1.

Innate immunity
I answered: B, depends on a newly infected animal"s previous exposure to the
same pathogen.
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, is activated immediately upon infection. B is
incorrect because innate immunity is known as a non-specic immune system and is
found in all classes of plant and animal life. B states that the animal would need
previous exposure to a pathogen but in reality innate immunity is activated immediately
upon infection because it defends the host from infection in a nonspecic order. Thus, A
is correct because it is activated immediately with any prior information and B is
incorrect.
3. Engulng-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except
I answered: C, dendritic cells.
Correct Answer/Explanation: D, natural killer cells. Dendritic cells is the
incorrect answer because they are immune cells that act as messengers between the
innate and adaptive immunity. This means that innate immunity does in fact use
dendritic cells making C the incorrect answer. Natural killer cells is the correct answer
because it assists the adaptive immune response. Natural killer cells provide responses
to infected cells, 3 days after infection. This means it is not as rapid of a response as
the innate immunity which responds immediately.
6. A systemic inammatory response that is often life-threatening is
I answered: E, increased white blood cell count.
Correct Answer/Explanation: C, septic shock. Increased white blood cell count
(leukocytosis) is an incorrect answer because although it can be life threatening it is
easily treated whereas sepsis is not. Sepsis is potentially deadly because it puts the
entire body in an inammatory state (caused by severe infection) whereas an increased
white blood cell count is more isolated. Thus C, septic shock, is a more appropriate
answer because it is a more severe condition than E, increased white blood cell count.
7. Antihistamine treatment reduces
I answered: D, the secondary immune response.
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, blood vessel dilation.
Antihistamine"s job is to essentially block histamines, which stops the allergy symptoms.
It inhibits the action of the histamine, and blocks it from becoming attached to receptors.
D is incorrect because the antihistamine does not reduce the secondary immune
response, but something more specic. When you have an allergy your immune system
becomes overreactive, so you would want your blood vessels to constrict, or to reduce
dilation because the allergy would then effect less of your body, or would effect your
body at a slower rate. This gives your body more time to deal with the allergic reaction,
in a smaller part of your body.
8. The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inammatory responses are
I answered: E, the lymphocytes and the interferons.
Correct Answer/Explanation: D, the mast cells and the histamines.
Kelsey Maxim, AP Bio retake, due. Feb 25, 2013
E is the incorrect answer because lymphocytes main function is to help ght off disease
throughout the body. While interferons main function is to allow communication between
cells in order to communicate to the immune system to rid itself of pathogens, most
specically tumors. The correct answer is D because mast cells job releases granules
activating complement proteins to initiate inammatory response. Histamine"s essential
job it to trigger an inammatory response. Thus, E is incorrect and D is the most
appropriate answer.
9. Inammatory responses typically include
I answered: A, clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection
Correct Answer/Explanation: B, increased activity of phagocytes in an inamed
area. A is the incorrect answers because for something to become inamed it does not
clot. B is the correct answer because phagocytes are cells that protect the body from
outside invaders. In an inamed area it would be appropriate for their to be an increase
of phagocytes, because they are actively working to rid the body of the infection and
decreasing the inammation.
10. Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin
I answered: D, stimulate natural killer cell activity.
Correct Answer/Explanation: E, activate a group of proteins called
complement.
The answer D is incorrect because natural killer cells function is to provide rapid
responses to virally infected cells, which does not deal with bacteria entering the body
through small cuts, or any cuts. On the other hand E is correct because complement
proteins help antibodies and phagocytic cells which help clear pathogens (outside
invaders) from the body.
11. Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of
macromolecules that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of
pathogens, including viral
I answered: E, phospholipids.
Correct Answer/Explanation: C, double-stranded RNA.
Phospholipids inhibit TLR signaling, making E an incorrect answer. C is the correct
answer because with a viral infection double-stranded RNA induces the activation of
TLRs.
12. Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their
permeability, producing
I answered: B, swelling only.
Correct Answer/Explanation: D, redness, heat and swelling.
When something becomes dilated it widens and opens, making swelling, and B a valid
option. However, D is the best choice because not only does swelling occur but heat
and redness as well. This nonspecic defense against infection includes these three
components and encourages phagocytes to come to the area.
Kelsey Maxim, AP Bio retake, due. Feb 25, 2013
16. Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between
variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by
I answered: D, epitopase.
Correct Answer/Explanation: E, recombinase.
19. Vaccination increases the number
I answered: C, epitopes that the immune system can recognize.
Correct Answer/Explanation: B, lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to
the pathogen. C is the incorrect answer because although epitopes is part of the antigen
it would not be best for the body to ght off an increased number of epitopes. Instead,
lymphocytes/white blood cells enter the body and allow the entire pathogen to bind to it
making it easier to detect and ward of the illness.
21. According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced
I answered: B, between 7 and 14 days.
Correct Answer/Explanation: E, both between 0 and 7 days and between 28
and 35 days.
B is incorrect because memory cells are produced when an organism becomes
exposed to a certain antigen, not after the reaction is occur. If we observe the graph the
organism is exposed to the antigen for the rst time at day 0-7 and then again between
28-35.This means that memory cells are being produced both times the organism
becomes exposed to the antigen. E is the most suitable answer here.
22. An immune response to a tissue graft will different from an immune response to a
bacterium because
I answered: D, a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating
inside normal body cells.
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate
rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules.
23. In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a
patients own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as
I answered: B, an immunodeciency.
Correct Answer/Explanation: C, an autoimmune disease.
Lupus is a disease that attacks the body"s cells and tissue resulting in inammation and
tissue damage. The denition of an autoimmune disease is the arise of a response
against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Which is exactly what
Lupus is. An immunodeciency is where the immune system"s ability to ward off and
ght infectious disease is not present. This would explain why C is the correct answer
and B is not.
25. The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does
not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody
production is due to
I answered: B, increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules.
Correct Answer/Explanation: C, DNA rearrangements. C is the correct answer
because DNA is comprised of ATCG, when you rearrange these four components you
Kelsey Maxim, AP Bio retake, due. Feb 25, 2013
are able to create a plethora of different things for your body. Because we are entirely
made up of different combinations of DNA it only makes sense that we would be able to
create a wide range of antibodies as well because our DNA create everything we are
made up of. B is the incorrect answer because when RNA is mutated they become viral
and lack the ability to even read DNA polymerases, therefore DNA would not be able to
even be made. If DNA cannot be made then antibodies cannot form.
28. A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most
likely
I answered: A, lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces.
Correct Answer/Explanation: D, be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.
The thymus is an organ in the body that teaches TCells their job within the immune
system. If the thymus is destroyed then the newborns body will not be able to
differentiate the TCells from each other. This means that it would be able to differentiate
between the cells that have been taught and the cells that need to be taught making the
system extremely inefcient. If the Thymus is not functioning than TCells will not be able
to learn their job within the immune system. Thus D is the correct answer. A is incorrect
because MHC molecules function is to medication interactions of leukocytes this really
has nothing to do with the thymus.
29. The MHC is important in a T cell"s ability to
I answered: D, identify specic viruses
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, distinguish self from nonself.
Lymphocytes and T Cells interact with MHC imprints T Cell receptors on naive helper T
Cell. TCells recognize MHC molecules but no other antigens. This basically means
recognize self MHC and non self antigens. Viruses are not identied by T cell"s, and that
is why D is incorrect.
30. The activation of helper T cells is likely
I answered: B, when cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines.
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic
cell. Antigen presenting cells are primarily found in dendritic cells, unprocessed cells do
not interact with T cells. Helper TCells are a subgroup of the lymphocytes and aid the
white blood cells in their job of protecting the immune system. A is correct because the
activation occurs when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell, when a dendritic cell
becomes irritated and then activates the helper T Cell. B is incorrect because cytotoxic
is how toxic a certain subject is, to activate a T Cell no toxins are used.
31. Antigens are
I answered: A, proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to
clump.
Correct Answer/Explanation: D, foreign molecules that trigger the generation of
antibodies. An antigen is a substance that increases the production of more antibodies.
The substance may be from an external or foreign source, which means D is the most
suitable answer. A is incorrect because proteins in the blood that cause clumping is
referred to as coagulation, this is the process by which blood forms clots.
Kelsey Maxim, AP Bio retake, due. Feb 25, 2013
32. For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is
necessary that
I answered: B, a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place.
Correct Answer/Explanation: A, the surface antigens of the pathogen not
change. The surface of antigens of the pathogens cannot change because it is made to
weaken or kill the infectious cells. B is incorrect because if the B cell receptors is
activated by the rst encounter antigen that binds to receptor, its two functions is to
signal transduction, the second is to mediate processing with helper T Cells. Thus B is
incorrect and A is correct.
Kelsey Maxim, AP Bio retake, due. Feb 25, 2013