1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION














2

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER
In this modern society, domestic customers appliances normally draw large harmonic
and reactive current from the system. High harmonic current causes various problems in
power systems and consumer products, such as overheating in equipment and
transformer, blown capacitor fuses, excessive neutral current, low power factor, etc.. On
the other hand, loadings with low power factor draw more reactive current than those
with high power factor. The larger the reactive current/power, the larger the system
current losses and lower the network stability Thus, electrical utilities usually charge the
industrial and commercial customers a higher electricity cost with a low power factor
situation. To eliminate the harmonic and reactive current problems, application of
power filters is one of the most suitable solutions. Since the first installation of passive
power filters (PPFs) in the mid 1940s, PPFs have been widely used to suppress
harmonic current and compensate reactive power in distribution power systems due to
their low-cost, simplicity, and high-efficiency characteristics. However, they have many
disadvantages such as low dynamic performance, filtering characteristics easily be
affected by small variations of the system parameter values and resonance problems
Since the concept active ac power filter was first developed by Gyugyi in 1976], the
research studies of the active power filters (APFs) for current quality compensation
have been prospered since then. Although APFs overcome the disadvantages inherent in
PPFs, the initial and operational costs are relatively high due to its high dc- link
operating voltage during inductive loading. This results in slowing down their large-
scale applications in distribution networks. Later on, different hybrid APF (HAPF)
topologies composed of active and passive parts in series and/or parallel have been
proposed, in which the active part is a controllable power electronic converter, and the
passive part is formed by RLC component. This combination aims to improve the
compensation characteristics of PPFs and reduces the voltage and/or current ratings
(costs) of the APFs, thus providing a cost-effective solution for compensating reactive
and harmonic current problems Among HAPF topologies in a transformer less LC
3

coupling HAPF (LC-HAPF) has been proposed and applied recently for current quality
compensation and damping of harmonic propagation in distribution power system in
which it has less passive components and lower dc- link operating voltage comparing
with an APF In addition, LC HAPF is normally designed to deal with harmonic current
rather than reactive power compensation the inverter part is responsible to compensate
harmonic currents only and the passive part provides a fixed amount of reactive power.
In practical case, the load-side reactive power consumption usually varies from time to
time, and if the loading mainly consists of induction motors such as centralized an air-
conditioning system, its reactive power consumption will be much higher than the
harmonic power consumption As a result, it is necessary for the LC-HAPF to perform
dynamic reactive power compensation together with harmonic current compensation.
Even though the reactive power compensating range is small with a low dc- link voltage,
the LC-HAPF can still provide dynamic reactive power compensation. Thus, its reactive
power compensation ability (within its specification)

1.2 MULTILEVEL INVERTER AND CHARACTERISTICS
The elementary concept of a multilevel inverter to achieve higher power is to use power
semiconductor switches with several lower voltage dc sources to perform the power
conversion by synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform. Capacitors, batteries and
renewable energy voltage sources can be used as the multiple dc voltage sources. The
commutation of the power switches aggregate these multiple dc sources in order to
achieve high voltage at the output.
A multilevel inverter has several advantages over a conventional two level inverter that
uses high switching frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) .The features of a
multilevel inverter can be summarized as follows: Multilevel inverters not only can
generate the output voltages with very low distortion ,also reduces the dv/dt stresses:
therefore electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can be reduced.
4

Multilevel inverters produce smaller common mode (CM) voltage ;therefore, the stress
in the bearing of a motor connected to a multilevel motor drive can be reduced.
Furthermore, CM voltage can be eliminated by using advanced modulation techniques.
Multilevel inverters can draw input current with low distortion.
Multilevel inverters can operate at both fundamental switching frequency and high
switching frequency PWM. It should be noted that lower switching frequency usually
means lower switching loss and higher efficiency.
Multilevel inverters do have some disadvantages such as each switch requires a related
gate drive circuit. This may cause the overall system to be more expensive and
complex.
The principal function of the inverters is to generate an ac voltage from a dc source
voltage. If the dc voltage is composed by many small voltage sources connected in
series, it becomes possible to generate an output voltage with several steps. Multilevel
inverters include an arrangement of semiconductors and dc voltage sources required to
generate a staircase output voltage waveform. Figure. 1.1 shows the schematic diagram
of voltage source- inverters with a different number of levels.

Figure.1.1 Basic Multilevel Inverters (a) Two levels, (b) Three levels, and
(c) m Levels.
5

It is well known that a two level inverter, such as the one shown in Figure. 1.1(a),
generates an output voltage with two different values (levels), V
C
and zero, with
respect to the negative terminal of the dc source (0), while a three- level module,
Figure.1.1 (b) generates three different voltages at the output (2V
C
, V
C
, and zero).
The different positions of the ideal switches are implemented with a number of
semiconductors that are in direct relation with the output voltage number of levels.
Multilevel inverters are implemented with small dc sources to form a staircase ac
waveform, which follows a given reference template. For example, having ten dc
sources with magnitudes equal to 20 V each, a composed 11- level waveform can be
obtained (five positive, five negatives, and zero with respect to the middle point
between the ten sources), generating a sinusoidal waveform with 100-V amplitude as
shown in Figure. 1.2, and with very low THD.

Figure. 1.2 Voltage Waveform from an 11-Level Inverter.

6

It can be observed that the larger the number of the inverter dc supplies, the greater the
number of steps that can be generated, obtaining smaller harmonic distortion. However,
the number of dc sources is directly related to the number of levels through the
equation:
n = m-1
Where n is the number of dc supplies connected in series and m is the number of the
output voltage levels. In order to get a 51-level inverter output voltage, 50-V supplies
would be required, which is too much for a simple topology. Besides the problem of
having to use too many power supplies to get a multilevel inverter, there is a second
problem which is also important, the number of power semiconductors required to
implement the commutation circuit, as shown in Figure.1.1 Technical literature has
proposed two converter topologies for the implementation of the power commutation,
using force-commutated devices [transistors or gate turnoff Thyristors (GTOs).

1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF MULTI LEVEL INVERTERS
The multilevel inverters can be classified as follows:
Diode clamped multilevel inverter
Flying capacitor multilevel inverter
Cascaded multilevel inverter

1.2.1. DIODE-CLAMPED INVERTER
This inverter consists of a number of semiconductors connected in series, and another
identical number of voltage sources, also connected in series. These two chains are
connected with diodes at the upper and lower semiconductors as shown in Figure.1.2.1
(a).
7


Figure.1.2.1 (A) The M-Level (B) Three-Level Diode-Clamped Inverter
Topology
For an m - level converter, the required number of transistors is given by
T= 2(m-1) . (2)
Then, for the example of a 51-level converter, 100 power transistors would be required
(which is an enormous amount of switches to be controlled). One of the most utilized
configure rations with this topology is that of the three- level inverter, which is shown in
Figure. 1.2.1. (b). The capacitors act like two dc sources connected in series.
8

Thus, in the diagram, each capacitor accumulates 1/2 V
dc
, giving voltages at the output
of 1/2 V
dc
, 0, or 1/2 V
dc
with respect to the middle point between the capacitors.
1.2.2 CAPACITOR-CLAMPED INVERTER
This inverter has a similar structure to that of the diode-clamped, however it can
generate the voltage steps with capacitors connected as shown in Figure.1.2.2. The
problem with this converter is that it requires a large number of capacitors, which
translates to a bulky and expensive converter as compared with the diode-clamped
inverter.

Figure. 1.2.2 The M-Level Capacitor-Clamped Inverter.
Besides, the number of transistors used is the same with the diode-clamped inverter, and
therefore, for a 51- level inverter, 100 power transistors are required. In order to
overcome all these problems, a third topology, which will be called the transistor-
clamped inverter will be presented and analyzed.
9

1.2.3. TRANSISTOR-CLAMPED INVERTER
The transistor-clamped inverter has the advantage of requiring the same number of
power transistors as the levels generated, and therefore, half with respect to the previous
topologies reduces the semiconductors. A 51-level converter requires 51 transistors
(instead of 100 transistors). Figure 1.2.3 shows the circuit topology of a - level transistor
clamped inverter, which satisfies
T =m .. (3)

Figure 1.2.3 The M-Level Transistor-Clamped Inverter.
10

In this topology, the control of the gates is very simple because only one power
transistor is switched-on at a time. Then, there is a direct relation between the output
voltage, Vout, and the transistor that has to be turned-on. However, and despite the
excellent characteristics of this topology, the number of transistors is still too large to
allow the implementation of a practical converter with more than 50 levels. One
solution for increasing the number of steps could be the use of H converters, like the
one shown in Figure. 6, which consists of connecting two of the previously discussed
topologies in series (two legs). If transistor-clamped inverters are used to build an H
converter, the number of transistors required for an -level inverter is 1, which means
only one more transistor than what is required for a simple leg configure ration.
However, the number of dc sources is reduced to 50%, which is the most important
advantage of H converters.

1.2.4. CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER
Another characteristic is that the H topology has many redundant combinations of
switches positions to produce the same voltage levels. As an example, the level zero
can be generated with switches in position S(1) and S(2), or S(3) and S(4), or S(5) and
S(6), and so on. Another characteristic of H converters is that they only produce an
odd number of levels, which ensures the existence of the 0V level at the load .For
example, a 51- level inverter using an H configuration with transistor-clamped
topology requires 52 transistors, but only 25 power supplies instead of the 50 required
when using a single leg. Therefore, the problem related to increasing the number of
levels and reducing the size and complexity has been partially solved, since power
supplies have been reduced to 50%.

11


Figure 1.2.4. The m-level inverter using an H bridge.
1.3 SELECTION OF MULTI LEVEL INVERTER
Compared with the diode-clamped and flying- capacitors inverter, Cascaded
inverter requires least number of components i.e. the cascaded inverter does not
require any voltage-clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors to achieve
the same number of voltage levels.

Soft switching technique can be used to reduce switching losses and device
stresses.


From the above discussion an optimized circuit layout and packaging are possible with
cascade topology because each level has the same structure and there are no extra
clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors.

12

1.4 FEATURES OF CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER
The main features are as follows:
For real power conversions from AC to DC and then DC to AC the cascaded
inverter need separate dc sources. The structure of separate dc sources is well
suited for various renewable energy sources such as fuel cell, photovoltaic and
biomass.
Connecting DC sources between two converters in a back-to- back fashion is not
possible because a short circuit can be introduced when two back-to-back
converters are not switching synchronously.

The major advantages of the cascaded inverter are as follows:
Compared with the diode-clamped and flying-capacitors inverter, it requires
least number of components i.e. the cascaded inverter does not require any
voltage-clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors to achieve the same
number of voltage levels.
Optimized circuit layout and packaging are possible because each level has the
same structure and there are no extra
Soft switching technique can be used to reduce switching losses and device
stresses.
The major disadvantages of the cascaded inverter are as follows:
It needs separate dc sources for real power conversions, thereby limiting its
applications.
1.5 NEED FOR OPTIMIZATION
In order to overcome the major disadvantage of the cascaded multilevel inverter
mentioned above an optimization technique is carried out to minimize the
number of power supplies and power semiconductor switching devices for the
13

given number of levels by applying the appropriate combinations of the
switching devices. It is achieved by applying the sinusoidal switching frequency
modulation.
Inverter
configuration
Diode-Clamp
Inverter
Flying-Capacitors
Inverter
Cascaded
Inverters
Main Switching
Devices
2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2(m-1)
Main
Diodes
2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2(m-1)
Clamping
Diodes
(m-1)(m-2) 0 0
DC Bus
Capacitors
(m-1) (m-1) (m-1)/2
Balancing
Capacitors
0 (m-1)(m-2)/2 0

Table.1.5 Comparison of power component requirements per phase leg among
three Multilevel Inverter
14








CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY












15

S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, N. Mendalek, and K. Al-Haddad, A new control technique for
three-phase shunt hybrid power filter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2904
2915, Aug. 2009
This paper proposed three phase shunt hybrid active filter, it improves the dynamic reactive
power compensation and also enhances the harmonic current compensation but still the
switching losses are more.

W. Tangtheerajaroonwong, T. Hatada, K. Wada, and H. Akagi, Design and performance
of a transformerless shunt hybrid filter integrated into a three-phase diode rectifier, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 18821889, Sep. 2007.
This paper proposed transformer less shunt hybrid filter which provides less passive components,
lower dc link operating voltage but there is no reactive power compensation.

S. T. Senini and P. J.Wolfs, Systematic identification and review of hybrid active filter
topologies in Proc. IEEE 33rd Annu. Power Electro Spec. Conf. (PESC), 2002, vol. 1, pp.
394399.
This paper proposed hybrid active filter topologies which are simpler in structure and provides
more efficiency yet the dynamic performance is low.

P. Salmeron and S. P. Litran, A control strategy for hybrid power filter to compensate
four-wires three-phase systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1923
1931, Jul. 2010.
This paper proposed the series active filter and shunt passive filter, the active filter is able to
compensate the reactive power, this strategy improves the passive filter compensation
characteristics.

H. -L. Jou, K. -D. Wu, J.- C. Wu, C. -H. Li, and M. -S. Huang, Novel power converter
topology for three phase four-wire hybrid power filter, IET Power Electron., vol. 1, pp.
164173, 2008
16

This paper proposed thee phase four wire hybrid power filter it uses the less number of switches
to reduce the manufacturing cost.
C.-S. Lam, W.-H. Choi, M.-C. Wong, and Y.-D. Han, Adaptive dc-link voltage controlled
hybrid active power filters for reactive power compensation, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 17581772, Apr. 2012.
This paper improves the power and harmonic compensation also reduces the switching loss and
noise using adaptive control method.
















17










CHAPTER 3
ASYMMETRICAL DC SOURCE BASED MLI








18

POWER ELECTRONICS
Power electronics combine power, electronics and control. Control deals with the steady-
state and dynamic characteristics of closed-loop systems. Power deals with the static and
rotating power equipment for the generation, transmission and distribution of electric
energy. Electronics deal with the solid-state devices and circuits for signal processing to
meet the desired control objectives.
Power electronics are based primarily on the switching of the power semiconductor
devices. With the development of power semiconductor technology, the power-handling
capabilities and the switching speed of the power devices have improved tremendously.
ASYMMETRICAL DC SOURCE BASED MLI
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


Figure: Block Diagram of Asymmetrical DC Source Based MLI
19

DC source:
It is the first stage of this project. So it gives the DC supply to Inverter. The DC source may be
Battery or fuel cell or rectified from AC source
Multi level inverter:
It is used to convert dc to ac voltage.theselective harmonic elimination method is used to control
the inverter outpout. The output voltage has nine steps so it is called nine level output and this
inverter is called as nine level inverter.
AC Load:
Multi level inverter is generate ac output voltage . it is used to run single phase ac motor and any
appliance required for ac voltage.
Micro controller:
Micro controller is used to generate triggering pulse for mosfets. It is used to control the outputs.
Micro controller have more advantage compare then analog circuits and micro processor such as
fast response, low cost, small size and etc.
Driver 1 & 2:
It is also called as power amplifier because it is used to amplify the pulse output from micro
controller. It is also called as opto coupler IC. It provides isolation between microcontroller and
power circuits.
Regulated Power supply (RPS):
RPS give 5V supply for micro controller and 12V supply for driver. It is converted from AC
supply. AC supply is step down using step down transformer.



20

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


Figure.3.1 Circuit Diagram of Proposed MLI
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
A cascaded multilevel inverter consists of a series of H-bridge (single phase full bridge) inverter
units. The general function of this multilevel inverter is to synthesize a desired voltage from
several dc sources (SCDs), which may be obtained from batteries, fuel cells. Figure.3.1 shows
optimized topology of single-phase cascaded inverter. The ac terminal voltages of each bridge
are connected in series. Unlike the diode clamp or flying-capacitors inverter, the cascaded
inverter does not require any voltage-clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors. This
configuration is useful for constant frequency applications such as active front-end rectifiers,
active power filters, and reactive power compensation.
A
U
X
I
L
I
A
R
Y

B
R
I
D
G
E

M
A
I
N

B
R
I
D
G
E

21

In this case, the power supply could also be voltage regulated dc capacitor. The circuit diagram
consists of two cascade bridges. The load id is connected in such away that the sum of output of
these bridges will appear across it. The ratio of the power supplies between the auxiliary bridge
and the main bridge is 1:3. One important characteristic of multilevel converters using voltage
escalation is that electric power distribution and switching frequency present advantages for the
implementation of these topologies.
3.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The phase output voltage is synthesized by the sum of two inverter outputs. Each inverter bridge
is capable of generating three different levels of voltage outputs. The main bridge can generate
+3Vdc, 0, -3Vdc and the auxiliary bridge can generate +V
dc
, 0, -V
dc
. By using appropriate
combinations of switching devices many voltage levels are obtained. When the positive group
switches are turned on the voltage across that particular bridge is positive. When the negative
group switches are turned on the voltage across that particular bridge is negative.
When S
1
, S
2
are turned on the voltage across the main bridge is +3V
dc
. When S
3
, S
4
are turned on
the voltage across the main bridge is -3V
dc
.When S
5
, S
6
are turned on the voltage across the
auxiliary bridge is +V
dc
. When S
7
, S
8
are turned on the voltage across the auxiliary bridge is -V
dc
.
To obtain +2V
dc
the switch combinations S
1
, S
2
, S
7
& S
8
are turned on.
To obtain +4V
dc
the switch combinations S
1
, S
2
, S
5
& S
6
are turned on. To obtain -2V
dc
the
switch combinations S
3
, S
4
, S
5
& S
6
are turned on. To obtain -4V
dc
the switch combinations S3,
S4, S7 & S8

are turned on. The following table shows the switching strategy of transistors at
each level. The status of the switch is 0, that switch is in OFF condition. The status of the
switch is 1, that switch is in ON condition.




22


Voltage
Level

S
1


S
2


S
3


S
4


S
5


S
6


S
7


S
8

-4V
dc
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
-3V
dc
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
-2V
dc
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
-1V
dc
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+1V
dc
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
+2V
dc
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+3V
dc
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
+4V
dc
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Table 3.3 Switching Strategies At Each Level.
PULSE GENERATION:
Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
Space Vector Modulation (SVM) is quite different from the PWM methods. With PWMs, the
inverter can be thought of as three separate push-pull driver stages, which create each phase
waveform independently. SVM, however, treats the inverter as a single unit, specifically the
inverter can be driven to eight unique states. The concept of space vector is derived from the
rotating field of ac machine which is used for modulating the inverter output voltage.
23

If three phase sinusoidal and balanced voltages are applied to a three-phase load, it can be shown
that the space vector V with magnitude V
m
rotates in a circular orbit at angular velocity where
the direction of rotation depends on the phase sequence of the voltages. SVM is a digital
modulating technique, where the objective is to generate PWM load line voltages that are in
average equal to a given load line voltage. This is done in each sampling period by properly
selecting the switch states of the inverter and the calculation of the appropriate time period for
each state.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


DC source:
It is the first stage of this project. So it is give the DC supply to Inverter. The DC source may
be Battery or fuel cell or rectified from AC source
24

Inverter:
It converts DC supply to AC output. This converter is used to eliminate a selective harminics in
the line current.the inverter output is injected through shunt transformer into line.
Filter:
Inverter has more harmonics it should be removed with help of LC filter circuit
AC source:
It is the first stage of this project. So it is give the AC supply to rectifier. The input side having
one inductive filter. It is used to improve the input power factor.
AC Load:
Multi level inverter is generate ac output voltage . it is used to run single phase ac motor and any
appliance required for ac voltage
Conventional System Drawbacks
Passive filters are not suitable for variable load
Line losses and instability due to harmonics
More current and Voltage distortion
Less efficiency
Advantages of Proposed system
Less harmonics
improve the voltage waveform from distortion
Improve the power quality
Reactive power compensation
Improve the stability
Applications
Power quality improvement in Grid
Voltage stability improvement in Grid
Power Control improvement in Grid
25














CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE ANALYSIS











26

4. SIMULATION

4.1 GENERAL
Simulation has become a very powerful tool on the industry application as well as in academics,
nowadays. It is now essential for an electrical engineer to understand the concept of simulation
and learn its use in various applications. Simulation is one of the best ways to study the system
or circuit behavior without damaging it .The tools for doing the simulation in various fields are
available in the market for engineering professionals. Many industries are spending a
considerable amount of time and money in doing simulation before manufacturing their product.
In most of the research and development (R&D) work, the simulation plays a very important
role. Without simulation it is quiet impossible to proceed further. It should be noted that in power
electronics, computer simulation and a proof of concept hardware prototype in the laboratory are
complimentary to each other. However computer simulation must not be considered as a
substitute for hardware prototype. The objective of this chapter is to describe simulation of
impedance source inverter with R, R-L and RLE loads using MATLAB tool.

4.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses includes
1. Math and computation
2. Algorithm development
3. Data acquisition
4. Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
5. Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
6. Scientific and engineering graphics
7. Application development, including graphical user interface building

27

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today,
MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art
in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M- files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic,
wavelets, simulation, and many others.
4.1.3 THE MATLAB SYSTEM.
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
Desktop Tools and Development Environment
This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of
these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command
Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, a code analyzer and other reports, and
browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

28

The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse,
matrix eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The MATLAB Language
This is a high- level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming
in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the
large" to create large and complex application programs.
Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high- level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low- level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as
well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
The MATLAB External Interfaces/API
This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling
MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT- files.
MATLAB Documentation
MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printed and online format, to help you
learn about and use all of its features. If you are a new user, start with this Getting Started book.
It covers all the primary MATLAB features at a high level, including many examples. The
MATLAB online help provides task-oriented and reference information about MATLAB
features. MATLAB documentation is also available in printed form and in PDF format.

29

MATLAB Online Help
To view the online documentation, select MATLAB Help from the Help menu in MATLAB.
The MATLAB documentation is organized into these main topics:
The Role of Simulation in Design
Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electro mechanical devices
like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the
performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power
system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that
tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the analyst' s role is the fact
that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is through simulation.
Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of
power systems. A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronic s and
control systems to achieve their performance objectives.
Sim Power Systems is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and
easily build models that simulate power systems. Sim Power Systems uses the Simulink
environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures. Not only
can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the circuit can include its
interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possible because all
the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive Simulink modeling library. Since
Simulink uses MATLAB as its computational engine, designers can also use MATLAB
toolboxes and Simulink block sets. Sim Power Systems and Sim Mechanics share a special
Physical Modeling block and connection line interface.
4.1.4 Sim Power Systems Libraries
We can rapidly put Sim Power Systems to work. The libraries contain models of typical power
equipment such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are
proven ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience of the Power
Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Qubec, a large North
30










Matlab Library
American utility located in Canada, and also on the experience of Ecole de Technologie
suprieure and Universit Laval. The capabilities of Sim Power Systems for modeling a typical
electrical system are illustrated in demonstration files. And for users who want to refresh t heir
knowledge of power system theory, there are also self- learning case studies.
The Sim Power Systems main library, powerlib, organizes its blocks into libraries according to
their behavior. The powerlib library window displays the block library icons and names. Double-
click a library icon to open the library and access the blocks. The main Sim Power Systems
powerlib library window also contains the powergui block that opens a graphical user interface
for the steady-state analysis of electrical circuits.



31

4.1.5 Advantages of MATLAB
MATLAB is a widely used tool in the electrical engineering community.
MATLAB is used for analyzing power system steady-state behavior and its capabilities
for simulating transients in power systems and power electronics. It can be used for
simple mathematical manipulations with matrices.
SIMULATION RESULTS:
4.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Figure 4.2 Conventional system

32


Figure 4.3: RMS voltage the x-axis represents time, y-axis represents power

Figure 4.4: Real power &reactive power the x-axis represents time, y-axis represents power


33

FFT Analysis:
Fundamental (50Hz)=5474,THD=3.24%

Frequency (Hz)
Figure 4.5: FFT analysis

Figure 4.6: Proposed circuit
34

PROPOSED SIMULINK MODEL:

Figure 4.7: Proposed Circuit

Figure 4.8: Phase voltage

35


Figure 4.9: RMS voltage

Figure 4.10: Real and reactive power

Figure 4.11: FFT analysis

36














CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION















37

5. CONCLUSION

In this project nine level inverter have been proposed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The space
vector pulse width modulation technique (SVPWM) was used. The factors such as total
harmonic distortion (THD), RMS voltage, real and reactive power compensation are analyzed.
The proposed multilevel inverter based hybrid active power filter in three phases four wire
systems provides low harmonics, reactive power compensation and higher RMS voltage. The
hybrid active power (HAPF) improves the compensation characteristics, thus providing cost
effective solution for compensating reactive and harmonic current problems.



















38

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