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null hypothesis The hypothesis predicting that no difference exists between the
groups being compared
Single Group Design A research study in which there is only one group of
participants.
nonparametric test A statistical test that does not involve the use of any
population parameters: μ and σ are not needed, and the underlying distribution does not
have to be normal.
Z Test A parametric inferential statistical test of the null hypothesis for a single
sample where the population variance is known.
sampling distribution A distribution of sample means based on random samples
of a fixed size from a population.
Central Limit Theorem A theorem which states that for any population with
mean μ and standard deviation σ, the distribution of sample means for the sample size N
will have mean of μ and a standard deviation of σ/√N and will approach a normal
distribution as N approaches infinity.
Critical Value The value of a test statistic taht marks the edge of the region of
rejection in a sampling distribution, where values equal to it or beyond it fall in the region
of rejection.
Region of Rejection The area of a sampling distribution that lies beyond the test
statistic's critical value, when a score falls within this region, null hypothesis is rejected.
T test A parametric inferential statistical test of the null hypothesis for a single
sample where the population variance is not known.
Degrees of Freedom (df) The number of scores in a sample that are free to vary.
observed frequency The frequency with which participants fall into a category.