Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.

Yazd
University University
Surface power
For curved
F d refracting
f ti surfaces,
f the
th extent
t t by
b which
hi h the
th incoming
i i light
li ht is
i deviated
d i t d
from its original path is known as the “surface power” (D) and is dependent on:
(I) the difference in refractive index
(II) the radius of curvature of the surface, r.

Spherical single , thin lens

lens, Glass Block
thick lens
n n'

r
DF = n' - n
r

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Surface p
power Vergence(1)
How do we specify the extent to which the incident/emergent
Surface Power, D:
rays converge or diverge?
D = n’ – n r must be measured in metres Rays of Light Diverging from a Point Object
r

⇒ unit for D is the reciprocal metre , i.e. 1/metres or m-1

The reciprocal metre is better known as the dioptre

Higher values for D result from

1- large differences between the refractive indices
2 when
2- h theh value
l ffor r iis small
ll (i
(i.e. the
h curvature is
i steep))
The arc shown is called a wavefront, & the curvature of the
Rays aimed at the centre of curvature of a spherical refracting wavefront
a efront is called the vergence
ergence
surface will pass through undeviated. Why ?
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Vergence(2)
g ( ) Vergence(3)
g ( )
Note: with increased distance from source, wavefront gets less ⇒ the vergence of the wavefront is determined by:
curved ((i.e. has less vergence)
g )
(i) distance from point of interest to source

(ii) refractive index of medium in which rays are travelling

Unit for Vergence?

V=n/d

so inverse relationship exists Reciprocal metre.... ⇒ Dioptre

-ve vergence: ⇒ rays diverging

Vergence ∝ 1
+ve vergence: ⇒ rays converging
distance-to-source

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University Converging 50cm behind lens University

Sample Calculation 1:
Light is made to converge by a lens in air to a point that is 75cm
from the lens. Find the vergence of the wavefront when the ray
l
leaves the
th lens,
l andd att 50cm
50 andd 100cm
100 fromf th
the lens
l .

Converging 50cm behind lens

+75cm
Diverging 100cm behind lens

On leaving the lens: Vergence = 1 = 1 = +1.33D

(“Image Vergence”) l’ +0.75

50cm from lens: Vergence = 1 = 1 = +4D

l’ +0.25
0 25
+75cm

Diverging 100cm behind lens

100cm from lens: Vergence = 1 = 1 = -4D
4D
Which is the point of interest? l’ -0.25
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Vergence
Vergence
1→2
1
2
n n
V1 = ⇒L
L V1
n
V2 =
d L−d
8 cm 8 cm
L
V= 1/(-0.08) = -12.5 m-1 V=1/(+0.08) = 12.5m-1

V1
V=1/∞ = 0 n
n()
V1
V2 = = n ⇒ V2 =
n n V1 d
− d ( − d )( ) 1 − V1 ( )
V1 V1 n n

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Refraction at spherical interfaces Refraction by Spherical Surfaces

“Some rules” At point P we apply the law of
refraction to obtain
1.
1 Light travels left to right i θ1 = n2 sin
n1 sin i θ2
2. V = origin – measure all distances from here
3. R = positive to the right of V, negative to the left Using the small angle
4
4. S = positive
iti ffor reall objects
bj t (i.e.
(i one tto the
th lleft
ft off V)
V), negative
ti ffor approximation we obtain
virtual
n1θ1 = n2 θ 2
5. S’ = positive for real image (to right of V), negative for virtual
images
Substituting for the angles θ1 and θ2
6. Heights – y,y’ – positive up, negative down we obtain

n1 (α − ϕ ) = n2 (α ′ − ϕ )
+
R+ Neglecting the distance QV and
R-
V writing
iti ttangents
t ffor th
the angles
l gives
i

- + _
n2 > n1
⎛h h ⎞ ⎛ h h⎞
n1 ⎜ − ⎟ = n2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ s R⎠ ⎝ s′ R ⎠
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Refraction by Spherical Surfaces II

Guss`ss Formula and surface power
Guss
Rearranging the equation we obtain

n1 n n −n
− 2 = 1 2 n1, n α
s s′ R γ
n2, n`
R
γ
Using the same sign convention as
for mirrors we obtain
S`, I
n1 n n −n S,O
+ 2 = 2 1
s s′ R
n n' n'−n
+ =
s s' R
n2 > n1 S = positive for real
objects (i.e. one to
the left of V),
negative for virtual

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Other sign convention Vergence & surface power

• In some references Gauss` n1 n2 − n1 n2
+ =
n1 n2
formula is defined as: o R i

n1 n2 − n1 n2 O i
+ =
o R i
n1/o = inter vergence
O= negative for real object +
(n2-n
n1)/R = surface power
R- R+
O- i+
n2/i = exit vergence
_
+ Inter vergence+ surface power (optics system power)
_
=exit vergence
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University Image Formation—Single Curves Surface University

Example n (air)
( i)

Example: object n’ (glass)

n
o = 5mm, n2 = 1.5,
(n1=1)
image
radius of the lens=1.43mm
lens=1 43mm
What is exit vergence? object
What is i?
O
i
distance, r
n1 n 2 − n1 n2
+ =
o
o R i image
n1 n2 n 2
+ =
di t
distance,
n1 n2 − n1 n2
o
+
R
=
i
o f2
1 1 1
i
i
+ = G
Gauss ` formula
f l
V + β =V` o f2 i
Gauss’s Equation for
refraction by a single n (n’ - n) n’
=
o + r
1/(5x10
1/(5 10-33)+(1.5-1)/(1.43x10
) (1 5 1)/(1 43 10-33)=1000/1.5
) 1000/1 5
V=1000/1.5 i=1.5/V i=10 mm spherical surface i

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

FOCAL LENGTH AND LENS CURVATURE

University University

Gaussian lens equatioin vergence notation

n ( - n))
(n’
=
n’
n R = 4 mm
+
o r i

n
V = o OBJECT VERGENCE R = 8 mm
n’
V` = i IMAGE VERGENCE
V
R = 10 mm
((n’ - n))
β= r
POWER OF REFRACTING SURFACE

Longer R ⇒ less curved lens

β + V = V`
Less lens curvature ⇒ longer focal length
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University
From Gauss’s Equation to the Vergence Equation
Optical system & Vergence
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = - = s’ + =
-s s’ f f -s f s s’
Inter V V` Exit
V
vergence vergence
1 1 1 Optical
p
P= U= s V= system
f s’ O i
Lens power Object vergence Image vergence β

f s,
f, s ss’ in meters V int er , vergence + β optics, systempower = Vexit , vergence *

P+U=V

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Spherical Surface Focusing Example
example E
Example:
l
s = 5mm, n2 = 1.5, s' = 10mm
((n1=1))
A smallll object
bj iis llocated
d 0.1
0 1 m in
i ffront off a convex surface.
f Ground
G d
n n' n'− n
+ =
What is the radius of the lens?
with a 0.03 m radius on a block of glass of index 1.66. find the
position of image;
(a) If the object and glass are in air. s s' R
1 n2 ( n − 1)
(b) If both are immersed in water (n=4/3) + = const = 2 n n`
S l ti :
Solution o i s s' R
(a) from Gauss`formula, we find that; 1 15. 2 15. 05 .
+ = + = s s,
n1/o+(n2-n n1)/R+n2/i 5 10 10 10 R
1.66/i=1.00/-0.1+1.66-1.00/+0.03→ i=+0.138 m (image is real)
. 05
35 .
(b): = n1 n2 − n1 n2
1.66/i=4/3/-0.1+(1.66-4/3)/+0.03→i=1.66/-2.444=-0.679 (image is virtual) 10 R + =
. R=5
35 o R i
5
R= = 143
. mm
35
.
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

More Spherical Surface Focusing Examples Interesting Case

For the same lense, consider s = 6mm. What is s’? Let s ∞
from
1 n2 (n2 − 1)
+ = = constant
s s′ R
R = 1.43 mm as “s” increases “s' “ decreases (and vice versa.)
6 mm As the point “O” goes to ∞, O' moves in to a certain
8 18 mm
8.18
5 mm
10 mm distance -- called the focal length f':

1 1.5 0.5
+ = A n1 n2
6 s′ 1.43
1.5
= 0.35 − 0.1666 = 0.1833 O'
s′
1.5
s′ = = 8.18mm f'
0.18333

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Focal lengths University
f and f’ University

ff' is the focal length in the glass

glass.
Now let O' go to ∞: What are f and f'? n1 n2 (n2 − n1 )
+ =
s s' R
B n1 n2 Since s = ∞ f':
n2 ( n2 − n1 )
=
f′ R f R f``
f s =∞
and since s' f:

n1 ( n2 − n1 ) n1
= n2
f R
• If we had a light source at f' (in the glass,) the lens collimates the
p A
output
• Similarly for a light source at f in B so f' R f
= =
n2 ( n2 − n1 ) n1
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

General Case University University

General case (we do not prove): • If we want to calculate

l l the
h image
i off the
h system, we can
For any system of lens (no matter how complicated) calculate the image of spherical surface one after another.
n1 n2 • The image of first surface is regarded as the object of

f
ººº ? f'
the second surface and so on.
• Especially,
E i ll pay attention
tt ti tto th the signs
i off object
bj t di
distance,
t
image distance and curvature radius of each spherical
f f′ surface.
S t off llenses
System =
n1 n2
Sometimes

n1 n2 (n2 − n1) is written as

+ =
s s′ R
1 n2 1
+ = (It is easier to measure f than R and n)
s s′ f

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Example : A glass
l b ll has
ball h a radius
di off 10cm
10 and
d n1 n2 n2 − n1 1 1.5 1.5 − 1
refractive index of 1.5. Use paraxial rays formula to + = + =
calculate the image of an object that is 40cm from the ball.
ball u1 v1 r 40 v1 10
v1 = 60cm
n2 (glass)
n1 (air) n1 (air)
I1
This is the first step. I1 is the virtual image for the
O I2
p1 first lens and it is regarded as the object of the
· p2
second spherical surface. So for the second surface,
we have:
v2
u1 20cm u2 n1 = 1.5, n2 = 1, u2 = −(v1 − 20)
v1
Solution: for the first surface, we know = −40cm, r = −10cm
n1 = 1, n2 = 1.5, u1 = 40cm, r = 10cm,
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Substituting
S b tit ti ththe above
b d
data
t tto th
the paraxial
i l Thin lenses
ray formula, we have:
• A lens is a simple coaxial system and it is an optical system
n1 n2 n2 − n1 including two refracting surfaces.
+ = • If th
the thickness
thi k off a llens is
i much
h smaller
ll than
th curvature
t
u 2 v2 r radius, the object and image distances, the thickness of the lens
can be negligible in comparison with them. Such a lens is called
1.5 1 1 − 1.5 thin lens.
− + =
40 v2 − 10 • Lens can converge and diverge light
light.

v2 = 11.4cm D<<r, S, S`

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Some special rays for converging and diverging
Thin lens: lenses
Thickness small in comparison to distances (1). Light rays parallel to the axis of a converging lens are
off optical
ti l properties
ti ((radius
di off curvature,
t refracted through the focal point on the opposite side of the
focal length, image and object distances) lens.

focal point

First and second focal point Planes through the focal points
T off a llens. of a lens are called focal planes.
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

(3) Definition of converging and

((2).
) Light rays parallel to the axis of a diverging lens are diverging lenses
refracted so that their backward continuations pass through
the focal point on the same side of the lens.

A lens is converging if the glass is thinner around

the circumference than at the center and
diverging if the situation is reversed.

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

(4) Graphical method

(4). The lens equation n
n0
n0
A light ray through the center of a thin lens According g to the
continues un-deviated and un-displaced. A light ray formula of single
parallel to the axis passes through the second focal spherical
p surface,, we
point of a converging lens can use it one by one v
and finally
y calculate u v1
the lens equation.

F Real image u1 = u, v1 = -u2, n1 n2 n2 − n1

Virtual image
+ =
v2 = v, u v r
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

For the first surface, n1= n0, n2 = n The abo

abovee two
t o equations
eq ations can be added
together, then we have

n0 n n − n0 1 1 n − n0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
+ = + = ⎜⎜ − ⎟
n0 n n − n0
+ =
u v1 r1 u v n0 ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠ u v1 r1
n n n −n
For the second surface, n1= n, n2 = n0 − + 0 = 0
If lens is in the air, n0 = 1, v1 v r2
n n0 n0 − n
− + = 1 1 ⎛1 1⎞
v1 v r2 + = (n − 1)⎜⎜ − ⎟
u v ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

first focal distance for thin lens Therefore wee have

ha e f1 = f2 . wee can ssuppose
ppose
−1 that they are all equal to f and for air
1 1 n − n0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎡ n − n0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ medium, we have
+ = ⎜ − ⎟ ⇒ f1 = ⎢ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎥
f1 ∞ n0 ⎜⎝ r1 r2 ⎟⎠ ⎣ 0 ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠⎦
n
1 n − n0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
second focal distance for thin lens: = ⎜⎜ − = (n − 1)⎜⎜ −
−1 f n0 ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠ ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠
1 1 n−n0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
+ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟ ⇒ f2 = ⎢n−n0 ⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟⎥
∞ f2 n0 ⎝ r1 r2 ⎠ n0 ⎜⎝ r1 r2 ⎟⎠
⎣ ⎦ Finally we obtain the lens equation
equation,
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

example
• b) solving using Vergence:

V1
V2 =
P1=1/+0.2 =+5, P2= -16, P3=+10 d
1 − V1 ( )
n
V2 = 5/[1-(5)(0.06)]=7.1429 m-1
On leaving lens 2
V`= V+P =(+7.1429)+(-16)=-8.8571
Translation from lens 2 to 3:
V`=(-8.8571)/{1-(-8.8571)(0.06)= -5.7836m-1
On leaving lens 3 ;
V``=(-5.7836)+(+10)= +4.2164

The inverse of that is image distance

I3=1/+4.2164 =23.72 cm

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
7.3.3 Systems of two lenses
Many optical
M ti l instruments
i t t include
i l d combinations
bi ti off two
t or However, same as before,
However before sometimes the second lens is placed
more lenses. In systems of multiple lenses, the image formed between the first lens and the image. The original image
by one lens becomes the object for the next lens (see the pp
disappears, , and the second lens may y or mayy not form a new
following figure). image, but the image that the first lens would have formed
still serves as the object for the second lens. Because the first
i
image i not actually formed but still
is i functions
i as the object
for the second lens, we call it a virtual object. The object
f1 distance u of a virtual object is negative.
negative

u1 v1 u2 f2
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

The case of two connected thin lenses:

Suppose that the focal distance for the
lens, u1 = u
For the first lens group of thin lenses is f, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ =
u v1 f1 = +
f f1 f 2
For the second lens,
lens
v For the more lens systems, we could use
u2 = -v1, v2 = v,
u1= u v1= -u2 thiss method
e od oonee by oonee to
o so
solve
ve them.
e .
1 1 1 Written as dioptric strength,
− + = 1 1 1 1
+ = +
v1 v f 2 u v f1 f 2 D = D1 + D2 + L

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Example 7.3: A converging lens of focal

f2=8cm
8c
length 12 cm is placed 52 cm from f1=12cm 52cm

another converging lens of focal length 8 air air air

cm. Calculate the image position of an · · ·
16cm
object that is 16 cm in front of the first u1
lens. v1
u2

v2
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Solution:
Sol tion: the image formed b by the first lens As the distance between
bet een the twot o lenses is 52
can be obtained by the given data and the cm, the object distance for the second lens is
thin length equation. Substituting the first 52 – 48 = 4 cm. Using the focal distance for
j distance of 16 cm and the focal
object the second lens of 8 cm,, the final image
g can
distance of first lens into thin lens equation, be obtained as
we have
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = + = ⇒ + = ⇒ v2 = −8cm
u1 v1 f1 u 2 v2 f 2 4 v2 8

1 1 1 The image is virtual.

+ = ⇒ v1 = 48cm
16 v1 12

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University Magnification* University

Magnification
object

• Transverse Magnification
• Axial Magnifiacation X f f
immage
s

• Angular Magnification do s’
di

1. Any ray that comes in parallel on one side proceeds toward a particular
point called the focus (on the other side of the lens
point, lens, at a distance f from
the lens).

2. Anyy ray
y that arrives at the lens from the focus on one side comes out
parallel to the axis and the other side.
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Magnification cont’d
University
Magnification cont’d University

y/ f
A F G
From equation 1,
1 =
y B
y x
C D I
y'
y
E
H
y/ x /
X f f x'
From equation 2, =
s (d0 ) s'(di )
y f
Triangles ABC and EDB are similar, so:
y/ x / f
y/
y Or, = = = M , the magnification.
= y f x
f x
Triangles DFG and IHG are also similar, so: Consider triangle ADC and HDI, which are also similar:
y y/ y / di
y/ y = , or = =M .
= do di y do
x/ f

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

Vergence & Magnification Axial (longitudinal) Magnification

∆o ∆i
h γ
h γ``
=γ o1 i1
o h`
o
h o2 i2
=γ′ i
oi oi
i f = 11 = 2 2
o1 − i1 o2 − i2
i γ
= o1i1 (o 2 − i2 ) = o2 i2 (o1 − i1 )
o γ′ i2 − i1 ii
= 12
i n2 γ n2 n o V o2 − o1 o1o2
= ⇒ 1 = =M
o n1 γ n1 ′ n2 i V ′ i2 − i1
=
∆i
= M α = M t1 M t 2 = M t
o2 − o1 ∆o
h′
M =
h
n1 h γ = n 2 h ′γ ′Smith − Helmholtz , Re lationship
 Magnification and Angular Spread (Angular Magnification
University )
Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
Magnification and Angular Spread cont’d Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University

So,
αo ⎞ ⎛ h⎞ αi ⎞ ⎛ h⎞
αo h αi
tan ⎝⎛ = ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎝⎛ = ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎠ ⎝ do ⎠ 2 ⎠ ⎝ di ⎠
Therefore,
α h
tan ⎛ o ⎞
X f f X'

⎝ 2 ⎠ do ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ di ⎞ di
d0 di
= =⎜ ⎟ = = M.
Consider an optical
p source with an angular
g optical
p output
p spread
p of ⎛ α i ⎞ h ⎝ do ⎠ ⎝ h ⎠ do
tan
αo . What is the resulting angular spread αi ⎝ 2 ⎠ di

after it is focused by the lens?

For small θ, (i.e. < 20 degrees or < 0.35 radians) tan θ = θ
so:
Recall that:
α0
M= ( if the angles are small )
αi

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University
Magnification and Angular Spread cont’d University

Coupling Common P
C Problem:
bl the
h emission
i i anglesl ffrom a llaser di
diode
d ((or LED) can
be 40 to 60 degrees. The acceptance angle for a fiber can be 10 to 30
degrees. The solution is to use a lens to increase the coupling efficiency.
•
Laser α β Fiber

• Lens
Example 2
2-4:
4:

• Coupling Laser & Fiber Suppose a source radiates with a 40 degree full cone angle,and it
has the dimensions 20 µm x 20 µm (must be an LED). Design a
lens system to decrease the beam spread to 10 degrees.
degrees Also
determine the image size.
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Lens System Example Problem

University
Lens Systems University

Solution:
Starting from: ( Multiply both sides by d0 )
α 1 1 1 d d d 1 do
tan ⎛ o ⎞ tan ⎛ ⎞ + = ⇒ o + o = o ⇒1+ =
40
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 0.3639 do d i f do di f M f
=M= = = 4.16
⎛ αi ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ 00.08748
08748
tan tan
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
So if M = 4.16, then: d0 di

αo f

20 1 d
Note: M ≈ α2 = =4 1+ = o = 1.24
i 5 4 16 f
4.16
2

This means that the image size is 83.2 µm d0=1.24f

20x4 16=83
20x4.16 83.2
2

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Lens Systems cont’d University

Systems Lens cont’d University

If the lens has a focal length of 10 cm, then: Note: We could have chosen f = 1 mm, then our
do = 1.24 f = 12.4cm do = 1.24mm,d
1 24 di = 5.16mm
5 16
And since
Thi solution
This l ti iis reasonable
bl if we are coupling
li tto a
di large diameter fiber,i.e. a fiber diameter of greater
= M ⇒ di = 4.16do ⇒ di = 51.6 cm
d0 than 80 µm.
µm
80µm x
80µm
20µm x 20µm
However single mode fibers have core diameters on
However,
Laser 40 deg 10 deg
Fiber
the order of only 4 to 12 µm. Fortunately, laser
p
diodes have small apertures, , i.e. onlyy 1 to 2 µ
µm in
height and 2 to 5 µm in width.
f f

d d
0 i
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

for Ray Rules Tracing University

Ray Tracing Rules Illustration
University

F
Four Rules
R l for
f Ray
R Tracing:
T i
1. Rays travelling through the center of the lens are
undeviated,(using
d i t d ( i th the thi
thin llens approximation,
i ti parallel
ll l 4
surfaces).

2. Incident rays travelling parallel to the lens axis pass through

the focal point after emerging from the lens.
f f
3. An incident ray travelling parallel to a central ray intersects 2
that ray in the focal plane after transmission through the lens
lens. 3

1
4. An incident ray passing through the focal point travels
parallel to the lens axis after it emerges from the lens. Figure 2-10: The numbers refer to the rules.

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Magnification vs. do/f Other Possibilities:
do
1 1 1
From our basic equations: + / =
1 1 1
⇒ + = , and Case 1: =∞
do di f f
s s f
• The object is at infinity
d 1 d
1 • Only the parallel rays make it to the lens (this is why the sun's
1+ = o ⇒ = o −1 rays focus to a point)
point).
M f M f
1
5 Therefore,
f M=
do
−1
4
f
and the text considers values of
M3
do
2 1< <2
f
Fig 2-18
Fig.
1 d0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 f
Other Possibilities cont’d Other Possibilities cont’d
Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

do do
Case 2: 2< <∞ C
Case 3
3: =2
f f
1 1
/f=3 M =
Example: d0/f=3, = 1 1
3 −1 2 M= = =1
2−1 1
The image is real, inverted, reduced (demagnified), and located
between f and 2f. The image is real, inverted, the same size as the object, and
is located at 2f on the other side of the lens.
A
B'
A B'

P P'
P
2f f
P P'
A'
2f f' 2f
f
B f
Object Image A'
B
Figure 2-11: The image formed by a converging lens of an object
Figure 2-12: The image formed by a converging lens is real, inverted,
that is located at a finite distance beyond 2f'..
andd the
th same size
i as the
th actual
t l object
bj t it
itself.
lf

Other Possibilities cont’d Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University Other Possibilities cont’d Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University

do do
Case 4: 1 < ≤2 Case 5: =1
f f
1 1 1 1
Example: d0/f=1.5,
/f M= = =2 M= = =∞
1.5 − 1 0.5 1 −1 0

The image is real, inverted, enlarged (magnified), and located

beyond 2f on the opposite side of the lens. No image is formed.

B'
A
A

P P'
P P'
f' f 2f
2 f' f' f 2f
B

B
A' Figure 2-13: No image is formed when the object is located at
the principle focus.
Other Possibilities cont’d Magnification
Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

do
C
Case 6 0≤
6: <1
f
1 1
/f=0 5 M =
Example: d0/f=0.5, = = −2
2
0.5 − 1 −0.5 5
Magnification as a function of do/f

4
3
The image is virtual, enlarged, and located on the same
side of the lens as the object! 2
A'

Magnificattion
1

0
-1
A -2
2

-3
f' f
-4
B
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
do/f

B'
The image formed of an object
less than a focal length from the lens.

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Using a GRIN to collimate light Other Types of Lenses - Cylindrical lens
Focal Line
Lens Fig. 2-11

Lens Axis
(a) Fiber

f
• Focusing, collimation
only
l in
i the
th vertical
ti l
Rod Lens direction
• 1D version of the
(b) Fiber spherical lens

GRIN rod lenses can also be used to collimate light from

Fig. 2-12
a laser
l diode.
di d f
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Cylindrical lens Planar Source Emitting Apertures

University University
Cly. lens
Source emittting aperature

Point Source
θ
//
Side
View laser
Side View
f θ⊥

Point Source Planar Source

Emitting θ
Top A
Aperature
t
View Top View

Semiconductor lasers (and some LEDs) have asymmetric ray

divergences (or beam spread) because the emitting aperture is
asymmetric.

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

The Graded Index Rod Lens (GRIN) University

Ray paths inside a GRIN Rod
University

r r
r
n2
a

2a
0
2a
n n z n(r)
2 1

Fig.
g 5-4 Figure 5-5 Ray paths along a GRIN fiber.

P
(c)

GRIN rod.
(c) A typical ray path.
Fig. 5-6
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

GRIN cont’d
University University
Using a GRIN to collimate light

P/4 Lens
P/4

(a) (b) (a) Fiber

Rod Lens

Graded Index Rod. (b) Fiber

((a)) A q
quarter-pitch
p lens collimates light
g emerging
g g from
a point.
(b) A quarter-pitch lens focuses a collimated light beam. GRIN rod lenses can also be used to collimate light from
a laser
l diode.
di d

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

The Numerical Aperture University
The Numerical Aperture
University

Numerical Aperture (NA or N N.A.)

A) β
Originally defined for microscope objectives.
θ α

n1 o p t ic a l s y s t e m
NA = n sinθ
Where θ is the angle of the outermost ray that enters (and is useful
to) the system.

Consider an "optical
optical receiver system"
system consisting of a
lens and a photodetector:
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Determining the Numerical Aperture

University
Determining the Numerical Aperture University

d 1
(a) (b ) (c) tanθ = = = 0.05
2 f 20
f β
f θ −1
1
θ = tan (0.05) = 0.04995rad (2.862º)
d θ
d/ 2 NA = n1 sin((θ ) = 1sin(2.862º
( )
Photo Detector NA = 0.04993
system the maximum angle θ is given by
For this system,
⎛ d⎞ θ β Fib e r
⎝ ⎠ d
tan(θ ) = 2 =
f 2f

Example: this receiver system has a focal length of 10cm and the
photodetector has a diameter of 1cm. Find NA.
p α NA ≡ n1 sinθ
NA = sinθ , n=1

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Acceptance Angle
0 .6
Thick lens*
Nu m e r ica l Ap e r t u r e

0 .5

*Thick
*Thi k lenses
l contain
i two systems off coaxial
i l
0 .4
spherical surfaces.
0 .3

*Thickness of the thick lenses cannot be negligible

0 .2
while the thickness of thin lenses can be ignored.
Sin g le M o d e
0 .1
Fib e r *such a system can be solved by spherical surface,
0 .0 b t it contain
but t i a llott off ttrivial
i i l details
d t il especially
i ll for
f
0 10 20 30

Acc e p t a n c e An gl e
coaxial optical system of more spherical surfaces.

Figure
g 2-23: Numerical aperture
p and
acceptance angle. NA = sin θ
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

Thick Lenses and Cardinal Points

Thick Lenses and Cardinal Points
Image
g size is determined by:
y
Aims & Objectives shape
-learn
l about
b t conceptt off refraction
f ti att front
f t andd back
b k surfaces
f off a thickness
thick lens refractive index
-introduce the step-along and step-back equations Thick Lenses versus Thin Lenses?
- learn how to determine image location with a thick lens Thin Lenses:
D = D1+D2 (shape & refractive index)
-discover the properties of principal planes
Thick Lenses:
-find the cardinal points of a thick lens DE = D1 + D2 - (t/ng)D1D2 (shape, thickness & refractive index)

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Thick Lens Terminology University University
D1 D2 D1 and D2 are the first
D1 D2 n 2'
n1 n 1 ' or n g or n 2 (front) and second (back)
n1 n 1 ' or n g or n 2 n 2'
F A2 F'
surface powers
A1

F A1 A2 F' n1′ − n1
D1 =
r1
n2′ − n2
D2 =
t r2
A1 and A2 are the front and back vertices.
t Distance from A1 to A2 is the axial thickness of the lens.
D1 and D2 are the first (front) and second (back) surface powers The line jjoiningg the centre of curvatures of the first and second
surfaces (C1 and C2) is called the principal axis, or optical axis.
n1′ − n1 n2′ − n2
D1 = D2 = f and ff’ are the first and second focal points for the lens as a whole.
whole
r1 r2
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University
For Ray 1: the two
Ray 1 H H' refractions which take place
refractions,
at the front and back
F P P' F'
Ray 1 H H' surfaces are equivalent to
surfaces,
one refraction at H’
Ray 2
G G'

F P P' F'
For Ray 2: the two refractions, which take place at the front and
back surfaces, are equivalent to one refraction at G
Ray 2
G G'
x
A1 O A2 Rays directed
R di t d towards
t d P leave
l
y
the lens unchanged in direction
P P'
as though they had come from P P’

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Back Vertex Focal Length: (fv’) University
H' University

Distance from back vertex of the lens to the second focal point of
the lens
F P' A2 F'

H'

fv '
F P' A2 F'

1 e'
Dv′ = fE '
Back Vertex Power:
' f ' f '
f v′
fv '
“the vergence of the light leaving the back vertex when rays
e' parallel to the principal axis are incident on the front surface
surface”
fE '
D1 + D2 − (t ng )D1 D2
Dv′ =
1 − (t ng )D1
e' = fv ' - f E '
e
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University Front Vertex Focal Length: (fv) University

Distance from front vertex of the lens to the first focal point of the
Attention: In ‘Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing’ you will lens
derive another (equivalent) expression for back vertex power:

D1
Dv′ =
F A1
+ D2
P

[
1 − (t ng )D1 ]
fv G

e
fE e = f v - fE

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Front Vertex Power: DE is the equivalent power
1
F A1 P
Dv = − i.e. the power of the thin lens which could be used to replace the
fv
thick
hi k lens
l
DE = D1 + D2 - ((
((t/ng))D1D2)
fv G
DE
⇒ Dv =
1 − (t ng )D2
e
fE e = fv - fE (front vertex power)
DE
“ the vergence of the incident wavefront at the front vertex of the Dv′ =
lens with the special condition that the emergent vergence is 1 − (t ng )D1 (back vertex power)
parallel
parallel”
1 D1 + D2 − (t ng )D1 D2 1 1
Dv = − = DE = =−
fv 1 − (t ng )D2 f v′ fv
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University Image Position with a Thick Lens University
Draw in fE, fE’ fv and fv’ Note: l2 = l1’ - t

fE’: “ second equivalent focal length”

fE: “ first equivalent focal length
length” L1

Ray 1 H H'
Note:
N t
B1 A2
(1) where the first and last
refractive indices are F fv P P' f ‘v F' B1 '
the same, the values
for fE and fE’ are l1
Ray 2
equal in size but G G'
opposite in sign. fE f ’E
(2) Th
The equivalent
i l t power t
DE is the power of the
thin lens that could be
used to replace the l1'
thick lens.

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Image Position with a Thick Lens University
Refraction at 1st surface:
University
L1 L1'
Note: l2 = l1’ - t L2 L2'
L1’ = L1+ D1
B1 A2 B2 ' Object distance is l1
B1 ' or B2

L1 L1'
L2 L '
l1 Image distance l1‘
2 l2 '

B1 A2 B2 ' t

l2
B1 ' or B2
l1'

l1

l2 '

t
l2

l1'
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University
L1 L1' Refraction at 1st surface: L1 L1' Refraction at 1st surface:
L2 L2' L2 L2'
L1’ = L1+ D1 L1’ = L1+ D1
B1 A2 B2 ' Object distance is l1 B1 A2 B2 ' Object distance is l1
B1 ' or B2 B1 ' or B2

l1 Image distance l1‘ l1 Image distance l1‘

l2 ' l2 '
Refraction at 2nd surface: Refraction at 2nd surface:
t t

l2
L2’ = L2+ D2 l2
L2’ = L2+ D2
Object distance is l2 Object distance is l2
l1' l1'

Image distance is l2’ Image distance is l2’

since l2 = l1’ – t L2 = n2 = n2
l2 (l1’ - t)

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
L1 L1' Refraction at 1st surface: L1 L1'
L2 L2' L2 L2'
L1’ = L1+ D1 note: n2 = n1’ = ng
B1 A2 B2 ' Object distance is l1 B1 A2 B2 '

B1 ' or B2 B1 ' or B2

l1 Image distance l1‘ l1

l2 ' l2 '
Refraction at 2nd surface:
t t

l2
L2’ = L2+ D2 l2
Object distance is l2
l1' l1'

(divide above and below line by n2)

Image distance is l2’
L2 = n2 = 1 = 1
since l2 = l1’ – t L2 = n2 = n2 (l1’ - t) l1’ - t l1’ - t
l2 (l1’ - t) n2 n2 n1’ ng
(divide above and below line by n2)
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University
1 L′ University
L1 L1' L2 = ⋅ 1
L2 L2'
note: n2 = n1’ = ng l1′ t L1′
−
B1 A2 B2 '
n1′ ng
B1 ' or B2
⇒
L1′
l1
L2 =
l2 '
1 − (t ng )L1′
t

l2 This is the step along equation

l1'

(divide above and below line by n2)

L2 = n2 = 1 = 1 The step back equation:

(l1’ - t) l1’ - t l1’ - t L2
L1′ =
1 + (t ng )L2
n2 n2 n1’ ng
(M lti l top
(Multiply t & bottom
b tt by
b L1’)

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
Thick lens: a numerical calculation
Usage of vergence
Determining the Position of the Cardinal Points
• D
Determining
t i i the
th PPosition
iti off th
the C
Cardinal
di l 1) Calculate the surface powers
Points (Thick lens):
• f `E 2) Find the position of the second focal point (F’) and the back vertex
• fE focal length, fv’
• fV 3) Find the position of the first focal point (F) and the front vertex focal
• f `V g , fv
length,
• P
• P`
P 4)Calculate the equivalent power DE and first and second equivalent
focal lengths fE and fE’

5) Find the position of the first principal point (P) and second principal
point (P’)
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University

D1 D2
n 1=1 n 1=1 n 2' = 1.33

F A1 F A1 A2 F'

r2 = -12cm
r1 = +8cm r1 = +8cm

t= 3.046cm t= 3.046cm

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

n 1' or n g or n2 = 1.523 n1' or n g or n2 = 1.523

DF1 1 F2
D2
n1=1
1 n2' = 1.33
1 33
D1 D2
n 1=1 n 2' = 1.33 F A1 A2 F'

r2 = -12cm
r1 = +8cm
F A1 A2 F' 1) Calculate the surface powers

r2 = -12cm D1 = n1’ - n1 = 1.523 - 1

r1 = +8cm t= 3.046cm

t/ng = 3.046/1.523cm =0.02m r1 +0 08

+0.08
= +6.5375D

t= 3.046cm D2= n2’ - n2 = 1.33 - 1.523

r2 -0.12
0 12
t/ng = 3.046/1.523cm =0.02m
= +1.6083D
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
2) Find the position of the second focal point (F’) and the back
University For the first surface: University

vertex focal length, fv’ L1’ = L1 +D1

H'

To find the second focal point we need the light incident upon the L1 = 0
F P' A2 F'
lens to be parallel, i.e. L1 = 0 and l2’ = fv’ D1= +6.5375D
L1’ = 0 +6.5375 = +6.5375D
L2 fv '
L1 L1` H'
L2` Now we need to use the step
along equation
e'
F A2 fE '
P' F'
t/ng = 0.03046/1.523
0 03046/1 523 = 0.02
0 02

L2 = L1’ = +6.5375
6.5375
fv '
1 - (t/ng)L1’ 1- ((0.02) . 6.5375)
e''
fE ' L2 = +7.5209D
e' = fv ' - f E '

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University 3) Find the position of the first focal point (F) and the front
University
For the second surface: vertex focal length, fv
L2’ = L2 +D2
L2 = +7.5209D D2= +1.6083D To find the first focal point the light which emerges from the lens
must be parallel, i.e. L2’ = 0 and thus l1 = fv
⇒ L2’ = +9.1292D

L2’ = n2’/l2’ so l2’ = n2’/ L2’

n2’ = 1.33 L2’ = +9.1292D F A1 P

Thus l2’ = +0.14569m

Butt l2’ = fv’ when

B h the
th light
li ht incident
i id t on the
th first
fi t surface
f is
i parallel
ll l fv G
(i.e. L1 = 0)
e
fE e = fv - fE
Thus fv’= +0.14569m
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University
For the first surface:
For the second surface:
L2’ = L2 +D2 L1’ = L1 +D1 ⇒ L1 = L1’ - D1
F A1 F A1
⇒
P P
L2 = L2’ - D2
L1‘ = -1.6618D
L2’ = 0 D1= +6.5375D
D2= +1.6083D
fv G
⇒ L1 = -1.6618
1 6618 - 6.5375
6 5375 fv G

⇒ L2 = 0 - 1.6083 = -1.6083D
e = -8.1993D e
fE e = fv - fE fE e = fv - fE

Now we need to use the step back equation L1 = n1/l1 so l1 = n1/ L1

L1’= L2 = - 1.6083 n1 = 1.0 L1 = -8.1993D ⇒ l1 = -0.12196m

1 +(t/ng)L2 1+ ((0.02).
((0 02) -1.6083)
1 6083) B t l1 = fv when
But h the
th light
li ht emerges from
f the
th lens
l parallel
ll l
(i.e. L2’ = 0)
L1‘ = -1.6618D
1 6618D
Thus fv= -0.12196m

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University
4)Calculate the equivalent power FE and the first and second In our example:
equivalent
i l focal
f l lengths
l h fE andd fE’ D1 = +6.5375D D2 = +1.6083D
DE = D1 + D2 - ((t/ng))D1D2 t = 0.03046m (t always +ve) ng = 1.523 t/ ng = 0.02
P = β1+β
β2-β
β1β2(d/n)
(d/ )
In our example: Inputting values into equation

D1 = +6.5375D D2 = +1.6083D DE = D1 + D2 - (t/n

t = 0.03046m (t always +ve)
ve)
Inputting values into equation
DE = D1 + D2 - (t/ng)D1D2
gives DE= +7.9355D
+7 9355D
(t/ g)D1D2
gives DE= +7.9355D
ng = 1.523 t/ ng = 0.02
DE = n2’/fE’ and DE = -n1/fE ⇒ fE’ = n2’/ DE and fE = -n1/ DE
so the second equivalent focal length (fE’)
fE’ = 1.33/+7.9355= 0.16760m = fE’
and the first equivalent focal length (fE)
fE = -1/+7.9355=
1/+7.9355 -0.12602m
0.12602m = fE
5) Find the position of the first principal point Dr.G.Mirjalili
(P) and Physics Dept.Yazd
the
University
Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University

second principal point (P’) thus ee’ = -2.191cm

2.191cm

position of the second principal point is given by: The -ve value indicates that the second pprincipal
p point
p is located
2.191cm to the left of the back vertex.
e’ = fv’ - fE’
To determine the position of the fist principal point we can use:
using e’ = fv’ - fE’
e = fv - fE
fv’ = +14.569cm fE’ = +16.760cm fv = -12.196cm
12 196cm fE = -12.602cm
12 602cm
thus e’ = -2.191cm thus e =+0
+0.406cm
406cm
The -ve value indicates that the second principal point is located The +ve value indicates that the first pprincipal
p point
p is located
2.191cm to the left of the back vertex. 0.406cm to the right of the front vertex

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Principal planes for thick lens

University University

Equi--convex or equi
Equi equi--concave and moderately thick
Ray 1 H H' H H’ HH
’
fv e e’ f ‘v
F P P' F'

Ray 2
G G' Plano--convex or plano
Plano R2 = ∞
plano--concave lens with R2
fE f ’E H H’
H H’
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Principal planes for thick lens Comparison between Thin lens

University University

For meniscus lenses, the principal planes move outside and Thick lens
th llens
the
R2 = 3R1 (H’ reaches the first surface)

H H’ H H’ H H’
H H’
• The significance (meaning) of
principal
p p p plane 1 & 2

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

The significance of principal plane 1

University
The significance of principal plane 2 University
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University
Thin Lens Systems & Cardinal Points University

Usage of vergence
Aims & Objectives
• D
Determining
t i i the
th PPosition
iti off th
the C
Cardinal
di l
Points (Thin lens): -learn about the concept of equivalent power
• f `E
- learn how to determine image location with a thin lens
• fE
system
• fV
• f `V - discover the properties of principal planes of thin lens
• P systems
• P`
P
-find the cardinal points of a thin lens system

Cardinal planes of simple systems

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
University University
Cardinal Points of a Thin Lens System
•Two or more thin lenses form a “thin lens system”
1. Thin lens n −1 1− n The principles & equations which described the thick lens also
•The
D1 = D2 = describe thin lens systems
r1 r2
D = D1 + D2 •The equation for the equivalent power of a thin lens pair is:
n −1 1− n DE = D1 + D2 – t D1 D2
= +
r1 r2 D1 and D2 are the powers of the thin lenses and t is the distance
between them; d must be measured in metres.
⎡1 1 ⎤ H, H’
= (n − 1)⎢ − ⎥
Lens maker
maker’s
s equation
is obeyed. •The
Th positions
iti off the
th principal
i i l points
i t are found
f d in
i the
th same way as
⎣ r1 r2 ⎦ for the thick lens, i.e. by using the vertex powers to locate the focal
1 Principal planes, nodal planes, points: F t vertex
Front t B k vertex
Back t
= power: power:
f coincide at center
Dv = DE Dv ’ = DE
1- t D2 1- t D1
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Sample Calculation:
University
first equivalent focal length (fE): University

A lens system consists of a +5D lens and a +2D lens separated by 1/DE ⇒ fE = -1/+6.2
fE = -1/D 1/+6 2 = -0.1613m
0 1613
8cm. Find the equivalent focal length and the positions of the
principal points.
points An object 3cm tall is situated 50cm in front of the
In the case of thin lens systems A1 and A2 represent the locations of
first lens. What will be the position and size of the image produced
the first and second thin lenses
byy the combination?
Equivalent power: DE = D1 + D2 – t D1 D2 Front vertex power of combination:

Given: Dv = DE = +6.2
D1 = +5D
5D D2 = +2D
2D t = +0.08m
0.08m (always +ve)
ve) 1- t D2 1 - (0.8. 2)

= +7.3810D
⇒ DE = +5 +2 - ((0.08 . 5 . 2)) = +6.2D
Second equivalent focal length (fE’):
fv (front vertex focal length) = -1/ Dv
fE’ = 1/DE ⇒ fE’ = 1/+6.2 = +0.1613m ⇒ fv = -1/+7.3810 = -0.1355m

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Back vertex power of combination: University Location of second principal point (A2P’): University

Dv ’ = DE = +6 2
+6.2 e’ = fv’-fE’= +0.0968m - (+0.1613m)
1- t D1 1 - (0.08 . 5)
= -6.45cm ((i.e. to the left of the second thin lens))
= +10.3333D What will be the position and size of the image produced by the
combination?
fv’ (back vertex focal length) = 1/ Dv’
Given:
⇒ fv’ = 1/+10.3333 = +0.0968m D1 = +5D D2 = +2D t = +0.08m

Location
i off first
fi principal
i i point
i (A1P):
) l1 = -0.50m
0 50 h1 = 0.03m
0 03

e = fv - fE= -0.1355m
0 1355m - (-0.1613m)
( 0 1613m) l1 = -0.50m,
0 50m thus L1 = -2D
2D
= +2.58cm (i.e. to the right of the first thin lens)
L1’ = L1 + D1 ⇒ L1’ = -22 + 5 = +3D
What will be the position and size of the imageDr.G.Mirjalili ⇒ L2’ = +3.9474 + 2 = +5.9474D
Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd
produced University by the L2’ = L2 + D2 University

combination?
l2’ = 1/L2’ ⇒ l2’ = 1/+5.9474
Given:
D1 = +5D
5D D2 = +2D
2D t = +0.08m
0.08m
l2’ = +0.1681m = +16.81cm (+ve:to the right of the second lens)
l1 = -0.50m h1 = 0.03m
Magnification:
l1 = -0.50m, thus L1 = -2D h2 ‘ = h1 . L1 . L2
L1’ L2’
L1’ = L1 + F1 ⇒ L1’ = -2 + 5 = +3D

(Step-along equation): L2 = L1’ h2 ‘ = 0.03 . -2 . +3.9474

1 d L1’
1-d +3 +5 9474
+5.9474

L2 = +3 = +3.9474D
+3 9474D = -0.013274
1-(0.08 . 3) = -1.3274cm (-ve sign means image is inverted)

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

A compound
p lens Lens system : compound lens
Two thin lens in contact DE = D1 + D2
formed by two thin lenses
Lens 1: f1 = -30 cm
Lens 2: f2 = 20 cm
t = 10 cm

T thin
Two thi lens
l separated
t d by
b 1/f1 = -3
D1=1/ 3.33D
33D
DE 3.33
a distance t DE = D1 + D2 – t D1D2 D2=1/f2 = +5.0D Dv = = = 6.66 D
1 − tD2 1 − 0.5
t
DE = D1 + D2 – t D1D2 fv = −
1
= −15 cm (Front focal length)
A1 A2 Dv
= 1.67 +1.67
A DE 3.33
Dv′ = = = 2.5 D
= 3.33D
3 33D 1 − tD1 1 + 0.333
Therefore fE’ = 1/DE = 30 cm f v′ = +40 cm (Back focal length)
For A1 P1 : e = f v − f E = −15 cm + 30 cm = + 15 cm
fE = -1/DE = -30cm
For A 2 P2 : e = f v′ − f E′ = 40 cm - 30 cm = +10 cm
 Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

Lens system: numberical anaylsis

University
More on Diopters University

L
Location
ti off IImage
fE = 30 cm To locate an image, we need to track a minimum of two rays coming from the
15 cm same point.
It will be convenient to take one ray
i) along the optic axis for mirrors and
ii) going through the center of the lens.
F A1 P2 F’
A2 P1

f.f.l. = 15 cm 10 cm fE’ = 30 cm
t
b f l = 40 cm
b.f.l. Use simple
U i l geometry to
The two angles show that
are the same
The two lenses can be considered as combined to form a single thick lens whose θi +θ0 = constant
principal points and focal length are calculated. It, in turn, is combined with the third The sum θi+θo is a constant. What does this constant represent? Geometrically, we
lens, and so on with each successive element. interpret it as double the angle made by the dashed radius line. Optically, it is a
Th same procedures
The d can be
b extended
t d d to
t systems
t with
ith 3,
3 4,
4 5,
5 …. or more lenses.
l measure of the strength of the mirror, i.e., how strongly the mirror focuses light, and
so we call it the focal angle, θf,
θi+θo = θf

Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd Dr.G.Mirjalili Physics Dept.Yazd

University University

1
t θi ≈ θi
= tan
v
1
θ 1
= tan θ 0 ≈ θ 0
u
ϕ v 1 1
u = tan θ c ≈ θ c = 2θ f =
c 2f
c = 2f
θc 1 1 1
θi + θ0 = θ f ⇒ + =
v u f

ϕ + θ i = 900................................(1) Example: A searchlight

[ϕ + θ ] + θ c = 90 .......................(2)
0 lightbulb? A parallel beam has zero angle between its rays, so θi = 0. To place the lightbulb correctly,
[ϕ + 2θ ] + θ 0 = 900.....................(3)
(1)and (2) ⇒ θ i = θ + θ c ..............(4)
(2)and (3) ⇒ θ 0 = −θ + θ c ...........(5)
(4) + (5) ⇒ θ i + θ 0 = 2θ c = θ f = constant
Suppose we need to create a parallel beam of light, as in a searchlight. Where should we place the
distance, not an angle: the distance u between the bulb and the
however we need to know a distance
however,
mirror. Since 1/v = θi = 0, it implies θ0=θf, i.e. u = f. The bulb has to be placed at a distance from the
mirror equal to its focal point.
Example: Diopters
An equation like v =1/θi really doesn’t make sense in terms of units. Angles are unitless, since
radians aren’t really units, so the right-hand side is unitless. We can’t have a left-hand side with
units of distance if the right-hand
right hand side of the same equation is unitless.
unitless In real life
life, optometrists
define the thing θi=1/v as the “dioptric strength” of a lens or mirror, and measure it in units of
inverse meters (m –1), also known as diopters (1 D = 1 m –1).