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D
l :i
.*e 'ei,*t of t*e -at* p is 2*P+ Q EMMM2*ei+ an0 t*e co+-utation ti+e
of t*e -at* is t*p+ Q EMQot*%i+) A cycle is a close0 -at* %o 6 %I 6 ),)
eI/
%
-
-
1
eMl %o) .*e 'ei,*t of t*e cycle c is 2*c+ Q EMMM2*ei+ an0 t*e
0elay
of t*e cycle is t*c+ Q EMMMt*%i+)
Propert+ 4.2.1 The 2eight of the retimed path p Q %o 6 %I 6 ))) eMl %
-
is gi!en by 2r*P+ Q 2*p+ D r*%-+ - r*%o+)
.*e reti+e0 -at* 'ei,*t is
--l
2r*P+ Q L 2r*ei+
iQ
--l
G L *2*ei+ D r*%i9l+ - r*%i++
iQ
E I 2*ei+ D *6r*%i9l+ - 6 r*%i++
. 2*P+ D r*%-+ - r*%o+)
C-
C
SOLOING SYSTEMS OF INEWUALITIES >-
Ior e/a+-le% t*e -at* ; ---D 4 ---D = in Ii,. A.;>a? *as ; 0elays% an0 t*is -at*
in t*e reti+e0 <IL in Ii,. A.;>b? *as ; D r*8+ - r*,+ Q ; D 4 E 4 0elay.
Propert+ 4.2.2 Retiming does not change the number of delays in a cycle)
.*is is a s-ecial case of Pro-erty A.;.4 '*ere %- Q %o) .*e 'ei,*t of t*e
reti+e0 cycle c is 2r*c+ Q 2*c+ D r>Eo? 1 r*%
o
+ Q 2*c+) In Ii,. A.;% t*e cycle
4 ---D = ---D ; ---D 4 contains ; 0elays in t*e unreti+e0 an0 reti+e0 <ILs% an0
t*e cycle 4 ---D A ---D ; ---D 4 contains = 0elays in t*e unreti+e0 an0 reti+e0
<ILs.
Propert+ 4.2.4 Retiming does not alter the iteration bound in a D7B)
Propert+ 4.2.4 =dding the constant !alue J to the retiming !alue of
each node does not change the mapping from B to Br)
After re-lacin, re%+ 'it* re%+ DJ for eac* no0e% t*e 'ei,*t of t*e reti+e0
e0,e U -5 O in G
r
is
2r*e+ Q 2ee+ D *r*%+ D J? 1 *r*V+ D J? Q 2ee+ D r*%+ -
r*V+,
'*ic* is t*e sa+e for any value of W >inclu0in, W Q 6?. Recall t*at t*e
reti+in, values r*l+ Q 6% r*,+ E 4% r*8+ E 6% an0 r*<+ E 'ere use0 to obtain
t*e reti+e0 <IL in Ii,. A.;>b? fro+ t*e unreti+e0 <IL in Ii,. A.;>a?. By
a00in,% for e/a+-le% t*e constant 1=8 to t*ese reti+in, values% t*e reti+in,
values r*l+ Q 1=8% r*,+ Q 1=7% r*8+ Q 1=8% an0 r*<+ Q 1=8 can be use0 to
obtain t*e reti+e0 <IL in Ii,. A.;>b? fro+ t*e <IL in Ii,. A.;>a?.
!.3 SOL9ING SYSTMS OF IN6UALITIS
Liven a set of M ineBualities in N variables% '*ere eac* ineBuality *as t*e
for+ ri - BK S ' for inte,er values of ') one of t*e s*ortest -at* al,orit*+s
in A--en0i/ A can be use0 to 0eter+ine if a solution e/ists an0 to fin0 a
solution if one 0oes in0ee0 e/ist. .*is is 0one usin, t*e follo'in, -roce0ure.
4. <ra' a constraint ,ra-*.
>a? <ra' t*e no0e i for eac* of t*e N variables ri, i Q 1)2) ... )N.
>b? <ra' t*e no0e N D 4.
>c? Ior eac* ineBuality BI ( BK & ') 0ra' t*e e0,e W ---D i fro+ no0e W
to no0e i 'it* len,t* '.
>0? Ior eac* no0e i, i E 4%;% ... % n, 0ra' t*e e0,e N D 4 ---D i fro+
t*e no0e N D 4 to t*e no0e i Wit* len,t* 6.
C
>1 RETIMING
o
o
Fig. A.= .*e constraint ,ra-* for E/a+-le A.=.4.
;. Solve usin, a s*ortest -at* al,orit*+.
>a? .*e syste+ of ineBualities *as a solution if an0 only if t*e constraint
,ra-* contains no ne,ative cycles.
>b? I! a solution e/ists% one solution is '*ere ri is t*e +ini+u+1len,t*
-at* fro+ t*e no0e $ D 4 to t*e no0e i,
".ample 4.4.1 In this e"ample 2e demonstrate ho2 shortest path algorithms
can be used to sol!e a system of M Q @ ine(ualities
rW 1 r; R
r= 1 rW R @
rA 1 rW R A
rA 1 r= R 14
r= 1 r; R ;.
in $ E A !ariables) The 'st step is to dra2 the constraint graph, 2hich is
sho2n in 7ig) +.>.
Vsing the Dellman-7ord algorithm *described in &ection =), of =ppendi"
=+, 2here the origin V is the node @% 2e find that there are no negati!e
cycles, so the solution can be found by e"amining r*<+*%+) 7rom r*<+>4? Q 6%
r*<+*,+ Q 6% r*<+*8+ Q 6% r*<+*<+ Q 14% and r*<+*H+ Q 6% a solution to the
system of ine(ualities is determined to be rW Q 6% r; Q 6% r= Q 6% and rA Q 14.
C C C
RETIMING TECHNIWUES >4
Vsing the 7loyd- Aarshall algorithm *described in &ection =)& of =ppendi"
=+, 2e find that there are no cycles, so the solution can be found by e"amining
66
666
@
;
A
466
4
R>9? Q 66 66 66 14 66 %
O
66 66 66 66 66
14 66
2here the element V, % in the matri" R>9? is r*X+*V, %+) The bottom ro2
of R>9? gi!es r*X+ >@% O$ for O Q 4%;%=%A%@. The solution to the system of
ine(ualities, gi!en by r*X+*H, O$ for O Q 4%;%=%A% is rl Q 6% r; Q 6% r= Q 6%
and rA Q 14. )
W*en solvin, syste+s of ineBualities% t*ere +ay be +ulti-le ineBualities
'it* i0entical left1*an0 si0es% '*ic* can lea0 to -arallel e0,es in Ste- l*c+)
Ior e/a+-le% t*e ; ineBualities r*'+ - r*,+ #5 an0 r*'+ - r*,+ S 7 'oul0 lea0
to ; e0,es fro+ no0e ; to no0e 4 'it* 'ei,*ts 5 an0 7. W*en t*is *a--ens%
t*e +ost restrictive of t*ese ineBualities s*oul0 be selecte0 to avoi0 0ra'in,
-arallel e0,es in Ste- '*c+) Ior e/a+-le% t*e ; ineBualities r*'+ - r*,+ S 5 an0
r*'+ - r*,+ S 7 can be re-resente0 by si+-ly usin, r*'+ - r*,+ S 7 because
t*is is t*e +ost restrictive of t*e t'o% an0 Ste- '*c+ results in only 4 e0,e
fro+ no0e ; to no0e 4 'it* 'ei,*t 7.
!.! RTIMING TCHNI6US
.*is section consi0ers so+e tec*niBues use0 for reti+in,. Iirst% t'o s-ecial
cases of reti+in,% na+ely% cutset @T@etiming an0 pipe lining, are consi0ere0. .'o
al,orit*+s are t*en consi0ere0 for reti+in, to +ini+i:e t*e cloc( -erio0 an0
reti+in, to +ini+i:e t*e nu+ber of re,isters t*at are reBuire0 to i+-le+ent
t*e circuit.
A.A.4 Cutset 3etiming and Pipelining
&utset reti+in, is a useful tec*niBue t*at is a s-ecial case of reti+in,. A cutset
is a set of e0,es t*at can be re+ove0 fro+ t*e ,ra-* to create ; 0isconnecte0
sub,ra-*s. &utset reti+in, only affects t*e 'ei,*ts of t*e e0,es in t*e cutset.
If t*e ; 0isconnecte0 sub,ra-*s are labele0 L
4
an0 B
,
, t*en cutset reti+in,
consists of a00in, - 0elays to eac* e0,e fro+ L4 to B
,
an0 re+ovin, - 0elays
fro+ eac* e0,e fro+ B
,
to L
4
) Ior e/a+-le% a cutset is s*o'n 'it* a 0as*e0
line in Ii,. A.A>a?. .*e = e0,es in t*e cutset are ; 111S 4% = 111S ;% an0 4 111S A.
.*e ; sub,ra-*s L
4
an0 B, foun0 by re+ovin, t*e = e0,es in t*e cutset are
s*o'n in Ii,. A.A>b?. Ior - Q 4% t*e result of cutset reti+in, is s*o'n in
Ii,. A.A>c?. .*e e0,es fro+ L4 to B
,
are = 111S ; an0 4 111S A% an0 one 0elay