GLOBALINSTITUEOFHIGHER

EDUCATION
INSTITUTEMEMERSHIPOFSTUDENTCHAPTER
INSITUTEOFCIVILENGINEERS(INDIA)
TC2.4
MECHANICOFSOLIDS
MechanicsofSolids(TC-2.4)
(Short)
Q2
Failure of Riveted Joint
f:
Arivetedjointmayfaildueto manyways..Buubefollowingaremoreimportantfromthesubject
ofview:
I. Failureofthe rivets. 1. Failureofthe plates.
Weshalldiscuss bolhthe abovementionedcasesoffrulure.inmoredetails.one byone.
Failure of the Rivets
Arivetmayfail duetoeitherofthe tworeasollS:
1. Shearingof therivet. 2. Crushingoftherivet.
Nowweshalldiscussboth the oneby one.
Sh!arin9.
Theplates. whichareconnectedby therivets.exerttensile stresson the rivets. If therivetsare
unabletoresistIhestresses.theymaybe shearedoffasshownin Fig.29.10. Itwill be interestingto
knowthat
p
p
Fig. 29.10. Shearing of rivets
1. Therivetsareinsingleshearinalapjointandinasinglecoverbuttjoint.
2. Therivets areindoubleshearinadoablecoverbuUjoinL
29.17. Crushing of the Rivets
Sometimes.therivetsdonotactuallyshearoff.underthetensilestress.butarecrusheda.<; shown
inFig. 29.11. Suchafailureofrivetiscalledcrushin:;oftherivet.
p
p
Fig. 29,11.Crushingof rivets
29.18. Failure of the plates
Aplatemay fail inmany ways.BuUhefollowingareimpoItlUlt fromthesubjectpointof
1. Tearingofftheplateacrossarowofrivets..
2. Tearingofftheplateat anedge.
29..19. Tearing off the Plate across a Row of Rivets
Duetothetensilestresses.inthemainplates.themainplateorcoverplatesmaytearoff
arow ofrivetsa.<; shownin Fig. 29.12.1nsuchcases.weconsideronlyonepitchlengthoflhe
sinceeveryrivetisresponsibleforthatmuchlengthofplateonly.
p p
Flg. 29.12. Tearing across a rowof rivets
29.20. Tearing off the Plate at an Edge
A platemayalsofail duetotearingatanedgeasshowninFig,29.13.Thiscan beavoided
keepingthe centreof thenearestrivet.fromtheedgeof theplale.atleasttwotimesthediameter
rivet,
t
pf
J
Ag.2S.13.Tearing off at an edge
29.21. Strength of a Rivet
We haveseeninarts.29.16and29.17thatarivetmay fail eitherduetoitsshearingofforduelI).'
itscrushing.Thus.whilecalculatingtJ:. strengthofarivet weseeastohow muchresistanceitcan
offer.Theresistanceofferedby arivetisknownasitsstrengthorthevalueoftherivet.FollowingIv.u
valuesofarivetareimponantfrom thesubjectpointofview:
1. Shearing value. 2. Bearingvalue.
t. Sheo.ring l'a/UI!
Theresistanceofferedbyarivet,tobeshearedoffisknownasitsshearingvalue.MathematicaU)"
pull requiredtoshearoffthe rivet.
P =!!:-xti
2
X't
, 4
where d =Diameteroftherivetand
t =Safepennissibleshearstressfor the rivetmaterial.
(f the rivet is in double shear(Le. inthecaseofadoublecoverbUlljoint),the corresponding
2
Q3
29.21. Strength of s Rivet
Webaveseeninarts.29.16and29.I7thata rivetmayfaileitherduetoitssbearingoff ordueto
itscrushing.Thus.whilecah::uJatiagtlJpstrengthof a.nvelwesee astohowmuchresistanceitcal4
offer.Theresistanceofferedbyarivedslrnownasits.strengthorthevalueof (berivCI.FOllowingtwQ .
valuesofa rivetareimportantfromthesubjectpointofview:
1. Shearing value. 2. Bearingvalue.
I. Sli&rring _lEU'
Theresistanceoffen:dbya tobeshearedoff isknownasitss11earingvalue.Muthematicall).
pullrequiredtoshearoffthe
P = !.E.xd1x"t
.. 4
where d ;: Diameterof therivetand
't' = Safepermissiblesbearstressfortherivetmaterial.
Ifthe rivelIS indoubleshear(i.e inthecaseofa double: coverbutljoint),thecorresponding
equationbecomes:
2. Brring VIIIIue
'Iberesistanceoffen:dbya rlvettobecrushedisknownliIStbebearingvalue.Mathematically.
pullrequiredtocrushtberivet.
PI'> "" OJ,xr><d
where (11) = Safepermissiblebearingstressfortherivetmaterial,
I = Thicknessof themainplateand
d = Diameterof therivet.
NOTE: Somet;......"..thebearing:Slnmgtbofarivet ,$ alsotermedasitscrushingstn:ngtb.Andpennissible
stressistennedaspennissiblccrushingstre."'S (0,.).
..22.__ of a Plate
WehaveseeninArt. 29.19thattheplatemayfailduetoitstearingoffacrosstherowofrivets.
Thus. whilecalculatingtbestrengthof a plate.weseeas tohowmuchre."istance itcanoffer.This
1:'eSu;(a1lceofferedbytheplate.againsttearingoff.isknownasthestrengthof theplareorvalueofthe
plate.Mathematically.pullrequiredtotearofftheplate.
P, = 0t (p-d) I
where a
f
= Pennissibletensilestre.. ..s fot'theplatematerial.
p = Pitchof therivetand
I = ThiCknessof theplate.
29..23. Strength of a Riveted ,Joint
Thestrengthofn jointmaybedefinildasthemaxiniumforce, whichitcan1ransmit.without.
causingittofaiL WehaveseeninArts.29.21 IUld 29.22lhat PI> andP,arediepullsrequired'to
shearof therivet.crushingofibe.rlvet andtearingof theplllte.A littlecon."Iidera1ioowillshowdult if
wegoonincreasing thepunoda rivetedjoint.it willfailwhentheleast oflhesethreepullsisreached;
becausea highervalueof theother.puUswill never reach.sincetbe jOinthao;alreadyfailed.eitherby
shearingoftherivetorbycrusJiUngof therivetorbytearingoftheplate.
!fthcjointiscontinuous(asin thecase.ofboilers)thestrengthiscalculatedper pitchlength.But
ifthelengthoflhe jointu;small.thestrengthiscalculaIedforthewholelengthof theplate.
29.24. Efficiency of sRlveted .Joint
Theefficiencyofa rivetedjoint isthe'dtiOofthe strengthofthejoint. to lhestrengthofthe
unriveted plate. Mathematically
LeastofP.. Po und P,
Efficiency
Tl =
P
where ['
= CJ,XPXI
p
=
Pullrequiredtotearofftheunrivetedplate.
Pennissibtetensilestressfortheplatematerial.
1
=
Pitchof therivetsand
P =
t
=
Thicknessoftheplate.
3
Q4
ExAMPt.E29.1. A single riveted lap joim l1WiJe in J2mm thick plates with
rivets. Determine the strength of the rivet, if the of th.e rillets is 60 mm. TaIw
stresses ttl shearing as 60 MPtl. in bearing as 150MPa and ;iHearing as 80 MPa
Gtven:Thicknessofplates(t) =: 12mm;Diameterofrivets(41=22mm; Pitch
60mm: AUowableshearstress('t)::::60MFa:::6()N/mm
2
: Allowablestre.'t"inbearing(ab):::
= 150N/mm2 andallowablestressin tearing(at)::: 80MPa:::80N/mm".
Firstofall.let us calculate thepullsrequiredforshearingandcrushingoftherivetsa." well
teanngofthe maIO plates.
\. \heariltJf, 01 TiI'Cr.,. We know that inalapjoint,therivetsareinsingleshear.Thus,ina
rivetedlap]OinLthestrengthof onerivetinsingle!'heari"taken.Thereforeshearing
the rivet.
P ::: 'tx1!:4 X (d)? =60x X (22)2 ;:22810N=: 22.81 kN
... 4
2. Bearing of riets. We knowthatin asinglerivetedjoinl.thestrengthofonerivetinbe1llrinr'i
taken.ThereforebearingstrengthoftheriVet,
Ph =at>xtxJ=:150x12x22=39600N=39,6kN
3. Tearing i1.ftJlt' plaM. We atsoknowmalinacontinuousjoint.thestrengthof onepitch
taken. Thereforetearingstrengthofthemainplate.
PI =(il (p -4)t= 80(60- 22) 12= 36480N=36.48kN
Thusstre1l,;,.<tthaftherivetjointistheleastof theabovementionedthreevalues P" andP
r
22.81 kl'\i Ans.
Q5
Design of a Riveted Joint
,. __ ,._. .. " ,,,._ _ __ ____'''_'' ___
Thedesignofrivetedjointsisanimportantjobinone, modern thesedays.Afauiry
can It'.ad tolot many complication. ... Whi.lcdesigninga rivetedjoint.for structural use, we
usuallytni.lke diefoU,)wing assumptions:
1. Theloadanjointisequallysharedbyallthcrivets.
2. Initial tensileorshearingstressintherivetsisneglected.
3. Frictional forcesberween theplatesareneglected.
.t. Piatesarerigid.
5. TheshearingstressinaU therivetsisunifoml.
6. The bearingstressisunifoml.
7. Bendingofrivelsis neglected.
4
Q6
29.20. Eccentric Riveted Connect.ions
... ....
mOleprevious3rtU::les.
when1herivet.<;baveoo1y
oftheplates.Butsometimes.ariVettgayhavett>..n'$i,st
rotary displacement also in addition to
displacement. . ,
Considerabrackeleonnection
shownin Fig.29.17.itmayberioted
havetoresistthefollowfugtwotypes,ofdisplacement
i.Lineardisp13.cementand
1. Rotarydisplacement.
1. U,teM
All therivetShavetoofferresistatl.eetorbilinear
displacement.duetotbeloadP fonre
isassumedtobeunifonnforalltherivets.andiS'equltl;
to
n
where P = ToralJoadontheJoint
and n =No.ofriyetsonthejoint.
2. RVltlT), tliplacemeul
Alltherivetsofthejointhaveaha rotarydisPlacementduetotheload
P. twoassumptionsaremadefor totherotarydisplaceJIlcnt:
1. Theforceonarivet.toberesisted.isproportlonallQ,the
distanceofthecentreoftherivet.tromthecentre.ofa)1
therivets(i.e.centroidoftherivetsystem).
2. Thedirection oftheforee.on arivet.to'beresisted.is
perpendiculartothelinejoiningtheC$lttCof'tbetivet
andthecentre'Ofall therivets.(i.e. therivet
system).
Nowconsideran eccentricrivetedconnectiona ... shown
in Fig. 29.18.
Let P =Eccentric load on the
Fig. 29.18
joint
e = Ecccntricity..oftheload i.e ..the:disrancebetwtentheJmeof
actionoftheloadandthecentroid,oftherivetsystemi.e.G.
ConsiderarivetatadistancerfromthecenwjdoftherNasystemG.Theforcetoberesistedby
thisrivet duetothemomtmrofPx e{i.e., loadXdistance),isdirectlyproportionaltothedistance.
between it"centreandG,i.e.,
P
= kr ... (1)
wherekisaconstant.
ThemomentofthisresistanceabQulG
... . =PRxr:krxr=kr'l
andtotalmomentsofresistancebyalltherivetsaboutG
=ni =kl.i ...(;0
5
TIlistotal must beequaltothemomentofthe lOud ahoutG
""P'l'
...wn
EquatingequationsIii) and(Uil,
or k ::
p.t!
')
... r
Substitutingthe valueofk inequation(il,
.(i.-)
1f x andyare theco-ordinatesofrivet(takingGasorigin'l.then
," ::: :c"' +y.
Substitutingthevalueofrl in (iv).
Per
:::; , ' P
R
2: (x- + y-)
Thedircc.{ion ofthis force willbe at right anglesto the line joiningthe centreofthe rivet and
(.'Cntroidoftherivetsystem.Since.thisforceis proportionaltor(a.;; iscleariTomtherelation)
therefore the rivet. which is at theforrht'st dist.1l1t:c from the centroid ofthe rivet system. will be
subjected tothemaximumfClrce. It is musobviousthatwhilecakulatingtheresistanceofa rivetor
:mfety oftheconnection. a rivet which isat farthestdistancefrom G isstudied. becauseaU the
otherri vetswillbe suhjectedtoale!\.>;er fort'ethanthefarthe!\! one.
The load PR is resolved horizomally aswell as vertically.Theresultant loadona rivelwillbe
givenby therelation:
where W :::: HorizontalcomponentofPiland
LV :::: PI, j: VerticalcomponentofPRo
Norc. Care should ulwnys be taken for the +I'e or -I'esign, In gener.u if the rivel. under considerulioll. is
betweenG and theload +ve signis taken.Butiftheoo,;el from G,then-vI'l'oign taken.
6
'-r--.....J34.1, introduction
A :.tnu.:tural member,subjectedto an axial
c(Ympre><;;ive force. iscalledastrutAs perdt}fi-
nition.a may be horizontal.inclinedOfeven
verticaL BUI averticalstnn.usedinbuildings.or
fn:llnes, is calledacolumn.
Q8

The flr."1 l'ahonal attempL to studythestabilityof*lollgcoiul'llrnS. wa... madeby Mr.Etder. He
derjved.in equation.forthehucldingload()fIongcolumnsbased00 thebendingstress.Whilederiv-
ingtllisequution.'!he effect of Thismaybe justifiedwiththestatementlOOt
thedireclstressinducedina.longcolwnnisne.gflgibleascomparedto thebendingstress.It maybe
notedthatthe Etilet'sfomnllacrumotbeusedin.thecaseofsOOn coiunms,bocausethe directstressis
considerableandhencecannOt
__ }n 111&_
ThefoHowings.implifying a."'emadein.theEtlier'scolumntheory:
L Iuniall] lllccolull.n perfectlystraightandtheload i." truly axial.
Tilt: (f(1;>;, ..<.;cctfon i}t thecolumni:'i uniformt.'1r.)Ugh<iU! ib lengih.
'1!)(; c-,)Iumn mat::ria!is elastic.hom'Jgenc(ju,andisotropicandfuUli obeysHooke'sJaw.
.a. The k:nglh ofcolumn i:; veryfarge ascompared ill> cms<.;-s<:ctional dimensions.
::-. of column.duetQdirectcompre!>..<;ion (beingverysmall)isneglected.
6. Thefailure ofcolumnoccursduetobucklingalone.
7
Q9
11. Eulers Formula lind. . ",b(.lentaength of a Column
In the previousarticles.we rujVederived tOOrelations(orthe underv.nous
conditions.SOmetimes.all byageDeca1eqUationC8.lledEulcr'sfonnula.
isthe equivalent length.of column.
Theisanotherwayofrepresentingthe equatiODt.forthe anequivalcntJength
of lengthof aoolnmn.'ibe'equivalentlcDgthofagivencolumnwitllgivenendConditions.
isthelengthofanequivalentcoiumnofthe wilhbotbendshinged
andhavingme valueofthecripp1in,g'loedequaltothatofthegiveocolumn.
Theequivalentlengths(L) fortbegivenendcopditioosare givenbelow:
NcrT1'.Thevertka1columnwillhavetwo Inand L
w
}' Since'thec:olwnn willtend to
buctdeinthedirectionof leasmoment tl\et'etoo::\he\eati\valueof 1betwO momenlsofine11la
tobe usedintIhcn:laIiOll.
34.12. Slenderness Ratto.
...,-...-...
We havealreadydiscussedinArt load.
Jt2 El
P
E
= i 2 ...(i)
. .t'
Weknowthat pf
leastresistance. NowsUbStitutingI =::Akl (whereA isthearea andk istheleastradiusofgYJatiQnof
thesection)in theaboveequati0
ll
.
Jt2 -p;2EI1
...(ii)
L.2 Ji
where !:E. isknowll as slendernes,s.'raUo; .. ThU$';>lendeffiessratioisdefinedasratioofequivalent(or
k . ..... . .' .
unsuppoited)lengthofcolumntolb,e'leastradju.sofgyrationofthesection.
Slendernessratiodoesnot .
Nm'f..It may be noted that the fOnnul(1or crlppiingIpi!d. inthepervious. articles,ba\lcJxxuaerlveaorlthe
assumption thethe that the failure of.the
bending. the 'effectofdirectstress (i.e.,
8
S.No. E7ul
B(\th ends hinged
Oneendfixedandthe
.'.. Both fixed
free
4. Oneendfixedandtheotherhinged
.--Relation betw;;;ieqllivaiimr Crippling load (P)
/
andaclIwllellglll (/J
,/

I
L"
. f
L=-
"1 (
I
Lt:= .fi
\" 'H.The \'ertl,;al column will h>l.VC two ofiooltia(VI;;:. J\:., andLyy)' Since ti1e column\VilI tendto
buckle tI\ lhe directiQuoflea,ummem t)finenia.\h"'reforethe \ea<;\ value ofthetwomomentsofinertia
is 10ht., u,;ed in Ilhc relation.
9
30.7. Technical Terms
Beforeenteringimothedetailsoftheweldedjoints.letus
discusssomeofthetedmicaltenTIS. wbichareimportantrom
thesubjecfpointofview.
L the l"ld

ThesidescOlluuningtherightanglearecanedlegsofthe
weld. In Pig. 30.4.the sidesASand Be are called the
legsoftheweld.
Fig.30.4
l. 'sit;l'oJtkl: filkt wWl
Themininmmlengthofthe legofa weldiscalledsizeofthe weld. InPig.30.4,the side is
calledsizeofthefilletweld.
,'t ThI'Q#t
Itisthepupendiculardistancebetweenthecomerandhypotenuseoftheweldcross-section.as
showninFig.30.4.Thethicknessofreinforcementisnotincluded.inthed1roatthickness.
Effectivethroatthickness= kx minimumleglength.
Thevalueofkfordifferentanglesbetweenfusionfacesisgi\lenbelow:
Angle 60"'1090 91"Co 100"" 101"'tolO6" 107to 114to120"
k 0.7 0.65 0.00 0.55 050
:
"un;...: I. Thefilletweldshook!notbeusedforconnccringparts,whosefusionfacesmakean angle lessthan
6(rormorethllll 120".
2.1fno nngJebetv.1:enfusionfaces isgiven.itistakenas90'andthevalueofk ill takenlIS0.7.
4. of the wdd
Theactuallcngthoftheweld.whiclliso!specifiedsizeandrequiredthicknessiscalledeffec-
tivelengthoftheweld. Forthedesign purpose.theeffectivelengthofaweldistakenas the
actuallengthoftheweldminus twicethesi7.eoftheweld.
::>. jilMl
Thefiilet weld,placedpandleltothediTeC!ionofmeforce i.scaJIed11 silkfiIktWf!ld.
In Fig. 305.the welds Aand C are the side
filletwelds.
t.. Em! .".p]d
Thefdletweldplacedat theendofthemem-
ber, sothat i[ is perpendiculartotheforce is
calledf!ndfllJelwt'M.In fig.30.5.theweldBis
Fig. 30.5
the endfiUe, weld.
10
Q13 I

1--- 30.10. Eccentric Welded Joints
Intbepreviousarticles.webave discussed::tbecases;where theweldbas toresistonlythelinear
displacementof theplate ormetJ]ber BUt.,si:mletimes',aweldmay havetooffer resistance
tobendingortorsioninaddUiontotheuneardispIaeementQt'theplate.Sucllweldedconnectionsare
called eccentricweldedconnectiOns. Though thereare manytypes ofweldedconnections.yet the
followingtwoareimportantfrom thesubjectpointof view:
1. Eccentricweldedjointsubjectedtomoment,and
2. Eccentricweldedjointsubjectedto torSion.
Q14&15
1---___-____ of Composite Section"(FIftChed Beams)
Acomposite section may bedefined as asedioo,inadc upoftwoorlllOI'C diffcrentmaterials.
joinedtogetherinsuchamannerthaI theybebavelikeasinglepieceand. each materialbendstothe
iiameradiusofcurvature.Such beamsareusedwhenIi beamofonematerial,ifusedalone.requires
quitealarge<:ross-sectionalarea.whichdoes t10tstlitthespaeeavailable.Amaterialis1heD'reioforced
withsomeothermarerial.ofbigher in cross-sectionalareaofthebeam
andtosuitIhespaceavailable(asisdoneiMOOc8Seofteinforcedcementconctefebeams).
Insuchcases,thetotalmomentofremtan!;lewnI iliesumGfthemomentsofindividual
sections.
Considerabeamofacompositesectionmade up Qifferentmaterials asshowninFig.15.12.
Let EI =: I,
i I = Momentofiooctiaofthepart,],
M I =Momentof resistanceforpan I,
crI "" Stressin part1,
Zj = Modnlusofsectionforpart I.
1
1
, M
1
0Z' =Correspandingvaluesfor part2and
R =Radiusofthe bendupbe-.un.
Fig. 15.12
We know thatthe momentof resisnmce forbeam J.
M
j
= 01 xZ
1
(:M=crxZ)
Simliarly, M'). =Oz X Z2
:. Total momentofresistanceofthecompositesection.
M ::. Ml + Ml: =:(crj xZj) + (02 xZ:z) ...W
Wealsoknowthatatanydistancefromtheneutralaxis.the,straininboththematerialswillbe the
"arne.
'OJ
,
"" 02

or

a
1
=-
E;.
x 0, :: III X 0,
-
where m= !i i.e" Modulusratio.
2
From the above two relations, we can fmd outlhe totalmomentofre.,.jStance ofacomposite
beamorSIre5Sesin the two materials.. But,ifthe sectionsofboth thematerialsarenotsynunetrical,
then one area ofthecomponenfsisc(!t\'Verted intoanequivalentareaoftheother.
11
15.2.Types ofComposite
of
beamsthatwecomeacross,yetthefoll,owinQ;
importantfromthesubjectpointofview:
1. Beamsofunsymmetricalsections
1. Beamsofuniformstrength
3. Fl itched beruns.
15.3. Bf!sms Sections
We have already inthe last that inasymmetrical section, thedistance of
extremefibrefromthee.g..ofthesectiony:: Butthisisnotthecase,inanlJ1lSymmetrical.section
(L, 1. T,etc.),sincetheneutralaxis6fsucbaseonJiooS"notpassthroughthegeometricalcentreof
thesection.Insuchcases,tll'Stthetentreofgravit)"ottliesectionisobtaine-dasdiSCUssedinChapter
6andthenthev.aluesof y. inthetenSionandcompressionsides.issrudied.Forobtainingthebending
stressinabeam,thebiggervalueofy (intensionorcompression)isusedintheequation.Thiswillbe
i11ustratedbythefollowingexamples.
of Un1fonn':Strength
We havealreadydiscussed inasimplysuppmtedbeam.carryinga '*mllif(mnly(listJrioo1te4:;t
load.themaximumbendingtnomenfWilloccuratits Itisthusobviousthitttbetier:ldin,g$1:re
isalsomaximiHn atfheceillm-ofthe-fiealn.As'weproceed.,'fromtbeamtreoftbebeam'nu/Arril::l
supports. thebendingmomentdecreases,andMOOthemaximtun-stressdevelOped:k-
permissible linllit. Itresults inthe.W:astage,ofmaterial.Thiswastageisnegligiblein caseof
SparlS,butconsiderablein __
of aWaythattheir
thesnpportssothatthe developediseqt,mlrolheallQW8ble
($isdoneatthe whichbendingstre.'iSdevelopedis'constanl
isequal(0theallowablestressateverysectionisca1ledabeamofunifonnstrength.Thesection
beamofunifmmstrengthmaybe-'Variedmtbefollowmgways:
J. BykeepingthewidthunifontHmdvarying.thedepth.
2. BykeepingthedepthunifolnHUW varyingthewidth.
3. Byvaryingbothwidthanddepth.
ThemostcommonwayofkeepingthebeaniQfunifonnstrengthisbykeepingthewidth
<md varyingthedepth.
12
15.5 Beams of Composite. sectiOn (FI1tc'hed Beams)
AcompositesectionmaybedefmedaSaseetioumadeupoftwoormoredifferemmaterials.
joinedtogetherin sucbamannerthattbybehavelikeasinglepieceano.eachmaterialbendstothe
sameradiusofcurvature.Suchbeams ateusedwhenabeam ofonematerial.ifused alone.requires
quitealargecross--sectionalarea;whichdoesnoistiitthespace available.Amaterialisthenreinforced
withsomeothermareriatofhighersu-ength.inorderloreduce thecross-sectional areaofthebeam
and tosuit the spaceavailable(asisdonein the ofreinfon::edcementconcretebeams).
]nsuchcases.thetotalmomentofte$istancewillbeequaltothesumofthe.momentsof individual
sections.
Coasidef abeam ofacomposit:sectionmade upof two differentmateriaJsassbowo.inFig.15.12-
Let E1 == Modulusofelasticityofpart 1.
11 =Momentofinertiaof thepartI.
M1 = Moment ofresistanceforpart1.
O'! == StresSin part1.
Z. == Modwusofsectionforpart1.
E].. 1
2
, M
2
a'l' = valuesforpart2arid
R :: Radiusofthe bendupbeam.
Weknow rhal lhe momentofresiSllJnCeforbeam J.
Fig. 15.12
Similarly. M2 '= 0'2 X Zz
.'. Total momentofre...istanceofthecompositesection,.
M = MI +M
2
=(0'1X ZI}+(tl
1
...(i)
Wealsoknowthatatany distancefromtheneutralaxis.thestraininboththematerial!>willbe the
same.
tll = 0'1
or
El IEl
where m = EF; i.e .. Modulusratio.
J2
From the above tworelations. wecanfindoutthe totalmomentofresistance ofa composite
beam or in thetwo materials..But,ifthe$eCrlQnsofboththe materialsarenotsymmetrical.
then one areaof the componentsis convertedintoan areaoffIleother.
13
'16.4. ends.
Flang=15q. l*b :: 300 nun 10 mm.
FilUl rile maximum the a-shear force l1j50 iN.
SoI.lJTlOH.Given: WidIh(ll)";' lSOmm; Flange 1--150--4
"" 20 mm Depthofweb(d)::: 300 nun:Wtdth of web =10 rom;
Overall depth of the section (0):;:340 mm and shearing force (f)::: T
,0 kN :: 50 x 10" N. I
We know that moment of inertia of theI-section about ilS centre
of gravity and parallel to .l;-X axis. 340
IIOmm
..!..
Fig,16.10
= 50XI0 ......... .fl [(340)2 _ (300)2) +IOX(300}2] N/mm2
(116.3xlO
b
)x H) _ 8 8
=t6;8 Nfmrn2=: 1'.8 MFa Am.
3
14
".
Q25
Stiffness of a Spring
"".' "'" "j
Theload requiredtoproduceaunitdeflectioninaspringiscalledspringstiffnessorniffness of
a spring.
of Spring.s
Wehavealreadydiscussed springis.U$edforabsorbingenergyduetoresilience,Thusin.
general,mespringsareofthefolloWingtWoljpeSdependinguponthetypeof resiijenee.
1. Bendingspringand Torsionspnng;
28.4. Bending Springs
Aspring. wbiehisstibjecredtobendingoolyandtheresilienceisalsoduetoit.is knownas
bending sprillg. Laminatedspringsor alsocalledbendingsprings.
285. Torsion .c'>c
Aspring. which . 'ngmomentonlyandtheresilienceisalsoduetO:
it. is known as a alsocalled torsion springs. Somesprings are ;
subjectedtobending
Forms of $poop
f" _,' - <,
Thoughtherearemany whicharemadebythemanufacturers,yetthefollowing
typesof springsare practice.
t. .Carriagespringsor Helical springs.
'plical Type Leaf Springs
ftwotypes:(l )semi-etlipticaltype&(i.e., simply;
"(2) cani.ilever)types.,
..
.i
Carriag.gSpringsorLeafSprings
Thecarriagespringsarewidelyusedinmilwaywagons,coachesandroadvehiclesthesedays.,
These are used to absorb shocks, which giveanunpleasant feeling tome passengers.Theen. gy
absorbed by a laminatedspring, during ashock. is releasedimmediately without doingany useful
\\'ork.
Alaminatedspring,iniL'> simplestform,consistsofanumberofparallelstripsofameta1having
differentlengthsbutsamewidthandplacedoneovertheotherinlaminationsasshowninFig. 28.1.
15
Allthe platesareinitiallybenttothesameradiusandarefree 10 slideoneovertheother.Whenthe
springi$ loadedtothedesignedload.alltbeplatesbecomeflatandthecentraldeflecti<m disappears.
Thepurposeof thistypeof arrartgementofplatesistomakethespringof uniformstrengththroughout.
Thisisachievedbytaperingtheendsofthelaminations.The semi-ellipticaltypespringrestsonthe
axisofthevehicleand itstopplateispinnedatlheendstothechassisofthevehicle.
Nowconsideracarnagespringpinnedal itsbothends.andcarryinganupwardloadatitscentre
asshownin Fig.28.1.
Let =Spanofthespring,
t -= 'T"hicl.messof plates,
b = Width of the plates.
n=Numberofpiates,
W = wadactingonthespring,
(J l:: Maximum bendingstressdevelopedin theplates.,
() = OriginiIJ deflectionoftbetopspringand
R :: Radius of the spring.
W Ii'
2 T
IW
Fig. 28.1. Carriage spring
Alinleconsideration""illshoY/.thattheloadwillbe actingOn thespringonthelowermost.plate
anditwiIIbe sharedequallyonme twoendsof thetop plateasshowninFig.28.1.Weknowthatthe
bendingmoment,atthecentreofthe spandue tolhisload,
WI
M=
...(i)
4-
andmom"ntresisred byoneplate
0'/
==
.J: M =2:1
y
l I yj
3
x ~
;;:: __1_2
abt"
bi' t )
"1=- and v=-
.... 12 . 2
2
.. Total moment resisledby n plates,
6 (
M =nab?
...(ii}
6
, For detail>' please refer to Art
J6
Since1he due moment.tberefme,
equating(i)and(it). ".' . .d
<1;::' ,1 or
Fromthe . 'j
(5 = ...(i.. :.'
We allroknowthatinthecaseofabendingbeam.,
!! _ E or R=E.y =!i!... (.,
y - R 0 20 ....y=....
Substitutingthisvalueof (iii)
..
l1.ql2
&---. E.t :'4-Et

20 ,.
Nowsubstitufulgtne'lalueofO'tn1heaWveequation.
a_ 3Wl x {1. =:
- 2nbl' 4Et 8Enbf
17