Table of content:

Cover page i
Executive summary ii
Table of content iii
1.0 Introduction (Interlocking seet pile!
1.1 "ackground #$%
1.# &im '
1.% (cope )
#.0 Contents (Interlocking seet pile!
#.1 *etodology +$,
#.# &dvantages of system ,
#.% -isadvantages of system ,
#.' &dditional support .$10
#.) (ystem designs 11$1#
%.0 Introduction ((oldier pile!
%.1 "ackground 1%
%.# &im 1'
%.% (cope 1'
'.0 Contents ((oldier pile!
'.1 *etodology 1)$1,
'.# &dvantages of system 1.
'.% -isadvantages of system 1.
'.' &dditional support 1.
'.) (ystem designs 1/$#0
).0 Conclusion #0
0eference list #1
1
1.0I1T02-3CTI21 (I1TE042C5I16 (7EET 8I4E!
1.1 "&C560231- 29 I1TE042C5I16 (7EET 8I4E
Sheet piles is a term that refers to retaining walls that are being installed into the ground
by driving or pushing, rather than pouring or injection. It is also relatively thin cross-
section and low weight so that the weight of the wall does not assist in the walls
stability. Since 19!s, modern sheet pile industry had ta"en over the traditional
materials that are used for sheet piles, the traditional material that are used for sheet
piles are wood, on the other hand, steel sheet piles is the new invention to overcome
problems that were occurred using wooden sheet piles. Steel sheet piles has replaced
wooden sheet piles is because of the durability and the weight ratio of a single sheet
piles are way more lighter and stronger compare to wooden material sheet piles.
Steel sheet piles have been used in a wide variety of applications, especially marine
bul"heads and retaining walls where space is limited. In addition to these, a special type
of retaining wall are being introduced, which are used for both temporary and also
permanent structures. #ver the years, underground e$cavation has been using sheet
piles as their retaining wall which gave a lot of space for underground wor" being
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produce in a safe and secure environment. #ther than that, pretty much of the
underground par"ing lot are using sheet piles permanently as their retaining walls.
%housands of years ago, timber logs were being placed or pound into the earth and
used as a retaining wall. Sometimes they are being placed paralleled and the centre of
the logs are being field with earth so that the wall can be much stronger. &ac" in the
days, log are being tied'lashed together with rope and a strong bac" added to combine
the logs into a wall. (fter decades of using logs, they found out that sawn timber would
fit nicely together better than less loss of fill through the joints. Sawn timbers are
categori)ed into two type, the first one would be butt-ended, which are sawn timber
arranged close and fit to each other. %he second one is the tongue and groove which is
also been "nown as *wa"efield+ which means three sawn timber where being attached
to each other leaving the centre section to be offset from the outer section. %imber sheet
piles are also being used e$tensively in retaining wor" for shallow trenches and also
land cofferdams where water intrusion is not a factor.
In the mid-1,!!s, metal sheet piles was a natural advancement in the evolution of
sheet piles as we entered the age of iron. -ast iron was used to ma"e some crude
sections, but it is not being recogni)ed due to lac" of ductility. %he first .-bars are being
introduce on the 1,9!, it is fabricated from a rolled channel and it proved a groove into
which the flange of a channel could slide, and forming a crude but innovative interloc".
(t the same time, on 1,9/ 0reat &ritain introduced a universal type of sheet piles as
"nown as I-beams and special clips to join the flanges of the I-beam together. &ut the
efficiency of this wall was low because the I-beams were aligned in the wea". 1owever,
the .-bars are now commonly being used and it has been consider as one of the well-
"nown sheet piles to be used on the construction industries.
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1.# &I* 29 I1TE042C5I16 (7EET 8I4E
2or decades, sheet piles are commonly used as a retention and also e$cavation
support, using steel sheet with interloc"ing sections. 3sing interloc"ing sheet piles
benefits deep e$cavation on save space, which mean it provides more space for the
people and machineries to move around. 4ain aim of using interloc"ing sheet piles is to
prevent earth that are being e$cavated from bac"filling the e$cavation pits by the soil
and hydro pressures, the deeper the e$cavation the more sheet piles need to be used.
#n the other hand, interloc"ing sheet piles are also being used as a temporary and
permanent support as a retaining wall for underground spaces. It is important to use tie-
bac" as an additional support to strengthen the retaining walls, and for temporary
support it is easy to install and removed, it saves up time and convenient to be applied
on site. (fter removing the sheet piles it can be stored in the warehouse'storage room
which ta"es up less of storage space that are needed. Interloc"ing sheet piles also can
be re-used for many times and for bent sheets, it can be sell off to steel scraps
company and sheet piles manufacturers uses steel scraps as their main material to
produce sheet piles, in other words it is eco-friendly to use interloc"ing sheet piles.
2urthermore, the typical design of interloc"ing sheet piles are built for good driving
properties, durability, strength to withstand a big amount of pressures and also a good
degree of watertightness. 0ood driving properties, which are meant by easy to be
driven into the earth and also easy to be removed by using a mobile crane and also a
vibrator. #n the other hand, durability meant by can be used for a long period of time
and also it can be reused after being removed. %he main pressures that a sheet piles
face is the soil and hydro pressure from the earth, it has the strength to overcome both
of the pressure which it is safe to be used according to the right method that were being
installed. %he degree and the design of interloc"ing helps to prevent earth slips through
the gap of the interloc"ing, and also it has a good degree of watertightness as well it
does not totally prevent water to be slip through, but the amount of water slips through
are absolutely less.
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1.% (C28E 29 3(I16 I1TE042C5I16 (7EET 8I4E
Interloc"ing sheet piles are commonly being used for deep e$cavation, it is being used because
of limited space are available in the site. 2or e$ample, in an urban cities where buildings and
roads are near to each other, interloc"ing sheet piles are being used to ma$imi)e the e$cavation
space that are needed to wor" below. Interloc"ing sheet piles can be used almost all type of soil
condition, but it is not suitable for soil that has a lot of huge roc"s and other hug substance.
#ther than that, interloc"ing sheet piles can be used to segregate between water and land, for
e$ample manmade la"e ne$t to a building can be segregated from using interloc"ing sheet
piles, It helps to prevent the water from going in to the earth and cause landslide.
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#.0 C21TE1T(
#.1 *ET72-2426:
Step 15 6ile 7riving 89uipment
&efore starting driving sheet pile, a few e9uipments have to be gathered such as driving
hammers and jetting e9uipment. %he manufacturer shall suggest the driving energy of the
mounted vibratory piling hammer so that it is applicable to relevant sheet pile. :hen jetting
e9uipment shall have a minimum of two removable or fi$ed jets of the water or be a combination
of air a water type.
Step ;5 6lacing and 7riving
(fter preparing all the sheet pile driving e9uipment, sheet piles can be started to place on the
location that shown in the construction drawings. %emporary walls, templates, or guide
structures should be use to ensure that the sheet pilings are placed and driven to the correct
alignment. (fter the sheet piles are set in place, jetting machine can start to drive the sheet
piles. Sheet piles must be driven into the ground by using a hammer with a proper si)e and by
approved methods to ensure no damage to the sheet piles and proper interloc"ing throughout
their lengths. ( protecting cap on the top of sheet pile is use to prevent damage during driving
with hammer.
Step <5 -utting-off and splicing
(fter driving the sheet piles into the ground, if contractor find that they need additional
penetration, splicing or jointing wor"s will carry out. 7riving wor"s will be done again for the
sheet piles until it reaches its limit on the ground. (fter this, e$cessive of sheet pile will be
cutting-off and removed from the site. (ll cutting-off wor" must carry out in a neat and wor"man-
li"e manner for safety purpose.
Step =5 Inspection of 7riven 6iling
%he contractor shall inspect the interloc"ed joints of driven sheet piles e$tending above ground.
If contractor find out that the sheet piles are out of interloc", then the sheet piles have to be
removed and replaced with a new sheet pile.
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Step /5 6ulling and >e-driving
(fter the inspection of driven piling, another similar process has to be carried on which is called
pulling and re-driving. %he contractor shall pull selected sheet piles to determine the condition of
the underground portions of sheet piles. If contractor found any damages to the e$tent that its
usefulness in the structure is impaired, then the sheet piles have to be removed and replaced
with a new sheet pile.
#.# &-;&1T&6E( 29 3(I16 (7EET 8I4E(
%here are many advantages of using this interloc"ing sheet pile system. #ne of them is the
good degree of water tightness. %his is because of the hoo" li"e design interloc"ing each other
that helps prevent the ground water from sipping through the retaining wall. %hese systems also
have good driving properties, this is so because of its durability that allows the hydraulic vibrator
to push it into the ground without causing the sheet to bend or brea". &esides that, the sheet is
relatively lightweight so that the pile driver can lift it easily. It is also easy to increase the length
of the pile just by fillet welding the first pile to the second pile. %he interloc"ing sheet pile has a
high strength to weight ratio. 2urthermore, after the basement wor"s, the sheet pile can be
e$tracted and be reused over again in the future.
#.% -I(&-;&1T&6E( 29 3(I16 (7EET 8I4E(
3nfortunately, the interloc"ing sheet pile also has its downside. 2or e$ample, when the pile is
being driven in, it produces a lot of noises and vibration. 7uring installation, it has larger
deflection and high potential to impact the surrounding buildings. %his is because when the pile
is being driven in, the soil is compressed and pushed aside therefore causing the condition of
the soil at the surrounding to be disrupted. %his system is not watertight because there is space
between the interloc"ing.
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#.' &--ITI21&4 (38820T
(nchors are recommended to provide additional support for interloc"ing sheet piles if re9uired.
0round anchors consisting of cables or rods connected to a bearing plate are often used for the
stabili)ation of steep slopes or slopes consisting of softer soils, as well as the enhancement of
emban"ment or foundation soil capacity, or to prevent e$cessive erosion and landslides. %he
use of steel ground anchors is often constrained by overall durability in placement ?due to
weight@, and the difficulty in maintaining tension levels in the anchor.
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0akers
(truts to retaining <all
9
6round ancor for granular soil
6round ancor for coesive soil
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#.) I1TE042C5I16 (7EET 8I4E -E(I61(
7ot 0olled 3 8rofile (eet 8ile
7ot 0olled &= (eet 8ile
Cold 9ormed 2=>8&= (eet 8ile
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Cold 9ormed 8&4 > 8&3 > 2T > 2mega (eet 8ile
9ibre 0einforced (eet 8iles
&luminum (eet 8iles
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%.0 I1T02-3CTI21 ((24-IE0 8I4E!
%.1 "ackground of (oldier 8iles and 4agging ?alls
Soldier pile and lagging walls are one of the oldest forms of retaining systems which is used in
deep e$cavations. Soldier piles and lagging walls have been used successfully since the late
1,
th
century in the metropolitan cities such as Aew Bor", &erlin, and also Condon. %he method is
also commonly "nown as the *&erlin :all+ when steel piles and timber laggings are popular.
Soldier piles and lagging walls is a soil retention method that retains soil, using upright steel
piles with parallel laggings. 3sually, 1-piles are bored or driven at a consistent interval
alongside the planned e$cavation border. Cagging consists of materials such as wood, steel or
precast concrete panels which are inserted behind the front pile flanges as the e$cavation
continues on. %he lagging efficiently resists the load of the retained earth and transfers the
weight to the piles. %he walls can also be designed as cantilever walls, or obtain e$tra lateral
support by using anchors or bracing. %he method has been used countless of times to provide
support for many e$cavations.
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%.# &im of using (oldier 8iles and 4agging ?alls
Soldier piles and lagging walls are one of the cheapest systems compared to any other retaining
walls. %hey are also easy and it ta"es a very small amount of time to construct. %he reason why
soldier piles and lagging walls are being used very often is because soldier piles construction is
cheaper when compared to other systems. %he installation of a soldier pile is versatile and the
adjustments for it can be made easily in the field to accommodate changes. #ther than that, the
construction of a soldier pile and lagging walls does not re9uire very advanced construction
techni9ues.
%.% (cope of using (oldier 8iles and 4agging ?alls
Soldier piles and lagging walls are commonly being used for deep e$cavation. %he reason why
it is being used for deep e$cavation is because it uses a small space to e$cavate and install the
laggings. Soldier pile walls are formed by constructing soldier piles at regular intervals which are
?1,m 'D ft to <Dm'1; ft@. (fter that, e$cavating in small stages and installing laggings. 2inally,
&ac"filling and compacting the void space behind the laggings.
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'.0 C21TE1T(
'.1 *ET72-2426:
Step 15 6re-boring with guard-rail
%he line of shoring is mar"ed for installation of soldier piles. 1oles are drilled at
spacing determined in conjunction with the site soils consultant around the perimeter
of the proposed basement e$cavation.

Step ;5 Inserting 1-pile
-olumns are then placed in these holes to an engineer-approved depth beneath the
e$cavation level.
15
Step <5 0routing
%he bases of the columns are then cast in grout-crete.
Step = 5 8$tracting temporary casing
%he e$cavation is carried out in a Ehit and miss se9uence.
Step /5 8$cavating in front of soldier pile
( controlled vertical face is e$cavated between ; consecutive soldier piles.
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Step D5 Installation of shear stud F %emporary %ie-bac"

4esh reinforcement is welded between the soldiers and a concrete spray is applied to
secure the section of retaining wall.
Step 5 Installation of waling
%imber sleepers may be utilised in soldier pile systems to stablise non-cohesive strata
which cannot Estand up temporarily by itself. %imber sleepers prove to be both cost
effective and efficient to install due to a 9uic" installation process.
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'.# &-;&1T&6E( 29 (24-IE0 8I4E ?&44
%he advantages of using the soldier pile and lagging system are that they are fast to construct.
It saves a lot of time for other wor"s to be carried out. %he soldier pile construction is cheaper
compared to the other systems. &esides that, the soldier pile is very versatile, meaning that it
can adapt to many different environments li"e hard soil, soft soil, near the sea and so on. %he
insertion of the laggings can be done in a short period. %his system does not re9uire very
advanced techni9ues because it is so simple to construct. %his system is the most ine$pensive
system.
'.% -I(&-;&1T&6E( 29 3(I16 (24-IE0 8I4E(
%he major disadvantages of this system are that they are primarily limited to temporary
constructions. Soldier pile and laggings cannot be use in high water table conditions without
e$tensive dewatering because it is not strong enough to withstand the pressure. %his system is
not as stiff as other retaining systems. &ecause only the flange of a soldier pile is embedded
beneath subgrade, it is very difficult to control basal soil movements. 2urthermore, significant
surface settlement can occur due to poor bac"filling and if associated with ground losses.
'.' &--ITI21&4 (38820T
:hen the e$cavation is too deep, additional support is re9uired to prevent the soldier pile wall to
collapse because of the e$cessive soil pressure and hydrostatic pressure. %he common type of
additional support are struts, tiebac" and ra"ers. >a"ers is only suitable for one level of
e$cavation and if the site is wide enough so that it would not obstruct the area of the e$cavation.
Struts and tiebac"s are more suitable because they can be installed in few tiers together.
:alling is to hold bac" the soldier piles and prevent them from collapsing, walling are fillet
welded to the soldier piles. Sometimes cases brac"ets are welded to the soldier piles to support
the walling. %he first step to construct tiebac"s are by drilling a small diameter shaft into the
ground behind the wall, steel tendons are inserted into the shaft follow by the grout is pumped
into shaft and then hydraulic jac" loc" off the tiebac".
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'.) (:(TE* -E(I61
(teel plate laggings
Concrete laggings
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Timber lagging
).0 C21C43(I21
In conclusion, these two different types of retaining walls, which were made in two different parts
of the world, were invented to serve the same purpose. %he common purpose, which are,
helping to retain the earth so that e$cavation and other construction wor"s can be carried out.
%hese retaining walls are also capable of retaining different types of pressure li"e hydrostatic
pressure. 8ven though, they have their own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages,
they both play a very important role is build up a building.
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0E9E0E1CE 4I(T
http5''foundatione9uipment.wordpress.com';!1;'!9'!;'sheet-pile-walls'
http5''www.ejge.com';!11'6pr11.!99'6pr11.!99arl.pdf
http5''www.jsteel.com.au'products'sheet-piles')-profile'hot-rolled-a)-profile'
http5''www.foundationrepairservices.com'service'soldier-piles-and-lagging'
http5''www.deepe$cavation.com'en'retaining-systems-soldierpile
http5''www.vertical-earth.com'services'view'<!
http5''www.p<planningengineer.com'productivity'otherG;!retaining
G;!structures'%8>S.htm
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