Csl101 Foc Lab Manual

M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU)

Fundamentals of Computing Lab Manual

Subject Code: CSL101
Prepared By:
Pramod Sunagar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

for
I/II Semester
Subject Code: CSL101

Reviewed By:
Jayalakshmi

Reviewed By:
Jayalakshmi D. S.

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page 2

List of Exercises for FOC Lab, Sep-Jan 2012

Sl.No Exercises
1

1. Create a document using a suitable word processing package, like MS Word, with at least
three paragraphs and perform editing operations.
2. Create a formal letter using a suitable word processing package, like MS Word, to place a
purchase order for procurement of books. Use tables for list of books.
3. Create a Spreadsheet in MS-EXCEL and enter the marks of a student, calculate total and
print grade if the student has passed in all subjects.
4. Create a Power-point presentation with at least 6 slides.
2

1. Write a C program to find area of a rectangle.
2. Write a C program to find area and circumference of a circle by defining the value of PI.
3. Write a C program to swap 2 variables without using temporary variable.
4. Write a C program to find simple interest.
5. Write a C program to find area of a triangle, given its sides.
3

1. Write a C program to find check whether the number is positive or negative.
2. Write a C program to find check whether the number is odd or even.
3. Write a C program to check whether the triangle is isosceles, equilateral or scalene using
if-else.
4. Write a program to check whether a given year is a leap year.
5. Write a C program to find the biggest of three numbers.

4

1. Write a C program to find grade based on percentage using else if statement.
2. Write a C program to perform a desired arithmetic operation using switch statement and
declaring choice as char data type.
3. Write a C program to find roots of a quadratic equation using switch.
4. Write a C program to find area of a triangle/square/circle/rectangle using switch statement.

5
1. Write a C program to demonstrate use of Size of operator.
2. Write a C program to find whether a entered character is a number or digit using both
ASCII values and built-in functions.
3. Write a C program to convert a lower case alphabet to uppercase and vice-versa using both
4. Write a C program to find sum of odd numbers and even numbers in first n natural
numbers
5. Write a C program to find factorial of a given number.


Sl.No Exercises
6

1. Write a C program to find GCD and LCM of two numbers.
2. Write a C program to find sum of digits of a given number
3. Write a C program to find whether a given number is palindrome or not.
4. Write a C program to print first N fibonacci numbers.
5. Write a C program to print prime numbers within given range.
6. Write a C program to to find sine series x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - .... upto N terms accuracy.

7
1. Write a C program to find sum of all elements of an array.
2. Write a C program to search for an element in array using linear search.
3. Write a C program to search for an element in array using binary search.
8

1. Write a program to find length of string without using built-in functions.
2. Write a program to copy from one string to another without using built-in functions.
3. Write a program to combine two strings without using built-in functions.
4. Write a program to compare two strings without using built-in functions.

9

1. Write a program to find reverse of a string without using built-in functions.
2. Write a program to find whether given string is palindrome or not without using built-in
functions.
3. Write C Program with some built-in functions of a string.
4. Write a C program to add two matrices.

10

1. Write a C program to find trace and norm of a given matrix.
2. Write a C program to multiply two matrices.
3. Write a C program to sort elements in ascending order using bubble sort with functions.

11

1. Write a C program to multiply two matrices using functions.
2. Write a program to determine the length of a character string using pointers.
3. Write a program to input N student information such as name, id, percentage. Display the
information of the student with the highest percentage using array of structures.

12

1. Write a program to illustrate use of pointers in expressions.
2. Write a program to compute sum of all elements stored in an array using pointers
3. Write a program to swap two numbers using pointers.
4. Write a program to illustrate function returning pointer.


Lab Exercise: 1

a) Create a document using a suitable word processing package, like MS Word, with at
least three paragraphs and perform editing operations.

The increasing popularity of C is probably due to its many desirable qualities. It is a robust
language whose rich set of built-in functions and operators can be used to write any complex
program. The C complier combines the capabilities of an assembly language with the features of
a high-level language and therefore it is well suited for writing both system software and
business packages.
Programs written in C are efficient and fast. This is due to its variety of data types and
powerful operators. It is many times faster than BASIC. There are 32 keywords in ANSI C and
its strength lies in its built-in functions.
C is highly portable. This means that C programs written for one computer can be run on
another with little or no modification. In fact, many of the C compliers available in the market
are written in C.

Features of C:
C language is well suited for structured programming.
C program is basically a collection of functions that are supported by the C library.
With the availability of a large number of functions, the programming task becomes
simple.
The modular structure makes program debugging, testing and maintenance easier.

Steps:
Opening Word
1. Click Start button, then go to programs submenu and then select Microsoft word. In some
computers Microsoft Word could be inside Microsoft Office sub menu as it is a part of
larger package called MS Office.
2. Press Enter, Word will open and you will get the message Microsoft Word Document 1
Edit.
The Word Screen
1. Like all applications in Windows the program window of MS Word contains the Title bar
at the top followed by the Menu bar, the toolbars, one or more toolbar, formatting bar, the
document window and the status bar at the bottom. There also could be ruler bar below
the formatting bar.
2. This complete program window can appear in any of three sizes on the screen
3. Restore: It covers 2/3 rd part of the screen
4. Maximize: It covers the complete screen except the area of the task bar.


5. Minimize: It appears as an icon in the taskbar.
6. It is important to note that the taskbar is always visible.
7. Title bar: The TITLE BAR appears at the top of the window and it contains the name of
the document followed by the name of the program. At the right hand corner of the bar
there are three buttons: Minimize, Maximize/Restore and Close button.

Entering text
1. It is done through the alpha numeric keys on the key board.
2. The text gets inserted to the left of where Insertion pointer is positioned on the screen.
The pointer keeps moving towards the right as more and more text is inserted. The
insertion pointer can be identified as a blinking I-beam shape on the document window.
If it is not blinking then no text can be inserted.
Saving a document
1. First decide a file name and location; that is, in which drive and/or folder you want to
save this file.
2. Select SAVE AS..from FILE menu and press ENTER.
3. When a existing document needs to be saved with a different name, different format or at
a different location then only SAVE AS.. can be used.
Editing text
1. In the above three paragraphs, some words and lines are been edited with the help of
editing functions that are available on the sub menu bar. They are:
Each new line of the paragraph is started from fresh line with leaving some space at
the prefix so that it will make easier to understand a new paragraph.
Two lines have been written in Italics(I) style with the help of Font dialogue box to
highlight the importance of C language.
Two words are been colored with the help of Font Color to highlight the important
languages used.
When you find some of the words underlined with zigzag green , it means some
spelling mistake, space or signs.
Some words are been in written in capital and made bold to highlight the differences
between the two different functions using Bold(B)s option from the Font dialogue
box.
To make more clear of the document or text Underlines are used using Underline(U)
option from the Font dialogue box.
The whole paragraph is aligned using various options from the Paragraph dialogue
box like; align text left, centre, right or both left &right margins to make the
document more neat and easy to read.
There are bullets and numbers used from the paragraph dialogue box to note some of
the important points and reduce the length of the paragraphs and make it easy to
remember.


Closing a document
1. Go to file menu and press ENTER on CLOSE to close the document which is active.

b) Create a formal letter using a suitable word processing package, like MS Word, to place
a purchase order for procurement of books. Use tables for list of books.

From, Date: 16th Oct 2012
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Bangalore 01

To,
The Manager
XYZ Book Depot,
West Patel Nagar,
New Delhi 110008

Sir,
Sub: Procurement of books.
I kindly request you to send the following books that are mentioned in the below
list to the above address at the earliest. The payment will be done as soon the delivery of the
books is received.

Sl. no. Title of the book Details of the books No. of
copies
Author Edition Publishers
01 Programming in ANSI C E Balagurusamy 5
th
Tata MC Graw-
Hill Publishers
co. ltd.
10
02 Let Us C Yashwanth
Kanitkar
8
th
PQR
Publishers
10
03 Data Structures Using C Aaron M.
Tenenbaum
Yedidyah Langsam
Moshe J.
Augenstein
3
rd
Pearson
Education, Inc. &
Dorling
Kindersley
Publishing Inc.
10

Thanking you,

Yours Faithfully,
ABC

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page

Steps:
Open MS Word document.
Type the letter to be sent to the desired address using Tab button to write the
addresses.
Using Align Text Right option, write date.
Using Insert option from the main menu, insert a table with needed rows and columns
to fill the information.

c) Create a Spreadsheet in MS-EXCEL and enter the marks of a student, calculate total
and print grade if the student has passed in all subjects.

Steps:
1. Open MS Excel from MS Office
2. A blank sheet is open with number of Rows(in numbers) & Columns(in alphabets)
3. All kind of Calculations can be performed by using appropriate formulas
4. Graphical presentation of the information can also be presented using Insert option
5. When you open an MS Excel page, you can find 3 sheets already displayed on the 1st
page.

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page !

6. Here we have taken the example of a Marksheet of a student
7. The name & class of the student is mentioned in C4 &C5 ie, column C & row 4,5
8. Similarly the subjects & marks are displayed using B8,C8, D8 to B14,C14,D14
9. The total of Max marks is calculated using the formula =sum(C8:C15)
10. Similarly the total of Marks obtained is calculated using the formula =sum(D8:D15)
11. The percentage is calculated using the formula =sum(D17/C17)*100
12. The grade is obtained using the formula
=If(D18>90,"S",If(D18>80,"A",If(D18>70,"B",If(D18>60,"C",If(D18>50,"D","F")))))
13. When you hold the mouse on any of the calculations, you can find the formulas used to
calculate on display bar below the submenus
14. You can use the font color to highlight any main notes, rows or columns by selecting the
appropriate column name & row number.

d) Create a Power-point presentation with at least 6 slides.

Step 1: Go to start, then programs, and select Microsoft PowerPoint.
Step 2: Click File, then new
Step 3: Once you have a new presentation open, go to format and select slide layout. Select title
slide , click on it to apply it to your first slide.
Step 4: Click on the first block and type your name. Next click on the second block and type
Black Family Technology Day.
Step 5: Once you have finished entering information for your first slide. You are ready to add
animation to your text, or picture.
Step 6: Click on Box one. Next Click the slide show tab on the toolbar
Select custom animation.
Now click add effect, then click emphasis, and then click Grow/Shrink.
Next you want to check the setting of your animation. Look where it says modify
Grow/Shrink. Click the down arrow next to on click and select after previous.
Next go to slide show, and click view show to view your animation. Once you have
seen your animation and your slide show, right click, and select end show.
This takes you back to your work area.

Step 7: The next step is to add another slide to your show
On the toolbar click insert, and select new slide.
Once you select new slide, go to slide layout (right side of screen), select the title and
2text layout.
Go to the first box, type Workshops, now go to the second box and type Computer
Repair and hit enter , next type "Electronic Communication and hit enter,

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page "

next type Internet Based Research and hit enter, next type Navigating the Internet
and hit enter,
next type Introduction to PowerPoint .

Step 8: Once you have finished entering information for your first slide. You are ready to add
animation to your text, or picture.
Step 9: Click the slide show tab on the toolbar, and select animation schemes.
Go to the right of your screen, push the down arrow in the box apply to selected
slides. Select fade in one by one.
Next go to slide show, and click view show to view your animation.
After the first slide appears select the page down button to get to the next slide,
Continue to push the page down button until you get to the end of the second slide.
Right click, and select end show. This takes you back to your work area.

Step 10: Once you have done this, go to slide show on your toolbar and select view show!

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page #$

Lab Exercise: 2

a) Write a C program to find area of a rectangle.

Flowchart:

Program:

/* Header Files */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int length=0, breadth=0;
int area=0;
clrscr();

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page ##

printf("Enter the length and breadth of a rectangle");
scanf("%d%d", &length,&breadth);

area=length * breadth;

printf("Area of the Rectangle : %d", area);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the length and breadth of a rectangle
4
5
Area of the Rectangle : 20

b) Write a C program to find area and circumference of a circle by defining the value of PI.

/* Header Files */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.147

void main()
{
float radius=0;
float area=0, circumf=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the radius of the Circle");
scanf("%f", &radius);

area = PI * radius * radius;
circumf = 2 * PI * radius;

printf("\nArea of the Circle : %f\n", area);
printf("Circumference of the Circle : %f", circumf);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the radius of the Circle

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page #2

6.5

Area of the Circle : 132.728
Circumference of the Circle : 40.839

c) Write a C program to swap 2 variables without using temporary variable.

Flowchart:

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{


int a=0, b=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 2 numbers");
scanf("%d%d", &a,&b);
printf("Numbers before swapping\n");
printf("a : %d\n", a);
printf("b : %d\n", b);

a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;

printf("Numbers after swapping\n");
printf("a : %d\n", a);
printf("b : %d\n", b);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter 2 numbers
15
6
Numbers before swapping
a : 15
b : 6
Numbers after swapping
a : 6
b : 15

d) Write a C program to find simple interest.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float principle=0, time=0, rate=0;
float simple_interest=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter principle amount");
scanf("%f", &principle);
printf("\nEnter time duration");


scanf("%f", &time);
printf("\nEnter the rate of interest");
scanf("%f", &rate);

simple_interest = (principle * time * rate)/100;

printf("\nSimple Interest : %f\n", simple_interest);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter principle amout
1200
Enter time duration
12
Enter rate of interest
8
Simple Interest : 1152

e) Write a C program to find area of a triangle, given its sides.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
float side1=0, side2=0, side3=0;
float s=0,area=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 3 sides of a triangle\n");
scanf("%f%f%f", &side1,&side2,&side3);

s = (side1 + side2 + side3)/2;
area = sqrt(s*(s-side1)*(s-side2)*(s-side3));

printf("\nArea of Triangle : %f\n", area);
getch();
}


Output:
Enter 3 sides of a triangle
20
13
24
Area of Triangle : 129.988


Lab Exercise: 3

a) Write a C program to find check whether the number is positive or negative.

Flowchart:

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int number=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter a number");

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page #

scanf("%d", &number);

if(number >= 0)
printf("\nGiven number is Positive");
else
printf("\nGiven number is Negative");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a number
15
Given number is Positive

b) Write a C program to find check whether the number is odd or even.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int number=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d", &number);

if((number % 2) == 0)
printf("\nGiven number is a Even Number");
else
printf("\nGiven number is a Odd Number");

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a number
15
Given number is a Odd Number

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page #!

c) Write a C program to check whether the triangle is isosceles, equilateral or scalene using
if-else.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a=0, b=0, c=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 3 sides of a triangle");
scanf("%d%d%d", &a,&b,&c);

if(a==b && b==c && a==c)
printf("\nTriangle is Equilateral Triangle");
else if((a==b || a==c) || (b==a || b==c) || (c==a || c==b))
printf("\nTriangle is Isosceles Triangle");
else
printf("\nTriangle is Scalene Triangle");

getch();
}

Output:
Enter 3 sides of a triangle
20
14
22
Triangle is Scalene Triangle

d) Write a program to check whether a given year is a leap year.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int year=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter a Year");
scanf("%d",&year);

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page #"

if(((year%4 == 0)&& (year%100 != 0)) || (year%400 == 0))
printf("\n%d is a Leap Year", year);
else
printf("\n%d is not a Leap Year", year);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a Year
2000

2000 is a Leap Year

e) Write a C program to find the biggest of three numbers.

Flowchart:

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page 2$

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a=0, b=0, c=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 3 numbers");
scanf("%d%d%d", &a,&b,&c);

if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
printf("\n%d is largest", a);
else
printf("\n%d is largest", c);
}
else
{
if(b>c)
printf("\n%d is largest", b);
else
printf("\n%d is largest", c);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter 3 numbers
8
9
7

9 is largest

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page 2#

Lab Exercise: 4

a) Write a C program to find grade based on percentage using else if statement.

Flowchart:


Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
long int m1=0, m2=0, m3=0, m4=0, m5=0, m6=0;
long int perce=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the marks for 6 subjects");
scanf("%ld%ld%ld%ld%ld%ld",&m1,&m2,&m3,&m4,&m5,&m6);

perce = ((m1+m2+m3+m4+m5+m6)*100/600);

printf("\nPercentage : %ld\n",perce);

if(perce >= 90)
printf("\n S grade");
else if(perce >= 80)
printf("\n A grade");
printf("\n B grade");
printf("\n C grade");
printf("\n D grade");
else
printf("\n Fail");

getch();
}

Output:
Enter marks for 6 subjects
75 85 88 89 82 80
Percentage: 83
A grade


b) Write a C program to perform a desired arithmetic operation using switch statement
and declaring choice as char data type.

Flowchart:


Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
float a=0, b=0, result=0;
char opcode;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 2 Numbers");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);

fflush(stdin);

printf("\nEnter + to add\n - to subtract\n * to multiply\n / to divide");
scanf("%c",&opcode);

switch(opcode)
{
case '+':
result = a+b;
printf("\nSum of %f & %f is : %f", a,b,result);
break;
case '-':
result = a-b;
printf("\nSubtraction of %f & %f is : %f", a,b,result);
break;
case '*':
result = a*b;
printf("\nMultiplication of %f & %f is : %f", a,b,result);
break;
case '/':
if(b==0)
{
printf("Divide By Zero Error\n");
exit(0);
}
else
{
result = a/b;
printf("\nDivision of %f & %f is : %f", a,b,result);
}
break;
default:


printf("\nInvalid Operator");

}

getch();
}

Output:
Enter 2 numbers
8 10
Enter + to add - to subtract * to multiply / to divide

*
Multiplication of 8 & 10 is : 80

c) Write a C program to find roots of a quadratic equation using switch.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int a=0, b=0, c=0;
float D=0, root1=0, root2=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the values of a, b and c");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);

D=((b*b)-(4*a*c));
switch(D>0)
{
case 1:
printf("\nRoots are Complex");
root1 = (-b)+(sqrt(D)/(2*a));
root2 = (-b)-(sqrt(D)/(2*a));
printf("\nRoot1 : %f", root1);
printf("\nRoot2 : %f", root2);
break;

case 0:
{ switch(D==0)


{
case 1:
printf("Roots are Equal\n");
root1 = (-b)/(2*a);
printf("\nRoot : %f", root1);
break;
case 0:
printf("\nRoots are Imaginary");
break;
default:
printf("\nInvalid Value");
}
break;
}
default:
printf("\nInvalid Choice");

}

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the values of a, b & c
4 8 3
Roots are Complex
Root1: -7.50000
Root2: -8.50000

d) Write a C program to find area of a triangle/square/circle/rectangle using switch
statement.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.147

void main()
{
float radius = 0, length = 0, breadth = 0;
float base = 0, height = 0, area = 0;
int choice = 0;
clrscr();


printf("Enter \n1 to find area of triangle\n2 to find area of Square");
printf("\n3 to find area of circle\n4 to find area of rectangle\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnter base & height of a triangle");
scanf("%f%f",&base,&height);
area = (1.0/2)*base*height;
printf("\nArea of Triangle : %f", area);
break;
case 2:
printf("\nEnter length of a Square");
scanf("%f",&length);
area = length * length;
printf("\nArea of Square : %f", area);
break;
case 3:
printf("\nEnter the radius of a Circle");
scanf("%f",&radius);
area = PI * radius * radius;
printf("\nArea of Circle : %f", area);
break;
case 4:
printf("\nEnter the length & breadth of a Rectangle");
scanf("%f%f",&length,&breadth);
area = length * breadth;
printf("\nArea of Rectangle : %f", area);
break;
default:
printf("\nInvalid Choice");

}

getch();
}

Output:
Enter 1 to find area of triangle 2 to find area of Square
3 to find area of circle 4 to find area of rectangle
2
Enter length of a square
5
Area of Square : 25

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page 2!

Lab Exercise: 5

a) Write a C program to demonstrate use of Size of operator.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a;
float b;
char c;
double d;
long int l;
clrscr();

printf("Size of Intereger Variable is : %d\n", sizeof(a));
printf("Size of Float Variable is : %d\n", sizeof(b));
printf("Size of Char Variable is : %d\n", sizeof(c));
printf("Size of Double Variable is : %d\n", sizeof(d));
printf("Size of Long Integer Variable is : %d\n",sizeof(l));
getch();
}

Output:
Size of Intereger Variable is : 2
Size of Float Variable is : 4
Size of Char Variable is : 1
Size of Double Variable is : 8
Size of Long Intereger Variable is : 4

b) Write a C program to find whether a entered character is a number or digit using both

/* Program without using Built-In Functions */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MSRIT Page 2"

printf("Enter a character\n");
scanf("%c",&ch);
if((ch>='a' && ch<='z')||(ch>='A' && ch<='Z'))
printf("\n%c is a character",ch);
else if(ch>=48 && ch<=56)
printf("\n%c is a Number",ch);
else
printf("\nInvalid Character");

getch();
}

/* Program using Built-In Functions */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();

scanf("%c",&ch);
if(isalpha(ch) > 0)
printf("\n%c is a character",ch);
else if(isdigit(ch) > 0)
printf("\n%c is a Number",ch);
else

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a character
B
B is a character


c) Write a C program to convert a lower case alphabet to uppercase and vice-versa using
both ASCII values and built-in functions.

/* Program without using Built-In Functions */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();

scanf("%c",&ch);
if(ch>='a' && ch<='z')
{
ch=ch-32;
printf("\nUpper Case : %c",ch);
}
else if(ch>='A' && ch<='Z')
{
ch = ch + 32;
printf("\nLower Case : %c",ch);
}
else

getch();
}

/* Program using Built-In Functions*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();

scanf("%c",&ch);
if(islower(ch))


{
printf("\nUpper Case : %c",toupper(ch));
}
else if(isupper(ch))
{
printf("\nLower Case : %c",tolower(ch));
}
else

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a character
S
Lower Case : s

d) Write a C program to find sum of odd numbers and even numbers in first n natural
numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int N=0;
int OSum=0, ESum=0;
int i=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);

while(i<=N)
{
if((i%2)==0)
ESum=ESum+i;
else
OSum=OSum+i;
i++;
}
printf("\nSum of Even Numbers from 1 to %d is : %d",N,ESum);


printf("\nSum of Odd Numbers from 1 to %d is : %d",N,OSum);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the value of N
15
Sum of Even Numbers between 1 to 15 is : 56
Sum of Odd Numbers between 1 to 15 is : 64

e) Write a C program to find factorial of a given number.

Flowchart:


Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int N=0;
int i=0;
long int fact=1;
clrscr();

printf("Enter a Number\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
i=N;
while(i>0)
{
fact=fact*i;
i--;
}
printf("\nFactorial of %d is : %ld",N,fact);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a Number
8
Factorial of 8 is : 40320


Lab Exercise: 6

a) Write a C program to find GCD and LCM of two numbers.

Flowchart:

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>


void main()
{
int a=0, b=0, rem=0, lcm=0;
int temp1=0, temp2=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 2 numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

temp1=a;
temp2=b;

do
{
rem=a%b;
a=b;
b=rem;
}while(rem);

printf("\nGCD of %d and %d is : %d",temp1,temp2,a);
lcm = (temp1 * temp2)/a;
printf("\nLCM of %d and %d is : %d",temp1,temp2,lcm);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter 2 numbers
10 8
GCD of 10 and 8 is : 2
LCM of 10 and 8 is : 40

b) Write a C program to find sum of digits of a given number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i=0,n=0;
int sum=0;
clrscr();

scanf("%d",&n);
i=n;


while(i>0)
{
sum=sum+(i%10);
i=i/10;
}
printf("\nSum of digits of the number %d is : %d",n,sum);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a Number
1882
Sum of digits of the number 1882 is : 19

c) Write a C program to find whether a given number is palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int rem=0,temp=0;
int number1=0, number2=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter 4-Digit Number\n");
scanf("%d",&number1);

temp = number1;

while(temp)
{
rem = temp % 10;
number2 = (number2 * 10) + rem;
temp = temp / 10;
}

if(number1 == number2)
printf("\n%d is a Palindrome Number",number1);
else
printf("\n%d is not a palindrome number",number1);

getch();
}


Output:
Enter 4-Digit Number
1882
1882 is a Palindrome Number

d) Write a C program to print first N fibonacci numbers.

Flowchart:


Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i=0,n=0;
int a=0,b=1,fib=0;
clrscr();

scanf("%d",&n);
if(n<=0)
{
printf("\nInvalid Input");
exit(0);
}
printf("\nFibonacci Series :\n\n");
if(n==1)
printf("%d\t",a);
else if(n>=2)
{
printf("%d\t",a);
printf("%d\t",b);
for(i=0;i<n-2;i++)
{
fib = a + b;
printf("%d\t",fib);
a = b;
b = fib;
}
}
printf("\n\nFibanocci Series Ends");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a Number
10

Fibonacci Series :
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34


e) Write a C program to print prime numbers within given range.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i=0;
int m=0, n=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the range :(m<n)\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m,&n);

printf("\nPrime Numbers between %d & %d :\n",m,n);
while(m<=n)
{
i=2;
while(i<=m)
{
if(m%i==0)
break;
i++;
}
if(i==m)
printf("%d\t",m);
m++;
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the range (m<n)
10 30

Prime Numbers between 10 & 30 :
11 13 17 19 23 29

f) Write a C program to to find sine series x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - .... upto N terms accuracy.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>


#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i = 2, n, s = 1, x, pwr = 1, dr;
float nr = 1, x1, sum;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the Angle");
scanf("%d", &x);

x1 = 3.142 * (x/180.0);
sum = x1;
printf("\nEnter the number of Terms");
scanf("%d", &n);

while(i <= n)
{
pwr = pwr + 2;
dr = dr * pwr * (pwr - 1);
sum = sum + (nr / dr) * s;
s = s * (-1);
nr = nr * x1 * x1;
i+= 2;
}

printf("\nSum of the Sine series is : %f",sum);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the Angle : 30
Enter the number of Terms : 4
Sum of the Sine series is : 0.523


Lab Exercise: 7

a) Write a C program to find sum of all elements of an array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int arr[20];
int i=0, sum=0, size;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the size of the array");
scanf("%d",&size);

printf("\nEnter %d elements into Array",size);
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);

printf("\nArray Elements are :\n");
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
printf("%d\t",arr[i]);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)
sum = sum + arr[i];
printf("\n\nSum of Array Elements : %d",sum);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the size of the array
6
Enter 6 elements into Array
5 8 4 6 2 1
Array Elements are :
5 8 4 6 2 1
Sum of Array Elements : 26


b) Write a C program to search for an element in array using linear search.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int arr[20];
int i=0, size=0;
int key=0, flag=0;

clrscr();

scanf("%d",&size);
for(i=0;i<size;i++)

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

printf("\nEnter the element to search in the array");
scanf("%d", &key);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
if(key == arr[i])
{
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

if(flag == 1)
printf("\n%d is found at position %d",key,i+1);
else
printf("\nElement not found");

getch();
}

Output:
6


3 8 4 6 2 1
3 8 4 6 2 1
Enter the element to search in the array
2

2 is found at position 5

c) Write a C program to search for an element in array using binary search.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int arr[20];
int i=0, size=0;
int key=0, flag=0;
int high=0, low=0, mid=0;

clrscr();

scanf("%d",&size);
for(i=0;i<size;i++)

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

printf("\nEnter the element to search in the array\n");
scanf("%d", &key);

high = size - 1;
low = 0;
while(low<high)
{
mid = (high + low)/2;
if(key > arr[mid])
{
low = mid + 1;


}
if(key < arr[mid])
{
high = mid - 1;
}
if(key == arr[mid])
{
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

if(flag == 1)
printf("\n%d is found at position %d",key,mid+1);
else
printf("\nElement not found");

getch();
}

Output:
6
3 8 4 6 2 1
3 8 4 6 2 1
Enter the element to search in the array
2

2 is found at position 5


Lab Exercise: 8

a) Write a program to find length of string without using built-in functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[20], c;
int i;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the String");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("\n\nEntered string is %s\n",str);
for(i=0;c!='\0';++i)
{
c=str[i];
}
printf("\nLength of the entered string is : %d",i-1);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the String
MSRIT
Entered string is MSRIT
Length of the entered string is : 5

b) Write a program to copy from one string to another without using built-in functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[20], new_str[20];
int i;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the String");


scanf("%s",str);
printf("\n\nEntered string is %s\n",str);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';++i)
{
new_str[i]=str[i];
}
new_str[i]='\0';
printf("\nCopied string is : %s",new_str);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string
QWERTY
Entered string is QWERTY

Copied string is : QWERTY

c) Write a program to combine two strings without using built-in functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str1[20], str2[20];
char new_str[40];
int i;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the First String");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("\nEnter the Second String");
scanf("%s",str2)

i=0;
while(str1[i]!='\0')
{
new_str[i]=str1[i];
i++;
}


while(str2[i]!='\0')
{
new_str[i]=str2[i];
i++;
}
new_str[i]='\0';

printf("\nNew String is : %s",new_str);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the First String
ABC
Enter the Second String
XYZ

New String is : ABCXYZ

d) Write a program to compare two strings without using built-in functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str1[20], str2[20];
int i,j,flag=1;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the First String");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("\nEnter the Second String");
scanf("%s",str2);

i=0;
j=0;
while(str1[i]!='\0' || str2[j]!='\0')
{
if(str1[i]!=str2[j])
{
flag=0;
break;


}
i++;
j++;
}

if(flag==1)
{
printf("\nStrings are equal");
}
else
printf("\nStrings are not equal");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the First String
ABCDEF
Enter the Second String
ABCDDF

Strings are not equal


Lab Exercise: 9

a) Write a program to find reverse of a string without using built-in functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[20], str1[20];
int i=0,j=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter a string");
scanf("%s",str);

printf("\nEntered string is : %s\n",str);

while(str[i]!='\0')
{
i++;
}
i--;
while(i>=0)
{
str1[j]=str[i];
j++;
i--;
}
str1[j]='\0';
printf("\nReversed string is : %s\n",str1);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string
AVENGERS
Entered string is : AVENGERS

Reversed string is : SREGNEVA


b) Write a program to find whether given string is palindrome or not without using built-in
functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[20];
int i=0,j=0;
int flag=1;
clrscr();

scanf("%s",str);

printf("\nEntered string is : %s\n",str);

while(str[i]!='\0')
{
i++;
}
i--;
while(str[j]!='\0')
{
if(str[j]!=str[i])
{
flag=0;
break;
}
j++;
i--;
}
if(flag)
printf("\nEntered string is a Palindrome\n");
else
printf("\nEntered string is not a Palindrome\n");

getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string
GADAG
Entered string is : GADAG
Entered string is a Palindrome


c) Write C Program with some built-in functions of a string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char str[20], str1[20], str2[20], str3[20];
int i=0;
clrscr();

scanf("%s",str);

strcpy(str1,str);
printf("\nCopied string is : %s\n",str1);

scanf("%s",str2);

if((strcmp(str,str2))==0)
printf("\nStrings are equal\n");
else
printf("\nStrings are not equal\n");

i = strlen(str);
printf("\nLength of string %s is : %d\n",str,i);

printf("\nConcatenated String is : %s\n",strcat(str,str2));
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string
CSE
Copied string is : CSE
Enter a string
ISE
Strings are not equal
Length of the string CSE is : 3
Concatenated String is : CSEISE


d) Write a C program to add two matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10],c[10][10];
int i=0, j=0;
int rows=0, cols=0;
int rows1=0, cols1=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of rows & columns for the first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &rows,&cols);
printf("\nEnter the elements for the First Matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}

printf("\nEnter the number of rows & columns for the second matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&rows1,&cols1);
printf("\nEnter the elements for the Second Matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<rows1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}

if(rows != rows1 || cols != cols1)
{
printf("\nAddition can not be performed\n");
exit(0);
}

for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{


c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}

printf("\nResultant Matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

getch();
}

Output:
Enter the number of rows & columns for the first matrix
3 3
Enter the elements of the First Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Enter the number of rows & columns for the second matrix
3 3
Enter the elements of the Second Matrix
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Resultant Matrix:
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10 10


Lab Exercise: 10

a) Write a C program to find trace and norm of a given matrix.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int a[10][10];
int i=0, j=0;
int rows=0, cols=0;
int trace=0, norm=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of rows & columns for the first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &rows,&cols);
printf("\nEnter the elements for the Matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}

printf("\nMatrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
if(i==j)
trace = trace + a[i][j];

norm += pow(a[i][j],2);


}
}

printf("\nTrace of the Entered Matrix : %d", trace);
printf("\nNorm of the Entered Matrix : %d", norm);
getch();
}

Output:

Enter the number of rows & columns for the first matrix
3 3
Enter the elements for the Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Matrix is :
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Trace of the Entered Matrix : 15
Norm of the Entered Matrix : 285

b) Write a C program to multiply two matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int m1[10][10],m2[10][10],mult[10][10];
int r1,c1,r2,c2;
int i=0, j=0, k=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter number of rows and columns of First Matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter number of rows and columns of Second Matrix\n");
if(r2==c1)
{
printf("Enter the elements for the First matrix \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)


scanf("%d",&m1[i][j]);
}
printf("First Matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%d\t",m1[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("Enter the elements for the Second matrix \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
}
printf("Second Matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("\n");
}

for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<r1;k++)
{
mult[i][j]+=m1[i][k]*m2[k][j];
}
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nResultant Matrix :\n\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",mult[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

getch();


}
else
{
printf("Matrix multiplication cannot be done");
}
}

Output:
Enter number of rows and columns of First Matrix
2 2
Enter number of rows and columns of Second Matrix
2 2
Enter the elements for the First matrix
2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2
Resultant Matrix:
19 14
35 26

c) Write a C program to sort elements in ascending order using bubble sort with functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int size=0,arr[10];
int i=0, j=0, temp=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the size of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&size);

printf("\nEnter the %d elements into the array\n",size);
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<size;j++)
{


if(arr[i]>arr[j])
{
temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nSorted Array : \n");
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
}
getch();
}

Output:
6
Enter the 6 elements into the array
9 2 8 4 6 1
Sorted Array:
1 2 4 6 8 9


Lab Exercise: 11

a) Write a C program to multiply two matrices using functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void multiply_matrix(int [10][10], int [10][10], int [10][10], int, int);

void main()
{
int m1[10][10],m2[10][10],m3[10][10];
int r1,c1,r2,c2;
int i=0, j=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter number of rows and columns of First Matrix\n");
printf("Enter number of rows and columns of Second Matrix\n");
if(r2==c1)
{
printf("Enter the elements for the First Matrix \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
}
printf("First Matrix : \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("\n");
}
printf("Enter the elements for the Second Matrix \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
}
printf("Second Matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)


printf("\n");
}

multiply_matrix(m1,m2,m3,r1,c2);

getch();
}
else
{
printf("Matrix multiplication cannot be done");
}
}

void multiply_matrix(int m1[10][10], int m2[10][10],int mult[10][10], int row, int col)
{
int i, j, k;
for(i=0;i<row;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<col;j++)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<row;k++)
{
mult[i][j]+=m1[i][k]*m2[k][j];
}
//printf("%d\t",mult[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nResultant Matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<row;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<col;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",mult[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

Output:
Enter number of rows and columns of First Matrix
2 2
Enter number of rows and columns of Second Matrix
2 2


2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2
Resultant Matrix:
19 14
35 26

b) Write a program to determine the length of a character string using pointers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int length=0;
char *p;
char str[20];
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter a string\n");
scanf("%s", str);

p = str;

while((*p)!='\0')
{
length++;
p++;
}

printf("\nLength of the %s is : %d", str,length);
getch();
}

Output:

Enter a string
MSRIT
Length of the string MSRIT is : 5


c) Write a program to input N student information such as name, id, percentage. Display
the information of the student with the highest percentage using array of structures.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
struct student
{
char name[20];
int id;
int perc;
}stud[10];

int i=0, n=0, index=0;
int high;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter number of records to read\n");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nN: %d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the name, id and percentage of %d student",i);
scanf("%s",stud[i].name);
scanf("%d",&stud[i].id);
scanf("%d",&stud[i].perc);
}

high = stud[0].perc;
index = 0;
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
if(high<stud[i].perc)
{
index = i;
high = stud[i].perc;
}
}
printf(\nStudent with highest percentage is :\n);
printf("\n\n%s\t%d\t%d\n",stud[index].name, stud[index].id, stud[index].perc);
getch();
}


Output:

Enter the number of records to read
4
Enter the name, id and percentage of 1 student
ABC 100 88
MNO 101 90
STU 102 91
XYZ 103 89

Student with highest percentage is :
STU 102 91


Lab Exercise: 12

a) Write a program to illustrate use of pointers in expressions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int *p, *q;
int m, n;
int res, res1;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);

p = &m;
q = &n;

res = (m + n) * (m * n);
printf("Result (using numbers) : %d\n",res);

res1 = (*p + *q) * (*p * *q);
printf("Result (using pointers) : %d\n",res1);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter two numbers
4 6
Result (using numbers) : 240
Result (using pointers) : 240

b) Write a program to compute sum of all elements stored in an array using pointers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int *p;
int arr[20],sum=0;
int i=0,n;
clrscr();


printf("\nEnter the size of the array");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the array elements\n");
while(i<n)
{
i++;
}

p = arr;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum = sum + (*p);
p++;
}

printf("\nSum : %d",sum);
getch();
}

Output:
6
Enter the array elements
2 4 6 8 10 12
Sum : 42

c) Write a program to swap two numbers using pointers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int *p, *q;
int a=0, b=0;
int temp;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

p = &a;
q = &b;


printf("\nBefore Swapping\n");
printf("a : %d\nb : %d\n",a,b);

temp = *p;
*p = *q;
*q = temp;

printf("\nAfter Swapping\n");
printf("a : %d\nb : %d\n",a,b);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter two numbers
10 20
Before Swapping
a : 10
b : 20
After Swapping
a : 20
b : 10

d) Write a program to illustrate function returning pointer.

Flowchart:


Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int *largest(int *, int *, int *);

void main()
{
int a, b, c;
int *p;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter three numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
p = largest(&a, &b, &c);

printf("\nLargest of three numbers is : %d", *p);
getch();
}

int *largest(int *x, int *y, int *z)
{
if(*x > *y && *x > *z)


return x;
else if(*y > *z)
return y;
else
return z;
}

Output:
Enter three numbers
5 10 8
Largest of three numbers is : 10

Csl101 Foc Lab Manual

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M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore

(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU)

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