PROJECT WORK

FOR ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
2010

INDEX NUMBER
IN OUR DAILY
LIFE

NAME

: Nur Afiqah Syahirah Bt ab. Halim

CLASS

: 5 Tawakal

TEACHER

: Pn. Rosmini bt abd. Hamid@Mustapha

NO. I/C

OBJECTIVES
We students taking Additional Mathematics are
required to carry out a project work while we are in
Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division,
Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us.We
are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our
area of interest.This project can be done in groups or
individually,but each of us are expected to submit an
individually written report.Upon completion of the
Additional Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain
valuable experiences and able to:

y Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving

strategies to solve routine and non-routine
problems;
y Experience classroom environments which are
challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence
improve their thinking skills.
y Experience classroom environments where
knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways
in solving real-life problems
y Experience classroom environments where
expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning
and communication are highly encouraged and
expected

y Experience classroom environments that stimulates

and enhances effective learning.
y Acquire effective mathematical communication
through oral and writing,and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas
correctly and precisely
y Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge
and skills through problem-solving in ways that
increase interest and confidence
y Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future
undertakings and in workplace
y Realise that mathematics is an important and
powerful tool in solving real-life problems and
hence develop positive attitude towards
mathematics.
y Train ourselves not only to be independent learners
but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share
knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment
y Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and
effectively
y Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of
mathematics and to become more creative and
innovative
y Realize the importance and the beauty of
mathematics

FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me
the strength and health to do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for
providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this
project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.
Internet, books, computers, and etc. They also supported me and
encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not
procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher, Mrs. Rosmini
bt Abd. Hamid @ mustapha for guiding me and my friends throughout this
project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us
patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us
until we understand what we supposed to do wit h the project
work.Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project
with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we
combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

CONTENT

Introduction

______________________________

Foreward

______________________________

Part 1

______________________________

Part 2

______________________________

Part 3

______________________________

Further Exploration ______________________________

Reflection

______________________________

HISTORY OF INDEX NUMBER

Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of such factors
which cannot be measured directly. According to Bowley, Index numbers are used
to measure the changes in some quantity which we cannot observe directly. For
example, changes in business activity in a country are not capable of direct
measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in business activit y by
studying the variations in the values of some such factors which affect business
activity, and which are capable of direct measurement.
Index numbers are commonly used statistical device for measuring the
combined fluctuations in a group r elated variables. If we wish to compare the price
level of consumer items today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not
interested in comparing the prices of only one item, but in comparing some sort of
average price levels. We may wish to compare th e present agricultural production
or industrial production with that at the time of independence. Here again, we have
to consider all items of production and each item may have undergone a different
fractional increase (or even a decrease). How do we obtai n a composite measure?
This composite measure is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a
device for combining the variations that have come in group of related variables
over a period of time, with a view to obtain a figure that represents the net result of
the change in the constitute variables.
Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables that they are
intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in the
measurement of which index number techniques are com monly used are (i)
price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we have index of
wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of
value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainly
interested in index numbers of prices showing changes with respect to time,
although methods described can be applied to other cases. In general, the

present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the past. The
present period is called the current period and some period in the past is
called the base period.
Index Numbers:

Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in

a variable or group of related variables with respect to time, geographic
location or other characteristics such as income, profession, etc. A collection
of index numbers for different years, locations, etc., is sometimes called an
index series.
Simple Index Number:

A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in

a single variable with respect to a base.
Composite Index Number:

A composite index number is a number that measures an average

relative changes in a group of relative variables with respect to a base.

Part 1
The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to
another.Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only
reasonably priced but also give value for their money.
You are required to carry out a survey on four different items
based on the following categories i.e. food, detergent and
stationery.The survey should be done in three different shops.
a) Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on items
that you have chosen.Design a collage to illustrate the
chosen items

Answer:
Food;

Question

(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in

Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,be sure to use
consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.
Answer:

Category

Item

1.Self-Raising
Food
Flour(1000g)
2.Sugar(1000g)
3.Butter(250g)
4.Eggs(Grade A)
1 dozen
Total Price
1.Soap(3bars)
Detergent 2.Liquid
dishwasher(1000ml)
3.Clothes
detergent(3kg)
4.Toilet
cleaner(500ml)
Total Price
1.Sharpener
Stationery 2.Pencil
(2B-1 dozen)
3.Pen
4.Eraser

Price(RM)
Econsave speedmart Mydin
4.00

3.70

3.60

2.00
4.70
5.90

1.90
4.50
5.50

1.80
4.30
5.00

16.60
3.20
4.29

15.60
3.00
3.90

14.70
2.80
3.20

18.90

17.00

16.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

31.89
1.50
5.00

29.40
1.30
4.80

28.00
1.00
4.50

1.30
1.30

1.20
1.20

1.00
1.10

8.50
53.50

7.60
50.30

Total Price 9.10

Grand Total 57.59

Question:

(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the

use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and contrast the price of
the items chosen.
Answer:

1)
7

Self-raising flour
Sugar

Butter

Eggs(Grade A)
2

0
Econsave

Speedmart

Mydin

2)
20

18

16

14

12

S a (3 bar)
Liq i ishwasher(1000 l)

10

T ilet clea er(500 l)

Cl thes eterge t(3 kg)

Ec save

S ee art

y i

3)
6

S arpener
Pencil 2 (1 Dozen)

Pen

Eraser

0
Econsave

Speedmart

Mydin

Ec save
Speedmart
Mydi

self-rising flour

Ec save

Speedmart
Mydi

sugar

Ec save
Speedmart
Mydi

butter

Ec save
Speedmart
Mydi

Eggs

Econsave
S ee art
My in

Soap

Econsave

s ee art
My in

Liq id dishwasher

Ec save
Speedmart
Mydi

Clothes deterge t

Ec save

Speedmart
Mydi

Toilet clea er

Econsave

Speedmart

ydin

Shar ener

Econsave
Speedmart

ydin

Pencil (1 ozen)

Econsave

Speedmart

ydin

Pen

Econsave
Speedmart

ydin

Eraser

Question

(d) Based on the graphical representation that you have constructed in

Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and draw conclusions. Comments on your
findings.

Answer:
Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part
1(c), it is shown that there are large and small differences among the
prices of items in each category between the shops.In the food category,
the smallest price difference are of those of sugar, while the highest is
the price of eggs. Besides food, detergent also shows a large price
difference between its items. Among them is the price of liquid
dishwasher and clothes detergent. On the other hand,stationery items
doesnt have any obvious price difference. The graph also show that
most of the items that are high priced comes from the Boulevard
Supermarket, while the lowest price items come from the Discount
Store.The graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the difference among
the shops based upon the shops grand total.
60

58

56

Ec save

S ee art

54

y i
52

50

48

46

ra t tal

Graph 1(d)

Question

(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference

among the shops. Calculate the mean and standard deviation
of that particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible
reasons for the price difference.
Answer:
Liquid dishwasher:
Mean=

=17.47
Standard deviation
= ()/N ( )
=



- (17.47)

=0.97
The large price difference of clothes detergent among the
shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A high
standard shop or supermarket, the items sold intend to be
much more expensive than a regular shop or supermarket.Also,
the price difference of the items may also due to the quality of
the item present. A better quality means a higher price.

Part 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds
for the school. This year the school plans to install air
conditioners in the school library. Last year, during the
carnival, your class made and sold butter cakes. Because
of the popularity of the butter cakes,your class has decided
to carry out the same project for this years carnival.

Question

(a)

Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to

purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes.State
and discuss your reasons for purchasing from the
shop you suggested.

Answer:
Mydin.This is because the total price of the ingredients
from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

Question

(b)

Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items

found in the shop/supermarket that you have
chosen.

Answer:
Ingredient

Quantity
Per cake

Price in the year

2009(RM)

Self-raising
flour
Sugar
Butter
Eggs(Grade A)

250g

0.90

Price in the
year
2010(RM)
0.90

200g
250g
5 eggs
(300g)

0.35
3.30
1.25

0.36
4.30
2.10

Question

(i)

Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in

Table 2 for the year 2010 based on the year 2009

Answer:
Ingredient

Self-raising
flour
Sugar
Butter
Eggs(Grade
A)

Quantity Price in the Price in the Price index

Per cake
year
year
for the year
2009(RM) 2010(RM) 2010 based
on the year
2009 ()
250g
0.90
0.90
100
200g
250g
5 eggs
(300g)

0.35
3.30
1.25

0.36
4.30
2.10

102.86
130.30
168

1.Self-raising flour
=

2.Sugar
=

3.Butter
=

4.Eggs(Grade A)
=

Question

(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake

in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Discuss how you
obtained your answers.

Answer:
To calculate the composite index,weightage is needed (W),

Ingredients
Weightage (W)
Self-raising flour

Sugar

Butter

Eggs(Grade A)

Composite index
=128.54

Question

(iii)

In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00

each.Suggest a suitable selling price for the butter cake
in the year 2010.Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:
On 2009,RM 15.00
On 2010, price=


 =

 =19.30

Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010 is
RM19.30.The increase in price is also suitable because of the
rise in the price of the ingredients.

Question

(c)(i) Find out from reliable sources how to determine suitable

capacity of air conditioner to be installed based on the
volume/size of a room.
Answer:
For common usage,air conditioner is rated according to horse
power (1HP), which is approximately 700W to 1000W of
electrical power. It is suitable for a room size 1000ft which is
around 27m of volume.
Question

(ii) Work in groups to estimate the volume of your school

library. Explain how you arrive at your answer. Hence,
determine the number of air conditioners with the appropriate
capacity required for your library.
Answer:
By using a measuring tape,the dimension for the library is:
Height=3.6m
Width=9.17m
Length=20.12m
Volume of the room=3.69.1720.12
=664.20m
1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m
For 664.20m=

=24.6
That means our school library needs 25 unit of air conditioner.

Question

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the
school library, how many butter cakes must your class sell in
order to buy the air conditioner?
Answer:
1 unit of 1HP air conditioner=RM700
Cost for a cake =0.9+0.36+4.3+2.1 =7.66
Selling price =RM19.30
Profit =19.30-7.66
=RM11.64
Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner =

= 60.13

= 60 cakes

Part 3
As a committee member for the carnival, you are required to
prepare an estimated budget to organize this years carnival.
The committee has to take into the consideration the increase
in expenditure from the previous year due to inflation. The price
of food, transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The
cost of games, prizes and decorations remains the same,
whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.

Question,

a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given above.

Answer ,
Expenditure
Food
Games
Transportation
Decorations
Prizes
Tents
Miscellaneous

Amount in 2009
(RM)
1200.00
500.00
300.00
200.00
600.00
800.00
400.00
Table 3

Amount in 2010
(RM)
1380.00
500.00
345.00
200.00
600.00
920.00
520.00

Question

b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of

the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year 2009.
Comment on your answer.
Solution .
Expenditure

Amount in Amount in
2009
2010
(RM)
(RM)

Food
Games
Transportation
Decorations
Prizes
Tents
Miscellaneous

1200.00
500.00
300.00
200.00
600.00
800.00
400.00

1380.00
500.00
345.00
200.00
600.00
920.00
520.00

Price
Index, I

I=

115
100
115
100
100
115
130

Weightage,
W

12
5
3
2
6
8
4

Composite Index

=
=

=111.625

The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625% . This is
because some price in the year 2009 increased in the year
2010.

Question .

c) The change in the composite index for the estimate

budget for the carnival from the year 2009 to the year
2010 is the same as the change from the year 2010 to the
year 2011. Determine the composite index of the budget
for the year 2011 based on the year 2009.
Solution .
Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010
=111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
=111.625
=

=111.625111.625

124.60

Further Exploration
Index numbers are being used in many different daily
situations, for example air pollution index, stock market index,
gold index and property index.
Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources on
the importance of two different types of index number of your
choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these index
numbers in daily life.

Air Pollution Index

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate
matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to
humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system

that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution
has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well
as to the Earth's ecosystems.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution
Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number
used by government agencies to characterize the quality of the
air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly
large percentage of the population is likely to experience
increasingly severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI

requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model.

The function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to
AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different countries.
Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range
is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public
health advisories are associated with each AQI range. An
agency might also encourage members of the public to take
public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are
high.
Limitations of the AQI
Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many
countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur
dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate
air quality indices for these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air Quality
The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air
emissions by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by
an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack
of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the
Comprehensice Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient
air quality based on health risk of air pollution. The index aims
to help the public easily understand air quality level and protect
the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of
0 through 500, which are divided into six categories. The higher
the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of values
of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value.

CAI

Description

0-50

Good

51100

Moderate

Health Implications

A level that will not impact patients

suffering from diseases related to air
pollution.
A level which may have a meager impact
on patients in case of chronic exposure.

101150

Unhealthy for A level that may have harmful impacts on

sensitive
patients and members of sensitive
groups
groups.

151250

A level that may have harmful impacts on

patients and members of sensitive
groups (children, aged or weak people),
and also cause the general public
unpleasant feelings.

Unhealthy

A level which may have a serious impact

251Very unhealthy on patients and members of sensitive
350
groups in case of acute exposure.

351500

Hazardous

A level which may need to take

emergency measures for patients and
members of sensitive groups and have
harmful impacts on the general public.

Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air
Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e.,
carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide)
are reported in PM10 particulate matter is reported in g/m.

Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500.
Above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting
area. Usually, this means that non-essential government
services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area
closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector
commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area
excluding the food sector.

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The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The

Dow ones Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies,
represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded company

in the United States, including all U.S. stocks traded on

the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and most traded
on the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell
Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching
the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of
specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech
Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms in
the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies
of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more
specialized criteria
one index published by Linux Weekly
News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and
services based on the Linux operating environment.
Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple
versions.[1] These versions can differ based on how the index
components are weighted and on how dividends are accounted
for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P
500 index: price return, which only considers the price of the
components, total return, which accounts for dividend
reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for dividend
reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As
another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices
have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full
capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted
price, and equal weight. The difference between the full
capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in
how index components are weighted.

Uses and importance of air pollution index and stock market

index

As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the

government to measure the air quality index and to detect any
pollutants in our countrys air.This is to ensure the air is clean
and safe for us to inhale.Besides that,an early warning can be
given to us if the air pollution is to high for us to get out of our
homes. This warning is given based upon readings and
interpretations of the air pollution index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business
entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the
outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock
market. The stock market index is important because a
countrys economical state sometimes depend on it.

Conclusion
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs
and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of index
number is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in
markets but also in interpreting the condition of the
surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in
conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics
is a daily life essecities. Without it, surveys cant be
conducted, the stock market cant be interpret and many
more. So ,we should be thankful of the people who
contribute in the idea of statistics.

Reflection
After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time video games and magazine in
this mid year holiday, there are several things that I can say...
Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And ...
From the day I heard your name...
I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in
excelling
in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days ...
Countless of nights ...
After sacrificing my precious time just for you ...
Sacrificing my Computer Games...
Sacrificing my Video Games...
Sacrificing my Facebook ...
Sacrificing my Internet...
Sacrificing my Anime...
Sacrificing my magazine...
I realized something really important in you...

I really love you...

You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...