Hvac Valves

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1
Fundament al s of HVAC
Cont r ol Syst ems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007
ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop
Chapt er 3
Cont r ol Val ves and Damper s
Cont r ol Val ves
Important component of fluid distribution
systems
Regulate the flow of fluid to the process under control
Common types:
Globe valves (for modulating)
Ball valves (less expensive)
Butterfly valves (for isolation)
Valve material
Bronze, cast iron, steel
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
Control valve components
2-Way and 3-Way Val ve Ci r c ui t s
Mixing 3-way control valve
Diverting 3-way control valve
2-way control valve
2-Way and 3-Way Val ves
2-way: for variable flow
More sensitive to high differential pressure
Harder to close off against line pressure
3-way: for constant flow
Actuator does not need to be as powerful
Advant ages of 2-Way Val ves
Less expensive to buy and install
Result in variable flow which reduces
pumping energy
Reduced piping heat losses and pump
energy
Potentially lower costs for pumping and
distribution systems
System balancing is reduced or eliminated
Di sadvant ages of 2-Way Val ves
Most chillers and some boilers cannot
handle widely varying flow rates
Differential pressures will increase across
control valves, reducing system
controllability
Nor mal l y Open 2-Way Val ve
Nor mal l y Cl osed 2-Way Val ve
Two-way globe valve application
Doubl e-Seat ed 2-Way Val ve
But t er f l y Val ve
Bal l Val ve
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Li near Val ve
Equal Per c ent age Val ve
Qui c k -Openi ng Val ve
Char ac t er i st i c s of Cont r ol Val ves
Valve flow characteristics
Relationship between the stem travel of a valve, expressed in
percent of travel, and the fluid flow through the valve,
expressed in percent of full flow
Typical flow characteristics
Linear
Equal percentage
Quick opening
Typi c al Fl ow Char ac t er i st i c s
[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]
Flow coefficient:
P
q A
V
=

q = volume flow (m
3
/s)
= fluid density (kg/m
3
)
P = static pressure loss across the valve (Pa)
For different units and locations, C
V
and K
V
are used.
For valve used in water application:
10
=
P
Q K
V
Q = volume flow (m
3
/h)
Cont r ol Val ve Rat i ngs
Flow coefficient
Close-off rating:
The maximum pressure drop that a valve can withstand
without leakage while in the full closed position
Pressure drop:
The difference in upstream and downstream pressures of the
fluid flowing through the valve
Maximum pressure and temperature:
The maximum pressure and temperature limitations of fluid
flow that a valve can withstand
Loc at i on of Cont r ol Val ves
At the outlet on the top of cooling/heating
coils
Avoid coil starvation from water flow (lower pressure)
Flow of water from the bottom to the top (avoid air
bubble)
Flow measuring & balancing device
should be placed after the control valve
Provide a means of shut-off to allow a
proper means for servicing
3-Way Mi x i ng Val ve
3-Way Di ver t i ng Val ve
Three-way valves
3-Way Mi x i ng Val ves
Fl ow Thr ough 3-Way Val ve
Sel ec t i ng & Si zi ng Val ves
Control valve selection depends on:
The fluid being controlled
Valve style: 2-way or 3-way
Control mode: modulating or 2-position
Maximum fluid temperature
Maximum inlet pressure
Desired flow characteristic
Maximum fluid flow rate
Desired pressure drop when valve is full open
Turn-down ratio
Close-off pressure
Coi l Subsyst em
Repr esent at i ve Val ues of C
v
Fl ow Char ac t er i st i c Sel ec t i on
The desired flow characteristic is a function
of:
The heat transfer device being controlled
and its flow versus capacity characteristic
The control of fluid supply temperature
The control of the differential pressure
across the valve
Capac i t y Ver sus Fl ow Rat e
Aut hor i t y Di st or t i on of
Li near Fl ow Char ac t er i st i c
Aut hor i t y Di st or t i on of Equal
Per c ent age Fl ow Char ac t er i st i c
Pump & Syst em Cur ves
Wi t h Val ve Cont r ol
Cont r ol Damper s
For controlling air distribution, such as
Fire damper: A thermally actuated damper arranged to
automatically restrict the passage of fire and/or heat at a
point where an opening violates the integrity of a fire
partition or floor
Smoke damper: A damper arranged to control passage
of smoke through an opening or a duct
Volume control damper (VCD): A device used to regulate
the flow of air in an HVAC system
Cont r ol Damper s
Common types:
Opposed blade dampers (e.g. in AHU)
Parallel blade dampers
Butterfly dampers (e.g. in VAV box)
Linear air valves (e.g. in fume hood)
Specialty dampers
Typi c al Mul t i bl ade Damper s
Parallel blade damper Opposed blade damper
Round damper Volume control damper
(opposed blade)
Typical (opposed blade) damper construction
Internally mounted electric actuator
Externally mounted
pneumatic actuator
Damper Si zi ng
Typically chosen based on duct size and
convenience of location
Proper selection and sizing provides the
following benefits:
Lower installation cost (damper sizes are smaller)
Smaller actuators or a fewer number of them are required
Reduced energy costs (smaller damper, less overall leakage)
Improved control characteristics (rangeability) because the
ratio of total damper flow to minimum controllable flow is
increased
Improved operating characteristics (linearity)
Per f or manc e Dat a
Leakage ratings
Torque requirements
Closing torque
Dynamic torque
Velocity ratings
Temperature ratings
Pressure ratings
UL classification (fire/smoke)
Control loop for
a damper system
Resistance to airflow
in actual system
Mixed air control system (parallel blade dampers)
Mixed air system with louvers
Sel ec t i ng and Si zi ng Damper s
The three basic damper applications are:
Two-position duty
Capacity control duty
Mixing duty
Fans i n Par al l el
Cent r i f ugal Fan Wi t h
I nl et Vane Damper
Char ac t er i st i c Cur ves of Par al l el
Bl ade Damper s
Char ac t er i st i c Cur ves of Opposed
Bl ade Damper s
Fl ow Pat t er n Thr ough Damper s
Mi x i ng Box Ar r angement s
Pr essur e Dr op Ac r oss Mi x i ng Box
Ec onomi zer Wi t h Suppl y
and Ret ur n Fans
VAV Syst em at 100% Out door Ai r and
Mi ni mum Out door Ai r
Ec onomi zer Wi t h Rel i ef Fan

Hvac Valves

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2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1

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