CIVIL & STRUCTURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA
REPORT OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2013/2014

KKKH4284 SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING

Assignment :
Task 9
Proposed Kajang Local Plan for Sustainable Development

Lecturer :
Prof. Ir. Dr. RizaAtiq Abdullah Bin O.K. Rahmat
Pn. NorlizaBtMohdAkhir
Dr. Muhammad Nazri Bin Borhan

Name of Student :
Sayed Ali Zainal Abidin A132667
Muhamad Rahmad bin Mustar A133094
Nurul Nadia binti Mohamad Yamin A134110




1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This definition has
attained universal traction and is seen by many who recognize the current unsustainable nature of
society as a means of achieving sustainability.
Kajang is located in Hulu Langat District, in Selangor. The first settlement in Kajang was
established in 1709. In 1807, Kajang was founded after the Klang War.
The current location gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total population of
Kajang has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population growth of 9% per
annum.
As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima Saujana
(straight from JalanCheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang Highlands).
Areas surrounding these new townships are easily accessible via the SILK Expressway.


Location of Kajang



2.0 ISSUES IN KAJANG
Higher population: the population in Kajang increases rapidly and its also due to the higher
employment such as in commercial sector and public sector. All the residential will be converged
at Kajang city.
Environmental issue: the increase in population and rapidly development of buildings in
contribute to pollution in Kajang. The critical pollution that occur in Kajang due to the air
pollution coming from transportation and for water pollution coming from industrial and
residential development along Sungai Langat
Road congestion: road connection system in Kajang is very narrow and it cannot occupy the
higher density of traffic congestion. Higher traffic congestion happened during peak hours and
weekends
Due to the traffic congested, the pedestrian are not given priority and the facilities such as
pedestrian bridge and sidewalk are not being provided for the pedestrian. So, the pedestrian
safety is not a priority.
Demand on residential area. At the centre of Kajang city, the land use is more on the community
facilities components and for the residential areas; it was located at the edge of the town. There
are a few townships have been developed in Kajang such as Taman Prima Saujana, Taman
Kajang Perdana and many more

3.0 QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Our city will produce a quality development to achieve a sustainable development. There are
some qualities that should be focused to achieve sustainable development in term of
economy quality
social quality
environmental quality
Economic quality
One of the ways to achieve the sustainable development is through economic health of the city
Economy activity, job creation and poverty should be noted and the role of informal activities
and small-scale trade become important.
Social quality
Sustainable urban development must take into account social justice, basic human needs, public
health, environmental awareness in space and time.. Social equality should be maintained in
terms of economic opportunities in this city.
Environmental quality
Sustainable urban development should be carried out taking into account the ability cope that
are consumption of resources, distribution of waste and pollution that is triggered on the city and
surrounding areas.

4.0 INTEGRATING TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development applied to transport systems requires the promotion of linkages
between environmental protection, economic efficiency and social progress.
Transportation, as a core component supporting the interactions and the development of
economic systems, has also been the object of much consideration about to what extent it is
sustainable
Redirecting the movement pattern of using the private transport to the public transport and also
improving the service for public transport such as subway, busses and taxi.
Upgrading the road systems by widening and implementing the smart grid system for the
transportation systems.
We also suggest making a new Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)





Minimum Environmental Impact Due to Surge in Travel Demand
The-density form of traditional kajang cities has recently come under attack as the antithesis of
the sustainable urban form promoted by the compact city advocates
1. The densification and agglomeration of activities can involve spatial structures such as
logistics zones or transit oriented developments and can result in reduced vehicle trips and
increase transport alternatives
2. The strategy of traffic is a more direct method of reducing traffic demand.
Development Access
5.0 DEVELOPMENT ACCESS: PEDESTRIANS, DISABLED PEOPLE, CYCLISTS,
PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PRIVATE TRANSPORT
A sustainable city should consist of firstly, a reliable and highly frequent public transportation
between suburbs and inner city with a high modality, and secondly, measures to optimize
motorized individual transport, such as traffic control systems, traffic management centers, and
information systems for drivers. Transportation makes its greatest contribution if it is integrated
so that switches between different modes are seamless for the users, enabling them to choose the
optimal solution for each leg. Such integrated and optimized transport systems reduce the
requirement for roads and parking and at the same time reduce congestion, air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions and also support the optimization of resources used for transportation
in general and increase the quality of life. Suitable urban development, such as mixed land use,
where work opportunities and residential units are closer to each other, can reduce the need to
travel. Flexible working time models together with public transport incentives can reduce
excessive peak period travel and encourage off-peak travel, and so make public transport more
effective and affordable.
It is intuitively clear that urban development and transportation are highly interdependent.On one
hand, change or growth of existing or new commercial or private living settlements creates needs
for new transportation or increased capacity, more frequent services, and/or shorter travel times.
Alternatively, better access to public transportation and more frequent and faster services create a
new demand for settlement space nearby, be it for commercial or private purposes, and can
completely change the character of an entire neighborhood or area. Hence, a feedback loop exists
between urban development and public transportation, but the detailed mechanisms of this loop
are not understood well enough to ensure efficient developments of space, transportation and
living environments for humans.


Pedestrians, cyclists, public and private transport are parts of every roadway environment.

Pedestrian
The demand for provision of more and better pedestrian and cyclists facilities, the demand for
this facilities influenced by :
Car ownership
The nature of the local community.
Local land use activities.
Quality of provision.
Safety and security.

Cycling Lane

Pedestrian Walk
6.0 IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
To be a self reliance city, Kajang must have good and efficient public transport systems. This
is probably the biggest challenge for the city because every day about 100,000 cars come and out
in Kajang. Reducing the number of cars will ease congestion. So, the long-term plan is to
encourage people to park their cars at the nearest public transport station, such as an LRT station
and take the train to the city.
We also need to improve the existing public transport system in Kajang as example the time
travel of bus and LRT. We would like to encourage the residents use public transport or cycling
at Kajang, so it can reduce the traffic congestion in Kajang. Other than that, to preventthe traffic
congestion in Kajang, we have planned to provide the exclusive lanes for publictransport which
the buses or taxi will be separate with private cars. Then, we will give the better information for
all transport users, be they pedestrians in public or private transportation, toallow them to make
the better judgments. Traffic flows can be smoothed and so congestionremoved with better
information. Upgrading the road systems by widening and implementing the smart grid system
for the transportation systems is also one of the plans.

So we can conclude that, the several strategies that we have planned in order to do
redevelopment in Kajang Town are:
Improving the quality of bus services throughout the area
Improving network coverage to give access to key facilities.
Improving bus stations and bus stops to improve the waiting environment.
Improving the scope and range of information provided to passengers.
Maintaining a range of tickets which allow travel throughout the network or can be used on
trams and trains
In general plan network due to long-term developments encourage the use of public transport
by it competitive advantage over private car.
7.0 URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Urban design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns. First is
the building in our city. Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design. The shape
and articulate space by forming the streetwalks of the city well designed buildings and groups of
buildings work together to create a sense of place. In addition, the public space should be the
great as the living room of the city which is the place where people come together to enjoy the
city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible. Public spaces
ranges from grand central plazas and squares, to small and local neighborhood parks. Besides,
our Kajang city should provide street which is the connections between spaces and places, as
well as being spaces themselves. We defined the streets by their physical dimension and
character as well as the size, scale and character buildings that line them. The pattern of our
street network is part of what defines a city and makes city unique. Furthermore, our transport
system connects the parts of cities and help shape them and enable movement throughout the
city. It is include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks and together form the total
movement system of a city. The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define
the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The
best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the
dominance of the private automobile. The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves
throughout - in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.
The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces
and elements.

8.0 CONTEXT FOR OVERALL PLAN


Considers the wider context of the local setting, the characteristics of the site for development,
and strategies for the overall design character of a proposal, to be attractive and function well,
the plan should take into account the following:
1) Respecting the local site
The design should pay particular attention to the characteristics of the local setting. The context
of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will:
Respect the qualities of the best of the surrounding landscapes and townscapes,
Provide spatial characteristics and building forms that are sympathetic to the
surroundings,
Respond to existing land uses and provide an appropriate mix of dwellings and uses,
Integrate with existing patterns of movement.
2) Responding to the site

The design will need to respond sympathetically to the characteristics of the site to achieve the
quality desired. This section illustrates relevant aspects for undertaking the necessary site
evaluation, and includes guidance on assessments of the history of the site, landform, flora and
fauna, climate and noise and nuisance.

Main objectives
The characteristics of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will:
Respect the history of the site, and appropriately protect and integrate features of the
archaeological and built heritage
Respond to the form of the land, its contours and views to and from the site, make the
best use of existing vegetation, and protect or create, appropriate conditions for flora and
fauna to thrive
Promote designs that respond to the microclimate of the site, and that might contribute to
the energy efficiency of the buildings designed.


9.0 LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical element such as
landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like human activity and build
environment. Parallel with Local Agenda 21, the diversity of nature is valued and protected. The
initiative has contributed to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as well as to the
fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from genetic resources. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem
productivity where each species have an important role to play and that it is this combination that
enables the ecosystems to posses the ability to prevent and recover from a variety disasters

9.2 EXISTING SITUATION AND ISSUES
9.2.1 Landscape
Existing situation
In Kajang Town, there have place that do not have any landscape and also have some landscape.
Even there have some landscape at certain places, it is still not enough to sustain the Earth. The
landscape at town also not protected.

Figure 9.1: Existing landscape in town of Kajang

Issues
o not enough landscape at town
o the landscapes are not protected





9.2.2 Genetic diversity
Existing situation
Genetic diversity is divided by two parts which are flora and fauna. Some of plants become
disappeared when the city become bigger and progressive. Besides that, the climate change like
global warming can affect the plants to grow up. Same with plants, animal also gradually
disappeared when the city become larger. The forest was intruded.
Issues
o Decreasing the growth of flora at the city centre
o Plants become die
o Fauna will be extinct and have no place to live

9.2.3 Ecological diversity
Existing situation
Kajang has a small of species of plants means less variety of crops and small species of animals
not ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained. These flora and fauna have no place to go
and most of the place was replaced with building and roads or other facilities.
Issue
o The population of plants and animals and will be decrease varies with time
o No place for these plants to live and these animals have no place to go





9.3 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
To enhance the biodiversity aspect, Kajang Structure Plan aims to:
o Do not disturb the reserved forest
o Planted forest at undeveloped land areas
o Do the landscape at town and home
o Build more recreation garden
o Build a garden for those have big yard at home
These strategies are important because biological diversity give benefits to human such as:
o Biological resources
Food (plants and animals), forest, product, fuel, timber, pharmaceutical, fish
o Unknown resources
Pharmaceutical, biocides
o Genetic resources
Enabling us to cross wild species with food or flower species to obtain improved
varieties and hybrids
o Ecosystem services
Providing fresh air, cleansing the water, recycling our waste
o Tourism and recreation
People like to visit natural places as these become rarer.

Figure 9.2: Garden at home


Figure 9.3: Fauna that will be protected



10.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal
heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity
generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
About 16% of global final energy consumption presently comes from renewable
resources, with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4%
from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal,
and biofuels) account for another 3% and are growing rapidly. At the national level, at least 30
nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy
supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the
coming decade and beyond. Wind power, for example, is growing at the rate of 30% annually,
with a worldwide installed capacity of 282,482 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2012.
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other
energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of
renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate
change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong
support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also
suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human
development. United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy
has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity




10.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
10.2.1 Solar energy
Introduction
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics
(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.
Photovoltaics were initially, and still are, used to power small and medium-sized
applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by
a photovoltaic array. They are an important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy
where grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply unavailable.
However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is also increasingly being used
even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid.
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392
MW ISEGS CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave
Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the SEGS (354 MW) in the Mojave
Desert of California, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power
station (150 MW), both in Spain. The 290 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United States,
and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the worlds largest photovoltaic power
stations.

Figure 10.1: This is how the solar energy works

Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of solar power
o Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of collectors and other
equipment required to convert solar energy into electricity or hot water.
o Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors and other associated
equipment / machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause some pollution.
o Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to extend the
electricity power grid.
o Many everyday items such as calculators and other low power consuming devices can be
powered by solar energy effectively.
o It is estimated that the worlds oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. On the other hand,
solar energy is infinite (forever).



Disadvantages of solar power
o Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny.
o Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture although prices
are falling rapidly.
o Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the power output of similar sized
conventional power stations. They are also very expensive.
o In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also
unreliable as a source of energy. Cloudy skies reduce its effectiveness.
o Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy. Collectors are usually
arranged together especially when electricity is to be produced and used in the same
location.
o Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night.
However, the batteries are large and heavy and need storage space. They also need
replacing from time to time.

10.2.2 Wind power
Introduction
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind
turbines to produce electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water
pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to
the electric power transmission network. For new constructions, onshore wind is an inexpensive
source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than fossil fuel plants.Small
onshore wind farms provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy
surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines. Offshore wind is steadier and
stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and
maintenance costs are considerably higher.
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely
distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little
land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power
sources. As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind and
83 countries around the world are using wind power to supply the electricity grid. In 2010 wind
energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at
more than 25% per annum.
Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter
time scales. As the proportion of windpower in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid,
and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management
techniques such as having excess capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines,
dispatchable backing sources, storage such aspumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and
importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can
greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network
to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. Wind power can be
considered a topic in applied eolics

Figure 10.2: This is how wind turbine operated
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of wind power
o The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently
o Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not causes greenhouse gases or
other pollutants
o Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This
means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural area
as farming can still continue
o Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to
produce their own supply
o Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and
businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good
use of range of wind turbines available today.



Disadvantages of wind power
o The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This
means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
o Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large
structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy.
o Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car
travelling at 70 mph.
o Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or
interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
o When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind
power does produce some pollution.
o Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity. For
example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough electricity for
475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed for a town of 100
000 people?

10.3 EXISTING SITUATION AND ISSUE
Existing situation
Up to this day, no renewable energy at Kajang. This is because the residents do not exposed
about the importance of renewable energy and how extreme our earth if global warming keep on
increasing.
Issues
o Do not have any renewable energy sources
o The residents do not know about renewable energy
o Do not have place or space to recycle the energy

10.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
In order to enhance the renewable energy in Kajang, some strategies are introduced:
o Build the planted forest at vacant land
o Protect the forest at Hulu Langat District and Hulu SemenyihDistrict area
o Every resident are encourage to do landscape at yard of their house
o Turn off the light if no one in room and when not needed
o Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to replace the lamp because these bulbs can produce
same amount of light but using quarter of electricity only
o Buy products that have the Energy Star label on them. Energy Star labels are found on
over 40 product categories and in the year 2005alone is responsible for saving consumers
over 12 billion dollars
o Use solar power to heat water and pools, cook, and light homes and buildings
o Use lawn as an air conditioner
11.0 AIR QUALITY
Reducing air pollution will improve the quality of life for everyone. Reducing air pollution often
means using less fuel and energy which indirectly save money. The main source of pollution in
the Kajang city center is from road traffic. By using public transportations, sustainable house
system and providing more green areas, it could help in improving the state of air quality in
Kajang city center.
Active transport such as bicycle should be encourage especially in education center
places to improve the air quality

Figure 11.1: Encourage cycling in campus

Figure 11.2: An example of a tram that passes through the city, reducing the dependencies of the
public to private vehicles. In turn, the air will be less polluted
Contrary to popular belief, indoor air quality can actually be more polluted than outdoors.
Pollutants range from toxins, such as asbestos and formaldehyde found in building materials to
allergens such as mold, mildew, fungus, bacteria, and dust mites. The negative effects of these
pollutants may cause health problems upon initial exposure or even many years later. However,
there are several measures that can be taken to improve the indoor air quality:
i. Choose ventilation system that removes dirt, dust, moisture, humidity, andpollutants.
ii. Select materials, such as those without formaldehyde, limit off-gassing, have minimal or
no toxic properties and do not shed dust or fibre.

Figure 11.3: Source of the poisonous asbestos that can be found in a home.


Figure 11.4: The local community should be exposed to the importance of planting
more trees around their house

12.0 WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE
Storm water runoff is excess precipitation that flows into water bodies and local stormsewer
systems largely due to the prevalence of hard surfaces, such as imperviousconcrete. It is a large
quantity of water that would ordinarily be absorbed into the groundin the natural environment.
Storm water runoff collects pollutants, chemicals and debrisas it flows over paved surfaces and
into water bodies. It also causes erosion, decreasesgroundwater recharge and alters aquatic
environments. By practicing rain waterharvesting system for every house and offices, the storm
water can be used for flushingtoilets and watering plant.

Figure 12.1: Integrate the infrastructure with green environment to reduce storm water runoff

There will be no open channelled drainage in the proposed development. For landscaping
purposes, swale or MuldenRigolen system will be used throughout the new development of Kajang where
the rainwater is channelled into the grassed-over hollow as inFigure 12.2and12.3. The water
seeps into the gravel-filled underground storage basin beneath. Furthermore, rain garden is also
proposed to be constructed at the intersection of every swale.


Figure 12.2: Example of swale drain

Figure 12.3: Example of swale drain

A rain garden is a garden which takes advantage of rainfall and storm water runoffin its
design with selected types of plants. Usually, it is a small garden which is designedto withstand
the extremes of moisture and concentrations of nutrients, particularlyNitrogen and Phosphorus that
are usually found in storm water runoff. Rain gardens aresited ideally close to the source of the runoff and
serve to slow the velocity of storm water as it travels downhill, giving the storm water more time
to infiltrate and lessopportunity to gain momentum and erosive power.

Figure 12.4: A graphical representation of the rain garden system.

On the surface, a rain garden will look like an attractive garden as inFigure 12.5. It may
support habitat for birds and butterflies, a formal landscape amenity or incorporated into a larger
garden as a border or as an entry feature.

Figure 12.5: An example of a rain garden concept from the surface