6.76 A steam turbine receives steam from two boilers.

One ow is 5 kg/s at 3
MPa, 700

Cand the other ow is at 15 kg/s at 800 kPa 500

C. The exit state is

10 kPa with a quality of 96%. Find the total power out of the adiabatic turbine.
Given: Inlet and outlet conditions of steam turbine.
Find: Power output of turbine.
Assumptions: Steady ow process, negligible changes in kinetic and potential
energy,

Q = 0 (adiabatic).
Solution:
Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

CV
=

m
i

m
e
0 = m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
Conservation of Energy:

dE
dt

=

Q

W +

m
i
(h
i
+ke
i
+pe
i
)

m
e
(h
e
+ke
e
+pe
e
)
0 = 0

W + m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3

W = m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3
Dene States:
State 1 State 2 State 3
P
1
= 3 MPa P
2
= 800 kPa P
3
= 10 kPa
T
1
= 700

C T
2
= 500

C x
3
= 0.96
h
1
= 3912 kJ/kg h
2
= 3481 kJ/kg h
3
= 191.8kJ/kg+(0.96)2392.8kJ/kg=2489 kJ/kg
m
1
= 5 kg/s m
2
= 15 kg/s m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
= 20 kg/s

W = 5 kg/s(3912 kJ/kg) + 15 kg/s(3481 kJ/kg) 20 kg/s(2489 kJ/kg) = 22.0 MW

6.77 A compressor receives 0.05 kg/s R-410a at 200 kPa, -20

Cand 0.1 kg/s

R-410a at 400 kPa, 0

C. The exit ow is at 1000 kPa, 60

C. Assume adiabatic,
neglect kinetic energies, and nd the required, power input.
Given: Inlet and outlet conditions of a compressor.
Find: Required power input to compressor.
Assumptions: Steady ow process, negligible changes in kinetic and potential
energy,

Q = 0 (adiabatic).
Solution:
Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

CV
=

m
i

m
e
0 = m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
Conservation of Energy:

dE
dt

=

Q

W +

m
i
(h
i
+ke
i
+pe
i
)

m
e
(h
e
+ke
e
+pe
e
)
0 = 0

W + m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3

W = m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3
Dene States:
State 1 State 2 State 3
P
1
= 200 kPa P
2
= 400 kPa P
3
= 1000 kPa
T
1
= 20

C T
2
= 0

C T
3
= 60

C
h
1
= 278.7 kJ/kg h
2
= 290.4 kJ/kg h
3
= 335.7 kJ/kg
m
1
= 0.05 kg/s m
2
= 0.1 kg/s m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
= 0.15 kg/s

W = 0.5 kg/s(278.7 kJ/kg) + 0.1 kg/s(290.4 kJ/kg) 0.15 kg/s(335.7 kJ/kg) = 7.38 kW
6.85 A heat exchanger is used to cool an air ow from 800 K to 360 K, with
both states at 1 MPa. The coolant is a water ow at 15

Cat 0.1 MPa. If the

water leaves as saturated vapor, nd the ratio of the ow rates m
water
/ m
air
.
Given: Inlet and outlet conditions of a heat exchanger.
Find: The ratio of ow rates needed to satisfy the inlet/outlet conditions.
Assumptions: Steady ow process, streams do not mix, air can be treated
as an ideal gas, negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy,

Q = 0 (to
surroundings).
Solution:
Conservation of Energy:

dE
dt

=

Q

W +

m
i
(h
i
+ke
i
+pe
i
)

m
e
(h
e
+ke
e
+pe
e
)
0 = 0 + 0 + m
air
(h
1
h
2
) + m
water
(h
3
h
4
)
m
water
m
air
=
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
3
Dene States:
Air Water
State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4
P
1
= 1.00 MPa P
2
= 1.00 MPa P
3
= 100 kPa P
4
= 100 kPa
T
1
= 800K T
2
= 360K T
3
= 15

C x
4
= 1
h
1
= 822.2 kJ/kg h
2
= 360.9 kJ/kg P > P
sat|T=15

C
subcooled h
4
= 2675.5 kJ/kg
h
3
u
f
|
T=T3
+Pv
f
|
T=T3
h
3
62.98 kJ/kg + (100kPa)0.001001
m
3
kg
h
3
63.08 kJ/kg
m
water
m
air
=
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
3
=
822.2 360.9
2675.5 63.08
= 0.177
6.93 Two air ows are combined to a single ow. One ow is 1 m
3
/s at 20

C
and the other 2 m
3
/s at 200

C, both at 100 kPa. They mix without any heat

transfer to produce an exit ow at 100 kPa. Neglect kinetic energies and nd
the exit temperature and volume ow rate.
Given: Inlet temperature, pressure, and volumetric ow rates. Outlet pressure
Find: Outlet temperature and volumetric ow rates.
Assumptions: Steady ow process, air can be treated as an ideal gas with
constant specic heat, negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy,

Q = 0
(to surroundings).
Solution:
Conservation of Mass:

dm
dt

CV
=

m
i

m
e
0 = m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
Conservation of Energy:

dE
dt

=

Q

W +

m
i
(h
i
+ke
i
+pe
i
)

m
e
(h
e
+ke
e
+pe
e
)
0 = 0 0 + m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3
0 = 0 0 + m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
( m
1
+ m
2
)h
3
0 = m
1
(h
1
h
3
) + m
2
(h
2
h
3
)
0 = m
1
C
p
(T
1
T
3
) + m
2
C
p
(T
2
T
3
)
T
3
=
m
1
C
p
T
1
+ m
2
C
p
T
2
m
1
C
p
+ m
2
C
p
T
3
=
m
1
T
1
+ m
2
T
2
m
1
+ m
2
Dene States:
State 1 State 2 State 3
P
1
= 100 kPa P
2
= 100 kPa P
3
= 100 kPa
T
1
= 20

C T
1
= 200

V
1
= 1 m
3
/s

V
2
= 2 m
3
/s
v
1
= RT
1
/P
1
v
2
= RT
2
/P
2
v
1
= (0.287kJ/kgK)(293K)/100 kPa v
2
= (0.287kJ/kgK)473K)/100 kPa
v
1
= 0.841 m
3
/kg v
2
= 1.36 m
3
/kg
m
1
=

V
1
/v
1
m
2
=

V
2
/v
2
m
1
= 1.19 kg/s m
2
= 1.47 kg/s
m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
m
3
= 1.19kg/s + 1.47kg/s
m
3
= 2.66kg/s
T
3
=
m
1
T
1
+ m
2
T
2
m
1
+ m
2
T
3
=
(1.19kg/s)(20

C) + (1.47kg/s)(200

C)
2.66kg/s
T
3
= 119

V
3
= m
3
v
3

V
3
= m
3
RT
3
/P
3

V
3
= 2.66kg/s
(0.287kJ/kgK)(392K)
100kPa

V
3
= (2.66kg/s)

1.125
m
3
kg

V
3
= 2.99
m
3
s
Note that

V
3
=

V
1
+

V
2
is just a coincidence in this case and not always true.
6.95 An open feedwater heater in a power plant heats 4 kg/s water at 45

C,
100 kPa by mixing it with steam from the turbin at 100 kPa, 250

C. Assume
the exit ow is saturated liquid at 100 kPa and nd the mass ow rate from the
turbine.
Given: Inlet and exit conditions. One inlet mass ow rate. Find: The other
inlet mass ow rate.
Assumptions: Steady ow process, negligible changes in kinetic and potential
energy,

Q = 0 (to surroundings).
Solution:
Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

CV
=

m
i

m
e
0 = m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
3
= m
1
+ m
2
Conservation of Energy:

dE
dt

=

Q

W +

m
i
(h
i
+ke
i
+pe
i
)

m
e
(h
e
+ke
e
+pe
e
)
0 = 0 0 + m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
m
3
h
3
0 = m
1
h
1
+ m
2
h
2
( m
1
+ m
2
)h
3
0 = m
1
(h
1
h
3
) + m
2
(h
2
h
3
)
m
2
= m
1
h
3
h
1
h
2
h
3
Dene States:
State 1 State 2 State 3
P
1
= 100 kPa P
2
= 100 kPa P
3
= 100 kPa
T
1
= 45

C T
2
= 250

C x
3
= 0
h
1
u
f
|45

C +Pv
f
|45

C h
2
= 2974 kJ/kg h
3
= 417.44 kJ/kg
h
1
188.4kJ/kg + (100kPa)(0.001010m
3
)
h
1
188.5kJ/kg
m
2
= m
1
h
3
h
1
h
2
h
3
m
2
= 4kg/s
417.4kJ/kg 188.5kJ/kg
2974kJ/kg 417.4kJ/kg
m
2
= 0.358kg/s
7.7 A combination of two refrigerator cycles is shown in the gure. Find the
overall COP as a function of COP
1
and COP
2
.
Given: COPs of individual refrigerators.
Find: COP of the combined refrigerator.
Assumptions: Steady ow process.
Solution:

Total
=

Q
L

W
1
+

W
2
(1)

1
=

Q
L

W
1

W
1
=

Q
L

1
(2)

2
=

Q
M

W
2

W
2
=

Q
M

2
(3)
Plugging equations (2) and (3) into equation (1):

Total
=

Q
L

QL
1
+

QM
2
(4)

Q
M
=

W
1
+

Q
L
=

Q
L

1
+

Q
L
(5)
Plugging equations (5)into equation (4) and divide through by

Q
L
:

Total
=

Q
L

QL
1
+

Q
L

1
+

QL
2
=
1
1
1
+
1

1
+1
2
Multiply by
12
12
:

Total
=

1

2
1 +
1
+
2
7.16 Calculate the eciency of the steam power plant given in Example 6.9.
=

W
net

Q
in
=

W
T


W
P

Q
b
=
w
T
w
P
Q
b
=
640.7kJ/kg 4kJ/kg
2831kJ/kg
= 0.225 = 22.5%
7.32 For each of the cases below, determine if the heat engine satises the rst
law and if it violates the second law.
a.

Q
H
= 6kW

Q
L
= 4kW

W = 2kW
b.

Q
H
= 6kW

Q
L
= 0kW

W = 6kW
c.

Q
H
= 6kW

Q
L
= 2kW

W = 5kW
d.

Q
H
= 6kW

Q
L
= 6kW

W = 0kW
Solution
a.

Q
H
=

Q
L
+

W, Satises rst law. Does not violate second law.
b.

Q
H
=

Q
L
+

W, Satises rst law. Violates second law because all of the
heat is converted to work.
c.

Q
H
=

Q
L
+

W, Violates rst law. Does not violate second law.
d.

Q
H
=

Q
L
+

W, Satises rst law. Does not violate second law.
7.44 Calculate the thermal eciency of a Carnot-cycle heat engine operating
between reservoirs at 300

C and 45

C. Compare the results to that of Problem

7.16.
Given: Temperatures of two thermal reservoirs.
Find: Maximum eciency of a heat engine operating between the two tem-
pearatures.
Solution

Max
= 1
T
L
T
H
= 1
318K
573
= 0.445 = 44.5%
The eciency in 7.16 is lower than this because there are loses and most of
the heat is added at temperatures below 300

C, and the heat is rejected at

temperatures above 45

C.