AbstractPost-installed by adhesive anchorage pullout test

method is proposed in this paper to estimate the in-place compressive

strength of concrete. In this method, the threaded metal probe is
anchored into the concrete by means of a high strength epoxy resin
adhesive. To get the best calibration graph, the linear regression
models, nonlinear regression models, interpolation, or splines are
employed. Experimental and analytical studies conducted on the base
of concrete specimens with varying concrete mixes in the 15: 80
N/mm
2
strength range. The experimental and analytical results show
that the newly proposed method is an efficient and accurate in
estimating the in-place concrete compressive strength.

KeywordsPost-installed by adhesive pullout test, in-place,
concrete strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
ONDESTRUCTIVE testing is essential in the inspection
of alteration, repair and new construction in the building
industry. Over the years, dozens of nondestructive
techniques have been proposed for estimating the in-place
strength of concrete, including rebound hammer, probe
penetration, pullout, ultrasonic pulse velocity. Although
surface hardness and pulse velocity tests cause little damage,
are cheap and quick, and are ideal for comparative and
uniformity assessments, their correlation for absolute strength
prediction poses many problems [1,2]. Core tests provide the
most reliable in-situ strength assessment but also cause the
most damage and are slow and expensive. The pullout test
depends upon the ability to relate pull-out forces to concrete
strengths and a particularly valuable feature is that this
relationship is relatively unaffected by mix characteristics and
curing history. Pullout tests fall into two basic categories; those
which involve an insert which is cast into the concrete, and
those which offer the greater flexibility of an insert fixed into a
hole drilled into the hardened concrete. Cast-in method must be
preplanned and will thus be of value only in testing for
specification compliance, drilled hole method will be more
appropriate for field surveys of mature concrete, however, this
method have not been popularized widely because of its high
requirement for the strength of the metal insert and for lack of

J inshan Wang is with the Structural Insitute of Shandong Provincial
Academy of Building Research, J inan, CO 250031 P.R.China (phone: +86 531
85595666; fax: +86 531 85595298; e-mail: wangjinshan@gmail.com).
Shiqi Cui is with the Structural Insitute of Shandong Provincial Academy of
Building Research, J inan, CO 250031 P.R.China (e-mail: jiegousuo
@sina.com).
Shouxian Wang is with the Shandong Provincial Academy of Building
Research, J inan, CO 250031 P.R.China (e-mail: wsxjky@126.com).
facilities on the market. In view of such limitations, anchorage
pullout method is employed to estimate concrete strength. The
anchorage pullout test to the estimate the in-situ concrete
compressive strength. In this method, a 25 mm threaded metal
probe is anchored into the concrete by means of a high strength
epoxy resin adhesive. When the glue has cured sufficiently, a
hydraulic jack is used to apply a slowly increasing pullout force.
Loading is continued manually until the concrete cone is pulled
out. The peak load is recorded and is used to measure the
concretes equivalent cube strength by means of a calibration
graph.
Several national and international standards recognize the
various NDT methods as suitable. Basically, most test methods
measure some others properties of concrete than its mechanical
strength. However, the evaluation of insitu concrete strength is
carried out by means of an established correlation of these
properties with strength. Therefore, the reliability of assessing
the concrete strength primarily depends upon the precision of
the established calibration. In the non destructive tests used to
determine the compressive strength of concrete, the
relationship between the NDT measured result, mechanical or
physical, and the strength is generally not unique. This arises
from the diversity in the existing relations between the
measured characteristic and the factors making up concrete
strength. In the analysis of the test data, linear regression
models, nonlinear regression models, interpolation, or splines
are employed.
II. THEORY OF POST-INSTALLED
BY ADHESIVE PULLOUT TEST[4, 8]
There is an assumption that concrete obeys the modified
Mohr-Coulomb failure theory and that the extracted cone has
the shape of the idealized conic frustum. The analysis assumed
rigid-plastic behavior and that the normal and shearing
stresses were distributed uniformly on the failure surface. It
was concluded that, if the friction angle of the concrete equales
one-half of the apex angle and if the tensile strength is a
constant fraction of the compressive strength, there is a
proportional relationship between the ultimate pullout load and
compressive strength. The analysis has been criticized as not
providing a true behavioral prediction because the conclusions
are a direct result of the underlying assumptions rather than
from a rigorous assessment of the true behavior during the test.
Modified Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion :
tan = c
(1)
where is shear stress, c is the constant, is the normal stress,
Correlation of Post-installed by Adhesive Pullout
Test to Estimate In-place Concrete Strength
J inshan Wang, Shiqi Cui and Shouxian Wang
N
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and is the angle of friction.
According to the sketch of modified Mohr-Coulomb, the
cohesion c of the concrete is obtained as follows:

( )

cos 2
sin 1
=
c
f
c
(2)
where f
c
is the cubic compressive strength of the concrete,
substituting the Eq. 2 into Eq. 1, the shear stress is obtained as
follows:
( )

cos 2
sin 2 sin 1
t c
f f
=
(3)
where f
t
is the tensile strength of the concrete.

fc ft




Fig. 1 Sketch of modified Mohr-Coulomb

D
h
P




Fig. 2 Sketch of frustum

Figure 2 is the failure surface of idealized frustum, the
surface area of the frustum A is calculated as follows:
( )

2
cos
sin cos h D h
A
+
=
(4)
where A is the surface area of the frustum, D is the diameter of
threaded head and h is the height of the frustum.
Then, from the equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction,
the pullout force of the frustumP is,
( )A P sin cos + =
(5)
The pullout force of the frustum P can be obtained by
substituting Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) into Eq. (5).

[ ]


2
cos cos 2
) sin cos ( ) sin( 2 cos ) sin 1 ( h D f f h
P
t c
+ +
=
(6)
In experiment, D=25mm, h=30mm, =57.7, it has been
accepted that=, f
t
=0.1f
c
, substituting these data into Eq. 6,
the cubic compressive strength of the concrete f
c
can be derived
based on the pullout force of the frustumP.
2 . 988 =
c
f
P
(7)
III. SPECIMEN AND EXPERIMENT
The equipment of the anchorage pullout method to estimate
concrete strength requires load-measuring system with
accuracy standard of 0.1kN, the pullout metal anchor, load
system, bearing system, reaction ring.
In this research, 76 batches of specimen with different
concrete mixes were cast including 152 concrete beams with
dimensions of 240mm750mm2100mm and 2600 concrete
cubes with dimensions of 150mm150mm150mm cured
under conditions identical to the concrete beam specimens
(Fig. 1).


Fig. 1 Specimen


Fig. 2 Test in laboratory
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For each concrete mix to be tested, four types of correlation
are established between the compressive strength of the
standard concrete cube and the pullout force index of concrete
beam specimens using the adhesive postinstalled method. It
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was decided that determination of best fit relationships using
both linear and geometric regressions should be considered.
Therefore, the correlation coefficient for each graph was
calculated. These values are listed in Table 1.
From this information it was apparent that, due to the high
correlation coefficient (r) values which range from 0.926 to
0.950, almost all forms of the calibration graphs would be
suitable. However, with regard to the highest correlation
coefficient which belongs to the cubic form, this calibration
graph appears to be most suitable. A closer inspection of the
best fit lines, however, reveals that, in view of the obvious
advantages of having simple calibration factors, the linear
calibration graph will be the best fit curve for our purpose.
Because according to the values assigned to the parameters
related to the statistical analysis and the best fit curves (shown
in Table 1), it can be deduced that the effect of cubic curve is
very much similar to the linear form, and noting the
insignificant difference between the r (i.e.,
0.982-0.979=0.003), it seems reasonable to choose the linear
relationship for its simplicity.
In order to examine the applicability, accuracy, and
reliability of this new method, post-installed by adhesive
anchorage pullout method and the drilled core method were
conducted for three in-place selected concrete members (refer
to Fig. 3).
The result shows that concrete strength estimated using the
post-installed by adhesive anchorage pullout method is lower
than that obtained using drilled core by 5.12 percent.












Fig. 3 On-site verification test
V. CONCLUSION
On the basis of the extensive experience of the post-installed
by adhesive anchorage pullout method, which has been gained
in laboratory and theory of the failure of the concrete frustum,
the following conclusions have been reached:
1) According to Modified Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, it
is shown that the pullout force of the frustum anchorage
method is proportional to the concrete compressive
strength.
2) Based on the analysis of the data of experiment, the linear
relationship between the pullout force and the concrete
compressive strength is reasonable and accurate in
estimating the in-place concrete strength.
The post-installed by adhesive anchorage pullout method
can provide accurate andreliable estimates of in-place concrete
strength using very simple and cheap apparatus. The damage
caused by this method is trivial and, if required, can be repaired
by hand using sand or cement mortar. Considering such
advantanges comparied with other partial destructive method, it
will be popularized worldwidely.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is supported by the Shandong Provincial
Academy of Buildings Research and Shandong Huasen
Concrete Corporation Ltd. The writers would like to thank Mr.
Huidong Xie for producing the concrete cubes and beams.
REFERENCES
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TABLE I
SPECIFICATIONS OF FIT CURVES
Type Regression
Correlation
Coefcient
y=ax+b f
c
=2.59P-7.88 0.958
y=ax
3
+bx
2
+
cx+d
fc =-0.0017 P
3
+0.0548P
2
+2.6586P-16.0 0.964
y=ax
b
f
c
=0.7894P
1.3371
0.935
y=ae
bX
f
c
=9.6784e
0.0736P
0.924
Where y is dependent variable, x is variable, a, b, c and d is the constant.
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