .oll#.tion* M-ltipl#3in0 i t&# pro.# o! #n%in0 $-ltipl# i0nal or tr#a$ o!
in!or$ation on a .arri#r at t&# a$# ti$# in t&# !or$ o! a in0l#, .o$pl#3 i0nal an% t&#n
r#.o1#rin0 t&# #parat# i0nal at t&# r#.#i1in0 #n%*
Mo%-lation i t&# a%%ition o! in!or$ation to an #l#.troni. or opti.al i0nal
.arri#r* Mo%-lation .an 2# appli#% to %ir#.t .-rr#nt 7$ainl/ 2/ t-rnin0 it on an% o!!8, to
alt#rnatin0 .-rr#nt, an% to opti.al i0nal* On# .an t&in+ o! 2lan+#t "a1in0 a a !or$ o!
$o%-lation -#% in $o+# i0nal tran$iion 7t&# .arri#r 2#in0 a t#a%/ tr#a$ o!
$o+#8* In t#l#.o$$-ni.ation in 0#n#ral, a .&ann#l i a #parat# pat& t&ro-0& "&i.&
i0nal .an !lo"* In opti.al !i2#r tran$iion -in0 %#n# "a1#l#n0t&5%i1iion
$-ltipl#3in0, a .&ann#l i a #parat# "a1#l#n0t& o! li0&t "it&in a .o$2in#%, $-ltipl#3#%
li0&t tr#a$* T&i pro4#.t !o.-# on t&# t#l#.o$$-ni.ation %#!inition o! a .&ann#l*
2.2 O&D "RINCI"!E# 2.2 O&D "RINCI"!E#
0)"*-+O1 $2
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

OFDM i a p#.ial !or$ o! M-lti Carri#r Mo%-lation 7MCM8 "it& %#n#l/ pa.#% -2
.arri#r "it& o1#rlappin0 p#.tra, t&- allo"in0 !or $-ltipl#5a..#* MCM8 i t&#
prin.ipl# o! tran$ittin0 %ata 2/ %i1i%in0 t&# tr#a$ into #1#ral 2it tr#a$, #a.& o!
"&i.& &a a $-.& lo"#r 2it rat#, an% 2/ -in0 t&## -25tr#a$ to $o%-lat# #1#ral
.arri#r* T&i t#.&ni,-# i 2#in0 in1#ti0at#% a t&# n#3t 0#n#ration tran$iion .&#$#
!or $o2il# "ir#l# .o$$-ni.ation n#t"or+*
2.3 &OURIER TRAN#&OR 2.3 &OURIER TRAN#&OR
Ba.+ in t&# :;'(, t&# appli.ation o! OFDM "a not 1#r/ pra.ti.al* T&i "a
2#.a-# at t&at point, #1#ral 2an+ o! o.illator "#r# n##%#% to 0#n#rat# t&# .arri#r
!r#,-#n.i# n#.#ar/ !or -25.&ann#l tran$iion* Sin.# t&i pro1#% to 2# %i!!i.-lt to
a..o$pli& %-rin0 t&at ti$# p#rio%, t&# .&#$# "a %##$#% a not !#ai2l#*Ho"#1#r, t&#
a%1#nt o! t&# Fo-ri#r Tran!or$ #li$inat#% t&# initial .o$pl#3it/ o! t&# OFDM .&#$#
"&#r# t&# &ar$oni.all/ r#lat#% !r#,-#n.i# 0#n#rat#% 2/ Fo-ri#r an% In1#r# Fo-ri#r
tran!or$ ar# -#% to i$pl#$#nt OFDM /t#$* T&# Fo-ri#r tran!or$ i -#% in
lin#ar /t#$ anal/i, ant#nna t-%i#, #t.*, T&# Fo-ri#r tran!or$, in ##n.#,
%#.o$po# or #parat# a "a1#!or$ or !-n.tion into in-oi% o! %i!!#r#nt !r#,-#n.i#
"&i.& -$ to t&# ori0inal "a1#!or$* It i%#nti!i# or %itin0-i&# t&# %i!!#r#nt !r#,-#n./
in-oi% an% t&#ir r#p#.ti1# a$plit-%#*
T&# Fo-ri#r tran!or$ o! f(x) i %#!in#% a?
dx e x f F
x j
= 8 7 8 7
an% it in1#r# i %#not#% 2/?
d e F x f
x j
8 7
>
:
8 7
Ho"#1#r, t&# %i0ital a0# !or.#% a .&an0# -pon t&# tra%itional !or$ o! t&# Fo-ri#r
tran!or$ to #n.o$pa t&# %i.r#t# 1al-# t&at #3it i all %i0ital /t#$* T&# $o%i!i#%
0)"*-+O1 $3
2''&-2'$'

($)
(2)

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

#ri# "a .all#% t&# Di.r#t# Fo-ri#r Tran!or$ 7DFT8* T&# DFT o! a %i.r#t#5ti$#
/t#$, x(n) i %#!in#% a

=
:
(
>
8 7 8 7
N
n
kn
N
j
e n x k

: k N
an% it ao.iat#% in1#r# i %#not#% 2/
=
=
:
(
>
8 7
:
8 7
N
n
kn
N
j
e k
N
n x

: n N
Ho"#1#r, in OFDM, anot&#r !or$ o! t&# DFT i -#%, .all#% t&# Fat Fo-ri#r
Tran!or$ 7FFT8, "&i.& i a DFT al0orit&$ %#1#lop#% in :;'@* T&i Dn#"E tran!or$
r#%-.#% t&# n-$2#r o! .o$p-tation !ro$ o$#t&in0 on t&# or%#r o!
>
N to * lo0
>
>
N
N
2.4 ORT$OGONA!IT3 2.4 ORT$OGONA!IT3

In 0#o$#tr/, ort&o0onal $#an, Fin1ol1in0 ri0&t an0l#F 7!ro$ Gr##+ ortho,
$#anin0 ri0&t, an% 0on $#anin0 angled8* T&# t#r$ &a 2##n #3t#n%#% to 0#n#ral -#,
$#anin0 t&# .&ara.t#riti. o! 2#in0 in%#p#n%#nt 7r#lati1# to o$#t&in0 #l#8* It alo .an
$#an? non5r#%-n%ant, non5o1#rlappin0, or irr#l#1ant* Ort&o0onalit/ i %#!in#% !or 2ot&
r#al an% .o$pl#3 1al-#% !-n.tion* T&# !-n.tion
m
(t) an%
n
(t) ar# ai% to 2#
ort&o0onal "it& r#p#.t to #a.& ot&#r o1#r t&# int#r1al a < t < b i! t&#/ ati!/ t&#
.on%ition?
=
b
a
m m
dt t t , ( 8 7 8 7
G

H&#r# n m
0)"*-+O1 $4
2''&-2'$'

(3)
(4)
(5)
(&)

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

2.4 O&D CARRIER# 2.4 O&D CARRIER#
A !or# $#ntion#%, OFDM i a p#.ial !or$ o! MCM an% t&# OFDM ti$#
%o$ain "a1#!or$ ar# .&o#n -.& t&at $-t-al ort&o0onalit/ i #n-r#% #1#n t&o-0&
-25.arri#r p#.tra $a/ o1#r5lap* Hit& r#p#.t to OFDM, it .an 2# tat#% t&at
ort&o0onalit/ i an i$pli.ation o! a %#!init# an% !i3#% r#lation&ip 2#t"##n all .arri#r in
t&# .oll#.tion* It $#an t&at #a.& .arri#r i poition#% -.& t&at it o..-r at t&# 9#ro
#n#r0/ !r#,-#n./ point o! all ot&#r .arri#r* T&# in. !-n.tion, ill-trat#% in Fi0* >*:
#3&i2it t&i prop#rt/ an% it i -#% a a .arri#r in an OFDM /t#$*
fu i t&# -25.arri#r pa.in0
Fi0 *>*:* OFDM -2 .arri#r in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain
2.5 ORT$OGONA! &RE%UENC3 DIVI#ION U!TI"!E6ING 2.5 ORT$OGONA! &RE%UENC3 DIVI#ION U!TI"!E6ING
Ort&o0onal Fr#,-#n./ Di1iion M-ltipl#3in0 7OFDM8 i a $-lti.arri#r
tran$iion t#.&ni,-#, "&i.& %i1i%# t&# a1aila2l# p#.tr-$ into $an/ .arri#r, #a.&
on# 2#in0 $o%-lat#% 2/ a lo" rat# %ata tr#a$* OFDM i i$ilar to FDMA in t&at t&#
0)"*-+O1 $5
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

$-ltipl# -#r a..# i a.&i#1#% 2/ -2%i1i%in0 t&# a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& into $-ltipl#
.&ann#l t&at ar# t&#n allo.at#% to -#r* Ho"#1#r, OFDM -# t&# p#.tr-$ $-.& $or#
#!!i.i#ntl/ 2/ pa.in0 t&# .&ann#l $-.& .lo#r to0#t&#r* T&i i a.&i#1#% 2/ $a+in0 all
t&# .arri#r ort&o0onal to on# anot&#r, pr#1#ntin0 int#r!#r#n.# 2#t"##n t&# .lo#l/
pa.#% .arri#r*Co%#% Ort&o0onal Fr#,-#n./ Di1iion M-ltipl#3in0 7COFDM8 i t&#
a$# a OFDM #3.#pt t&at !or"ar% #rror .orr#.tion i appli#% to t&# i0nal 2#!or#
tran$iion*T&i i to o1#r.o$# #rror in t&# tran$iion %-# to lot .arri#r !ro$
!r#,-#n./ #l#.ti1# !a%in0, .&ann#l noi# an% ot&#r propa0ation #!!#.t* For t&i
%i.-ion t&# t#r$ OFDM an% COFDM ar# -#% int#r.&an0#a2l/, a t&# $ain !o.- o!
t&i t&#i i on OFDM, 2-t it i a-$#% t&at an/ pra.ti.al /t#$ "ill -# !or"ar% #rror
.orr#.tion, t&- "o-l% 2# COFDM*
In FDMA #a.& -#r i t/pi.all/ allo.at#% a in0l# .&ann#l, "&i.& i -#% to
tran$it all t&# -#r in!or$ation* T&# 2an%"i%t& o! #a.& .&ann#l i t/pi.all/ :( +H95A(
+H9 !or 1oi.# .o$$-ni.ation* Ho"#1#r, t&# $ini$-$ r#,-ir#% 2an%"i%t& !or p##.& i
onl/ A +H9* T&# allo.at#% 2an%"i%t& i $a%# "i%#r t&#n t&# $ini$-$ a$o-nt r#,-ir#%
pr#1#ntin0 .&ann#l !ro$ int#r!#rin0 "it& on# anot&#r* T&i #3tra 2an%"i%t& i to allo"
!or i0nal !ro$ n#i0&2orin0 .&ann#l to 2# !ilt#r#% o-t, an% to allo" !or an/ %ri!t in t&#
.#nt#r !r#,-#n./ o! t&# tran$itt#r or r#.#i1#r* In a t/pi.al /t#$ -p to @(I o! t&# total
p#.tr-$ i "at#% %-# to t&# #3tra pa.in0 2#t"##n .&ann#l*
T&i pro2l#$ 2#.o$# "or# a t&# .&ann#l 2an%"i%t& 2#.o$# narro"#r, an%
t&# !r#,-#n./ 2an% in.r#a#* Mot %i0ital p&on# /t#$ -# 1o.o%#r to .o$pr# t&#
%i0iti9#% p##.&* T&i allo" !or an in.r#a#% /t#$ .apa.it/ %-# to a r#%-.tion in t&#
2an%"i%t& r#,-ir#% !or #a.& -#r* C-rr#nt 1o.o%#r r#,-ir# a %ata rat# o$#"&#r#
2#t"##n C5 :A+2p, "it& %#p#n%in0 on t&# ,-alit/ o! t&# o-n% an% t&# t/p# -#%* T&-
#a.& -#r onl/ r#,-ir# a $ini$-$ 2an%"i%t& o! o$#"&#r# 2#t"##n >5) +H9, -in0
JPSK $o%-lation* Ho"#1#r, i$pl# FDMA %o# not &an%l# -.& narro" 2an%"i%t&
1#r/ #!!i.i#ntl/* TDMA partl/ o1#r.o$# t&i pro2l#$ 2/ -in0 "i%#r 2an%"i%t&
.&ann#l, "&i.& ar# -#% 2/ #1#ral -#r* M-ltipl# -#r a..# t&# a$# .&ann#l 2/
0)"*-+O1 $&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

tran$ittin0 in t&#ir %ata in ti$# lot* T&-, $an/ lo" %ata rat# -#r .an 2# .o$2in#%
to0#t&#r to tran$it in a in0l# .&ann#l, "&i.& &a a 2an%"i%t& -!!i.i#nt o t&at t&#
p#.tr-$ .an 2# -#% #!!i.i#ntl/*
T&#r# ar# &o"#1#r, t"o $ain pro2l#$ "it& TDMA* T&#r# i an o1#r&#a%
ao.iat#% "it& t&# .&an0# o1#r 2#t"##n -#r %-# to ti$# lottin0 on t&# .&ann#l* A
.&an0# o1#r ti$# $-t 2# allo.at#% to allo" !or an/ tol#ran.# in t&# tart ti$# o! #a.&
-#r, %-# to propa0ation %#la/ 1ariation an% /n.&roni9ation #rror* T&i li$it t&#
n-$2#r o! -#r t&at .an 2# #nt #!!i.i#ntl/ in #a.& .&ann#l* In a%%ition, t&# /$2ol rat#
o! #a.& .&ann#l i &i0& 7a t&# .&ann#l &an%l# t&# in!or$ation !ro$ $-ltipl# -#r8
r#-ltin0 in pro2l#$ "it& $-ltipat& %#la/ pr#a%*
OFDM o1#r.o$# $ot o! t&# pro2l#$ "it& 2ot& FDMA an% TDMA* OFDM
plit t&# a1aila2l# 2an%"i%t& into $an/ narro" 2an% .&ann#l 7t/pi.all/ :((5<(((8*
T&# .arri#r !or #a.& .&ann#l ar# $a%# ort&o0onal to on# anot&#r, allo"in0 t&#$ to 2#
pa.#% 1#r/ .lo# to0#t&#r, "it& no o1#r&#a% a in t&# FDMA #3a$pl#* B#.a-# o! t&i
t&#r# i no 0r#at n##% !or -#r to 2# ti$# $-ltipl#3 a in TDMA, t&- t&#r# i no
o1#r&#a% ao.iat#% "it& "it.&in0 2#t"##n -#r*
T&# ort&o0onalit/ o! t&# .arri#r $#an t&at #a.& .arri#r &a an int#0#r n-$2#r o!
./.l# o1#r a /$2ol p#rio%* D-# to t&i, t&# p#.tr-$ o! #a.& .arri#r &a a n-ll at t&#
.#nt#r !r#,-#n./ o! #a.& o! t&# ot&#r .arri#r in t&# /t#$* T&i r#-lt in no
int#r!#r#n.# 2#t"##n t&# .arri#r, allo"in0 t&#n to 2# pa.#% a .lo# a t&#or#ti.all/
poi2l#* T&i o1#r.o$# t&# pro2l#$ o! o1#r&#a% .arri#r pa.in0 r#,-ir#% in
FDMA*Ea.& .arri#r in an OFDM i0nal &a a 1#r/ narro" 2an%"i%t& 7i*#* : +H98, t&-
t&# r#-ltin0 /$2ol rat# i lo"* T&i r#-lt in t&# i0nal &a1in0 a &i0& tol#ran.# to
$-ltipat& %#la/ pr#a%, a t&# %#la/ pr#a% $-t 2# 1#r/ lon0 to .a-# i0ni!i.ant ISI
7#*0 K @((-#.8*
2.7 O&D GENERATION 2.7 O&D GENERATION
0)"*-+O1 $(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

To 0#n#rat# OFDM -..#!-ll/ t&# r#lation&ip 2#t"##n all t&# .arri#r $-t 2#
.ar#!-ll/ .ontroll#% to $aintain t&# ort&o0onalit/ o! t&# .arri#r* For t&i r#aon, OFDM
i 0#n#rat#% 2/ !irtl/ .&ooin0 t&# p#.tr-$ r#,-ir#%, 2a#% on t&# inp-t %ata, an%
$o%-lation .&#$# -#%* Ea.& .arri#r to 2# pro%-.#% i ai0n#% o$# %ata to tran$it*
T&# r#,-ir#% a$plit-%# an% p&a# o! t&# .arri#r i t&#n .al.-lat#% 2a#% on t&#
$o%-lation .&#$# 7t/pi.all/ %i!!#r#ntial BPSK, JPSK, or JAM8*
T&# r#,-ir#% p#.tr-$ i t&#n .on1#rt#% 2a.+ to it ti$# %o$ain i0nal -in0 an
In1#r# Fo-ri#r Tran!or$* In $ot appli.ation, an In1#r# Fat Fo-ri#r Tran!or$
7IFFT8 i -#%* T&# IFFT p#r!or$ t&# tran!or$ation 1#r/ #!!i.i#ntl/, an% pro1i%# a
i$pl# "a/ o! #n-rin0 t&# .arri#r i0nal pro%-.#% ar# ort&o0onal*T&# Fat Fo-ri#r
Tran!or$ 7FFT8 tran!or$ a ./.li. ti$# %o$ain i0nal into it #,-i1al#nt !r#,-#n./
p#.tr-$* T&i i %on# 2/ !in%in0 t&# #,-i1al#nt "a1#!or$, 0#n#rat#% 2/ a -$ o!
ort&o0onal in-oi%al .o$pon#nt* T&# a$plit-%# an% p&a# o! t&# in-oi%al
.o$pon#nt r#pr##nt t&# !r#,-#n./ p#.tr-$ o! t&# ti$# %o$ain i0nal*
T&# IFFT p#r!or$ t&# r#1#r# pro.#, tran!or$in0 a p#.tr-$ 7a$plit-%# an%
p&a# o! #a.& .o$pon#nt8 into a ti$# %o$ain i0nal* An IFFT .on1#rt a n-$2#r o!
.o$pl#3 %ata point, o! l#n0t&, "&i.& i a po"#r o! >, into t&# ti$# %o$ain i0nal o! t&#
a$# n-$2#r o! point* Ea.& %ata point in !r#,-#n./ p#.tr-$ -#% !or an FFT or IFFT
i .all#% a 2in* T&# ort&o0onal .arri#r r#,-ir#% !or t&# OFDM i0nal .an 2# #ail/
0#n#rat#% 2/ #ttin0 t&# a$plit-%# an% p&a# o! #a.& 2in, t&#n p#r!or$in0 t&# IFFT*
Sin.# #a.& 2in o! an IFFT .orr#pon% to t&# a$plit-%# an% p&a# o! a #t o! ort&o0onal
in-oi%, t&# r#1#r# pro.# 0-arant## t&at t&# .arri#r 0#n#rat#% ar# ort&o0onal*
0)"*-+O1 $6
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* >*> OFDM Blo.+ Dia0ra$
Fi0* >*> &o" t&# #t-p !or a 2ai. OFDM tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r* T&# i0nal
0#n#rat#% i a 2a# 2an%, t&- t&# i0nal i !ilt#r#%, t&#n t#pp#% -p in !r#,-#n./ 2#!or#
tran$ittin0 t&# i0nal* OFDM ti$# %o$ain "a1#!or$ ar# .&o#n -.& t&at $-t-al
ort&o0onalit/ i #n-r#% #1#n t&o-0& -25.arri#r p#.tra $a/ o1#rlap* T/pi.all/ JAM or
Di!!#r#ntial J-a%rat-r# P&a# S&i!t K#/in0 7DJPSK8 $o%-lation .&#$# ar# appli#% to
t&# in%i1i%-al -2 .arri#r* To pr#1#nt ISI, t&# in%i1i%-al 2lo.+ ar# #parat#% 2/ 0-ar%
int#r1al "&#r#in t&# 2lo.+ ar# p#rio%i.all/ #3t#n%#%*
2.8 ODU!ATION TEC$NI%UE# 2.8 ODU!ATION TEC$NI%UE#
2.8.1 %(0/r0-(re A.pli-(/e ,/(l0-i,) 9%A: 2.8.1 %(0/r0-(re A.pli-(/e ,/(l0-i,) 9%A:
T&i $o%-lation .&#$# i alo .all#% ,-a%rat-r# .arri#r $-ltipl#3in0* In!a.t,
t&i $o%-lation .&#$# #na2l# to DSB5SC $o%-lat#% i0nal to o..-p/ t&# a$#
tran$iion BH at t&# r#.#i1#r o/p* it i, t&#r#!or#, +no"n a a 2an%"i%t&5.on#r1ation
.&#$#. T&# JAM T3 .onit o! t"o #parat# 2alan.#% $o%-lator, "&i.& ar# -ppli#%,
"it& t"o .arri#r "a1# o! t&# a$# !r#, 2-t %i!!#rin0 in p&a# 2/ ;(* T&# o/p o! t&# t"o
0)"*-+O1 $%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

2alan.#% $o%-lator ar# a%%#% in t&# a%%#r an% tran$itt#%*
Fi0* >*A JAM S/t#$
T&# tran$itt#% i0nal i t&- 0i1#n 2/
S 7t8 L M: 7t8 A .o 7>F. t8 N M> 7t8 A in 7>F. t8
H#n.#, t&# $-ltipl#3#% i0nal .onit o! t&# in5p&a# .o$pon#nt OA M: 7t8= an% t&#
,-a%rat-r# p&a# .o$pon#nt OPA M> 7t8=*
A DSB5SC i0nal i 2ai.all/ t&# pro%-.t o! t&# $o%-latin0 or 2a# 2an% i0nal
an% t&# .arri#r i0nal* Un!ort-nat#l/, a in0l# #l#.troni. %#1i.# .annot 0#n#rat# a DSB5
SC i0nal* A .ir.-it i n##%#% to a.&i#1# t&# 0#n#ration o! a DSB5SC i0nal i .all#%
pro%-.t $o%-lator i*#*, Balan.#% Mo%-lator*
H# +no" t&at a non5lin#ar r#itan.# or a non5lin#ar %#1i.# $a/ 2# -#% to
pro%-.# AM i*#*, on# .arri#r an% t"o i%#2an%* Ho"#1#r, a DSB5SC i0nal .ontain
onl/ > i%#2an%* T&-, i! > non5lin#ar %#1i.# -.& a %io%#, tranitor #t.*, ar#
0)"*-+O1 2'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

.onn#.t#% in 2alan.#% $o%# o a to -ppr# t&# .arri#r o! #a.& ot&#r, t&#n onl/
i%#2an% ar# l#!t, i*#*, a DSB5SC i0nal i 0#n#rat#%* T&#r#!or#, a 2alan.#% $o%-lator
$a/ 2# %#!in#% a a .ir.-it in "&i.& t"o non5lin#ar %#1i.# ar# .onn#.t#% in a 2alan.#%
$o%# to pro%-.# a DSB5SC i0nal*
2.8.2 %(0/r0-(re ";0+e #;if- Keyi)1 9%"#K: 2.8.2 %(0/r0-(re ";0+e #;if- Keyi)1 9%"#K:
In .o$$-ni.ation /t#$, "# &a1# t"o $ain r#o-r.#* T&## ar#?
:* Tran$iion Po"#r
>* C&ann#l 2an%"i%t&
I! t"o or $or# 2it ar# .o$2in#% in o$# /$2ol, t&#n t&# i0nalin0 rat# "ill 2#
r#%-.#%* T&-, t&# !r#,-#n./ o! t&# .arri#r n##%#% i alo r#%-.#%* T&i r#%-.# t&#
tran$iion .&ann#l B*H* H#n.#, 2#.a-# o! 0ro-pin0 o! 2it in /$2ol6 t&#
tran$iion .&ann#l B*H .an 2# r#%-.#%* In JPSK t"o -..#i1# 2it in t&# %ata
#,-#n.# ar# 0ro-p#% to0#t&#r* T&i r#%-.# t&# 2it rat# or i0nalin0 rat# an% t&-
r#%-.# t&# B*H o! t&# .&ann#l* In .a# o! BPSK, "# +no" t&at "&#n /$* C&an0# t&#
l#1#l, t&# p&a# o! t&# .arri#r i .&an0#% 2/ :<(* B#.a-#, t&#r# "#r# onl/ t"o /$= in
BPSK, t&# p&a# &i!t o..-r in > l#1#l onl/* Ho"#1#r, in JPSK, > -..#i1# 2it ar#
.o$2in#%* In!a.t, t&i .o$2ination o! t"o 2it !or$ C %itin.t /$=* H&#n t&# /$ i
.&an0#% to n#3t /$, t&#n t&# p&a# o! t&# .arri#r i .&an0#% 2/ C@ %#0r##*
S*No I/p -..#i1# 2it /$2ol p&a# &i!t in
.arri#r
IL: :7:18 (75:18 S: /C
IL> (75:18 (75:18 S> A/C
ILA (75:18 :7:18 SA @/C
ILC :7:18 :7:18 SC )/C
GENERATION O& %"#K< GENERATION O& %"#K<
0)"*-+O1 2$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

H#r# t&# i/p 2inar/ #,* i !irt .on1#rt#% into a 2ipolar NRQ t/p# o! i0nal* T&i
i0nal i %#not#% 2/ 2 7t8* It r#pr##nt 2inar/ O:= 2/ ON:V= an% 2inar/ O(= 2/ O5:V=* T&#
%#$-ltipl#3#r %i1i%# 2 7t8 into > #parat# 2it tr#a$ o! t&# o%% n-$2#r#% an% #1#n
n-$2#r#% 2it* H#r# B# 7t8 r#pr##nt #1#n n-$2#r#% #,-#n.# an% Bo 7t8 r#pr##nt o%%
n-$2#r#% #,-#n.#* T&# /$2ol %-ration o! 2ot& o! t&## o%% n-$2#r#% #,-#n.# i
>T2* H#n.#, #a.& /$2ol .onit o! > 2it*
Fi0*>*C G#n#ration o! JPSK
It $a/ 2# o2#r1#% t&at t&# !irt #1#n 2it o..-r a!t#r t&# !irt o%% 2it* H#n.#,
#1#n n-$2#r#% 2it #,-#n.# B# 7t8 tart "it& t&# %#la/ o! on# 2it p#rio% %-# to !irt o%%
2it* T&-, !irt /$2ol o! B# 7t8 i %#la/#% 2/ on# 2it p#rio% %-# to !irt o%% 2it* T&-,
!irt /$2ol o! B# 7t8 i %#la/#% 2/ on 2it p#rio% OT2= "it& r#p#.t to !irt /$2ol o! Bo
7t8* T&i %#la/ o! T2 i +no"n a o!!#t* T&i &o" t&at t&# .&an0# in t&# l#1#l o! B# 7t8
an% Bo 7t8 .an=t o..-r at t&# a$# ti$# %-# to o!!#t or ta00#rin0* T&# 2it tr#a$ B# 7t8
$o%-lat# .arri#r .oin# .arri#r an% B(7t8 $o%-lat# in-oi%al .arri#r* T&##
$o%-lator ar# t&# 2alan.#% $o%-lator* T&# > .arri#r ar# P*.o 7>F.*t8 an% P*in
7>F.*t8 &a1# 2##n &o"n in !i0* T&#ir .arri#r ar# +no"n a ,-a%rat-r# .arri#r. D-# to
t&# o!!#t, t&# p&a# &i!t in JPSK i0nal i />*
2.8.3 &&T & I&&T 2.8.3 &&T & I&&T
In pra.ti.#, OFDM /t#$ ar# i$pl#$#nt#% -in0 a .o$2ination o! FFT an%
IFFT 2lo.+ t&at ar# $at&#$ati.all/ #,-i1al#nt 1#rion o! t&# DFT an% IDFT,
r#p#.ti1#l/, 2-t $or# #!!i.i#nt to i$pl#$#nt* An OFDM /t#$ tr#at t&# o-r.#
0)"*-+O1 22
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

/$2ol 7#*0*, t&# JPSK or JAM /$2ol t&at "o-l% 2# pr##nt in a in0l# .arri#r
/t#$8 at t&# T3 a t&o-0& t&#/ ar# in t&# !r#,5%o$ain* T&## /$= ar# -#% a t&#
i/p= to an IFFT 2lo.+ t&at 2rin0 t&# i0 into t&# ti$# %o$ain* T&# IFFT ta+# in N
/$= at a ti$# "&#r# N i t&# n-$ o! -2 .arri#r in t&# /t#$* Ea.& o! t&## N i/p
/$= &a a /$2ol p#rio% o! T #.* R#.all t&at t&# 2ai !-n.tion !or an IFFT ar# N
ort&o0onal in-oi%* T&## in-oi% #a.& &a1# a %i!!#r#nt !r#, an% t&# lo"#t !r#, i
DC* Ea.& i/p /$2ol a.t li+# a .o$pl#3 "#i0&t !or t&# .orr#pon%in0 in-oi%al 2ai
!-n* Sin.# t&# i/p /$= ar# .o$pl#3, t&# 1al-# o! t&# /$ %#t#r$in# 2ot& t&# a$plit-%#
an% p&a# o! t&# in-oi% !or t&at -2 .arri#r*
T&# IFFT o/p i t&# -$$ation o! all N in-oi%* T&-, t&# IFFT 2lo.+ pro1i%#
a i$pl# "a/ to $o%-lat# %ata onto N ort&o0onal -2 .arri#r* T&# 2lo.+ o! N o/p
a$pl# !ro$ t&# IFFT $a+# -p a in0l# OFDM /$* T&# l#n0t& o! t&# OFDM /$2ol
i NT "&#r# T i t&# IFFT i/p /$2ol p#rio% $#ntion#% a2o1#*

&i1. 2.4 FFT B IFFT %ia0ra$
A!t#r o$# a%%itional pro.#in0, t&# ti$#5%o$ain i0 t&at r#-lt !ro$ t&# IFFT
i tran$itt#% a.ro t&# .&ann#l* At t&# R3, an FFT 2lo.+ i -#% to pro.# t&# r#.#i1#%
i0nal an% 2rin0 it into t&# !r#, %o$ain* I%#all/, t&# FFT o/p "ill 2# t&# ori0inal /$=
t&at "#r# #nt to t&# IFFT at t&# T3* H&#n plott#% in t&# .o$pl#3 plan#, t&# FFT o/p
a$pl# "ill !or$ a .ont#llation, -.& a :'5JAM* Ho"#1#r, t&#r# i no notion o! a
.ont#llation !or t&# ti$#5%o$ain i0* H&#n plott#% on t&# .o$pl#3 plan#, t&# ti$#5
%o$ain i0 !or$ a .att#r plot "it& no r#0-lar &ap#* T&-, an/ R3 pro.#in0 t&at -#
t&# .on.#pt o! a .ont#llation 7-.& a /$2ol li.in08 $-t o..-r in t&# !r#,-#n./5
%o$ain*
0)"*-+O1 23
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

2.2 ADDING A GUARD "ERIOD TO O&D 2.2 ADDING A GUARD "ERIOD TO O&D
On# o! t&# $ot i$portant prop#rti# o! OFDM tran$iion i t&# ro2-tn#
a0aint $-ltipat& %#la/ pr#a%* T&i i a.&i#1#% 2/ &a1in0 a lon0 /$2ol p#rio%, "&i.&
$ini$i9# t&# ISI* T&# l#1#l o! ro2-tn#, .an in!a.t i in.r#a#% #1#n $or# 2/ t&#
a%%ition o! a 0-ar% p#rio% 2/" tran$itt#% /$=* T&# 0-ar% p#rio% allo" ti$# !or
$-ltipat& i0= !ro$ t&# p#r1io- /$2ol to %i# a"a/ 2#!or# t&# in!or$ation !ro$ t&#
.-rr#nt /$2ol i 0at&#r#%*
T&# $ot #!!#.ti1# 0-ar% p#rio% to -# i a ./.li. #3t#nion o! t&# /$2ol* I! a
$irror in ti$#, o! t&# #n% o! t&# /$2ol "a1#!or$ i p-t at t&# tart o! t&# /$2ol a t&#
0-ar% p#rio%, t&i #!!#.ti1#l/ #3t#n% t&# l#n0t& o! t&# /$2ol, "&il# $aintainin0 t&#
ort&o0onall/ o! t&# "a1#!or$* Uin0 t&i ./.li. #3t#n%#% /$2ol t&# a$pl# r#,-ir#%
!or p#r!or$in0 t&# FFT 7to %#.o%# t&# /$8, .an 2# ta+#n an/"&#r# o1#r t&# l#n0t& o!
t&# /$* T&i pro1i%# $-ltipat& i$$-nit/ a "#ll a /$ ti$# /n.&roni9ation
tol#ran.#*
A lon0 a t&# $-ltipat& %#la/ #.&o ta/ "it&in t&# 0-ar% p#rio% %-ration, t&#r#
i tri.tl/ no li$itation r#0ar%in0 t&# i0nal l#1#l o! t&# #.&o? t&#/ $a/ #1#n #3.##% t&#
i0nal l#1#l o! t&# &ort#r pat&R T&# i0nal #n#r0/ !ro$ all pat& 4-t a%% at t&# inp-t to
t&# r#.#i1#r, an% in.# t&# FFT i #n#r0/ .on#r1ati1#, t&# "&ol# a1aila2l# po"#r !##%
t&# %#.o%#r*
I! t&# %#la/ pr#a% i lon0#r t&#n t&# 0-ar% int#r1al t&#n t&#/ 2#0in to .a-# ISI*
Ho"#1#r, pro1i%#% t&# #.&o= ar# -!!i.i#ntl/ $all t&#/ %o not .a-# i0ni!i.ant
pro2l#$* T&i i tr-# $ot o! t&# ti$# a $-ltipat& #.&o= %#la/#% lon0#r t&an t&# 0-ar%
p#rio% "ill &a1# 2##n r#!l#.t#% o! 1#r/ %itant o24#.t* Ot&#r 1ariation o! 0-ar% p#rio%
ar# poi2l#* On# poi2l# 1ariation i to &a1# &al! t&# 0-ar% p#rio% a ./.li. #3t#nion o!
t&# /$2ol, a a2o1#, an% t&# ot&#r &al! a 9#ro a$plit-%# i0nal* T&i "ill r#-lt in a
i0nal a &o"n in Fi0*>*'*
0)"*-+O1 24
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Uin0 t&i $#t&o% t&# /$2ol .an 2# #ail/ i%#nti!i#%* T&i poi2l/ allo" !or /$2ol
ti$in0 to 2# r#.o1#r#% !ro$ t&# i0nal, i$pl/ 2/ appl/in0 #n1#lop %#t#.tion* T&# %ia%1anta0#
o! -in0 t&i 0-ar% p#rio% $#t&o% i t&at t&# 9#ro p#rio% %o# not 0i1# an/ $-ltipat& tol#ran.#,
t&- t&# #!!#.ti1# a.ti1# 0-ar% p#rio% i &al1#% in l#n0t&* It i int#r#tin0 to not# t&at t&i 0-ar%
p#rio% $#t&o% &a not 2##n $#ntion#% in an/ o! t&# r##ar.& pap#r r#a%, an% it i till not .l#ar
"&#t&#r /$2ol ti$in0 n##% to 2# r#.o1#r#% -in0 t&i $#t&o%*
Fi0* >*' S#.tion o! an OFDM i0nal &o"in0 @ /$2ol, -in0 a 0-ar% p#rio%
"&i.& i &al! a ./.li. #3t#nion o! t&# /$2ol, an% &al! a 9#ro a$plit-%# i0nal*
"RO"AGATION O& C$ANNE! "RO"AGATION O& C$ANNE!
C$ARACTERI#TIC# C$ARACTERI#TIC#
3.1 "RO"AGATION C$ARACTERI#TIC# O& OBI!E RADIO 3.1 "RO"AGATION C$ARACTERI#TIC# O& OBI!E RADIO
C$ANNE!# C$ANNE!#
0)"*-+O1 25
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

In an i%#al ra%io .&ann#l, t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal "o-l% .onit o! onl/ a in0l# %ir#.t
pat& i0nal, "&i.& "o-l% 2# a p#r!#.t r#.ontr-.tion o! t&# tran$itt#% i0nal* Ho"#1#r
in a r#al .&ann#l, t&# i0nal i $o%i!i#% %-rin0 tran$iion in t&# .&ann#l*
It i +no"n t&at t&# p#r!or$an.# o! an/ "ir#l# /t#$= p#r!or$an.# i
a!!#.t#% 2/ t&# $#%i-$ o! propa0ation, na$#l/ t&# .&ara.t#riti. o! t&# channel* In
t#l#.o$$-ni.ation in 0#n#ral, a .&ann#l i a #parat# pat& t&ro-0& "&i.& i0nal .an
!lo"* In t&# i%#al it-ation, a %ir#.t lin# o! i0&t 2#t"##n t&# tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r i
%#ir#%* B-t ala, it i not a p#r!#.t "orl%6 &#n.# it i i$p#rati1# to -n%#rtan% "&at 0o#
on in t&# .&ann#l o t&at t&# ori0inal i0nal .an 2# r#.ontr-.t#% "it& t&# l#at n-$2#r o!
#rror*
T&# r#.#i1#% i0nal .onit o! a .o$2ination o! att#n-at#%, r#!l#.t#%, r#!ra.t#%,
an% %i!!ra.t#% r#pli.a o! t&# tran$itt#% i0nal* On top o! all t&i, t&# .&ann#l a%% noi#
to t&# i0nal an% .an .a-# a &i!t in t&# .arri#r !r#,-#n./ i! t&# tran$itt#r, or r#.#i1#r i
$o1in0 7Doppl#r #!!#.t8* Un%#rtan%in0 o! t&## #!!#.t on t&# i0nal i i$portant
2#.a-# t&# p#r!or$an.# o! a ra%io /t#$ i %#p#n%#nt on t&# ra%io .&ann#l
.&ara.t#riti.*
3.1.1. A--e)(0-i,) 3.1.1. A--e)(0-i,)
Att#n-ation i t&# D%rop in t&# i0nal po"#r "&#n tran$ittin0 !ro$ on# point to
anot&#r* It .an 2# .a-#% 2/ t&# tran$iion pat& l#n0t&, o2tr-.tion in t&# i0nal pat&,
an% $-ltipat& #!!#.tE* Fi0*A*: &o" o$# o! t&# ra%io propa0ation #!!#.t t&at .a-#
att#n-ation* An/ o24#.t, "&i.& o2tr-.t t&# lin# o! i0&t i0nal !ro$ t&# tran$itt#r to
t&# r#.#i1#r, .an .a-# att#n-ation*
0)"*-+O1 2&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* A*:* So$# .&ann#l .&ara.t#riti.
S&a%o"in0 o! t&# i0nal .an o..-r "&#n#1#r t&#r# i an o2tr-.tion 2#t"##n t&#
tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r* It i 0#n#rall/ .a-#% 2/ 2-il%in0 an% &ill, an% i t&# $ot
i$portant #n1iron$#ntal att#n-ation !a.tor* S&a%o"in0 i $ot #1#r# in &#a1il/ 2-ilt -p
ar#a, %-# to t&# &a%o"in0 !ro$ 2-il%in0* Ho"#1#r, &ill .an .a-# a lar0# pro2l#$
%-# to t&# lar0# &a%o" t&#/ pro%-.#*
Ra%io i0nal %i!!ra.t o!! t&# 2o-n%ari# o! o2tr-.tion, t&- pr#1#ntin0 total
&a%o"in0 o! t&# i0nal 2#&in% &ill an% 2-il%in0* Ho"#1#r, t&# a$o-nt o! %i!!ra.tion
i %#p#n%#nt on t&# ra%io !r#,-#n./ -#%, "it& lo" !r#,-#n.i# %i!!ra.tin0 $or# t&#n
&i0& !r#,-#n./ i0nal* T&- &i0& !r#,-#n./ i0nal, #p#.iall/, Ultra Hi0& Fr#,-#n.i#
7UHF8, an% $i.ro"a1# i0nal r#,-ir# lin# o! i0&t !or a%#,-at# i0nal tr#n0t&* To o1#r
.o$# t&# pro2l#$ o! &a%o"in0, tran$itt#r ar# --all/ #l#1at#% a &i0& a poi2l# to
$ini$i9# t&# n-$2#r o! o2tr-.tion* T/pi.al a$o-nt o! 1ariation in att#n-ation %-# to
&a%o"in0 ar# &o"n in Ta2l# A*:*
0)"*-+O1 2(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Ta2l#*A*: T/pi.al att#n-ation in a ra%io .&ann#l*
S&a%o"#% ar#a t#n% to 2# lar0#, r#-ltin0 in t&# rat# o! .&an0# o! t&# i0nal
po"#r 2#in0 lo"* For t&i r#aon, it i t#r$#% lo"5!a%in0, or lo0nor$al &a%o"in0*
3.1.2 (l-ip0-; Effec-+ 3.1.2 (l-ip0-; Effec-+
R0ylei1; &0/i)1 R0ylei1; &0/i)1
In a ra%io lin+, t&# RF i0nal !ro$ t&# tran$itt#r $a/ 2# r#!l#.t#% !ro$ o24#.t
-.& a &ill, 2-il%in0, or 1#&i.l#* T&i 0i1# ri# to $-ltipl# tran$iion pat& at t&#
r#.#i1#r* Fi0* A*> &o" o$# o! t&# poi2l# "a/ in "&i.& $-ltipat& i0nal .an o..-r*
&i1.3.2 M-ltipat& Si0nal
T&# r#lati1# p&a# o! $-ltipl# r#!l#.t#% i0= .an .a-# .ontr-.ti1# or
%#tr-.ti1# int#r!#r#n.# at t&# R3* T&i i #3p#ri#n.#% o1#r 1#r/ &ort %itan.#
0)"*-+O1 26
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

7t/pi.all/ at &al! "a1#l#n0t& %itan.#8, t&- i 0i1#n t&# t#r$ !at !a%in0* T&##
1ariation .an 1ar/ !ro$ :(5A(%B o1#r a &ort %itan.#*

Fi0* A*A T/pi.al Ra/l#i0& !a%in0 "&il# t&# $o2il# -nit i $o1in0*
T&# Ra/l#i0& %itri2-tion i .o$$onl/ -#% to %#.ri2# t&# tatiti.al ti$#
1ar/in0 nat-r# o! t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal po"#r* It %#.ri2# t&# pro2a2ilit/ o! t&# i0nal
l#1#l* 2#in0 r#.#i1#% %-# to !a%in0* Ta2l# A*> &o" t&# pro2a2ilit/ o! t&# i0nal l#1#l
!or t&# Ra/l#i0& %itri2-tion*

T0=le 3.2 C-$-lati1# %itri2-tion !or Ra/l#i0& %itri2-tion
&re'(e)cy #elec-i*e &0/i)1< &re'(e)cy #elec-i*e &0/i)1<
0)"*-+O1 2%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

In an/ ra%io tran$iion, t&# .&ann#l p#.tral r#pon# i not !lat* It &a %ip or
!a%# in t&# r#pon# %-# to r#!l#.tion .a-in0 .an.#llation o! .#rtain !r#,-#n.i# at t&#
r#.#i1#r* R#!l#.tion o!! n#ar52/ o24#.t 7#*0* 0ro-n%, 2-il%in0, tr##, #t.8 .an l#a% to
$-ltipat& i0nal o! i$ilar i0nal po"#r a t&# %ir#.t i0nal* T&i .an r#-lt in %##p
n-ll in t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal po"#r %-# to %#tr-.ti1# int#r!#r#n.#* For narro" 2an%"i%t&
tran$iion i! t&# n-ll in t&# !r#,-#n./ r#pon# o..-r at t&# tran$iion !r#,-#n./
t&#n t&# #ntir# i0nal .an 2# lot* T&i .an 2# partl/ o1#r.o$# in t"o "a/*
B/ tran$ittin0 a "i%# 2an%"i%t& i0nal or pr#a% p#.tr-$ a CDMA, an/ %ip
in t&# p#.tr-$ onl/ r#-lt in a $all lo o! i0nal po"#r, rat&#r t&an a .o$pl#t# lo*
Anot&#r $#t&o% i to plit t&# tran$iion -p into $an/ $all 2an%"i%t& .arri#r, a i
%on# in a COFDM/OFDM tran$iion* T&# ori0inal i0nal i pr#a% o1#r a "i%#
2an%"i%t& t&-6 an/ n-ll in t&# p#.tr-$ ar# -nli+#l/ to o..-r at all o! t&# .arri#r
!r#,-#n.i#* T&i "ill r#-lt in onl/ o$# o! t&# .arri#r 2#in0 lot, rat&#r t&#n t&# #ntir#
i0nal* T&# in!or$ation in t&# lot .arri#r .an 2# r#.o1#r#% pro1i%#% #no-0& !or"ar%
#rror .orr#.tion ar# #nt*
Del0y #pre0/ Del0y #pre0/
T&# r#.#i1#% ra%io i0nal !ro$ a tran$itt#r .onit o! t/pi.all/ a %ir#.t i0nal,
pl- r#!l#.tion o! o24#.t -.& a 2-il%in0, $o-ntin0, an% ot&#r tr-.t-r#* T&#
r#!l#.t#% i0nal arri1# at a lat#r ti$# t&an t&# %ir#.t i0nal 2#.a-# o! t&# #3tra pat&
l#n0t&, 0i1in0 ri# to a li0&tl/ %i!!#r#nt arri1al ti$# o! t&# tran$itt#% p-l#, t&-
pr#a%in0 t&# r#.#i1#% #n#r0/* D#la/ pr#a% i t&# Dti$# pr#a% 2#t"##n t&# arri1al o!
t&# !irt an% lat $-ltipat& i0nal ##n 2/ t&# r#.#i1#rE*
In a %i0ital /t#$, t&# %#la/ pr#a% .an l#a% to int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.#* T&i i
%-# to t&# %#la/#% $-ltipat& i0nal o1#rlappin0 "it& t&# !ollo"in0 /$2ol* T&i .an
.a-# i0ni!i.ant #rror in &i0& 2it rat# /t#$, #p#.iall/ "&#n -in0 ti$# %i1iion
$-ltipl#3in0 7TDMA8* Fi0*A*C &o" t&# #!!#.t o! int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# %-# to %#la/
0)"*-+O1 3'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

pr#a% on t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal* A t&# tran$itt#% 2it rat# i in.r#a#% t&# a$o-nt o! int#r5
/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# alo in.r#a#* T&# #!!#.t tart to 2#.o$# 1#r/ i0ni!i.ant "&#n t&#
%#la/ pr#a% i 0r#at#r t&#n S@(I o! t&# 2it ti$#*

Fi0*A*C M-lti %#la/ pr#a%
&o" t&# t/pi.al %#la/ pr#a% t&at .an o..-r in 1ario- #n1iron$#nt* T&#
$a3i$-$ %#la/ pr#a% in an o-t%oor #n1iron$#nt i appro3i$at#l/ >(-#., t&-
i0ni!i.ant int#r/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# .an o..-r at 2it rat# a lo" a >@+2p*
Ta2l#* A*A T/pi.al D#la/ Spr#a%
0)"*-+O1 3$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# .an 2# $ini$i9#% in #1#ral "a/* On# $#t&o% i to
r#%-.# t&# /$2ol rat# 2/ r#%-.in0 t&# %ata rat# !or #a.& .&ann#l 7i*#* plit t&#
2an%"i%t& into $or# .&ann#l -in0 !r#,-#n./ %i1iion $-ltipl#3in08* Anot&#r i to -#
a .o%in0 .&#$# "&i.& i tol#rant to int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# -.& a CDMA*
3.1.3 D,ppler #;if- 3.1.3 D,ppler #;if-
H&#n a "a1# o-r.# an% a r#.#i1#r ar# $o1in0 r#lati1# to on# anot&#r t&#
!r#,-#n./ o! t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal "ill not 2# t&# a$# a t&# o-r.#* H&#n t&#/ ar#
$o1in0 to"ar% #a.& ot&#r t&# !r#,-#n./ o! t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal i &i0&#r t&#n t&# o-r.#,
an% "&#n t&#/ ar# approa.&in0 #a.& ot&#r t&# !r#,-#n./ %#.r#a#* T&i i .all#% t&#
Doppl#r E!!#.t* An #3a$pl# o! t&i i t&# .&an0# o! pit.& in a .ar= &orn a it approa.&#
t&#n pa# 2/* T&i #!!#.t 2#.o$# i$portant "&#n %#1#lopin0 $o2il# ra%io /t#$*
T&# a$o-nt t&# !r#,-#n./ .&an0# %-# to t&# Doppl#r #!!#.t %#p#n% on t&# r#lati1#
$otion 2#t"##n t&# o-r.# an% r#.#i1#r an% on t&# p##% o! propa0ation o! t&# "a1#*
T&# Doppl#r &i!t in !r#,-#n./ .an 2# "ritt#n
H&#r# f i t&# .&an0# in !r#,-#n./ o! t&# o-r.# ##n at t&# r#.#i1#r, fo i t&#
!r#,-#n./ o! t&# o-r.#, v i t&# p##% %i!!#r#n.# 2#t"##n t&# o-r.# an% tran$itt#r, an%
c i t&# p##% o! li0&t*
For #3a$pl#? L#t fo L :GH9, an% v L '(+$/&r 7:'*)$/8 t&#n t&# Doppl#r &i!t "ill 2#
0)"*-+O1 32
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&i &i!t o! @@H9 in t&# .arri#r "ill 0#n#rall/ not #!!#.t t&# tran$iion*
Ho"#1#r,Doppl#r &i!t .an .a-# i0ni!i.ant pro2l#$ i! t&# tran$iion t#.&ni,-# i
#niti1# to .arri#r !r#,-#n./ o!!#t 7!or #3a$pl# COFDM8 or t&# r#lati1# p##% i
&i0&#r 7!or #3a$pl# in lo" #art& or2itin0 at#llit#8*
3.2 INTER #3BO! INTER&ERENCE 3.2 INTER #3BO! INTER&ERENCE
A .o$$-ni.ation /t#$ #1ol1#, t&# n##% !or &i0& /$2ol rat# 2#.o$# $or#
appar#nt* Ho"#1#r, .-rr#nt $-ltipl# a..# "it& &i0& /$2ol rat# #n.o-nt#r #1#ral
$-lti pat& pro2l#$, "&i.& l#a% to ISI* An ec;, i a .op/ o! t&# ori0inal i0nal %#la/#%
in ti$#* ISI ta+# pla.# "&#n #.&o# on %i!!#r#nt5l#n0t& propa0ation pat& r#-lt in
o1#rlappin0 r#.#i1#% /$2ol* Pro2l#$ .an o..-r "&#n on# OFDM /$2ol o1#rlap
"it& t&# n#3t on#* T&#r# i no .orr#lation 2#t"##n t"o .on#.-ti1# OFDM /$2ol an%
t&#r#!or# int#r!#r#n.# !ro$ on# /$2ol "it& t&# ot&#r "ill r#-lt in a %it-r2#% i0nal In
a%%ition, t&# /$2ol rat# o! .o$$-ni.ation /t#$ i pra.ti.all/ li$it#% 2/ t&#
.&ann#l= 2an%"i%t&* For t&# &i0&#r /$2ol rat#, t&# #!!#.t o! ISI $-t 2# %#alt "it&
#rio-l/* S#1#ral .&ann#l #,-ali9ation t#.&ni,-# .an 2# -#% to -ppr# t&# ISI
.a-#% 2/ t&# .&ann#l* Ho"#1#r, to %o t&i, t&# CIR P .&ann#l i$p-l# r#pon#, $-t 2#
#ti$at#%*
R#.#ntl/, OFDM &a 2##n -#% to tran$it %ata o1#r a $-lti5pat& .&ann#l*
Int#a% o! tr/in0 to .an.#l t&# #!!#.t o! t&# .&ann#l= ISI, a #t o! +(=>c0rrier+ .an 2#
-#% to tran$it in!or$ation /$2ol in parall#l -25.&ann#l o1#r t&# .&ann#l, "&#r#
t&# /t#$= o-tp-t "ill 2# t&# -$ o! all t&# parall#l .&ann#l= t&ro-0&p-t* T&i i t&#
2ai o! &o" OFDM "or+* B/ tran$ittin0 in parall#l o1#r a #t o! -25.arri#r, t&# %ata
rat# p#r -25.&ann#l i onl/ a !ra.tion o! t&# %ata rat# o! a .on1#ntional in0l# .arri#r
/t#$ &a1in0 t&# a$# o-tp-t* H#n.#, a /t#$ .an 2# %#i0n#% to -pport &i0& %ata
rat# "&il# %#!#rrin0 t&# n##% !or .&ann#l #,-ali9ation*
0)"*-+O1 33
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

In a%%ition, on.# t&# in.o$in0 i0nal i plit into t&# r#p#.ti1# tran$iion -25
.arri#r, a 0-ar% int#r1al i a%%#% 2#t"##n #a.& /$2ol* Ea.& /$2ol .onit o! -#!-l
/$2ol %-ration, T
s
an% a 0-ar% int#r1al, t, in "&i.&, part o! t&# ti$#, a i0nal o! T
s
i
./.li.all/ r#p#at#%* T&i i &o"n in Fi0*A*@*
Fi0* A*@ Co$2atin0 ISI -in0 a 0-ar% int#r1al
A lon0 a t&# $-lti pat& propa0ation %#la/ %o not #3.##% t&# %-ration o! t&#
int#r1al, no int#r5/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# o..-r an% no .&ann#l #,-ali9ation i r#,-ir#%
C;0))el+ ?e U+e/
T&# tran$iion i0nal $o%#l o! t&# #l#.tro$a0n#ti. "a1# "&i.& tra1#l !or$
tran$itt#r to r#.#i1#r* Alon0 t&# "a/ t&# "a1# #n.o-nt#r a "i%# ran0# o! %i!!#r#nt
#n1iron$#nt* C&ann#l $o%#l r#pr##nt t&# att#$pt to $o%#l t&## %i!!#r#nt
#n1iron$#nt* T&#ir ai$ i to intro%-.# "#ll %#!in#% %it-r2an.# to t&# tran$iion
i0nal* In t&i l#.t-r# "# %i.- .&ann#l $o%#l "&i.& ar# t/pi.al !or DAB
tran$iion* H# .oni%#r t&# #!!#.t o! noi#, $o1#$#nt, an% i0nal r#!l#.tion* T&#
0)"*-+O1 34
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

0#n#ral trat#0/ i to &a1# a pi.torial r#pr##ntation o! t&# .&ann#l #n1iron$#nt 2#!or#
"# intro%-.# t&# $at&#$ati.al $o%#l*
OVERVIE? DIAGRA
T&# !ollo"in0 !i0-r# &o" a0ain t&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$ o! .o$$-ni.ation /t#$*
S-.& a /t#$ .onit o! OS#n%#r=, OC&ann#l= an% OR#.#i1#r=* In t&i l#.t-r# "# !o.- on
t&# .&ann#l ap#.t o! t&# .o$$-ni.ation /t#$* In t&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$, 7t8 i t&#
tran$iion i0nal an% T7t8 i t&# r#.#i1#% tran$iion i0nal*
&re'(e)cy Off+e- C;0))el
T&# !r#,-#n./ o!!#t .&ann#l intro%-.# a tati. !r#,-#n./ o!!#t* On# poi2l#
.a-# !or -.& a !r#,-#n./ o!!#t i a lo" %ri!tin0 ti$# 2a#, nor$all/ a .r/tal
o.illator, in #it&#r tran$itt#r or r#.#i1#r* T&# !r#,-#n./ o!!#t .&ann#l t#t t&#
!r#,-#n./ .orr#.tion .ir.-it in t&# r#.#i1#r* T&# !ollo"in0 !i0-r# &o" t&# 2lo.+
%ia0ra$ o! t&# Fr#,-#n./ &i!t .&ann#l*
T&# $at&#$ati.al $o%#l !ollo" a?
*
A?GN C;0))el
For t&# A%%itional H&it# Ga-ian Noi# 7AHGN8 .&ann#l t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal i
#,-al to t&# tran$itt#% i0nal "it& o$# portion o! "&it# Ga-ian "&it# noi# a%%#%*
0)"*-+O1 35
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&i .&ann#l i parti.-larl/ i$portant !or %i.r#t# $o%#l op#ratin0 on a r#tri.t#%
n-$2#r pa.#, 2#.a-# t&i allo" on# to opti$i# t&# .ir.-it in t#r$ o! t&#ir noi#
p#r!or$an.#* T&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$ o! t&# AHGN .&ann#l i 0i1#n in t&# n#3t !i0-r#*
7t8 L 7t8 N n7t8
"&#r# n7t8 i a a$pl# !-n.tion o! a Ga-ian ran%o$ pro.#* T&i r#pr##nt "&it#
Ga-ian noi#*
(l-ip0-; C;0))el
T&# $-ltipat& .&ann#l i t&# lat o! t&# tati. .&ann#l* It r#!l#.t t&# !a.t t&at
#l#.tro$a0n#ti. "a1# .an tra1#l o1#r 1ario- pat& !ro$ t&# tran$iion ant#nna to t&#
r#.#i1#r ant#nna* T&# r#.#i1#r ant#nna -$ -p all t&# %i!!#r#nt i0nal* T&#r#!or#, t&#
$at&#$ati.al $o%#l o! t&# $-ltipat& #n1iron$#nt .r#at# t&# r#.#i1#% tran$iion
i0nal 2/ -$$in0 -p .al#% an% %#la/#% 1#rion o! t&# ori0inal tran$iion i0nal*
T&i -p#rpoition o! i0nal .a-# ISI*
T&# !ollo"in0 !i0-r# &o" a $-ltipat& #n1iron$#nt*
0)"*-+O1 3&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$, &o"n in t&# n#3t !i0-r#, %#tail a DSP $o%#l !or t&# $-ltipat&
#n1iron$#nt*
T&# $at&#$ati.al $o%#l !ollo" a?
&0/i)1 C;0))el+
Fa%in0 .&ann#l r#pr##nt a $at&#$ati.al $o%#l !or "ir#l# %ata #3.&an0# in a
p&/i.al #n1iron$#nt "&i.& .&an0# o1#r ti$#* T&## .&an0# ari# !or t"o r#aon?
0)"*-+O1 3(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

:* T&# #n1iron$#nt i .&an0in0 #1#n t&o-0& t&# tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r ar# !i3#%6
#3a$pl# ar# .&an0# in t&# ionop&#r#, $o1#$#nt o! !olia0# an% $o1#$#nt o!
r#!l#.tor an% .att#r#r*
>* Tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r ar# $o2il# #1#n t&o-0& t&# #n1iron$#nt $i0&t 2#
tati.*T&# n#3t !i0-r# &o" a $-ltipat& !a%in0 #n1iron$#nt* T&# !a%in0 i
$o%#l#% 2/ t&# !a.t t&at t&# #n1iron$#nt i .&an0in0*
T&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$, &o"n in t&# n#3t !i0-r#, %#tail a DSP $o%#l !or t&# $-ltipat&
#n1iron$#nt
0)"*-+O1 36
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Mat&#$ati.all/ t&# DSP $o%#l .an 2# !or$-lat#% a !ollo"?

DSP $o%#l an% $at&#$ati.al %#.ription ar# .lo# to t&# -n%#rl/in0 p&/i.al
p&#no$#na* T&i $a+# t&#$ -n-ita2l# !or pra.ti.al .&ann#l $o%#l* To #ta2li&
pra.ti.al .&ann#l $o%#l "# #$plo/ tatiti.al $#t&o% to a2tra.t an% 0#n#rali9# t&#
!a%in0 .&ann#l $o%#l* In t&# !ollo"in0 t"o -2#.tion "# %i.- Ra/l#i0& an% Ri.ian
!a%in0 .&ann#l* Bot& r#pr##nt tatiti.al .&ann#l $o%#, t&# %i!!#r#n.# 2#t"##n t&#$ i
t&at t&# Ra/l#i0& $o%#l %o# not a-$# a %ir#.t or pro$in#nt pat& an% t&# Ri.i#n
$o%#l a-$# a %ir#.t pat&* T&# lat .&ann#l $o%#l #3t#n% t&# i%#a o! Ra/l#i0& an%
Ri.ian !a%in0 .&ann#l "it& $o2ilit/ ap#.t* T&# r#-ltin0 $o2il# !a%in0 .&ann#l
$o%#l t&# %#0ra%in0 #!!#.t in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain o! "ir#l# $-ltipat& .&ann#l*
R0ylei1; &0/i)1
Ra/l#i0& !a%in0 i .a-#% 2/ $-ltipat& r#.#ption* T&# $o2il# ant#nna r#.#i1# a
lar0# n-$2#r, a/ N, r#!l#.t#% an% .att#r#% "a1#* B#.a-# o! "a1# .an.#llation
#!!#.t, t&# intantan#o- r#.#i1#% po"#r ##n 2/ a $o1in0 ant#nna 2#.o$# a ran%o$
1aria2l#, %#p#n%#nt on t&# lo.ation o! t&# ant#nna*
0)"*-+O1 3%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

To i$pli!/ t&# %#ri1ation o! t&# !a%in0 $o%#l an -n5$o%-lat#% .arri#r o! t&#
!or$ 7t8 L A.o7>pi!.t8 a tran$iion i0nal i -#%* Ba#% on t&# 2lo.+ %ia0ra$ t&#
.o$pl#3 #n1#lop# o! t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal i?
"&#r# ai 7t8 i t&# 0ain !a.tor an% Ti 7t8 i t&# %#la/ !or a p#.i!i. pat& i at a p#.i!i. ti$#
t*
"&#r# rRa 7t8 i a a$pl# !-n.tion o! a Ra/l#i0& %itri2-t#% ran%o$ pro.#?
an% t&# i -ni!or$l/ %itri2-t#% in t&# int#r1al U(, >pi8*
T&# 0#n#ral !or$ o! t&i .&ann#l $o%#l i?
a0ain, an% ar# a$plit-%# an% p&a# !ro$ a parti.-lar $#a-r#$#nt o! a
ra/l#i0& %itri2-t#%
ran%o$ pro.#* T&i .&ann#l i .all#% ra/l#i0& !a%in0 .&ann#l*
0)"*-+O1 4'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Rici0) &0/i)1 C;0))el
Ri.ian !a%in0
T&# $o%#l 2#&in% Ri.ian !a%in0 i i$ilar to t&at !or Ra/l#i0& !a%in0, #3.#pt t&at in
Ri.ian !a%in0 a tron0 %o$inant .o$pon#nt i pr##nt* T&i %o$inant .o$pon#nt .an !or
intan.# 2# t&# lin#5o!5i0&t "a1#* R#!in#% Ri.ian $o%#l alo .oni%#r
:* t&at t&# %o$inant "a1# .an 2# a p&aor -$ o! t"o or $or# %o$inant i0nal,
#*0* t&# lin#5o!5 i0&t, pl- a 0ro-n% r#!l#.tion* T&i .o$2in#% i0nal i t&#n
$otl/ tr#at#% a a %#t#r$initi. 7!-ll/ pr#%i.ta2l#8 pro.#
>* t&at t&# %o$inant "a1# .an alo 2# -24#.t to &a%o" att#n-ation* T&i i a
pop-lar
A-$ption in t&# $o%#lin0 o! at#llit# .&ann#l* B#i%# t&# %o$inant .o$pon#nt, t&#
$o2il# ant#nna r#.#i1# a lar0# n-$2#r o! r#!l#.t#% an%S.att#r#% "a1#*
A Ri.ian !a%in0 .&ann#l in%i.at# t&at t&#r# i a pro$in#nt or %ir#.t pat& o1#r "&i.& t&#
#l#.tro$a0n#ti. "a1# .an tra1#l* Co$par#% to t&# Ra/l#i0& .&ann#l $o%#l, E,-ation :,
t&# Ri.ian !a%in0 .&ann#l $o%#l &a an a%%itional A.o7>pi!.t8 .o$pon#nt to r#!l#.t t&#
pro$in#nt pat&?
A2o1# E,-ation .an 2# "ritt#n a?
"&#r# rRi 7t8 i a a$pl# !-n.tion o! a ran%o$ pro.# "it& a Ri.ian %itri2-t#%
pro2a2ilit/ %#nit/ !-n.tion 7p%!8?
0)"*-+O1 4$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

H&#r# I( i t&# 9#ro or%#r $o%i!i#% B##l !-n.tion o! t&# !irt +in% 0i1#n 2/?
an% t&# %itri2-tion o! i?
"&#r# i t&# #rror !-n.tion %#!in#% a?
T&# ratio , r#!#rr#% a t&# K5!a.tor, r#lat# t&# po"#r in -n !a%#% an% !a%#%
.o$pon#nt* Val-# o! K KK : in%i.at# l# #1#r# !a%in0, "&#r#a K VV : in%i.at#
#1#r# !a%in0*
T&# 0#n#ral !or$ o! t&# Ri.ian .&ann#l $o%#l i?
"&#r# rRi 7t8 an% ar# a$plit-%# an% p&a# o! a parti.-lar $#a-r#$#nt o! a ri.ian
%itri2-t#% ran%o$ pro.#
0)"*-+O1 42
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

KA!AN &I!TER
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In :;'(, R*E* Kal$an p-2li&#% &i !a$o- pap#r %#.ri2in0 a r#.-ri1# ol-tion
to t&# %i.r#t#5%ata lin#ar !ilt#rin0 pro2l#$* Sin.# t&at ti$#, t&# Kal$an !ilt#r &a 2##n
t&# -24#.t o! #3t#ni1# r##ar.& an% appli.ation, parti.-larl/ in t&# ar#a o! a-tono$o-
or ait#% na1i0ation* T&# Kal$an !ilt#r i a $at&#$ati.al po"#r tool t&at i pla/in0 an
in.r#ain0l/ i$portant rol# in .o$p-t#r 0rap&i. a "# in.l-%# #nin0 o! t&# r#al "orl%
in o-r /t#$*
4.2 ?$AT I# A KA!AN &I!TER@
T&#or#ti.all/, t&# Kal$an Filt#r i an #ti$ator !or "&at i .all#% t&# lin#ar
,-a%rati. pro2l#$, "&i.& !o.-# on #ti$atin0 t&# intantan#o- Dtat#E o! a lin#ar
%/na$i. /t#$ p#rt-r2#% 2/ "&it# noi#* Statiti.all/, t&i #ti$ator i opti$al "it&
r#p#.t to an/ ,-a%rati. !-n.tion o! #ti$ation #rror* In pra.ti.#, t&i Kal$an Filt#r i
on# o! t&# 0r#at#r %i.o1#ri# in t&# &itor/ o! tatiti.al #ti$ation t&#or/ an% poi2l/
t&# 0r#at#t %i.o1#r/ in t&# t"#nti#t& .#nt-r/* It &a #na2l#% $an+in% to %o $an/ t&in0
t&at .o-l% not &a1# 2##n %on# "it&o-t it, an% it &a 2#.o$# a in%ip#na2l# a ili.on in
t&# $a+#-p o! $an/ #l#.troni. /t#$
In a $or# %/na$i. approa.&, .ontrollin0 o! .o$pl#3 %/na$i. /t#$ -.&
a .ontin-o- $an-!a.t-rin0 pro.##, air.ra!t, &ip or pa.#.ra!t, ar# t&# $ot
i$$#%iat# appli.ation o! Kal$an !ilt#r* In or%#r to .ontrol a %/na$i. /t#$, on# n##%
to +no" "&at it i %oin0 !irt* For t&## appli.ation, it i not al"a/ poi2l# or
0)"*-+O1 43
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

%#ira2l# to $#a-r# #1#r/ 1aria2l# t&at /o- "ant to .ontrol, an% t&# Kal$an !ilt#r
pro1i%# a $#an !or in!#rrin0 t&# $iin0 in!or$ation !ro$ in%ir#.t 7an% noi/8
$#a-r#$#nt* So$# a$a9in0 t&in0 t&at t&# Kal$an !ilt#r .an %o i pr#%i.tin0 t&#
li+#l/ !-t-r# .o-r# o! %/na$i. /t#$ t&at p#opl# ar# not li+#l/ to .ontrol, -.& a t&#
!lo" o! ri1#r %-rin0 !loo%, t&# tra4#.tori# o! .#l#tial 2o%i# or t&# pri.# o! tra%#%
.o$$o%iti#*
Fro$ a pra.ti.al tan%point, t&## ar# t&# p#rp#.ti1# t&at t&i #.tion "ill pr##nt?
W I- I+ O)ly A T,,l
It ai% $an+in% in ol1in0 pro2l#$, &o"#1#r, it %o# not ol1# an/ pro2l#$
all 2/ it#l!* T&i i &o"#1#r not a p&/i.al tool, 2-t a $at&#$ati.al on#, "&i.& i $a%#
!ro$ $at&#$ati.al $o%#l* In &ort, ##ntiall/ tool !or t&# $in%* T&#/ &#lp $#ntal
"or+ 2#.o$# $or# #!!i.i#nt, 4-t li+# $#.&ani.al tool, "&i.& $a+# p&/i.al "or+ l#
t#%io-* A%%itionall/, it i i$portant to -n%#rtan% it -# an% !-n.tion 2#!or# on# .an
appl/ it #!!#.ti1#l/*
W I- I+ A C,.p(-er "r,1r0.
It -# a !init# r#pr##ntation o! t&# #ti$ation pro2l#$, "&i.& i a !init#
n-$2#r o! 1aria2l#6 t&#r#!or# t&i i t&# r#aon "&/ it i ai% to 2# Di%#all/ -it#% to
%i0ital .o$p-t#r i$pl#$#ntationE * Ho"#1#r, a-$in0 t&at t&## 1aria2l# ar# r#al
n-$2#r "it& in!init# pr#.iion, o$# pro2l#$ %o &app#n* T&i i %-# !ro$ t&#
%itin.tion 2#t"##n !init# %i$#nion an% !init# in!or$ation, an% t&# %itin.tion 2#t"##n
D!init#E an% D$ana0#a2l#E pro2l#$ i9#* On t&# pra.ti.al i%# "&#n -in0 Kal$an
!ilt#rin0, t&# a2o1# i-# $-t 2# .oni%#r#% alon0 "it& t&# t&#or/*
W I- I+ A C,.ple-e #-0-i+-ic0l C;0r0c-eriA0-i,) Of A) E+-i.0-i,) "r,=le.
T&i i a .o$pl#t# .&ara.t#ri9ation o! t&# .-rr#nt tat# o! +no"l#%0# o! t&#
%/na$i. /t#$, in.l-%in0 t&# in!l-#n.# o! all pat $#a-r#$#nt* T&# r#aon 2#&in%
0)"*-+O1 44
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

"&/ it i $-.& $or# t&an an #ti$ator i 2#.a-# it propa0at# t&# #ntir# pro2a2ilit/
%itri2-tion o! t&# 1aria2l# it i ta+#% to #ti$at#* T&## pro2a2ilit/ %itri2-tion ar#
alo -#!-l !or tatiti.al anal/# an% t&# pr#%i.ti1# %#i0n o! #nor /t#$*
W I) A !i.i-e/ C,)-ex-B I- I+ A !e0r)i)1 e-;,/.
T&# #ti$ation pro2l#$ i $o%#l#% in a "a/ t&at %itin0-i&# 2#t"##n
p&#no$#na 7"&at on# i a2l# to o2#r1#8 an% no-$#na 7"&at i r#all/ 0oin0 on8* A2o1#
t&at, t&# tat# o! +no"l#%0# a2o-t t&# no-$#na i t&at on# .an %#%-.# !ro$ t&#
p&#no$#na* T&at tat# o! +no"l#%0# i r#pr##nt#% 2/ pro2a2ilit/ %itri2-tion, "&i.&
r#pr##nt +no"l#%0# o! t&# r#al "orl%* T&- t&i .-$-lati1# pro.#in0 o! +no"l#%0# i
.oni%#r#% a l#arnin0 pro.#* It i a !airl/ i$pl# pro.#, &o"#1#r ,-it# #!!#.ti1# in
$an/ appli.ation .
4.3 ?$AT IT I# U#ED &OR@
Alt&o-0&, t&# appli.ation o! Kal$an !ilt#rin0 #n.o$pa $an/ !i#l%, it -# a a
tool i $ainl/ !or t"o p-rpo#? #ti$ation an% p#r!or$an.# anal/i o! #ti$ator*
Sin.# t&# Kal$an !ilt#r -# a .o$pl#t# %#.ription o! t&# pro2a2ilit/ o! it #ti$ation
#rror in %#t#r$inin0 t&# opti$al !ilt#rin0 0ain, t&i pro2a2ilit/ %itri2-tion $a/ 2# -#%
in a#in0 it p#r!or$an.# a a !-n.tion o! t&# D%#i0n para$#t#rE o! t&# !ollo"in0
#ti$ation /t#$ ?
T/p# o! #nor to 2# -#%6
Lo.ation an% ori#ntation o! t&# 1ario- #nor t/p# "it& r#p#.t to t&# /t#$
to 2# #ti$at#%6
Allo"a2l# noi# .&ara.t#riti. o! t&# #nor6
0)"*-+O1 45
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Pr#5!ilt#rin0 $#t&o% !or $oot&in0 #nor noi#6
Data a$plin0 rat# !or t&# 1ario- #nor t/p# an%
T&# l#1#l o! $o%#l i$pli!i.ation !or r#%-.in0 i$pl#$#ntation r#,-ir#$#nt*
A /t#$ %#i0n#r i a2l# to ai0n an D#rror 2-%0#tE to -2/t#$ o! an #ti$ation
/t#$, "&i.& t&i i allo"#% 2/ t&# anal/ti.al .apa2ilit/ o! t&# Kal$an !ilt#r !or$ali$*
Mor#o1#r, it .an tra%# o!! t&# 2-%0#t allo.ation to opti$i9# .ot or ot&#r $#a-r# o!
p#r!or$an.# "&il# a.&i#1in0 a r#,-ir#% l#1#l o! #ti$ation a..-ra./*
4.4 RE!ATIVE ADVANTAGE# O& KA!AN &I!TER
B#lo" ar# o$# a%1anta0# o! t&# Kal$an !ilt#r, .o$parin0 "it& anot&#r !a$o-
!ilt#r +no"n a t&# Hi#n#r Filt#r, "&i.& t&i !ilt#r "a pop-lar 2#!or# t&# intro%-.tion o!
Kal$an !ilt#r* T&# in!or$ation 2#lo" i o2tain#% !ro$*
:* T&# Kal$an !ilt#r al0orit&$ i i$pl#$#nta2l# on a %i0ital .o$p-t#r, "&i.& t&i
"a r#pla.#% 2/ analo0 .ir.-itr/ !or #ti$ation an% .ontrol "&#n Kal$an !ilt#r
"a !irt intro%-.#%* T&i i$pl#$#ntation $a/ 2# lo"#r .o$par#% to analo0
!ilt#r o! Hi#n#r, &o"#1#r it i .apa2l# o! $-.& 0r#at#r a..-ra./*
>* Stationar/ prop#rti# o! t&# Kal$an !ilt#r ar# not r#,-ir#% !or t&# %#t#r$initi.
%/na$i. or ran%o$ pro.##* Man/ appli.ation o! i$portan.# in.l-%#
nontationar/ to.&ati. pro.##*
A* T&# Kal$an !ilt#r i .o$pati2l# "it& tat#5pa.# !or$-lation o! opti$al
.ontroll#r !or %/na$i. /t#$* It pro1# -#!-l to"ar% t&# > prop#rti# o!
#ti$ation an% .ontrol !or t&## /t#$*
C* T&# Kal$an !ilt#r r#,-ir# l# a%%itional $at&#$ati.al pr#paration to l#arn !or
t&# $o%#rn .ontrol #n0in##rin0 t-%#nt, .o$par#% to t&# Hi#n#r !ilt#r*
@* N#.#ar/ in!or$ation !or $at&#$ati.all/ o-n%, tatiti.all/52a#% %#.iion
$#t&o% !or %#t#.tin0 an% r#4#.tin0 ano$alo- $#a-r#$#nt ar# pro1i%#%
t&ro-0& t&# -# o! Kal$an !ilt#r*
0)"*-+O1 4&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

4.4 "ROCE## TO BE E#TIATED
A!t#r 0oin0 t&ro-0& o$# o! t&# intro%-.tion an% a%1anta0# o! -in0 Kal$an
!ilt#r, "# "ill no" ta+# a loo+ at t&# pro.# o! t&i $a0ni!i.#nt !ilt#r* T&# pro.#
.o$$#n.# "it& t&# a%%r## o! a 0#n#ral pro2l#$ o! tr/in0 to #ti$at# t&# tat# o! a
%i.r#t#5ti$# .ontroll#% pro.# t&at i 0o1#rn#% 2/ a lin#ar to.&ati. %i!!#r#n.#
#,-ation?
XXXXXXX 7:*:8
"it& a $#a-r#$#nt t&at i
* 91.2:
T&# ran%o$ 1aria2l# an% r#pr##nt t&# pro.# an% $#a-r#$#nt noi#
7r#p#.ti1#l/8* H# a-$# t&at t&#/ ar# in%#p#n%#nt o! #a.& ot&#r, "&it#, an% "it&
nor$al pro2a2ilit/ %itri2-tion
I%#all/, t&# pro.# noi# .o1arian.# J an% $#a-r#$#nt noi# .o1arian.# R
$atri.# ar# a-$#% to 2# .ontant, &o"#1#r in pra.ti.#, t&#/ $i0&t .&an0# "it& #a.&
ti$# t#p or $#a-r#$#nt*
In t&# a2#n.# o! #it&#r a %ri1in0 !-n.tion or pro.# noi#, t&# nYn $atri3 A in
t&# %i!!#r#n.# #,-ation 91: r#lat# t&# tat# at t&# pr#1io- ti$# t#p +5: to t&# tat# at t&#
0)"*-+O1 4(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

.-rr#nt t#p + * In pra.ti.#, A $i0&t .&an0# "it& #a.& ti$# t#p, &o"#1#r &#r# it i
a-$#% .ontant* T&# nYl $atri3 B r#lat# t&# optional .ontrol inp-t to t&# tat#
x* H "&i.& i a $atri3 in t&# $#a-r#$#nt #,-ation 92: "&i.& r#lat# t&# tat# to t&#
$#a-r#$#nt, 9
+
* In pra.ti.# H $i0&t .&an0# "it& #a.& ti$# t#p or $#a-r#$#nt,
&o"#1#r "# a-$# it i .ontant*
C,.p(-0-i,)0l Ori1i)+ Of T;e &il-er
L#t a/ "# %#!in# 7),-e< t&# F-p#r $in-F8 to 2# o-r priori tat#
#ti$at# at t#p , 0i1#n +no"l#%0# o! t&# pro.# prior to t#p +, an% 7),-e<
"it&o-t t&# F-p#r $in-F8 to 2# o-r pot#riori tat# #ti$at# at t#p + , 0i1#n
$#a-r#$#nt 9
+
* T&# priori 7t&# on# "it& D-p#r $in-E8 an% pot#riori #ti$at# #rror
.an 2# %#!in#% a?
T&# priori #ti$at# #rror c,*0ri0)ce i t&#n
CCCCCC. 91.4:
an% t&# pot#riori #ti$at# #rror c,*0ri0)ce i
XXXXXXXX 7:*'8
0)"*-+O1 46
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

A!t#r %#ri1in0 t&# #,-ation !or t&# Kal$an !ilt#r, t&# 0oal i to !in% an #,-ation t&at
.o$p-t# a pot#riori tat# #ti$at# , a a lin#ar .o$2ination o! a priori #ti$at#
an% a "#i0&t#% %i!!#r#n.# 2#t"##n an a.t-al $#a-r#$#nt 9
+
an% a $#a-r#$#nt
pr#%i.tion a &o"n 2#lo" in 91.7:* So$# 4-ti!i.ation !or 91.7: i 0i1#n in t&#
#.tion DThe Probabilistic rigins of the Filter !o-n% 2#lo"*
XXXXXXX* 7:*)8
T&# %i!!#r#n.# o! in 91.7: i .all#% t&# $#a-r#$#nt inno1ation, or t&# r#i%-al*
It r#!l#.t t&# %i.r#pan./ 2#t"##n t&# a.t-al $#a-r#$#nt 9+

an% t&# pr#%i.t#%
$#a-r#$#nt * H&#n t&# r#i%-al &a a 1al-# o! 9#ro $#an, t&#n t&# t"o ar# in
.o$pl#t# a0r##$#nt*
T&# 0ain, K or ot&#r"i# +no"n a t&# 2l#n%in0 !a.tor, $ini$i9# t&# pot#riori
#rror .o1arian.# in 7:*'8 an% i a nY$ $atri3 in 7:*)8* T&i $ini$i9ation .an 2#
a..o$pli&#% 2/ !irt -2tit-tin0 7:*)8 into t&# a2o1# %#!inition !or #
+
, a!t#r "&i.&
-2tit-tin0 #
+
into 7:*'8, p#r!or$in0 t&# in%i.at#% #3p#.tation, ta+in0 t&# %#ri1ati1# o!
t&# tra.# o! t&# r#-lt "it& r#p#.t to K, #ttin0 t&at r#-lt #,-al to 9#ro, an% t&#n ol1in0
!or * On# !or$ o! t&# r#-ltin0 K t&at $ini$i9# 7:*'8 i 0i1#n 2/ 7:*<8 a !ollo"
XXXXXX** 7:*<8
B/ loo+in0 at 7:*<8, it .an 2# ##n t&at a t&# $#a-r#$#nt #rror .o1arian.#
approa.&# 9#ro, t&# 0ain K "#i0&t t&# r#i%-al $or# &#a1il/* Sp#.i!i.all/,
0)"*-+O1 4%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

On t&# ot&#r &an%, a t&# priori #ti$at# #rror .o1arian.# approa.&# 9#ro, t&#
0ain K "ill "#i0&t t&# r#i%-al l# &#a1il/* Sp#.i!i.all/,

Anot&#r "a/ o! %#.ri2in0 t&# "#i0&tin0 2/ K i t&at a t&# $#a-r#$#nt #rror
.o1arian.# approa.&# R 9#ro, t&# a.t-al $#a-r#$#nt 9
+
"ill 2# D%#p#n%#%E on $or#
an% $or#, "&#r#a t&# pr#%i.t#% $#a-r#$#nt i %#p#n%#% on l# an% l#*On t&#
ot&#r &an%, a t&# priori #ti$at# #rror .o1arian.# approa.&# 9#ro, t&# a.t-al
$#a-r#$#nt 9
+
i %#p#n%#% on l# an% l#, an% t&# pr#%i.t#% $#a-r#$#nt i
%#p#n%#% on $or# an% $or#*
"r,=0=ili+-ic Ori1i)+ Of T;e &il-er
T&i #.tion i a &ort #.tion %#.ri2in0 t&# 4-ti!i.ation a $#ntion#% in t&#
pr#1io- #.tion !or 91.7:. T&i 4-ti!i.ation i root#% in t&# pro2a2ilit/ o! a priori
#ti$at# .on%ition#% on all prior 9
+
$#a-r#$#nt 7Ba/#Z r-l#8* For no" it i -!!i.#
to point o-t t&at t&# Kal$an !ilt#r $aintain t&# !irt t"o $o$#nt o! t&# tat#
%itri2-tion,
0)"*-+O1 5'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# pot#riori tat# #ti$at# o! 91.7: r#!l#.t t&# $#an 7t&# !irt $o$#nt8 o! t&# tat#
%itri2-tion [ it i nor$all/ %itri2-t#% i! t&# .on%ition o! 91.3: an% 91.4: ar# $#t* T&#
pot#riori #ti$at# #rror .o1arian.# o! 91.5: r#!l#.t t&# 1arian.# o! t&# tat# %itri2-tion
In ot&#r "or%,
4.5 T$E DI#CRETE KA!AN &I!TER A!GORIT$
T&i #.tion "ill 2#0in "it& a 2roa% o1#r1i#", .o1#rin0 t&# F&i0&5l#1#lF
op#ration o! on# !or$ o! t&# %i.r#t# Kal$an !ilt#r* A!t#r pr##ntin0 t&i &i0&5l#1#l 1i#",
I "ill narro" t&# !o.- to t&# p#.i!i. #,-ation an% t&#ir -# in t&i %i.r#t# 1#rion o!
t&# !ilt#r* Ho" %o# t&# Kal$an !ilt#r "or+\ Firtl/, it #ti$at# a pro.# 2/ -in0 a
!or$ o! !##%2a.+ .ontrol loop "&#r#2/ t&# !ilt#r #ti$at# t&# pro.# tat# at o$# ti$#
an% t&#n o2tain !##%2a.+ in t&# !or$ o! 7noi/8 $#a-r#$#nt* A -.&, t&## #,-ation
!or t&# Kal$an !ilt#r !all into t"o 0ro-p? DTi$# Up%at# #,-ationE an% DM#a-r#$#nt
Up%at# #,-ationE
T&# r#poni2iliti# o! t&# ti$# -p%at# #,-ation ar# !or pro4#.tin0 !or"ar% 7in
ti$#8 t&# .-rr#nt tat# an% #rror .o1arian.# #ti$at# to o2tain t&# priori #ti$at# !or
t&# n#3t ti$# t#p* T&# $#a-r#$#nt -p%at# #,-ation ar# r#poni2l# !or t&# !##%2a.+
i*#* !or in.orporatin0 a n#" $#a-r#$#nt into t&# priori #ti$at# to o2tain an i$pro1#%
pot#riori #ti$at#*
0)"*-+O1 5$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# ti$# -p%at# #,-ation .an alo 2# t&o-0&t o! a !redictor #,-ation, "&il#
t&# $#a-r#$#nt -p%at# #,-ation .an 2# t&o-0&t o! a corrector #,-ation* B/ an%
lar0#, t&i loop pro.# o! t&# !inal #ti$ation al0orit&$ r##$2l# t&at o! a pr#%i.tor5.orr#.tor
al0orit&$ !or ol1in0 n-$#ri.al pro2l#$ 4-t li+# t&# on# &o"n in Fig below*
Fig "#$% T&# on0oin0 %i.r#t# Kal$an !ilt#r ./.l#*
A t&# ti$# -p%at# pro4#.t t&# .-rr#nt tat# #ti$at# a&#a% in ti$#, t&#
$#a-r#$#nt -p%at# a%4-t t&# pro4#.t#% #ti$at# !ro$ t&# ti$# -p%at# 2/ an a.t-al
$#a-r#$#nt at t&at parti.-lar ti$#* T&# p#.i!i. #,-ation !or t&# Dti$#E an%
D$#a-r#$#ntD -p%at# ar# pr##nt#% 2#lo" in Table "#$ an% Table "#&
*
Ta2l# C*: Ti$# -p%at# #,-ation
On.# a0ain, noti.# &o" t&# ti$# -p%at# #,-ation in Table 4.1 pro4#.t it tat#, x an%
.o1arian.#, #ti$at# !or"ar% !ro$ ti$# t#p +5: to t#p +* A $#ntion#% #arli#r,
t&# $atri3# A an% B ar# !ro$ 91:, "&il# i !ro$ 93:* Initial .on%ition !or t&# !ilt#r ar#
%i.-#% in t&# #arli#r #.tion*
0)"*-+O1 52
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Ta2l# C*>? M#a-r#$#nt Up%at# E,-ation
B/ r#!#rrin0 to Ta2l# C*>, it i o21io- t&at t&# !irt ta+ %-rin0 t&# $#a-r#$#nt
-p%at# i to .o$p-t# t&# Kal$an 0ain, +
+
** B/ .o$parin0 7:*::8 in t&# ta2l# a2o1# an%
7:*<8 in t&# pr#1io- #.tion, noti.# t&# #,-ation ar# t&# a$#* N#3t, i to a.t-all/
$#a-r# t&# pro.# in or%#r to o2tain 9
+
, an% t&#n to 0#n#rat# a pot#riori tat# #ti$at#
, 2/ in.orporatin0 t&# $#a-r#$#nt a in 7:*:>8* On.# a0ain, noti.# t&# r#p#at#%
#,-ation o! 7:*:>8 &#r# an% 7:*)8 !or .o$pl#t#n#* Finall/, t&# lat t#p i to o2tain a
pot#riori #rror .o1arian.# #ti$at# 1ia 7:*:A8*
T&-, a!t#r #a.& ti$# an% $#a-r#$#nt -p%at# pair, t&i loop pro.# i r#p#at#%
to pro4#.t or pr#%i.t t&# n#" ti$# t#p priori #ti$at# -in0 t&# pr#1io- ti$# t#p
pot#riori #ti$at#* T&i r#.-ri1# nat-r# i on# o! t&# 1#r/ app#alin0 !#at-r# o! t&#
Kal$an !ilt#r [ it $a+# pra.ti.al i$pl#$#ntation $-.& $or# !#ai2l# t&an 7!or
#3a$pl#8 an i$pl#$#ntation o! a Hi#n#r !ilt#r "&i.& i %#i0n#% to op#rat# on all o! t&#
%ata %ir#.tl/ !or #a.& #ti$at#* Int#a%, t&# Kal$an !ilt#r r#.-ri1#l/ .on%ition t&#
.-rr#nt #ti$at# on all o! t&# pat $#a-r#$#nt* T&# &i0&5l#1#l %ia0ra$ o! Fi0 C*: i
.o$2in#% "it& t&# #,-ation !ro$ Ta2l# C*: an% Ta2l# C*>, in Fi0 C*> a &o"n 2#lo",
"&i.& o!!#r a $-.& $or# .o$pl#t# an% .l#ar pi.t-r# o! t&# op#ration o! t&# Kal$an
!ilt#r*
0)"*-+O1 53
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0 C*> a .o$pl#t# pi.t-r# o! t&# op#ration o! t&# +al$an !ilt#r .o$2inin0 t&# &i0& l#1#l
%ia0ra$ o! !i0*C*:
4.7 &I!TER "ARAETER# AND TUNING
T&# $#a-r#$#nt noi# .o1arian.# R i --all/ $#a-r#% 2#!or# t&#
op#ration o! t&# !ilt#r "&#n it .o$# to t&# a.t-al i$pl#$#ntation o! Kal$an !ilt#r*
G#n#rall/, $#a-rin0 t&# $#a-r#$#nt noi# .o1arian.# R i pra.ti.all/ poi2l# %-# to
t&# !a.t t&at t&# n#.#ar/ r#,-ir#$#nt to $#a-r# t&# pro.# noi# .o1arian.# J 7"&il#
op#ratin0 t&# !ilt#r8, t&#r#!or# it &o-l% 2# poi2l# to ta+# o$# o!!5lin# a$pl#
$#a-r#$#nt in or%#r to %#t#r$in# t&# 1arian.# o! t&# $#a-r#$#nt noi#*
A !or %#t#r$inin0 o! t&# pro.# noi# .o1arian.# J , it "ill 2# 0#n#rall/ $or#
%i!!i.-lt* T&i i %-# to t&# r#aon t&at t&# pro.# to 2# #ti$at#% i -na2l# to 2# %ir#.tl/
o2#r1#%* So$#ti$# a r#lati1#l/ i$pl# 7poor8 pro.# $o%#l .an pro%-.# a..#pta2l#
r#-lt i! on# Fin4#.tF #no-0& -n.#rtaint/ into t&# pro.# 1ia t&# #l#.tion o! J
7C#rtainl/, on# "o-l% &op# t&at t&# pro.# $#a-r#$#nt ar# r#lia2l#8*
In #it&#r .a#, "&#t&#r or not a rational 2ai i .&o#n !or t&# para$#t#r,
-p#rior !ilt#r p#r!or$an.# 7tatiti.all/ p#a+in08 .an 2# o2tain#% 2/ t-nin0 t&# !ilt#r
para$#t#r J an% R* In .loin0, -n%#r .on%ition "&#r# J an% R ar# in !a.t .ontant,
2ot& t&# #ti$ation #rror .o1arian.# P
+
an% t&# Kal$an 0ain +
+
"ill ta2ili9# ,-i.+l/ an%
0)"*-+O1 54
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

t&#n r#$ain .ontant 7## t&# !ilt#r -p%at# #,-ation in Fig 3.28* I! t&i i t&# .a#, t&##
para$#t#r .an 2# pr#5.o$p-t#% 2/ #it&#r r-nnin0 t&# !ilt#r o!!5lin#, or !or #3a$pl# 2/
%#t#r$inin0 t&# t#a%/5tat# 1al-# o! P
+
a %#.ri2#% in*

INTRODUCTION TO AT!AB INTRODUCTION TO AT!AB
4.1 AT!AB INTRODUCTION 4.1 AT!AB INTRODUCTION
MATLAB i a &i0& p#r!or$an.# lan0-a0# !or t#.&ni.al .o$p-tin0 *It int#0rat#
.o$p-tation 1i-ali9ation an% pro0ra$$in0 in an #a/ to -# #n1iron$#nt* Mat la2
tan% !or $atri3 la2orator/* It "a "ritt#n ori0inall/ to pro1i%# #a/ a..# to $atri3
o!t"ar# %#1#lop#% 2/ LINPACK 7lin#ar /t#$ pa.+a0#8 an% EISPACK 7Ei0#n /t#$
0)"*-+O1 55
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

pa.+a0#8 pro4#.t* MATLAB i t&#r#!or# 2-ilt on a !o-n%ation o! op&iti.at#% $atri3
o!t"ar# in "&i.& t&# 2ai. #l#$#nt i $atri3 t&at %o# not r#,-ir# pr# %i$#nionin0
Typic0l U+e+ Of 0-l0=
1. Mat& an% .o$p-tation
2. Al0orit&$ %#1#lop$#nt
3. Data a.,-iition
4. Data anal/i, #3ploration an% 1i-ali9ation
4. S.i#nti!i. an% #n0in##rin0 0rap&i.
T;e 0i) &e0-(re+ Of 0-l0=
:* A%1an.# al0orit&$ !or &i0& p#r!or$an.# n-$#ri.al .o$p-tation, #p#.iall/ in t&#
Fi#l% $atri3 al0#2ra
>* A lar0# .oll#.tion o! pr#%#!in#% $at&#$ati.al !-n.tion an% t&# a2ilit/ to %#!in#
on#= o"n !-n.tion*
A* T"o5an% t&r## %i$#nional 0rap&i. !or plottin0 an% %ipla/in0 %ata
C* A .o$pl#t# onlin# &#lp /t#$
@* Po"#r!-l, $atri3 or 1#.tor ori#nt#% &i0& l#1#l pro0ra$$in0 lan0-a0# !or
in%i1i%-al appli.ation*
'* Tool2o3# a1aila2l# !or ol1in0 a%1an.#% pro2l#$ in #1#ral appli.ation ar#a
0)"*-+O1 5&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* @*: F#at-r# an% .apa2iliti# o! MATLAB
4.2.T$E AT!AB #3#TE 4.2.T$E AT!AB #3#TE
T&# MATLAB /t#$ .onit o! !i1# $ain part?
De*el,p.e)- E)*ir,).e)-.
T&i i t&# #t o! tool an% !a.iliti# t&at &#lp /o- -# MATLAB !-n.tion an%
!il#* Man/ o! t&## tool ar# 0rap&i.al -#r int#r!a.#* It in.l-%# t&# MATLAB %#+top
an% Co$$an% Hin%o", a .o$$an% &itor/, an #%itor an% %#2-00#r, an% 2ro"#r !or
1i#"in0 &#lp, t&# "or+pa.#, !il#, an% t&# #ar.& pat&*
0)"*-+O1 5(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T;e 0-l0= 0-;e.0-ic0l &()c-i,) !i=r0ry T;e 0-l0= 0-;e.0-ic0l &()c-i,) !i=r0ry
T&i i a 1at .oll#.tion o! .o$p-tational al0orit&$ ran0in0 !ro$ #l#$#ntar/
!-n.tion, li+# -$, in#, .oin#, an% .o$pl#3 arit&$#ti., to $or# op&iti.at#%
!-n.tion li+# $atri3 in1#r#, $atri3 Ei0#n 1al-#, B##l !-n.tion, an% !at Fo-ri#r
tran!or$*
4.2.1 T;e 0-l0= !0)1(01e 4.2.1 T;e 0-l0= !0)1(01e
T&i i a &i0&5l#1#l $atri3/arra/ lan0-a0# "it& .ontrol !lo" tat#$#nt,
!-n.tion, %ata tr-.t-r#, inp-t/o-tp-t, an% o24#.t5ori#nt#% pro0ra$$in0 !#at-r#* It
allo" 2ot& Fpro0ra$$in0 in t&# $allF to rapi%l/ .r#at# ,-i.+l/ an% %irt/ t&ro"a"a/
pro0ra$, an% Fpro0ra$$in0 in t&# lar0#F to .r#at# lar0# an% .o$pl#3 appli.ation
pro0ra$*
4.2.2 Gr0p;ic+ 4.2.2 Gr0p;ic+
MATLAB &a #3t#ni1# !a.iliti# !or %ipla/in0 1#.tor an% $atri.# a 0rap&, a "#ll
a annotatin0 an% printin0 t&## 0rap&* It in.l-%# &i0&5l#1#l !-n.tion !or t"o5%i$#nional an%
t&r##5%i$#nional %ata 1i-ali9ation, 1i%#o pro.#in0, ani$ation, an% pr##ntation 0rap&i.* It
alo in.l-%# lo"5l#1#l !-n.tion t&at allo" /o- to !-ll/ .-to$i9# t&# app#aran.# o! 0rap&i. a
"#ll a to 2-il% .o$pl#t# 0rap&i.al -#r int#r!a.# on /o-r MATLAB appli.ation*
4.2.3 T;e AT!AB Applic0-i,) "r,1r0. I)-erf0ce 9A"I: 4.2.3 T;e AT!AB Applic0-i,) "r,1r0. I)-erf0ce 9A"I:
T&i i a li2* t&at allo" /o- to "rit# C an% Fortran pro0= t&at int#ra.t "it&
MATLAB* It in.l-%# !a.iliti# !or .allin0 ro-tin# !ro$ MATLAB 7%/na$i. lin+in08,
.allin0 MATLAB a a .o$p-tational #n0in#, an% !or r#a%in0 an% "ritin0 MAT5!il#*
0)"*-+O1 56
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

4.2.4 #-0r-i)1 0-l0= 4.2.4 #-0r-i)1 0-l0=
On Hin%o" plat!or$, tart MATLAB 2/ %o-2l#5.li.+in0 t&# MATLAB
&ort.-t i.on on /o-r Hin%o" %#+top* On UNIM plat!or$, tart MATLAB 2/ t/pin0
$at la2 at t&# op#ratin0 /t#$ pro$pt* ]o- .an .-to$i9# MATLAB tart-p* For
#3a$pl#, /o- .an .&an0# t&# %ir#.tor/ in "&i.& MATLAB tart or a-to$ati.all/
#3#.-t# MATLAB tat#$#nt in a .ript !il# na$#% tart-p
4.2.4 0-l0= De+E-,p 4.2.4 0-l0= De+E-,p
H&#n /o- tart MATLAB, t&# MATLAB %#+top app#ar, .ontainin0 tool
70rap&i.al -#r int#r!a.#8 !or $ana0in0 !il#, 1aria2l#, an% appli.ation ao.iat#% "it&
MATLAB* T&# !ollo"in0 ill-tration &o" t&# %#!a-lt %#+top* ]o- .an .-to$i9# t&#
arran0#$#nt o! tool an% %o.-$#nt to -it /o-r n##%* For $or# in!or$ation a2o-t t&#
%#+top tool*
4.3.AT!AB ?ORKING ENVIRONENT 4.3.AT!AB ?ORKING ENVIRONENT
4.3.1 0-l0= De+E-,p 4.3.1 0-l0= De+E-,p
Mat la2 D#+top i t&# $ain Mat la2 appli.ation "in%o"* T&# %#+top .ontain
!i1# -2 "in%o"? t&# .o$$an% "in%o", t&# "or+pa.# 2ro"#r, t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/
"in%o", t&# .o$$an% &itor/ "in%o", an% on# or $or# !i0-r# "in%o", "&i.& ar#
&o"n onl/ "&#n t&# -#r %ipla/ a 0rap&i.*
0)"*-+O1 5%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# .o$$an% "in%o" i "&#r# t&# -#r t/p# MATLAB .o$$an% an%
#3pr#ion at t&# pro$pt 7KK8 an% "&#r# t&# o-tp-t o! t&o# .o$$an% i %ipla/#%*
MATLAB %#!in# t&# "or+pa.# a t&# #t o! 1aria2l# t&at t&# -#r .r#at# in a "or+
#ion* T&# "or+pa.# 2ro"#r &o" t&## 1aria2l# an% o$# in!or$ation a2o-t
t&#$* Do-2l# .li.+in0 on a 1aria2l# in t&# "or+pa.# 2ro"#r la-n.&# t&# Arra/
E%itor, "&i.& .an 2# -#% to o2tain in!or$ation an% in.o$# intan.# #%it .#rtain
prop#rti# o! t&# 1aria2l#
T&# .-rr#nt Dir#.tor/ ta2 a2o1# t&# "or+pa.# ta2 &o" t&# .ont#nt o! t&# .-rr#nt
%ir#.tor/, "&o# pat& i &o"n in t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/ "in%o"* For #3a$pl#, in t&# "in%o"
op#ratin0 /t#$ t&# pat& $i0&t 2# a !ollo"? C?^MATLAB^Hor+, in%i.atin0 t&at %ir#.tor/
D"or+E i a -2%ir#.tor/ o! t&# $ain %ir#.tor/ DMATLABE, HHICH IS INSTALLED IN
DRIVE C* .li.+in0 on t&# arro" in t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/ "in%o" &o" a lit o! r#.#ntl/ -#%
pat&* Cli.+in0 on t&# 2-tton to t&# ri0&t o! t&# "in%o" allo" t&# -#r to .&an0# t&# .-rr#nt
%ir#.tor/*
MATLAB -# a #ar.& pat& to !in% M5!il# an% ot&#r MATLAB r#lat#% !il#,
"&i.& ar# or0ani9# in %ir#.tori# in t&# .o$p-t#r !il# /t#$* An/ !il# r-n in MATLAB
$-t r#i%# in t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/ or in a %ir#.tor/ t&at i on #ar.& pat&* B/ %#!a-lt,
t&# !il# -ppli#% "it& MATLAB an% $at& "or+ tool2o3# ar# in.l-%#% in t&# #ar.&
pat&* T&# #ai#t "a/ to ## "&i.& %ir#.tori# i on t&# #ar.& pat&* T&# #ai#t "a/ to
## "&i.& %ir#.tori# ar# oon t&# #ar.& pat&, or to a%% or $o%i!/ a #ar.& pat&, i to
#l#.t #t pat& !ro$ t&# Fil# $#n- t&# %#+top, an% t&#n -# t&# #t pat& %ialo0 2o3* It i
0oo% pra.ti.# to a%% an/ .o$$onl/ -#% %ir#.tori# to t&# #ar.& pat& to a1oi%
r#p#at#%l/ &a1in0 t&# .&an0# t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/*
T&# Co$$an% Hitor/ Hin%o" .ontain a r#.or% o! t&# .o$$an% a -#r &a
#nt#r#% in t&# .o$$an% "in%o", in.l-%in0 2ot& .-rr#nt an% pr#1io- MATLAB
#ion* Pr#1io-l/ #nt#r#% MATLAB .o$$an% .an 2# #l#.t#% an% r#5#3#.-t#% !ro$
t&# .o$$an% Hitor/ "in%o" 2/ ri0&t .li.+in0 on a .o$$an% or #,-#n.# o!
.o$$an%* T&i a.tion la-n.&# a $#n- !ro$ "&i.& to #l#.t 1ario- option in a%%ition
0)"*-+O1 &'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

to #3#.-tin0 t&# .o$$an%* T&i i a -# to #l#.t 1ario- option in a%%ition to
#3#.-tin0 t&# .o$$an%* T&i i -#!-l !#at-r# "&#n #3p#ri$#ntin0 "it& 1ario-
.o$$an% in a "or+ #ion*
4.3.2 U+i)1 T;e 0-l0= E/i-,r T, Cre0-e >&ile+ 4.3.2 U+i)1 T;e 0-l0= E/i-,r T, Cre0-e >&ile+
T&# MATLAB #%itor i 2ot& a t#3t #%itor p#.iali9#% !or .r#atin0 M5!il# an% a
0rap&i.al MATLAB %#2-00#r* T&# #%itor .an app#ar in a "in%o" 2/ it#l!, or it .an 2# a
-2 "in%o" in t&# %#+top* M5!il# ar# %#not#% 2/ t&# #3t#nion *$, a in pi3#l-p*$*
T&# MATLAB #%itor "in%o" &a n-$#ro- p-ll5%o"n $#n- !or ta+ -.& a a1in0,
1i#"in0, an% %#2-00in0 !il#* B#.a-# it p#r!or$ o$# i$pl# .&#.+ an% alo -#
.olor to %i!!#r#ntiat# 2#t"##n 1ario- #l#$#nt o! .o%#, t&i t#3t #%itor i r#.o$$#n%#%
a t&# tool o! .&oi.# !or "ritin0 an% #%itin0 M5!-n.tion* To op#n t&# #%itor , t/p# #%it at
t&# pro$pt op#n t&# M5!il# !il#na$#= in an #%itor "in%o", r#a%/ !or #%itin0* A not#%
#arli#r, t&# !il# $-t 2# in t&# .-rr#nt %ir#.tor/, or in a %ir#.tor/ in t&# #ar.& pat&*
4.4 GETTING $E!" 4.4 GETTING $E!"
T&# prin.ipal "a/ to 0#t &#lp onlin# i to -# t&# MATLAB &#lp 2ro"#r,
op#n#% a a #parat# "in%o" #it&#r 2/ .li.+in0 on t&# ,-#tion $ar+ /$2ol 7\8 on t&#
%#+top tool2ar, or 2/ t/pin0 &#lp 2ro"#r at t&# pro$pt in t&# .o$$an% "in%o"* T&#
&#lp Bro"#r i a "#2 2ro"#r int#0rat#% into t&# MATLAB %#+top t&at %ipla/ a
H/p#rt#3t Mar+-p Lan0-a0# 7HTML8 %o.-$#nt* T&# H#lp Bro"#r .onit o! t"o
pan#, t&# &#lp na1i0ator pan#, -#% to !in% in!or$ation, an% t&# %ipla/ pan#, -#% to
1i#" t&# in!or$ation* S#l!5#3planator/ ta2 ot&#r na1i0ator pan# ar# -#% to p#r!or$ a
#ar.&*
For #3a$pl#, &#lp on a p#.i!i. !-n.tion i o2tain#% 2/ #l#.tin0 t&# #ar.& ta2,
#l#.tin0 F-n.tion Na$# a t&# S#ar.& T/p#, an% t&#n t/pin0 in t&# !-n.tion na$# in t&#
S#ar.& !or !i#l%* It i 0oo% pra.ti.# to op#n t&# H#lp Bro"#r at t&# 2#0innin0 o! a
0)"*-+O1 &$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

MATLAB #ion to &a1# &#lp r#a%il/ a1aila2l# %-rin0 .o%# %#1#lop$#nt or ot&#r
MATLAB ta+*
Anot&#r "a/ to o2tain !or a p#.i!i. !-n.tion i 2/ t/pin0 %o. !ollo"#% 2/ t&#
!-n.tion na$# at t&# .o$$an% pro$pt* For #3a$pl#, t/pin0 %o. !or$at %ipla/
%o.-$#ntation !or t&# !-n.tion .all#% !or$at in t&# %ipla/ pan# o! t&# H#lp Bro"#r*
T&i .o$$an% op#n t&# 2ro"#r i! it i not alr#a%/ op#n*
M5!-n.tion &a1# t"o t/p# o! in!or$ation t&at .an 2# %ipla/#% 2/ t&# -#r* T&#
!irt i .all#% t&# H: lin#, "&i.& .ontain t&# !-n.tion na$# an% alon# lin# %#.ription*
T&# #.on% i a 2lo.+ o! #3planation .all#% t&# H#lp t#3t 2lo.+* T/pin0 &#lp at t&#
pro$pt !ollo"#% 2/ a !-n.tion na$# %ipla/ 2ot& t&# H: lin# an% t&# H#lp t#3t !or t&at
!-n.tion in t&#r# .o$$an% "in%o"*
O..aionall/, t&i in!or$ation .an 2# $or# -p to %at# t&an t&# %o.-$#ntation o!
t&# M5!-n.tion in ,-#tion*
T/pi.all/ loo+ !or !ollo"#% 2/ a +#/"or% %ipla/ all t&# H: lin# t&at .ontain
t&at +#/"or%* T&i !-n.tion i -#!-l "&#n loo+in0 !or a parti.-lar topi. "it&o-t
+no"in0 t&# na$# o! appli.a2l# !-n.tion* For #3a$pl#, t/pin0 loo+ !or #%0# at t&#
pro$pt %ipla/ t&# H: lin# .ontainin0 t&at +#/"or%* B#.a-# t&# H: lin# .ontain t&#
!-n.tion na$#, it t&#n 2#.o$# poi2l# to loo+ at p#.i!i. !-n.tion -in0 t&# ot&#r &#lp
$#t&o%* T/pin0 loo+ !or #%0#5all at t&# pro$pt %ipla/ t&# H: lin# o! all !-n.tion t&at
.ontain t&# "or% #%0# in #it&#r t&# H: lin# or t&# H#lp t#3t 2lo.+* Hor% t&at .ontain t&#
.&ara.t#r #%0# alo ar# %#t#.t#%* For #3a$pl#, t&# H: lin# o! a !-n.tion .ontainin0 t&#
"or% pol/#%0# in t&# H: lin# or H#lp t#3t "o-l% alo 2# %ipla/#%*
4.4 #AVING AND RETRIEVING A ?ORK #E##ION 4.4 #AVING AND RETRIEVING A ?ORK #E##ION
T&#r# ar# #1#ral "a/ to a1# an% loa% an #ntir# "or+ #ion or #l#.t#%
"or+pa.# 1aria2l# in MATLAB* T&# i$pl#t i a !ollo"*
0)"*-+O1 &2
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

To a1# t&# #ntir# "or+pa.#, i$pl/ ri0&t5.li.+ on an/ 2lan+ pa.# in t&#
"or+pa.# Bro"#r "in%o" an% #l#.t Sa1# Hor+pa.# A !ro$ t&# $#n- t&at app#ar*
T&i op#n a %ir#.tor/ "in%o" t&at allo" na$in0 t&# !il# an% #l#.tin0 an/ !ol%#r in t&#
/t#$ in "&i.& to a1# it* T&#n i$pl/ .li.+ Sa1#* To a1# a #l#.t#% 1aria2l# !ro$ t&#
"or+pa.#, #l#.t t&# 1aria2l# "it& a l#!t .li.+ an% t&#n ri0&t5.li.+ on t&# &i0&li0&t#%
ar#a* T&#n #l#.t Sa1# S#l#.tion A !ro$ t&# $#n- t&at app#ar* T&i a0ain op#n a
"in%o" !ro$ "&i.& a !ol%#r .an 2# #l#.t#% to a1# t&# 1aria2l#*
To #l#.t $-ltipl# 1aria2l#, -# &i!t .li.+ or .ontrol .li.+ in t&# !a$iliar
$ann#r, an% t&#n -# t&# pro.#%-r# 4-t %#.ri2#% !or a in0l# 1aria2l#* All !il# ar#
a1#% in t&# %o-2l#5pr#.iion, 2inar/ !or$at "it& t&# #3t#nion* $at* T&## a1#% !il#
.o$$onl/ ar# r#!#rr#% to a MAT5!il#* For #3a$pl#, a #ion na$#%, a/
$/"or+_>((A5(>5:(, an% "o-l% app#ar a t&# MAT5!il# $/"or+_>((A_(>_:(*$at
"&#n a1#%* Si$ilarl/, a a1#% 1i%#o .all#% !inal 1i%#o "ill app#ar "&#n a1#% a
!inal_1i%#o*$at To loa% a1#% "or+pa.# an%/or 1aria2l#, l#!t5.li.+ on t&# !ol%#r i.on
on t&# tool2ar o! t&# "or+pa.# Bro"#r "in%o"* T&i .a-# a "in%o" to op#n !ro$
"&i.& a !ol%#r .ontainin0 MAT5!il# or #l#.tin0 op#n .a-# t&# .ont#nt o! t&# !il# to 2#
r#tor#% in t&# "or+pa.# Bro"#r "in%o"*It i poi2l# to a.&i#1# t&# a$# r#-lt
%#.ri2#% in t&# pr#.#%in0 para0rap& 2/ t/pin0 a1# an% loa% at t&# pro$pt, "it& t&#
appropriat# !il# na$# an% pat& in!or$ation* T&i approa.& i not a .on1#ni#nt, 2-t it i
-#% "&#n !or$at ot&#r t&an t&o# a1aila2l# in t&# $#n- $#t&o% ar# r#,-ir#%*
0)"*-+O1 &3
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

4.5 GRA"$ CO"ONENT# 4.5 GRA"$ CO"ONENT#
0)"*-+O1 &4
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

MATLAB %ipla/ 0rap& in a p#.ial "in%o" +no"n a a !i0-r#* To .r#at# a
0rap&, /o- n##% to %#!in# a .oor%inat# /t#$* T&#r#!or# #1#r/ 0rap& i pla.#% "it&in
a3#, "&i.& ar# .ontain#% 2/ t&# !i0-r#* T&# a.t-al 1i-al r#pr##ntation o! t&# %ata i
a.&i#1#% "it& 0rap&i. o24#.t li+# lin# an% -r!a.#* T&## o24#.t ar# %ra"n "it&in
t&# .oor%inat# /t#$ %#!in#% 2/ t&# a3#, "&i.& MATLAB a-to$ati.all/ .r#at#
p#.i!i.all/ to a..o$$o%at# t&# ran0# o! t&# %ata* T&# a.t-al %ata i tor#% a prop#rti#
o! t&# 0rap&i. o24#.t*
"l,--i)1 T,,l+
Plottin0 tool ar# atta.&#% to !i0-r# an% .r#at# an #n1iron$#nt !or .r#atin0
Grap&* T&## tool #na2l# /o- to %o t&# !ollo"in0?
F S#l#.t !ro$ a "i%# 1ari#t/ o! 0rap& t/p#
F C&an0# t&# t/p# o! 0rap& t&at r#pr##nt a 1aria2l#
F S## an% #t t&# prop#rti# o! 0rap&i. o24#.t
0)"*-+O1 &5
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

F Annotat# 0rap& "it& t#3t, arro", #t.*
F Cr#at# an% arran0# -2plot in t&# !i0-r#
F Dra0 an% %rop %ata into 0rap&
Dipla/ t&# plottin0 tool !ro$ t&# VieG $#n- or 2/ .li.+in0 t&# plottin0 tool
i.on in t&# !i0-r# tool2ar, a &o"n in t&# !ollo"in0 pi.t-r#*
E/i-,rHDe=(11er
U# t&# E%itor/D#2-00#r to .r#at# an% %#2-0 M5!il#, "&i.& ar# pro0ra$ /o-
"rit# to r-n MATLAB !-n.tion* T&# E%itor/D#2-00#r pro1i%# a 0rap&i.al -#r
int#r!a.# !or t#3t #%itin0, a "#ll a !or M5!il# %#2-00in0* To .r#at# or #%it an M5!il# -#
&ile I NeG or &ile I Ope), or -# t&# #%it !-n.tion*
0)"*-+O1 &&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

I"!EENTATION O& O&D #3#TE I"!EENTATION O& O&D #3#TE
5.1 I"!EENTATION O& O&D #3#TE 5.1 I"!EENTATION O& O&D #3#TE
An OFDM /t#$ "a $o%#l#% -in0 Matla2 to allo" 1ario- para$#t#r o! t&#
/t#$ to 2# 1ari#% an% t#t#%* T&# ai$ o! %oin0 t&# i$-lation "a to $#a-r# t&#
p#r!or$an.# o! OFDM -n%#r %i!!#r#nt .&ann#l .on%ition, an% to allo" !or %i!!#r#nt
OFDM .on!i0-ration to 2# t#t#%*
5.2 O&D ODE! U#ED 5.2 O&D ODE! U#ED
T&# OFDM /t#$ "a $o%#l#% -in0 Matla2 an% i &o"n in Fi0*'*:. A 2ri#!
%#.ription o! t&# $o%#l i pro1i%#% 2#lo"*
0)"*-+O1 &(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* '*: OFDM Mo%#l -#% !or i$-lation
5.2.1 #eri0l T, "0r0llel C,)*er+i,) 5.2.1 #eri0l T, "0r0llel C,)*er+i,)
T&# inp-t #rial %ata tr#a$ i !or$att#% into t&# "or% i9# r#,-ir#% !or
tran$iion, #*0* >2it/"or% !or JPSK, an% &i!t#% into a parall#l !or$at* T&# %ata i
t&#n tran$itt#% in parall#l 2/ ai0nin0 #a.& %ata "or% to on# .arri#r in t&#
tran$iion*
5.2.2 5.2.2 ,/(l0-i,) Of D0-0 ,/(l0-i,) Of D0-0
T&# %ata to 2# tran$itt#% on #a.& .arri#r i t&#n %i!!#r#ntial #n.o%#% "it&
pr#1io- /$2ol, t&#n $app#% into a p&a# &i!t5+#/in0 !or$at* Sin.# %i!!#r#ntial
#n.o%in0 r#,-ir# an initial p&a# r#!#r#n.# an #3tra /$2ol i a%%#% at t&# tart !or t&i
p-rpo#* T&# %ata on #a.& /$2ol i t&#n $app#% to a p&a# an0l# 2a#% on t&#
$o%-lation $#t&o%* For #3a$pl# JPSK t&# p&a# an0l# -#% ar# (, ;(, :<(, an% >)(
%#0r##* T&# -# o! p&a# &i!t +#/in0 pro%-.# a .ontant a$plit-%# i0nal an% "a
.&o#n !or it i$pli.it/ an% to r#%-.# pro2l#$ "it& a$plit-%# !l-.t-ation %-# to
!a%in0*
0)"*-+O1 &6
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

5.2.3 I)*er+e &,(rier Tr0)+f,r. 5.2.3 I)*er+e &,(rier Tr0)+f,r.
A!t#r t&# r#,-ir#% p#.tr-$ i "or+#% o-t, an in1#r# Fo-ri#r tran!or$ i -#% to
!in% t&# .orr#pon%in0 ti$# "a1#!or$ 7IFFT P Con1#rt !r#,-#n./ %o$ain i0nal to ti$#
%o$ain i0nal8* T&# 0-ar% p#rio% i t&#n a%%#% to t&# tart o! #a.& /$2ol*
5.2.4 G(0r/ "eri,/ 5.2.4 G(0r/ "eri,/
T&# 0-ar% p#rio% -#% "a $a%# -p o! t"o #.tion* Hal! o! t&# 0-ar% p#rio%
ti$# i a 9#ro a$plit-%# tran$iion* T&# ot&#r &al! o! t&# 0-ar% p#rio% i a ./.li.
#3t#nion o! t&# /$2ol to 2# tran$itt#%* T&i "a to allo" !or /$2ol ti$in0 to 2#
#ail/ r#.o1#r#% 2/ #n1#lop# %#t#.tion*
Ho"#1#r it "a !o-n% t&at it "a not r#,-ir#% in an/ o! t&# i$-lation a t&#
ti$in0 .o-l% 2# a..-rat#l/ %#t#r$in#% poition o! t&# a$pl#* COFDM a a $o%-lation
t#.&ni,-# !or "ir#l# t#l#.o$$-ni.ation, "it& a CDMA* A!t#r t&# 0-ar% &a 2##n
a%%#%, t&# /$2ol ar# t&#n .on1#rt#% 2a.+ to a #rial ti$# "a1#!or$* T&i i t&#n t&#
2a# 2an% i0nal !or t&# OFDM tran$iion*
*
5.2.4 C;0))el 5.2.4 C;0))el
A .&ann#l $o%#l i t&#n appli#% to t&# tran$itt#% i0nal* T&# $o%#l allo" !or
t&# i0nal to noi# ratio, $-ltipat&, an% p#a+ po"#r .lippin0 to 2# .ontroll#%* T&# i0nal
to noi# ratio i #t 2/ a%%in0 a +no"n a$o-nt o! "&it# noi# to t&# tran$itt#% i0nal*
M-ltipat& %#la/ pr#a% t&#n a%%#% 2/ i$-latin0 t&# %#la/ pr#a% -in0 an FIR !ilt#r*
T&# l#n0t& o! t&# FIR !ilt#r r#pr##nt t&# $a3i$-$ %#la/ pr#a%, "&il# t&# .o#!!i.i#nt
a$plit-%# r#pr##nt t&# r#!l#.t#% i0nal $a0nit-%#*
5.2.5 RECEIVER 5.2.5 RECEIVER
0)"*-+O1 &%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# r#.#i1#r 2ai.all/ %o# t&# r#1#r# op#ration to t&# tran$itt#r* T&# 0-ar%
p#rio% i r#$o1#%* T&# FFT o! #a.& /$2ol i t&#n ta+#n to !in% t&# ori0inal tran$itt#%
p#.tr-$* T&# p&a# an0l# o! #a.& tran$iion .arri#r i t&#n #1al-at#% an% .on1#rt#%
2a.+ to t&# %ata "or% 2/ %#$o%-latin0 t&# r#.#i1#% p&a#* T&# %ata "or% ar# t&#n
.o$2in#% 2a.+ to t&# a$# "or% i9# a t&# ori0inal %ata*
5.3 #3#TE &!O?C$ART 5.3 #3#TE &!O?C$ART
Al$ot an/ &ar%"ar# /t#$ .an 2# i$-lat#% in a o!t"ar# #n1iron$#nt to &#lp
#li$inat# 2-0 an% t"#a+ #ttin0* An OFDM /t#$ i no #3.#ption to t&i tat#$#nt*
T&#r# ar# $an/ !#at-r# o! an OFDM /t#$ t&at ar# $or# #ail/ $anip-lat#% in a
o!t"ar# it-ation*A 1#r/ po"#r!-l an% -#!-l #n0in##rin0 o!t"ar# pa.+a0# i Matla2
2/ Mat& Hor+* Matla2 .an 2# -#% to i$-lat# .o$$on #n0in##rin0 /t#$ in.l-%in0
&/%ra-li., a#rona-ti., GPS, an% .o$$-ni.ation* It alo &a $an/ -#!-l %i0ital i0nal
pro.#in0 !-n.tion an% !#at-r#, "&i.& "ill pro1# to 2# -#!-l in an OFDM
i$-lation*T&# !irt t#p in t&# %#1#lop$#nt o! an/ o!t"ar# i t&# $a+in0 o! a i$pl#
o1#rall !lo".&art* S&o"n in Flo".&art* '*: i t&# Matla2 !lo".&art o! an OFDM /t#$*
0)"*-+O1 ('
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Flo".&art*'*:*O1#rall !lo".&art o! OFDM /t#$ in Matla2
A< A<
T&i i t&# t#p "&#r# t&# a.t-al %ata to 2# tran$itt#% i r#a% in* T&# %ata .an 2#
an/t&in0 !ro$ a o-n% !il# to a pi.t-r# !il# to 4-t a i$pl# %ata #t* Matla2 i .apa2l#
o! $anip-latin0 all o! t&## t/p#* T&# %ata $-t 2# arran0#% into a : M N arra/
2#!or# t&# n#3t t#p*
0)"*-+O1 ($
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

B< B<
In t&i t#p t&# %ata #t i .on1#rt#% into a 2inar/ tr#a$ -in0 a tan%ar% p-l# .o%#
$o%-lation 7PCM8 t#.&ni,-# 7PCM i tan%ar% A/D $#t&o%8* Ea.& %ata point i
,-anti9#% to a 2inar/ "or% an% pla.#% in a 2inar/ tr#a$ r#pr##ntin0 t&# #ntir# %ata
#t* T&i #n.o%in0 .an 2# ta+#n to an/ 2it pr#.iion* A tan%ar% 2it pr#.iion i <52it
or :'52it* R#!#r to a .o$$-ni.ation 2oo+ to r#1i#" t&# PCM t#.&ni,-#*
C< C<
T&i i t&# $ot .o$pli.at#% t#p in t&# OFDM /t#$* T&# 2inar/ tr#a$ $-t 2#
.on1#rt#% to an a.t-al OFDM "a1#!or$* T&# t#.&ni,-# -#% in t&i i$-lation i
+no"n a JAM 7,-a%rat-r# a$plit-%# $o%-lation8* B#!or# t&i t#.&ni,-# .an 2#
i$pl#$#nt#%, t&# 2inar/ tr#a$ .r#at#% in t&# pr#1io- t#p $-t 2# #parat#% into
2lo.+ o! <52it* T&#n t&i 2lo.+ o! <52it $-t 2# !-rt&#r 2ro+#n %o"n into #t o!
>52it* T&## >52it #t ar# .on1#rt#% into a "a1#!or$ -in0 E,-ation : an% Fi0*'*>*
( ) ( ) ( ) t ' t ( t s
( (
in .o + =
Fi0*'*> C5JAM .ont#llation
0)"*-+O1 (2
2''&-2'$'

($)

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

T&# >52it #t "ill 2# : o! C .o$2ination, U( (`, U( :`, U: (`, or U: :`* D#p#n%in0
on "&i.& .o$2ination it i, A an% B "ill #it&#r 2# a : or a P: a ##n in Fi0*@*>. T&#
1al-# o! A an% B "ill t&#n $a+# -p t&# "a1#!or$ "&o# #,-ation i 0i1#n 2/ E, 7:8*
On.# t&i &a 2##n %on#, onl/ on# >52it #t o! t&# <52it 2lo.+ &a 2##n .on1#rt#% into a
"a1#!or$*
T&i $-t 2# %on# !or all C >52it #t "it&in t&# <52it 2lo.+* Ea.& r#-ltin0
"a1#!or$ .r#at#% -in0 E,-ation 7:8 i 0i1#n a %i!!#r#nt !r#,-#n./ 7
(
8 %#p#n%in0 on
"&i.& >52it #t i .-rr#ntl/ 2#in0 $anip-lat#%* T&# !irt >52it #t i 0i1#n a lo"
!r#,-#n./ an% t&# n#3t >52it #t i 0i1#n a &i0&#r !r#,-#n./ an% o on* T&# C r#-ltin0
"a1#!or$ at C ort&o0onal !r#,-#n.i# "ill t&#n 2# a%%#% to0#t&#r to pro%-.# t&# a.t-al
OFDM "a1#!or$*
T&#r# i on# -ni,-# !#at-r# o! OFDM t&at $a+# t&i "&ol# pro.# %i!!#r#nt
!ro$ an/ ot&#r t#.&ni,-#* T&# "a1#!or$ .ontr-.tion i %on# #ntir#l/ in t&# !r#,-#n./
%o$ain on t&# r#al an% i$a0inar/ a3#* Ta+in0 t&# IFFT o! t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain
in!or$ation t&#n pro%-.# t&# "a1#!or$* T&# !ollo"in0 ta2l# -$$ari9# &o" #a.& >5
2it #t i tran!or$#% into a "a1#!or$* T&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain r#pr##ntation .an 2#
!o-n% in $ot %i0ital .o$$-ni.ation t#3t2oo+*
Binar/ Hor% Ti$# Do$ain R#pr##ntation Fr#,-#n./ Do$ain R#pr##ntation
((
( ) ( ) t t
( (
in .o +
8 7 8 7
( >
:
>
:
( >
:
>
:
f f j f f j + + +
(:
( ) ( ) t t
( (
in .o +
8 7 8 7
( >
:
>
:
( >
:
>
:
f f j f f j + +
:(
( ) ( ) t t
( (
in .o
8 7 8 7
( >
:
>
:
( >
:
>
:
f f j f f j + +
::
( ) ( ) t t
( (
in .o
8 7 8 7
( >
:
>
:
( >
:
>
:
f f j f f j + +
Ta2l# '*:* R#pr##ntation o! "a1#!or$ in ti$# an% !r#,-#n./ %o$ain
0)"*-+O1 (3
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

S&o"n in Fi0*'*A i a pi.torial r#pr##ntation o! &o" an OFDM "a1#!or$ i !or$#%
!ro$ an <52it "or%* T&i onl/ &o" t&# .a# o! U( ( ( : : ( : :`*
Fi0* '*A* Contr-.tion o! OFDM "a1#!or$ in !r#,-#n./ %o$ain
On.# t&# "a1#!or$ ar# .ontr-.t#% in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain, an IFFT op#ration i
p#r!or$#% pro%-.in0 t&# a.t-al ti$# %o$ain "a1#!or$* T&# ti$# %o$ain
r#pr##ntation i &o"n in Fi0*'*C 2#lo"*
0)"*-+O1 (4
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0*'*C* E3a$pl# OFDM "a1#!or$ pro%-.#% 2/ U( ( ( : : ( : :`
Fi0* '*C &o" on# poi2l# OFDM "a1#!or$* Ea.& "a1#!or$ "ill 2# %i!!#r#nt
%#p#n%in0 on "&at t&# <52it "or% i* R#.all t&i pro.# n##% to 2# %on# !or #a.& <52it
2lo.+ -ntil t&# #ntir# 2inar/ tr#a$ &a 2##n .o1#r#%*
D< D<
A %#!in#% a2o1#, ISI tan% !or Int#r S/$2ol Int#r!#r#n.#* It i a .&ara.t#riti.
o! an/ pra.ti.al "ir#l# .&ann#l an% .an 2# %#al "it& -in0 t&# OFDM t#.&ni,-#* ISI
!irt n##% to 2# -n%#rtoo% 2#!or# it .an 2# &an%l#% "it&in o!t"ar#*
Int#r /$2ol int#r!#r#n.# ari# !ro$ "&at i +no"n a $-ltipat&* M-ltipat& i
t&# it-ation "&#r# a tran$iion %o# not onl/ tra1#l on a %ir#.t pat& !ro$ tran$itt#r
to r#.#i1#r 2-t alo 2o-n.# o!! o! o24#.t in t&# #n1iron$#nt 2#!or# r#a.&in0 it
%#tination* T&i i &o"n in Fi0* '*@.
0)"*-+O1 (5
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* '*@* M-ltipat&
Fi0* '*@ &o" a tran$iion !ro$ t&# tran$itt#r on t&# l#!t to t&# r#.#i1#r on t&#
ri0&t* I! t&# #!!#.t o! $-ltipat& %i% not #3it, t&# tran$iion "o-l% tra1#l on a %ir#.t
pat& !ro$ tran$itt#r to r#.#i1#r a &o"n 2/ pat& A* Ho"#1#r, in a pra.ti.al it-ation
t&#r# ar# o24#.t in t&# #n1iron$#nt -.& a $o-ntain an% t&at t&# i0nal "ill 2o-n.#
o!! o! 2#!or# arri1in0 at t&# r#.#i1#r &o"n 2/ pat& B an% C* T&# ori0inal i0nal "ill
tra1#l alon0 all o! t&## pat& on it= "a/ to t&# r#.#i1#r, not 4-t on#* T&i i "&at
.a-# int#r /$2ol int#r!#r#n.#* L#t= no" ta+# a loo+ at "&at t&# a.t-al i0nal 7a it
arri1# at t&# r#.#i1#r8 on #a.& pat& "ill loo+ li+# in t&# ti$# %o$ain*
L#t= !irt ta+# a loo+ at t&# i0nal alon0 pat& A at t&# r#.#i1#r*
0)"*-+O1 (&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0*'*'* Si0nal alon0 pat& A at r#.#i1#r
A .an 2# ##n in Fi0*'*', t&# i0nal t&at tra1#l alon0 pat& A arri1# intantan#o-l/
at t&# r#.#i1#r* T&# tran$iion %o# not ta+# 1#r/ lon0 2#.a-# it tra1#l on a %ir#.t
pat& !ro$ t&# tran$itt#r to t&# r#.#i1#r*
L#t= no" ta+# a loo+ at t&# i0nal alon0 pat& B at t&# r#.#i1#r*
Fi0* '*)* Si0nal alon0 pat& B at r#.#i1#r
R#.all t&at t&# i0nal t&at tra1#l#% alon0 pat& B %i% not tra1#l on a %ir#.t pat&
!ro$ t&# tran$itt#r to t&# r#.#i1#r* It 2o-n.#% o!! o! a 2-il%in0 2#!or# arri1in0 at t&#
r#.#i1#r* B#.a-# t&i i0nal &a% to ta+# an in%ir#.t ro-t# on it 4o-rn#/, it too+ lon0#r to
arri1# at it %#tination a ##n in Fi0*'*)* Noti.# t&# ti$# %#la/ t&# "a1#!or$
#3p#ri#n.#* T&# i0nal alon0 pat& C i &o"n 2#lo"*
0)"*-+O1 ((
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0*'*<* Si0nal alon0 pat& C at r#.#i1#r
T&# i0nal t&at tra1#l#% alon0 pat& C alo %i% not tra1#l on a %ir#.t pat& !ro$
tran$itt#r to r#.#i1#r* It &a% to 2o-n.# o!! o! a $o-ntain 2#!or# arri1in0 at t&# r#.#i1#r*
T&# $o-ntain "a $-.& !art&#r o!! o! t&# %ir#.t pat&, o t&i i0nal arri1#% #1#n lat#r at
t&# r#.#i1#r t&an t&# ot&#r i0nal* T&i lar0#r ti$# %#la/ .an 2# ##n in Fi0*'*<*
No" t&at #a.& i0nal &a 2##n ##n #parat#l/, it= ti$# to loo+ at "&at t&# a.t-al
"a1#!or$ at t&# r#.#i1#r "ill loo+ li+# a #a.& i0nal arri1#* T&# o1#rall r#.#i1#% i0nal
i &o"n, a i0nal D* D "ill 2# t&# -$ o! all t&# in.o$in0 i0nal6 in t&i .a# ANBNC*
Si0nal D i &o"n in Fi0* '*;*
Fi0*'*;* Si0nal D, t&# -$ o! i0nal A, B, an% C, at t&# r#.#i1#r
Si0nal D i t&# -$ o! all t&# arri1in0 i0nal at t&# r#.#i1#r* In t&i %i.-ion,
t&#r# ar# onl/ A i0nal, A, B an% C* Ea.& i0nal .an a.t-all/ 2# ##n arri1in0 at t&#
0)"*-+O1 (6
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

r#.#i1#r in Fi0*'*;* Si0nal A arri1# !irt at t&# ( $ar+, t&#n i0nal B arri1# n#3t at
aro-n% t&# :((( $ar+, t&#n !inall/ i0nal C arri1# at aro-n% t&# >((( $ar+*Noti.# t&at
t&i r#.#i1#% i0nal i not&in0 li+# t&# ori0inal *T&# ori0inal i0nal i till .ontain#%
"it&in t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal, 2-t 2#.a-# o! $-ltipat& it &a #3p#ri#n.#% int#r /$2ol
int#r!#r#n.#* Ea.& /$2ol 7or i0nal alon0 #a.& pat&8 i int#r!#rin0 "it& on# anot&#r at
t&# r#.#i1#r* B#.a-# o! t&i ti$# %#la/ in t&# ti$# %o$ain, t&# ori0inal i0nal &a
#3p#ri#n.#% a p&a# &i!t in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain* Ti$# %#la/ 0i1# ri# to p&a# &i!t*
T&i p&a# &i!t .an 2# .orr#.t#%* P&a# &i!t .orr#.tion "ill 2# %i.-#% lat#r*
E< E<
T&i pro.# i t&# #3a.t oppoit# pro.#%-r# a C* In t#p C, an OFDM i0nal
"a .r#at#% !ro$ a 2inar/ tr#a$* In t&i t#p, t&# 2inar/ tr#a$ i r#.o1#r#% !ro$ t&#
OFDM i0nal* T&i t#p .an onl/ 2# -..#!-l i! ISI &a 2##n %#alt "it&*T&# !irt t#p in
t&i pro.# i to r#.#i1# t&# a.t-al OFDM tran$iion an% p#r!or$ an FFT !-n.tion on
it* T&i "ill ta+# t&# ti$# %o$ain OFDM i0nal an% r#pr##nt it in t&# !r#,-#n./* T&#n
all t&at n##% to 2# %on# i r#.o1#r t&# 2inar/ "or% a -$$ari9#% in Fi0*'*A an% Ta2l#
'*:* T&i t#p i 4-t t&# oppoit# a t#p C*
&< &<
In t&i t#p, t&# 2inar/ tr#a$ i .on1#rt#% 2a.+ into a %ata tr#a$ -in0 a tan%ar% PCM
t#.&ni,-#* T&i i t&# oppoit# o! t&# pro.#%-r# t&at "a -#% to .on1#rt t&# %ata into a 2inar/
tr#a$ in t#p B, a i$pl# D/A pro.#%-r#*
5.4 "$A#E #$I&T CORRECTION 5.4 "$A#E #$I&T CORRECTION
R#.all t&at Int#r S/$2ol int#r!#r#n.# 0i1# ri# to a p&a# &i!t* T&# .orr#.tion
pro.#%-r# i a.t-all/ 1#r/ i$pl# /#t 1#r/ po"#r!-l* T&# !irt t&in0 /o- $-t &a1# "&#n
.orr#.tin0 p&a# &i!t in a i0nal i an ori0inal i0nal* P&a# &i!t .orr#.tion "ill 2#
0)"*-+O1 (%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

.on%-.t#% .o$pl#t#l/ in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain o "# "ill ta+# a loo+ at an ar2itrar/
i0nal in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain &o"n in Fi0* '*:(*

Fi0* '*:(* An ar2itrar/ i0nal ( in t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain
P&a# &i!t in a tran$iion i i$pl/ a rotation on t&# r#al an% i$a0inar/ a3#*
T&#r#!or#, i! i0nal ( 7&o"n a2o1#8 "#r# to #3p#ri#n.# a p&a# &i!t, it "o-l% i$pl/
rotat# in t&# polar .oor%inat# %o$ain a in%i.at#% in Fi0* '*::*
Fi0* '*::* P&a# &i!t on ( i i$pl/ a rotation on t&# .o$pl#3 a3#
0)"*-+O1 6'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

P&a# &i!t "o-l% not 2# a pro2l#$ i! t&# r#.#i1#r +n#" at "&at an0l# t&# i0nal
ori0inat#%* I! i0nal ( al"a/ tran$itt#% at an an0l# o! C@ an% &i!t#% to o$# ot&#r
an0l# %-rin0 tran$iion, t&# r#.#i1#r "o-l% &a1# to i$pl/ -2tra.t t&# #3.# an0l# to
r#.o1#r t&# ori0inal i0nal* In ot&#r "or%, i! i0nal ( tart#% at C@ 7an% al"a/ tart#%
at C@8 2#!or# tran$iion an% "a at :(( a!t#r tran$iion, t&#n t&# r#.#i1#r "o-l%
-2tra.t @@ !ro$ t&# r#.#i1#% i0nal to r#.o1#r t&# ori0inal C@ p&a#*
Ho"#1#r, t&i i not poi2l#* Si0nal ( i an ar2itrar/ i0nal an% "ill not al"a/
2#0in at t&# a$# an0l# $a+in0 it i$poi2l# to r#.o1#r t&# ori0inal an0l#* T&# r#.#i1#r
"o-l% &a1# no "a/ o! +no"in0 at "&at an0l# ( 2#0an*
T&# .on.#pt pr#1io-l/ %i.-#% i not .o$pl#t#l/ -#l#* Fort-nat#l/, i0nal
t&at r#i%# .lo# to on# anot&#r on t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain a3# #3p#ri#n.# al$ot
i%#nti.al p&a# &i!t* T&#r#!or#, i! "# pla.# a i0nal o! +no" p&a# n#3t to i0nal A on
t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain a3#, "# .an -# t&# pr#1io-l/ %i.-#% pro.#%-r#* T&i "ill 2#
#ai#r to -n%#rtan% 1i-all/* S&o"n 2#lo" in Fi0* '*:> i o-r i0nal 7(8 "it& -n+no"n
p&a# "it& a i0nal 7'8 "it& +no"n p&a#* In t&i !i0-r#, ( &a a p&a# o! C@, &o"#1#r
t&i "ill not 2# t&# .a# in #1#r/ tran$iion*

0)"*-+O1 6$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* '*:>* Si0nal ( "it& -n+no"n p&a# an% i0nal ' "it& +no"n p&a#
Si0nal ' "ill al"a/ 2#0in at a +no"n an0l#6 in t&i .a# t&# an0l# i (* An
an0l# o! ( i a.t-all/ t&# #ai#t to -# a a r#!#r#n.# an0l#, a "ill 2# ##n* Fi0* '*:A
&o" a p&a# &i!t, "&i.& i t/pi.al in all "ir#l# tran$iion* R#.all t&at ( an% '
ar# .lo# to on# anot&#r on t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain a3#, o t&#/ #3p#ri#n.# al$ot
i%#nti.al p&a# &i!t*
Fi0* '*:A* Si0nal ( an% Si0nal ' #3p#ri#n.# :@( p&a# &i!t
Ea.& i0nal #3p#ri#n.#% t&# a$# p&a# &i!t* It "a +no"n t&at 2#!or#
tran$iion i0nal ' &a% a p&a# o! (, 2-t a!t#r tran$iion it &a a p&a# o! ro-0&l/
:@(* T&i $#an t&at %-rin0 tran$iion, t&# .&ann#l in%-.#% a p&a# &i!t o! :@(*
T&# p&a# &i!t .a-#% 2/ t&# .&ann#l i no" +no"n, o it .an no" 2# r#$o1#%
!ro$ i0nal (= an0l#* In t&i .a#, t&# p&a# &i!t i :@(* T&i :@( "ill 2# -2tra.t#%
!ro$ i0nal (= p&a# 2#!or# t&# r#.o1#r/ pro.# 2#0in* T&# !ollo"in0 i a -$$ar/ o!
&o" to r#.o1#r i0nal (*
0)"*-+O1 62
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

#(..0ry ,f ";0+e C,rrec-i,)< #(..0ry ,f ";0+e C,rrec-i,)<
P&a# &i!t L B= p&a# a!t#r tran$iion P B= p&a# 2#!or#
tran$iion
A= ori0inal p&a# L i0nal A= p&a# a!t#r tran$iion P p&a# &i!t
Si0nal ' i a r#!* i0nal "it& +no"n p&a# t&at i pr##nt in #1#r/ tran$iion,
"&i.& r#i%# n#3t to 7on t&# !r#,-#n./ %o$ain a3#8 o-r i0nal t&at .ontain
in!or$ation? (*
T;e re0/er .0y ),G =e G,)/eri)1< T;e re0/er .0y ),G =e G,)/eri)1<
H&at i i0nal ( an% "&#r# %o# it .o$# !ro$\ Si0nal ( i t&# a.t-al OFDM
tran$iion* R#.all t&at an OFDM i0nal i $a%# -p o! $an/ !r#,-#n.i#* T&#
tran$itt#r "ill &a1# to pla.# a +no"n i0nal ' n#3t to #a.& on# o! t&## !r#,-#n.i# in
or%#r to %#al "it& p&a# &i!t* T&# OFDM /t#$ %i.-#% in t&i %o.-$#nt -tili9# !or
%i!!#r#nt ort&o0onal !r#,-#n.i#* Fi0* '*:C P '*:' &o" an OFDM i0nal 7in t&#
!r#,-#n./ %o$ain8 2#!or# tran$iion, a!t#r tran$iion "it& p&a# &i!t, an% a!t#r
tran$iion "it& p&a# &i!t .orr#.t#%* All ( i0nal ar# t&# a.t-al OFDM i0nal an%
all ' i0nal ar# t&# r#!#r#n.# i0nal o! +no"n p&a#*
0)"*-+O1 63
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0*'*:C* B#!or# tran$iion
Fi0* '*:@* A!t#r tran$iion "it& p&a# &i!t
0)"*-+O1 64
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* '*:'* A!t#r tran$iion "it& p&a# &i!t .orr#.t#%
5.4 $IG$ DATA RATE# 5.4 $IG$ DATA RATE#
An a%1anta0# o! t&# OFDM .&#$# i t&at it nat-rall/ .o$2at int#r5/$2ol
int#r!#r#n.# "&il# till allo"in0 a &i0& %ata rat#* In or%#r to !-ll/ -n%#rtan% t&i, "#
"ill !irt ta+# a loo+ at a tra%itional "ir#l# tran$iion a ##n in Fi0* '*:)*
Fi0* '*:)* Tra%itional /$2ol tran$iion
In a tra%itional tran$iion, i! t&# /t#$ "a to &a1# a &i0& %ata rat# t&# /$2ol
l#n0t& "o-l% &a1# to 2# &ort t&- $a+in0 t&# rat# &i0& a ##n in t&# Fi0* '*:)* T&#
pro2l#$ "it& t&i t#.&ni,-# i t&at in "ir#l# tran$iion, int#r /$2ol int#r!#r#n.#
pr##nt a &-0# pro2l#$ "&#n &ort /$2ol ar# -#%* A ##n in Fi0* '*:<, #1#n $all
0)"*-+O1 65
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

ISI .on-$# $-.& o! t&# a.t-al /$2ol* In t&i #3a$pl#, ISI .on-$# ro-0&l/ on#
t&ir% o! #a.& /$2ol* T&#r#!or#, a lar0# portion o! t&# a.t-al in!or$ation i .orr-pt#%*
Fi0* '*:<* Tra%itional /$2ol tran$iion "it& ISI
No" l#t= ta+# a loo+ at an OFDM tran$iion*
Fi0* '*:;* OFDM /$2ol tran$iion
In an OFDM tran$iion, t&# /$2ol %o not n##% to 2# &ort to pro%-.# a &i0&
%ata rat#* T&i i ill-trat#% in Fi0 '*:;* R#.all t&at in an OFDM tran$iion, t&#
in!or$ation i r#pr##nt#% in t&# !r#,-#n.i# o! t&# /$2ol an% not t&# /$2ol it#l!*
T&#r#!or#, t&# /$2ol $a/ 2# 1#r/ l#n0t&/ 2-t .an till .an a lar0# a$o-nt o!
in!or$ation in it .o$pon#nt !r#,-#n.i#* A lar0# /$2ol l#n0t& i a nat-ral "a/ to
.o$2at ISI a ##n in Fi0*'*>(* T&# ISI in Fi0* '*>( i t&# a$# l#n0t& a in Fi0* '*:< 2-t
onl/ .on-$# ro-0&l/ on# #i0&t& o! #a.& /$2ol* T&#r#!or#, a lar0# portion o! t&#
a.t-al in!or$ation i pr##r1#%*
0)"*-+O1 6&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0* '*>(* OFDM tran$iion "it& ISI
5.5 ADVANTAGE# O& O&D #IGNA!ING 5.5 ADVANTAGE# O& O&D #IGNA!ING
Ma+# #!!i.i#nt -# o! t&# p#.tr-$ 2/ allo"in0 o1#rlap*
B/ %i1i%in0 t&# .&ann#l into narro"2an% !lat !a%in0 -2 .&ann#l, OFDM i
$or# r#itant to !r#,-#n./ #l#.ti1# !a%in0 t&an in0l# .arri#r /t#$ ar#*
Eli$inat# ISI an% IFI t&ro-0& -# o! a ./.li. pr#!i3*
Uin0 a%#,-at# .&ann#l .o%in0 an% int#rl#a1in0 on# .an r#.o1#r /$2ol lot
%-#
to t&# !r#,-#n./ #l#.ti1it/ o! t&# .&ann#l*
C&ann#l #,-ali9ation 2#.o$# i$pl#r t&an 2/ -in0 a%apti1# #,-ali9ation
t#.&ni,-# "it& in0l# .arri#r /t#$*
It i poi2l# to -# $a3i$-$ li+#li&oo% %#.o%in0 "it& r#aona2l# .o$pl#3it/*
OFDM i .o$p-tationall/ #!!i.i#nt 2/ -in0 FFT t#.&ni,-# to i$pl#$#nt t&#
$o%-lation an% %#$o%-lation !-n.tion* Alo, !or $-ltipl# .o$$-ni.ation
.&ann#l, a i t&# .a# in %i0ital a-%io 2roa%.atin0 7DAB8 /t#$, partial FFT
al0orit&$ .an 2# -#% in or%#r to i$pl#$#nt pro0ra$ #l#.tion an% %#.i$ation*
In .on4-n.tion "it& %i!!#r#ntial $o%-lation t&#r# i no n##% to i$pl#$#nt a
.&ann#l #ti$ator*
0)"*-+O1 6(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

I l# #niti1# to a$pl# ti$in0 o!!#t t&an in0l# .arri#r /t#$ ar#*
Pro1i%# 0oo% prot#.tion a0aint .o .&ann#l int#r!#r#n.# an% i$p-li1# paraiti.
noi#*
Pr##r1ation o! ort&o0onalit/ in #1#r# $-ltipat&*
U#% !or &i0&#t p##% appli.ation*
S-pport %/na$i. pa.+#t a..#*
S-pport !or TM an% RM %i1#rit/*
S-pport !or
o a%apti1# ant#nna arra/
o MINO/pa.# ti$# .o%in0
o a%apti1# $o%-lation an% ton#/po"#r allo.ation
5.7 DI#ADVANTAGE# O& O&D #IGNA!ING 5.7 DI#ADVANTAGE# O& O&D #IGNA!ING
T&# OFDM i0nal &a a noi# li+# a$plit-%# "it& a 1#r/ lar0# %/na$i. ran0#,
t&#r#!or# it r#,-ir# RF po"#r a$pli!i#r "it& a &i0& p#a+ to a1#ra0# po"#r
ratio*
It i $or# #niti1# to .arri#r !r#,-#n./ o!!#t an% %ri!t t&an in0l# .arri#r
/t#$ ar# %-# to l#a+a0# o! t&# DFT*
"ROB!E# ?IT$ O&D "ROB!E# ?IT$ O&D
"e0E>-,>e0) ",Ger R0-i,< "e0E>-,>e0) ",Ger R0-i,<
An OFDM i0nal $a/ #3&i2it a &i0& intantan#o- p#a+ po"#r "it& r#p#.t to
t&# a1#ra0# i0nal l#1#l, ##in0 t&at t&# OFDM i0nal i t&# -p#rpoition o! a lar0#
n-$2#r o! $o%-lat#% -2 .&ann#l i0nal* In a%%ition, "&#n a ti$#5%o$ain i0nal $o1#
!ro$ a lo" to a &i0& intantan#o- po"#r "a1#!or$, lar0# a$plit-%# "in0 ar#
0)"*-+O1 66
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

#n.o-nt#r#%* In t&# .ont#3t, t&# p#a+5to5$#an po"#r #n1#lop# !l-.t-at# .oni%#ra2l/,
"&#n tra1#rin0 t&# ori0in -pon "it.&in0 !ro$ on# p&aor to anot&#r*
In or%#r to ol1# t&## pro2l#$, t"o t&in0 .an 2# %on#?
Re/(ce T;e "e0E>T,>e0) ",Ger R0-i,* Uin0 a %i!!#r#nt #n.o%in0 or $appin0
.&#$# 2#!or# $o%-lation .an a.&i#1# t&i*
I.pr,*e T;e A.plific0-i,) #-01e Of T;e Tr0)+.i--er, -.& a pot pro.#in0
t&# ti$#5%o$ain OFDM i0nal or #$plo/ o$# ort o! a%apti1# -2 .arri#r allo.ation
in or%#r to r#%-.# t&# Cr#t !a.tor 7p#a+5to5$#an i0nal ratio8*
To opti$i9# t&# p#r!or$an.# o! an OFDM lin+, ti$# an% !r#,-#n./
/n.&roni9ation 2#t"##n t&# tran$itt#r an% r#.#i1#r i o! a2ol-t# i$portan.#* T&i
i a.&i#1#% 2/ -in0 +no"n pilot ton# #$2#%%#% in t&# OFDM i0nal or atta.& !in#
!r#,-#n./ ti$in0 tra.+in0 al0orit&$ "it&in t&# OFDM i0nal= ./.li. #3t#nion
70-ar% int#r1al8*
C, c;0))el I)-erfere)ce C, c;0))el I)-erfere)ce? ?
Co .&ann#l int#r!#r#n.# in .#ll-lar .o$$-ni.ation /t#$ ar# .o$2at#% 2/
.o$2inin0 a%apti1# ant#nna t#.&ni,-# "it& OFDM tran$iion* Hit& t&# ai% o! 2#a$
t##rin0, it i poi2l# to !o.- t&# r#.#i1#r= ant#nna 2#an on t&# #r1#% -#r, "&il#
att#n-atin0 t&# .o .&ann#l int#r!#r#r* T&i i i0ni!i.ant in.# OFDM i #niti1# to .o
.&ann#l int#r!#r#n.#*
5.8 O&D A""!ICATION# 5.8 O&D A""!ICATION#
DAB
HDTV
ADSL B HDSL
HLAN 7IEEE <(>*:: B Hip#r LAN II
0)"*-+O1 6%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

#OURCE CODE #OURCE CODE
IIIII .&ann#l Eti$ation an% pr#%i.tion !or a%apti1# OFDMA/TDMA lin+
III 2/ Mi+a#l t#rnar% an% Dani#l Aronon
.l#ar all6
.l.6
KL<6 II no o! -#r
TL(*'')6 III ti$# in $illi #.on%
%#l!L>((6 II2an%"i%t&
N L >(6 I total n-$2#r o! -2.&ann#l 7-2.arri#r8
P L :>6 I total n-$2#r o! Pilot
S L N5P6 I total n-$2#r o! %ata -2.&ann#l
GI L N/C6 I 0-ar% int#r1al l#n0t&
M L C6 I $o%-lation
pilotInt#r1al L ::6 I pilot poition int#r1al
L L '6 I .&ann#l l#n0t&
nIt#ration L :>(6 I n-$2#r o! it#ration in #a.& #1al-ation
SNR L U(?@?A(`6 I i0nal to noi# ratio 1#.tor in %B
2#r L 9#ro7:,l#n0t&7SNR886 I initiali9in0 2it #rror rat#
I Pilot Lo.ation an% tr#n0t&
Ip L U:?pilotInt#r1al?N`6 I lo.ation o! pilot
0)"*-+O1 %'
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

I L #t3or7:?N,Ip86 I lo.ation o! %ata
Ep L >6 I #n#r0/ in pilot /$2ol in .o$parion to #n#r0/ in %ata
/$2ol
I !!t $atri3
!or +L:?@?A(
F L #3p7>GpiG,rt75:8/N *G $#&0ri%7U(?N5:`,U(?N5:`8*G r#p$at7U(?N5:`Z,U:,N`886
I I Tr Data
TrDataBit L ran%int7N,:,M86
TrDataMo% L ,a$$o%7TrDataBit,M86
TrDataMo%7Ip8 L Ep G TrDataMo%7Ip86
TrDataI!!t L i!!t7TrDataMo%,N86
TrDataI!!tGi L UTrDataI!!t7N5 GI N : ? N86TrDataI!!t`6
I t3 Data
.: L ra/l#i0&.&an7:::G:(a5',:@)86
T3DataI!!tGi L !ilt#r7.:,TrDataI!!tGi86

T3DataI!!t L T3DataI!!tGi7GIN:?NNGI86
T3DataMo% L !!t7T3DataI!!t,N86
Spilot L TrDataMo%7Ip86 I trna$itt#% pilot
]pilot L T3DataMo%7Ip86 I r#.#i1#% pilot
G L 7Ep G l#n0t&7Ip88a5
:G.tranpo#7,rt7Ep8G%ia07Spilot8G.tranpo#7F7:?L,Ip8886
&Hat L GG]pilot6 I #ti$at#% .&ann#l .o#!!i.i#nt in ti$# %o$ain
T3DataBitL,a$%#$o%7T3DataMo%*/7!!t7&Hat,N88,M86
0L.:*pat&Gain6
HL!!t7086
00L9#ro7N,N86
IIII .al.-latin0 a-to .o1arian.# IIII
!or iL:?N
0)"*-+O1 %$
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

007i,i8LT3DataI!!tGi7i86
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titl#7ZPLOT OF SNR V/S MSE FOR AN OFDM S]STEM HITH NMSE ESTIMATOR
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OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

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RE#U!T ANA!3#I# RE#U!T ANA!3#I#
#i.(l0-i,) Re+(l-+
Fro$ t&# a2o1# %i.-ion "&#n t&# pilot ar# #nt7tL :,C,),X*8 all K r#0r#or
$atri.# bt,+ &ol% +no"n pilot /$2ol* At all ot&#r ti$# intant ,onl/ t&# r#0r##or
$atri3 "&o# -#r i .&#%-l#% !or #n%in0%ata in t&at parti.-lar 2in &ol%
/$2ol*T&## /$2ol ar# #ti$at#% 2a#% on t&# pr#1io- on# t#p pr#%i.tion,i*# t&#
!ilt#r op#rat# in %#.iion %ir#.t $o%#*
T&- t&# -#r "&i.& i .&#%-l#% !or tra!!i. o2tain a %ata52a#% -p%at# "&il#
t&# .&ann#l #ti$at# !ro$ ot&#r -#r ar# propa0at#% 2/ $o%#l P2a#%
pr#%i.tion*In.orr#.t /$2ol %#t#.tion $a/ l#a% to #rror propa0ation #1#nt,2-t t&#/ "ill
2# t#r$inat#% at t&# n#3t pilot poition*T&#r#!or# "# 2#0in 2/ -in0 >@ parrall#l
#ti$atior,"&i.& -# pL:> pilot -2.arri#r*T&-,on# #ti$ator i -#% !or #a.& 2in
"i%t& *T&# .a# !or +L: -#r t&#n .orr#pon% to t&# %o"nlin+ +al$an #ti$atior*
0)"*-+O1 %3
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

No" 2#lo" i$-lat#% r#-lt &o" t&# .&ann#l i0nal to #ti$ation #rror
ratio7SER8!or 4a+# !lat !a%in0 .&ann#l at @( +$/& R#-lt %ipla/#% a a !-n.tion o! t&#
SNR p#r -#r,o2tain#% "it&in t&# 2in t&at "#r# .&#%-l#% to t&at -#r*
Fi0 <*:*SER 1#r- SNR !or a in0l# -plin+ -#r
DE#CRI"TION
Dott#% lin# SER to SNR ratio, H#r# !ilt#r #ti$at# ar# o2tain#% "&#n -in0
.orr#.t r#0r#or an% "&#n #ti$at#% -n.o%#% CJAM %o"nlin+ .ontrol /$2ol*
0)"*-+O1 %4
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

0)"*-+O1 %5
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Fi0 <*> pr#%i.tion p#r!or$an.# "it& on# -plin+ -#r
DE#CRI"TION DE#CRI"TION
H#r# pr#%i.tion o! NMSE a !-n.tion o! t&# pr#%i.tion &ori9on at SNR >( %2 on
4a+#*
0)"*-+O1 %&
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

Flat !a%in0 .&ann#l !or +al$an pr#%i.tor t&at -# pL:> -2.arri#r
$#a-r#$#nt r#-lt ar# !or in0l# -r#*
An% "# .an noti.# t&at $a3i$-$ 1#&i.l# p##% !or "&i.& a%apti1# tran$iion
.an 2# -#% "o-l% t&#r#!or# 2# lo"#r !or t&# -plin+ t&an !or t&# %o"nlin+*
Fi0 <*A .&ann#l i0nal to #ti$ation #rror7SER8a a !-n.tion o! SNR
DE#CRI"TION< DE#CRI"TION<
0)"*-+O1 %(
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

H#n.# "# !inall/ ill-trar#% t&# noi# r#%-.tion prop#rti# on t"o .&ann#l t&#
.&ann#l i #ti$at#% an% t&i #ti$at# i -#% a a tr-# .&ann#l *H#r# "# o2#r1#% t&at
$o%#l $i$at.& .a-#% t&# .-r1# to !all o!! o$# "&at at &i0& SNR*
Kal$an !ilt#r ar# o2tain#% "&#n -in0 .orr#.t r#0r#or an% "&#n -in0
#ti$at#% -n.o%#% C5JAM %o"n lin+ .ontrol /$2ol in %#.iion %ir#.t $o%#*
0)"*-+O1 %6
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

&UTURE EN$ANCEENT# &UTURE EN$ANCEENT#
H#r# t&# noi# i .orr#lat#% in ti$# an% a$on0 -2.arri#r "it& +no"n 1arian.#
an% t&# +al$an #ti$atior -# a-to r#0r#i1# $o%#l o! or%#r !o-r,t&at ar# a%4-t#% to
t&# 4a+# !a%in0 p#.tr-$ *Corr#.t noi# an% .&ann#l .o1arian.# ar# -#%*T&# r#-ltin0
SER i &o"n in t&# i$-lation !i0-r# a a !-n.tion o! t&# SNR p#r -#r, t&at "a
o2tain#% in t&# 2in a.t-all/ allo.at#% to t&# -#r*All t&# -#r &a1# t&# a$# a1#ra0#
SNR7%-# to lo" po"#r .ontrlol8 an% t&# 2in ar# allo.at#% to t&# -#r "it& t&# 2#t
SNR*
P#r!or$an.# SERLSNR $#an t&at t&# %#t#.tion p#r!or$an.# "ill ##ntiall/
2# %#t#r$in#% 2/ t&# noi# l#1#l,not 2/ t&# .&ann#l #ti$ation ina..-ra./*T&# !ilt#r
p#r!or$an# %#t#riorat# "it& an in.r#ain0 n-$2#r o! -plin+ -#r,2-t t&# %#.r#a# i
rat#r $all*No .atatrop&i. p#r!or$an.# r#%-.tion o..-r !or +L<,"&#n t&# n-$2#r o!
-#r i lar0#r t&an t&# n-$2#r pLC o! $#a-r#% -2.arri#r in t&# +al$an #ti$ator*T&#
p#r!or$an.# r#%-.tion %-# to #rror propa0ation in %#.iion %ir#.t#% $o%# i alo
ill-trat#% !or -n.o%#% CJAM .ontrol /$2ol*T&i #!!#.t i $-.& $all#r i! .o%#%
/$2ol ar# -tili9#% an% %#.o%in0 an% #ti$ation ar# p#r!or$#% it#rati1#l/ ,in a t-r2o
$o%#*T&# p#r!or$an.# tar0#r i &i0&#r #l#.t#% to NMSEL(*:*H#r# "# -# 1#r/ li$it#%
2an% "i%t& 2-t t&# %ata rat# i 1#r/ &i0&
0)"*-+O1 %%
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

CONC!U#ION CONC!U#ION
T&# p-rpo# o! t&i %o.-$#nt "a to 0i1# o$# ini0&t into t&# po"#r o! t&#
OFDM tran$iion .&#$#* It &a %i.-#% not onl/ t&# tran$iion .&#$# it#l!,
2-t alo o$# o! t&# pro2l#$ t&at ar# pr##nt#% in $o2il# .o$$-ni.ation a "#ll a
t&# t#.&ni,-# to .orr#.t t&#$*
Di0ital Co$$-ni.ation i a rapi%l/ 0ro"in0 in%-tr/ an% Ort&o0onal Fr#,-#n./
Di1iion M-ltipl#3in0 i on t&# !or#!ront o! t&i t#.&nolo0/* OFDM "ill pro1# to
r#1ol-tioni9# $o2il# .o$$-ni.ation 2/ allo"in0 it to 2# $or# r#lia2l# an% ro2-t "&il#
$aintainin0 t&# &i0& %ata rat# t&at %i0ital .o$$-ni.ation %#$an%*
0)"*-+O1 $''
2''&-2'$'

OFDMA/TDMA
PILOTS

BIB!IOGRA"$3 BIB!IOGRA"$3
Ba&ai, A*, an% B* Salt92#r0* M-lti.arri#r Di0ital Co$$-ni.ation? T&#or/ an%
Appli.ation o! OFDM* N#" ]or+? Kl-"#r A.a%#$i./Pl#n-$ P-2li&#r, :;;;
Co-.& II, L* H* Di0ital an% Analo0 Co$$-ni.ation S/t#$* N#" c#r#/?
Pr#nti.#5Hall, :;;)
K#ll#r, T*, an% L* Han9o* DA%apti1# M-lti.arri#r Mo%-lation? A Con1#ni#nt
Fra$#"or+ !or Ti$#5Fr#,-#n./ Pro.#in0 in Hir#l# Co$$-ni.ation*E
Pro.##%in0 o! t&# IEEE <<*@ 7>(((8 '(; 5 'A;
OFDM R#.#i1#r !or Broa%2an% R#.#i1#r, Mi.&a#l Sp#t&* Intit-t# !or Int#0rat#%
Si0nal Pro.#in0 S/t#$* >((:* V &ttp?//"""*#rt*r"t&5
aa.&#n*%#/in%#3_#*&t$K*
OFDM Hir#l# T#.&nolo0/, Eri. La"r#/ an% Crai0 Bla.+2-rn* >(((* ca$#
Coo+ Uni1#rit/* V &ttp?//"""*#n0*4.-*#%-*a-/#ri./t&#i/T&#i*&t$ K*
Spr#a% Sp#.tr-$ S.#n#, SSS Onlin#, In.* >(( V &ttp?//5$a0*.o$/in%#3*&t$l K
Van N##, R*, an% R* Praa%* OFDM Hir#l# M-lti$#%ia Co$$-ni.ation*
Boton? Art#.& Ho-#, >(((
Hir#l# R#o-r.# C#nt#r, PaloHir#l#*Co$*>((:
V &ttp?//"""*palo"ir#l#*.o$/o!%$/t-torial*ap K*
0)"*-+O1 $'$
2''&-2'$'

Channel Estimatioin and Prediction For Adaptive Ofdma Tdma

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Channel Estimatioin and Prediction For Adaptive Ofdma Tdma

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CHANNEL ESTIMATIOIN AND PREDICTION FOR ADAPTIVE

2.4 ORT$OGONA!IT3 2.4 ORT$OGONA!IT3

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