Building

A book for all Civil Engineers & Architects (Diploma, Degree, & Masters)
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR
This book or parts of this book should not be reproduced or translated in any form without the written permission of Author.
A Practical book for
BUILDING ESTIMATIONS
By
Mohammed Haroon
B.E Civil, MS Australia
Director of
AL-Madina Institute of Quantity Survey
Malakpet, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
www.quantitysurveyindia.com
Recommended by
Mohammed Abdul Rasool
B.E Civil (Structures), Osmania University Hyderabad India.
working in Saudi Arabia from last 36 years
Professor Mohammed Iqbal Ahmed
B.E,Civil, M.E Environmental
Head of Civil Engineering Department, K.B.N.C.E, Gulbarga University, Karnataka.
FIRST EDITION 2012

SECOND EDITION 2013 Revised Edition
THIRD EDITION 2014 Revised Edition
TO MY
MOTHER & FATHER
About Author: Mohammed Haroon

The Author has done Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering from K.B.N.C.E, Gulbarga University, Karnataka and Master Degree in
Environmental Engineering from University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, and he has 14 years of experience working in 5 countries
i.e. in Australia, Qatar, Saudi-Arabia, UAE and India as well.
Presently providing professional training for all Civil Engineers& Architects in preparing estimations of High-rise Buildings.
AL-Madina Institute of Quantity Survey
Malakpet, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
Website: www.quantitysurveyindia.com
CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Definition of Quantity Surveying

2. List of Topics under Quantity Surveying
3. Process of Executing Work on Site
4. Types of Footings
5. Types of Columns
6. Types of Floors
7. Types of Loads
8. Honey Comb
9. Types of Beams
10. Types of Slabs
11. Types of Walls
12. Types of Stair Cases
13. Unit Conversion (one, two & three dimension)
14. Rate Conversion
15. Length & Area Calculations
16. Shuttering Area Calculations
17. Volume Calculations
18. Problems & Solutions of Various types of Footings
19. Problems & Solutions of Various types of Columns
20. Problem & Solution of Roof Frame with Drop Beams
21. Problem & Solution of Dome Slab
22. Problem & Solution of Hardy Slab
23. Problem & Solution of Waffle Slab
24. Problem & Solution of Pitch Roof
25. Problem & Solution of Semi-round Stair Case
26. Problem & Solution of Lift Pit
27. Problem & Solution of Ramp
28. Standard Data required for Quantity Surveying
Page no.
01 - 01
02 - 03
04 - 09
10 - 19
20 - 23
24 - 24
25 - 25
25 - 26
26 - 31
31 - 39
40 - 46
46 - 47
48 - 54
55 - 56
57 - 59
60 - 60
61 - 61
62 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 83
83 - 88
89 - 90
91 - 92
93 - 94
95 - 98
99 - 101
102 - 104
104 - 106
C:M (cement:mortar) required for Brick work

C:M (cement:mortar) required for Plastering
Concrete Mix Design with different Grades of Concrete
Standard Weight and Density of Cement, Sand, Aggregate, Water & Steel, etc.
29. Brick work Calculations & Problems
30. Plastering Calculations & Problems
31. Emulsion paint (or Water Bond Paint for wall) Calculations & Problems
32. Wall Putty Calculation & Problem
33. Flooring Calculation & Problem
34. Over-Head Water Tank Calculation & Problem
35. Pictures of advance method of Plastering with machine
36. Complete Format & Method to prepare Estimate of Residential Villa Project
with M.S office Excel Sheet and List of items to be calculated
37. Project Drawings (Architectural, Structural & Reinforcement)
107 111
112 117
118 118
119 119
120 120
121 123
124 124
125 127
128 152
SUB-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS
38. Calculation for (a)Volume of Concrete (b) Shuttering Area (c)Bitumen Paint Area
(d) Polythene Sheet Area (e) Termite Control Area
39. Calculation & Solution for Footings
40. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Footings
41. Calculation & Solution for Neck Columns
42. Calculation & Solution for Tie Beams & Strap beams
43. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Tie Beams
44. Calculation & Solution for Plinth Beams
45. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Plinth Beams
46. Calculation & Solution for 20 cm thick Slab with steel mesh under floor tiles
47. Calculation & Solution for Retaining Wall
48. Calculation & Solution for Rectangular Sump
49. Calculation & Solution for Circular Sump
50. Calculation & Solution for Septic Tank
61. Calculation & Solution for Earth Work Excavation & Back fill with Pit-Wise Method
153 - 154
155 162
163 164
165 174
175 178
179 181
182 184
185 186
187 189
190 193
194 196
197 200
201 203
204 212
62. Abstract for the Quantities of Sub-Structure and its Solution

63. Bill of Quantities for Sub-Structure
213 216
217 217
SUPER-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS
64. Calculation for (a)Volume of Concrete (b) Shuttering Area
65. Calculation & Solution for Floor Columns
66. Calculation & Solution for Drop Beams
67. Calculation & Solution for Roof Slab
68. Calculation & Solution for Dog-Leg Stair Case
69. Calculation & Solution for Brick work
70. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Brick work
71. Calculation & Solution for Plastering
72. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Plastering
73. Calculation & Solution for Paint (Emulsion & Enamel paint)
74. Calculation & Solution for Wall Putty
75. Calculation & Solution for False Ceiling
76. Calculation & Solution for Flooring, Wall Skirting & Wall Tiles
77. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Flooring
78. Calculation & Solution for cement required for Wall Skirting & Wall Tiles
79. Bill of Quantities for Doors & Window
80. Calculation for the Fitting of Doors & Windows
81. Bill of Quantities for Doors & Windows Fittings
82. Window Grill & Gate Calculations
81. Calculation & Solution for Miscellaneous item (Loft, Kitchen Plat-form, Lintel, Sun-shade etc.
82. Abstract for the Quantities of Super-Structure (Concrete & Shuttering)
83. Abstract for the Quantities of Super Structure
84. Bill of Quantities for Super-Structure
85. Bill of Quantities for Residential Villa
218 218
219 228
229 232
233 239
240 242
243 247
248 248
249 280
281 282
283 285
286 287
288 292
293 312
313 313
314 314
315 316
317 320
321 321
322 322
323 338
339 339
340 341
342 343
344 345
REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS
86. Reinforcement Calculations
87. Bar Bending Schedules (B.B.S)
88. Project Drawing for Reinforcement
346 346
347 357
358 375
SUB-STRUCTURE REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS
376 376
89. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Footings

90. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Neck Column
91. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Tie Beams
92. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Plinth Beams
93. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Slab under Floor Tiles
94. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Retaining Wall
95. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Rectangular Sump
96. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Circular Sump
97. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Septic Tank
98. Abstract of Reinforcement for Sub-Structure
99. Bill of Quantities for Reinforcement of Sub-Structure
377 395
396 421
422 431
432 440
441 450
451 478
479 485
486 493
494 500
501 501
502 502
SUPER-STRUCTURE REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS
503 503
100. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Columns

101. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Drop Beams
102. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Roof Slab
103. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Dog-Leg Stair Case
104. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Miscellaneous items
105. Abstract of Reinforcement for Super Structure
106. Bill of Quantities for Reinforcement of Super Structure
504 536
537 566
567 584
585 592
593 606
607 607
608 608
A Practical book for Quantity Surveying

Definition: Quantity Surveying
If any building is to be constructed, then finding out the quantities of all materials and cost required to construct it, is called as Quantity Surveying.
Topics under Quantity Surveying:
1. Types of footings.
2. Types of columns.
3. Types of beams.
4. Types of slabs.
5. Types of walls.
6. Unit conversionone/two/three dimension conversion.
7. Length calculation.
8. Area calculation.
9. Volume calculation.
10. Module-I
Sub-structure calculation [Item below ground level].
11. Module-II
Super-structure calculation [Item above ground level].
12. Module-III
Reinforcement calculation for R.C.C and Steel structure.
13. Module-IV
Computer Application (MS Excel sheet and Auto-cad).
14. Module-V
Project work.
(A). List of items to be calculated below Ground level [sub structure]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
P.C.C under footings

Footings
Neck columns
Tie beams and Strap beams
P.C.C under Tie beams
Plinth beams or Ground beams
P.CC. under plinth beams
Grade Slab or Slab on Grade
ALMadinaInstituteofQuantitySurvey
HeadOffice:officeno.411,4thfloor,TirumalaTower,Malakpet,HyderabadIndia;
Phoneno.:+919550259317;+914066710031;+919849067535Website:www.quantitysurveyindia.com1
9. Retaining wall
10. Retaining wall Base.
11. Retaining wall P.C.C.
12. Water calculation
13. Rectangular Sump
14. Circular Sump
15. Septic tank
16. Lift pit
17. Earth work Excavation calculation
18. Back- Fill calculation
19. Abstract for the Quantities of Sub-structure.
20. Bill of Quantities
21. Concrete proportions and Ratios with Concrete mix-design
List of items to be calculated for each item below Ground level
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Volume of Concrete in m3
Area of Shuttering in m2
Area of Water-proof membrane with bitumen paint in m2
Area of Termite control in m2
Area of Polythene sheet or Vapour Barrier in m2
Reinforcement in Kgs or Tones
(B). List of items to be calculated above Ground level [Super Structure]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Floor columns
Floor beams
Floor slabs
Stair cases (Typical & Semi-Circular)
Ramp (inclined & Semi-Circular)
Parking platform
Brick work (No. of bricks required)
8. Cement: Mortar required for brick work

9. Wall putty calculation
10. Paint calculations in Liters (Emulsion paint & Enamel paint)
11. False-Ceiling Calculations in m2
12. Flooring Calculations (Marble tiles, Vitrified tiles, Parking Tiles & Inter-lock Tiles)
13. Wall Skirting Calculations
14. Wall Tiles (Ceramic Tiles) calculations
15. Wood calculations for doors & windows
16. Doors & Windows Fittings (Tower bolt, Door handle etc)
17. Windows grill, Glass, and Iron Gate calculations
18. Over-Head Water tank Calculations
19. Expansion Joint Details
20. Weight of Concrete Calculations for Pre-cast Wall, Column, Slabs etc.
21. Calculation for the miscellaneous item (Lintel, Loft (Chajjas), Window Sunshade & Kitchen Platforms.
22. Abstract for the quantities of super structure
23. Bill of Quantities for Super structure.
PROCESS OF EXECUTING WORK ON SITE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Termite control (anti-fungus spray)

Polythene sheet ( thickness =2mm to 4mm)
Plain Cement concrete bed or Blinding (thickness of blinding = 10cm) P.C.C bed without Reinforcement.
R.C.C Footing (Reinforced cement concrete bed)
Neck column (From top of footing up to bottom of Ground beam)
Ground level
Floor column (Part of Column above Ground Level)
Bitumen Paint
Earth work excavation:

This is the process of digging earth on site where the foundation is to be laid.
Termite Control:
After excavation, compaction is done on the earths surface and then it is treated with termite control (Anti fungus spray). Generally Earth is treated to
control the attack of the insects to the structure and protecting the Sub-Structure item from future damage; Liquid spray is sprayed on the Surface of the
Earth and is kept open to the atmosphere for 24 hours to kill all types of insects which is likely to come in future time.
Polythene sheet:
Polythene sheet is laid on the surface of ground after Termite Control Spray is spread. Generally they are 2mm to 6mm thick.
The purpose of laying sheet is to hold the water of concrete and not letting it to have seepage on ground.
Generally when plain Cement concrete is put on surface of the ground, the water from the concrete will come out and it will be absorbed by the earth,
then concrete will loose its workability and strength.
Plain Cement Concrete bed: [P.C.C. Bed]

This is also called as blinding. It is just a mixture of cement, sand and aggregate without reinforcement. Generally the Grade of concrete for P.C.C is used
as M7.5 with ratio or proportion of concrete as 1:4:8. Where 1 = one bag of cement; 4 = four bags of Sand; 8 = eight bags of Aggregate. And 40 liters of
water / m3. The thickness of Blinding is 10cm or 100mm or 0.10m.
Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C):

This is a Concrete with cement, sand and aggregate with reinforcement. Generally the Grade of concrete is used as M15 with ratio 1:2:4, Where
1 = one bag of cement; 2 = two bags of Sand; 4 = four bags of Aggregate. And 30 liters of water / m3
Neck column:
The part of Column which comes between the top of footing to bottom of Ground beam is called as Neck column.
Bitumen paint: It can be in liquid form or in Sheet form.
Its a black colour paint, painted to the structure wshich is under ground before back filling of Soil. The purpose of using the Bitumen paint is to
(i) Increase the life of the structure
(ii) Give strength to it
(iii) To acts as water-proofing agent
(iv) And to safe the structure from Corrosion.
Types of Footings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Plain Footing
Step Footing
Isolated/Strip/Tapered Footing
Plain Combined Footing
Isolated Combined Footing
Strap footing or Neighbor footing or Shoe Footing
Raft Footing
Pile Footing
1. Plain Footing:These footings are generally common in both India as well as Gulf countries. It is easy to construct and consume less time. It is constructed where the
soil bearing capacity is normal (Good). SBC = 24kn / m3
C=Column; F=Footing
2. Step footing:These types of footings were constructed in olden days, now they are out dated.
3. Isolated Footing:These types of footings are constructed for single column and they may be in square or rectangular shape.
4. Combined Footing:A footing which has more than one column is called as combined footing. They are constructed for two or more column and they may be in
rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. It is design in a place where the space is limited, where due to lack of space we cannot cast individual
footings, therefore footings are combined in to one footing.
5. Strap or Neighbor or Shoe-footing:Shoe footing is the half footing cut-out from the original footing and which has shape of Shoe. It is provided on the corner of plot next to
Neighbors plot. Where there is no provision of setback area. They are constructed on property boundary.
Note: All the Shoe-footings are constructed on the soil, where the soil bearing capacity (SBC) is normal. SBC = 24kn / m3
6. Raft Footing:- Its is one footing in on whole plot and it provided in a places like seashore area, coastal area or beach area where the water table is
very high and the soil bearing capacity is weak. Such as five star hotels and High-rise buildings near the beaches.
When number of column in more than one row, provided with a combined footing, the footing is called as Mat or Raft Footing.
Process of executing Raft:

There are two steps involved in executing the Raft Footing, Namely
(i) De-watering and
(ii) Shoring
i) De-watering:
It is the process of taking off water from excavated area and discharging it to any other place.
ii) Shoring: It is nothing but Shuttering for the wall of excavated pit, to avoid the sliding of soil.
.
Note: Raft footing does not have Neck column, they start directly from the ground surface but reinforcement of neck column starts from Raft.
7. Pile Footing:- They are constructed where excessive settlement is to be eliminated and where the load is to be transferred through soft soil
stratum, where the Soil bearing capacity is sufficient.
Piles are nothing but round columns, they may be pre-cast or cast- in- situ [cast on site]
These types of footings are provided when the Soil bearing capacity of soil is very weak and the Ground water table (level) is high,
The main objective of providing piles under the footing is to prevent structure from settlement.
If we dont provide pile under the footing, then the building will have settlement.
Piles are hammered in to the ground till hard strata (in compressible) layer of earth is found.
These types of footings are generally designed on sea shore areas.
Types of Columns
Square column or Rectangular column:
They are generally used in construction of buildings, which are common in practice; these types of column are provided only if the shape of room
is rectangular or square.
Circular column:
They are special designed columns; they are generally used in piling and in the elevation of buildings.
L type column:
They are generally used in the corners of the boundary wall.
T type column:
They are used depending on design requirements and also in over bridges, etc.
V type column:
Depending upon the structure, they are also constructed in buildings, if the shape of the room is trapezoidal.
Hexagon type column:
They are generally modified columns to give a good look to the column, which is provided in open verandah and Halls.
Arch type column:
These types of columns are design if the room has arch shape.
Y type column:
These types of columns are generally used in the construction of bridges, fly-overs, etc.
Y type column with arch:

It is similar to Y column, but to give a good look to the column, arch shape is provided.
.
Types of Floors:
Basement Floor
Podium Floor
Ground Floor
Mezzanine Floor
First Floor
Typical Floor
Helipad
Basement Floor:
The floor which is constructed below ground level for store rooms or mechanical room or parking is called as Basement Floor.
Podium Floor:
The floor which is constructed either below ground level or above ground level, especially for car parking is called as Podium floor.
Ground Floor:
The floor which is constructed on ground level is called as Ground floor.
Mezzanine Floor:
The floor which is constructed between Ground and First Floor is called as Mezzanine floor. This type of floor is constructed for Services of building,
shops & offices, to provide facilities for the occupants who are living in High-rise buildings. For proper ventilation the ceiling height of floor is increase
1metre more than the normal ceiling height.
First Floor:
The floor which is constructed above ground floor or above mezzanine floor is called as first floor.
Typical Floor: Typical floor is nothing but repeated floor.
The plan which is design for Ground floor and want to have the same plan for other floors, then these floors are called as Typical floor-1 or typical floor2, etc.
Helipad:
The floor which is constructed above Roof Floor and which is used for Landing of Helicopter or Taking off of Helicopter is called as Helipad.
Types of load
1. Point load
2. Uniformly Distributed Load [UDL]
3. Wind load
4. Concentric load
5. Rolling load or Moving load
6. Dead load
7. Live load
8. Self load
9. Seismic load
10. Eccentric load
Honey comb
Honey comb is nothing but voids or gaps in the concrete structure after removing the wooden or iron Shutter. Honey comb appears in concrete structure
mainly due to heavy reinforcement inside structure. (For example more no. of stirrups in columns or beams etc.)
To prevent concrete from honey comb, Vibrator should run in concrete in proper manner during filling of concrete. The vibrator should run with specific
time. The duration of running vibrator should not exceed more than 30 seconds; otherwise it will start separating water from concrete, which will let the
concrete to lose its workability and strength.
In some cases even after running the vibrator honey comb will appear and in such cases add the admixture to cement: mortar and paste it in voids and
concrete will regain its strength.
Types of Beams
1. Tie beam:
The beam which ties two footings from one face of footing to the other face of footing with linear (straight) length is called as Tie beam.
2. STRAP beam:
The beam which ties two footings from one face of footing to another face of footing with inclined length or with an angle is called as Strap beam.
3. Plinth beam or Ground beam:

The beam which ties two columns from one face of column to another face of the Column is called as plinth beam.
Plinth beams are casted above natural ground level (N.G.L) and below building ground level (B.G.L).
4. Drop beam & Inverted beam :
Beams under the Slab are called as Drop beams and if they are inverted, then they are called as Inverted beams.
5. Concealed beam:
The beam which supports the slab within the thickness of the slab is called as concealed beam.
6. Cantilever beam:
The beam supported on one end and free on other end is called as Cantilever beam.
Types of Slab
1. Conventional Slab
(i)one-way slab
(ii)Two ways slab
2. Hardy or Hordy slab
3. Waffle slab
4. Dome slab
5. Pitch roof
6. Projected slab or portico slab
7. Pre-stressed slab
8. Cable suspension slab
9. Slab with arches
10. Grade slab
11. Hollow-core ribbed slab
12. Sunken-slab or Depressed slab
13. Low roof / Loft or Chajja
1. Flat slabs: The slab which is supported on Columns head or Column caps without beams is called as Flat slab.
Conventional or Ordinary slabs are of two types,
(i) One way slab: Main reinforcement for bending moment will be only in one direction, the other reinforcement will be distribution
steel.
(ii) Two way slab: Reinforcement for bending moment will be in two directions.
2. Hordy or Hardy slab:

Hardy slab or Hordy slab is a type of slab which is most commonly used in overseas, the process of execution is as follows:-
Step 1
.
Step 2
Form work is arranged and then shutters are fixed on the form work
Step 3
The gaps between the blocks are called as rib. Reinforcement is provided in a form of beam within the gap such as rib.
Step 4
After placing the rib, the Plane steel mesh is placed on the entire slab area resting on ribs.
Step 5
Now, pouring of concrete is done on whole slab.
Note
Hardy blocks are placed on the shutter with one brick gap on the entire shutter
the thickness of slab = 27cm; the thickness of Hardy block = 20cm.
3. Waffle slab:
This is a type of slab where we find hollow hole in the slab when the form work is removed. This is generally constructed in the hotels,
universities and restaurants, etc.
4. Dome slab:
These types of slabs are generally constructed in temples, mosques, palaces, etc.
5. Pitch roof:
Pitch roof is an inclined slab, generally constructed on resorts for a natural look.
They are also constructed near gardens, re-creation centers, etc
6. Projected slab:
The slab which has one side fixed and the other side is free is called as Projected slab. These types of slabs are generally constructed in
hotels, universities functions, halls, etc. to use that area for dropping or picking up zone and for loading and unloading area.
7. Pre-stress Concrete slab:
Pre-stressing is artificially induced compressive stresses in a structure before it is loaded so that the tensile stresses which might be caused
by the external dead and live load are automatically canceled and the cracks are eliminated. These are done by pre-tensioning and post
tensioning. It is best suited for mass production of pre-cast members.
8. Cable suspension slab:

If the span of slab is very long, then we go for cable suspension slab which is supported on cable, such as Howrah Bridge and London
Bridge, etc.
9. Ground slab or Grade Slab:
The slab which is casted on surface of earth is called as Ground slab. This type of slab is used in Basement Floor.
10. Slab with arches:

This is a type of slab which is generally adopted in construction of bridges.
11. Hollow core ribbed slab:

This is a type pre-cast slab used to reduce the weight of slab. This slab is directly placed on floor beam with the help of cranes and pasted
with screed.
12. Sunken slab or Depressed slab:

This kind of slab is provided only for toilets & kitchens, so that the drainage pipe can be laid in to it.
13. Low Roof and Loft: low roof is provided on lintel-level of doors and loft is provided in kitchens for storage of house material.
Low roof
Loft
Types of walls
1. Brick masonry wall
2. Course rubble stone masonry wall or C.R.S Wall
3. Random rubble stone masonry wall or R.R.S Wall.
4. Retaining wall
5. Shear wall
6. Curtain wall
7. Pre-cast wall
8. Parapet wall
9. Compound or boundary wall
10. Drop wall
11. Partition wall
12. Load bearing wall
13. Core wall
1. Brick masonry wall:
The wall which is constructed with bricks is called as brick wall. The thickness of brick wall could be 10cm or 20cm.
10cm wall is called as Single brick wall or partition wall.
20cm wall is called as Double brick wall or outer wall of house or boundary wall.
The density of Brick = 2.42 kgs/cm3
With fine clay = 1.92 kgs/cm3
Note: the length of the Brick wall in single stretch should not exceed more than 4m. If it exceeds a column must and should be constructed with
bricks or R.C.C.
2. Course Rubble Stone masonry:

The wall which is constructed with regular size of Granites is called as course rubble stone masonry.
3. Random Rubble Stone:
The wall which is constructed with irregular size of granite is called as Random Rubble Stone masonry.
(i)
Brick wall
(ii) C.R.S wall
(iii) R.R.S wall
4. Retaining wall: A wall designed to maintain unequal level of ground on its two faces is called as retaining wall.
The wall which is constructed all around the plot below ground level to retain the soil and land sliding after the earth work
excavation on site is called as retaining wall. Retaining wall can be made up of R.C.C or C.R.S
5. Shear wall:
The wall which is constructed around the water Sump, lift pit or stair case to retain the soil is called as Shear wall. It will share two
pressures i.e, water pressure & soil pressure or water pressure & wind pressure.
6. Curtain wall:
The wall which is constructed with glass and aluminum or steel frame in a long hall to make individual cabins is called as Curtain
wall.
7. Pre-cast wall:
The readymade wall which is made up of R.C.C and which is directly installed on site is called as Pre-cast wall.
8. Parapet wall:
The wall is constructed on the top roof of the building to prevent the falling in anything from the roof. The height of wall = 3 ft.
9. Boundary wall or compound wall:

The wall which is constructed all around the house to show the limits of plot is called as Boundary wall.
10. Drop wall or Non-Load bearing wall:
It is a type of wall which is very thin of having thickness 1 to 2. Generally it is constructed with Reinforced mesh (kabutar jali)
and cement : mortar plaster.
11. Partition wall:

The wall which divides one room to two rooms is called as Partition wall.
12. Load bearing wall:
The building structure which is resting on walls instead of columns, those walls which are bearing the weight of structure are called
as Load bearing wall. The thickness of wall = 30 cm to 40cm.
13. Core wall:
This wall is constructed from foundation and it is used as columns in buildings and which will rise up to the height of the building.
Types of Stair-case:
Unit Conversion
One dimensional calculation:
The distance between two points is called as length and the length calculation is called as one dimensional calculation.
Two-dimensional calculation:
Two-dimensional calculation is carried out in two directions, i.e. X and Y axes, so it is also called as area calculation or two dimensional
calculations.
Three-dimensional calculation:
Three-dimensional calculation is carried out in three directions, i.e. X,Y&Z axes and it is called as volume calculation or three dimensional
calculation.
Types of unit conversion:

M.K.S unit (Meter-Kilogram/Second): Meters, Centimeters, millimeters. These units are called as Engineering units.
F.P.S unit (Foot-Pound/Second): Feet, inches & yards. These units are called as Architectural units.
S.no
Unit
Meter
Denoted by
One dimension
Two Dimension
Three dimension
symbol
(Length)
(Area)
(Volume)
M x M = M2 or SQM or Square meter
M x M x M = M3 or CUM or Cubic meter
Centimeter
CM
CM
Millimeter
MM
MM
4
5
Feet
Inch
Yard
FT
INCH
YD
FT
INCH
YD
CM x CM = CM or SCM or Square centimeter
CM x CM x CM = CM3 or CUCM or Cubic

centimeter
MM x MM = MM2 or SMM or Square
MM x MM x MM = MM3 or CUMM or
Millimeter
Cubic millimeter
FT x FT = FT or SFT or Square feet
FT x FT x FT = FT3 or CFT or Cubic feet
INCH x INCH = INCH2 or SINCH or Square
INCH x INCH x INCH = INCH3 or CINCH
inch
or Cubic inch
YD x YD = YD or SYD or Square yard
YD x YD x YD = YD3 or CYD or Cubic

yard
Scales:
1 meter = 1000 mm
1 meter = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
1 meter = 1.0936 yd
1 meter = 3.28 ft
1 meter = 39.37
1 feet = 12
1 = 2.54 cm
1 = 25.4 mm
1 yard = 36
1 yard = 3 feet
1yd2 = 9 square feet
1 acre = 4840 yd2
1 hectare = 2.47 acre
S.no
Problems on unit conversion with solutions

One dimensional problem conversion
Two dimensional problem conversion
(length conversion)
(Area conversion)
15m = ? fts
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15 x 3.28 = 49.212 ft
15m2 = ? fts2
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15 x 3.282 = 161.458 ft2
22 m = ? inches
Since 1m = 39.37
Therefore 22 x 39.37 = 866.141
22 m2 = ? inches2
Since 1m = 39.37
Therefore 22 x 39.372 = 34100.062
2.5 m = ? mm
Since 1m = 1000mm
Therefore 2.5 x 1000 = 2500 mm
2.5 m2 = ? mm2
Since 1m = 1000mm
Therefore 2.5 x 10002 = 2500000 mm2
2.0 m = ? cm
Since 1m = 100 cm
Therefore 2.0 x 100 = 200 cm
2.0 m2 = ? cm2
Since 1m = 100 cm
Therefore 2.0 x 1002 = 20000 cm2
14m = ? yd
Since 1m = 1.093 yd
Therefore 14 x 1.093 = 15.302 yd
14m2 = ? yd2
Since 1m = 1.093 yd
Therefore 14 x 1.0932 = 16.74 yd2
18ft = ? yd
Since 1 yd = 3
Therefore 18 / 3 = 6.0 yd
15ft = ? inches
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 15 x 12 = 180
15ft = ? m
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15/3.28 = 4.57 m
18ft2 = ? yd2
Since 1 yd = 3
Therefore 18 / 32 = 2.0 yd2
15ft2 = ? inches2
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 15 x 122 = 21602
15ft2 = ? m2
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15/3.282 = 1.394 m2
Three dimensional problem conversion

(Volume conversion)
15m3 = ? fts3
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15 x 3.283 = 529.72 ft3
22 m3 = ? inches3
Since 1m = 39.37
Therefore 22 x 39.373 = 1342522.373
2.5 m3 = ? mm3
Since 1m = 1000mm
Therefore 2.5 x 10003 = 2500000000 mm3
2.0 m3 = ? cm3
Since 1m = 100 cm
Therefore 2.0 x 1003 = 2000000 cm3
14m3 = ? yd3
Since 1m = 1.093 yd
Therefore 14 x 1.0933 = 18.31 yd3
18ft3 = ? yd3
Since 1 yd = 3
Therefore 18 / 33 = 0.666 yd3
15ft3 = ? inches3
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 15 x 123 = 259203
15ft3 = ? m3
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15/3.283 = 0.425m3
15ft2 = ? cm2
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 15 x 122 = 21602
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 2160 x 2.542 = 13935.456
cm2
1ft2 = ? mm2
Since 1 ft = 12
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 144 x 25.42 = 92903.04 mm2
12 yd2 = ? mm2
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 12 x 362= 155522
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 15552 x 25.42 = 10033528.32
mm2
15ft = ? cm
Since 1 ft = 12
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 180 x 2.54 = 457.20 cm
10
1ft = ? mm
Since 1 ft = 12
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 12 x 25.4 = 304.8 mm
11
12 yd = ? mm
Since 1 yd = 36
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 432 x 25.4 = 10972.8 mm
12
1.5 yd = ? cm
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 1.5 x 36 = 54
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 54 x 2.54 = 137.16 cm
1.5 yd2 = ? cm2

Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 1.5 x 362 = 19442
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 1944 x 2.542 = 12541.91 cm2
15 yd = ? m
Since 1 m = 1.093 yd
Therefore 15 / 1.093 = 13.723 m
25 yd = ? ft
Since 1 yd = 3 ft
Therefore 25 x 3 = 75 ft
18 yd = ? inches
Since 1 yd = 36
15 yd2 = ? m2
Therefore 15 / 1.0932 = 12.555 m2
25 yd2 = ? ft2
Since 1 yd = 3 ft
Therefore 25 x 32 = 225 ft2
18 yd2 = ? inches2
Since 1 yd = 36
13
14
15
15ft3 = ? cm3
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 15 x 123 = 259203
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 25920 x 2.543 = 424752.69 cm3
1ft3 = ? mm3
Since 1 ft = 12
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 1728 x 25.43 = 28316846.59 mm3
12 yd3 = ? mm3
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 12 x 363= 5598723
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 559872 x 25.43 = 9174658296
mm3
1.5 yd3 = ? cm3
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 1.5 x 363 = 699843
Since 1 = 2.54cm
Therefore 69984 x 2.543 = 1146832.287
cm3
15 yd3 = ? m3
Therefore 15 / 1.0933 = 11.487 m3
25 yd3 = ? ft3
Since 1 yd = 3 ft
Therefore 25 x 33 = 675 ft3
18 yd3 = ? inches3
Since 1 yd = 36
9600 mm = ? inches
Since 1 inch = 25.4mm
Therefore 9600 / 25.4 = 377.952
5500 mm = ? ft
Therefore 5500 / 25.4 = 216.535
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 216.535/12 = 18.044 ft
800 mm = ? cm
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 800 / 10 = 80 cm
Therefore 18 x 362 = 233282

9600 mm2= ? inches2
Therefore 9600 / 25.42 = 14.882
5500 mm2 = ? ft2
Therefore 5500 / 25.42 = 8.5252
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 8.525/122 = 0.059 ft2
800 mm2 = ? cm2
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 800 / 102 = 8 cm2
19
800 mm = ? m
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 800 / 1000 = 0.8 m
800 mm2 = ? m2
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 800 / 10002 = 0.0008 m2
20
9500 mm = ? yd
Since 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Therefore 9500 / 25.4 = 374.015
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 374.015/36 = 10.389 yd
9500 mm2 = ? yd2

Therefore 9500 / 25.42 = 14.7252
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 14.725/362 = 0.011361 yd2
21
850 cm = ? yd
Since 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Therefore 850 / 2.54 = 334.645
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 334.645/36 = 9.295 yd
850 cm = ? yd
Therefore 850 / 2.542 = 131.752
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 131.75/362= 0.1016 yd2
22
600 cm = ? ft
Therefore 600/ 2.54 = 236.22
Since 1 ft = 12
600 cm2= ? ft2

Therefore 600/ 2.542 = 93.02
Since 1 ft = 12
16
17
18
Therefore 18 x 363 = 8398083

9600 mm3= ? inches3
Therefore 9600 / 25.43 = 0.5853
5500 mm3 = ? ft3
Therefore 5500 / 25.43 = 0.3353
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 0.335/123 = 0.000194 ft3
800 mm3 = ? cm3
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 800 / 103 = 0.8 cm3
800 mm3 = ? m3
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 800 / 10003 = 0.0000008 m3
9500 mm3 = ? yd3
Therefore 9500 / 25.43 = 0.57973
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 0.579/363 = 0.0000124 yd3
850 cm3 = ? yd3
Therefore 850 / 2.543 = 51.873
Since 1 yd = 36
Therefore 51.87/363= 0.00111 yd3
600 cm3= ? ft3
Therefore 600/ 2.543 = 36.6143
Since 1 ft = 12
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Therefore 236.22/12 = 19.685 ft

100 cm = ? inch
Therefore 100 / 2.54 = 39.37
3500 cm = ? m
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 3500 / 1000 = 3.50 m
650 cm = ? mm
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 650 x 10 = 6500 mm
300 inch = ? mm
Therefore 300 x 25.4 = 7620 mm
28 inch = ? cm
Therefore 28 x 2.54 = 71.12 cm
915 inch = ? m
Since 1 m = 39.37
Therefore 915 / 39.37 = 23.241 m
665 inch = ? ft
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 665 / 12 = 55.416 ft
Therefore 93.0 /122 = 0.645 ft2

100 cm2 = ? inch2
Therefore 100 / 2.542 = 15.502
3500 cm2 = ? m2
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 3500 / 10002 = 0.0035 m2
650 cm2 = ? mm2
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 650 x 102 = 65000 mm
300 inch2 = ? mm2
Therefore 300 x 25.42 = 193548 mm2
28 inch2 = ? cm2
Therefore 28 x 2.542 = 180.644 cm2
915 inch2 = ? m2
Since 1 m = 39.37
Therefore 915 / 39.372 = 0.59 m2
665 inch2 = ? ft2
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 665 / 122 = 4.618 ft2
6512 inch = ? yd
Since 1yd = 36
Therefore 6512 / 36 = 180.888 yd
6512 inch2 = ? yd2

Since 1yd = 36
Therefore 6512 / 362 = 5.024 yd2
66 = ? ft
Since 1 ft = 12
6 / 12 = 0.5 ft
Therefore 6 + 0.5 = 6.5 ft
93= ? m
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 93.0 /123 = 0.0538 ft3

100 cm3 = ? inch3
Therefore 100 / 2.543 = 6.103
3500 cm3 = ? m3
Since 1 m = 1000 mm
Therefore 3500 / 10003 = 0.0000035 m3
650 cm3 = ? mm3
Since 1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore 650 x 103 = 650000 mm
300 inch3 = ? mm3
Therefore 300 x 25.43 = 4916119.2 mm3
28 inch3 = ? cm3
Therefore 28 x 2.543 = 458.837 cm3
915 inch3 = ? m3
Since 1 m = 39.37
Therefore 915 / 39.373 = 0.0149 m3
665 inch3 = ? ft3
Since 1ft = 12
Therefore 665 / 123 = 0.384 ft3
6512 inch3 = ? yd3
Since 1yd = 36
Therefore 6512 / 363 = 0.139 yd3
33
34
35
36
3 / 12 = 0.25 ft
Therefore 9 + 0.25 = 9.25 ft
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 9.25/3.28 = 2.82 m
83/4 = ? inch
Since 1 ft = 12
8 x 12 = 96
96 +3/4 = 96 + 0.75 = 96.75
44 = ? cm
Since 1 ft = 12
48 + 4 = 52
Since 1 = 2.54 cm
Therefore 52 x 2.54 = 132.08 cm
124 = ? mm
Since 1 ft = 12
144 + 4 = 148
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 148 x 25.4 = 3759.2 mm
1812 = ? yd
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 12 / 12 = 1 ft
18 + 1 = 19 ft
Since 1yd = 3 ft
Therefore 19/3 = 6.33 yd
Rate Conversion
Problem-1 :
if Rate/ft = 12 rupees;
what will be Rate/m = ?
Solution:
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 12 x 3.28
= 39.36 or approximately equal to 40 rupees / m
Method-2:
1ft = ? m
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.28
= 0.304 m
Since 1ft = 0.304 m
= 0.304 m = 12 rupees
=1m=?
= (1/0.304) x 12
= 39.47 or approximately equal to 40 rupees / m
Problem-2 :
Rate/Sft = 25 rupees
Rate/m2 = ?
Solution :
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 25 x 3.282
= 268.96 or approximately equal to 269.0 rupees / m2
Method-2:
1ft2 = ? m2
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.282
= 0.0929 m2
Since 1ft2 = 0.0929 m2
= 0.0929 m2 = 25 rupees
= 1 m2 = ?
= (1/0.0929) x 25
= 269.0 rupees / m2
Problem-3 :
Rate/Cft = 55 rupees
Rate/m3 = ?
Solution
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 55 x 3.283
= 1940.81 or approximately equal to 1941.0 rupees / m3
Method-2:
1ft3 = ? m3
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.283
= 0.02833 m3
Since 1ft3 = 0.02833 m3
= 0.02833 m3 = 55 rupees
= 1 m3 = ?
= (1/0.02833) x 55
= 141.40 rupees / m3
LengthandAreaCalculations
Formulas:
1.SquareorRectangle
(i)Area=A=LxB
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=(L+B)x2
2.Pythagorastheorem
thistheoremisusedtofindoutanyinclinedlength
c2=a2+b2
c=(a2+b2)
3.Triangle
(i)Area=A=1/2xBxH
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=B+H+C
4.IrregularTriangle
(i)Area=A=(s(sa)(sb)(sc))
wheres=(a+b+c)/2
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+c
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57
5.EquilateralTriangle
(i)Area=A=(a 2/4)x3
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+a+a=3a
6.IsoscelesTriangle
(i)Area=A=(a/4)x 4b2a2
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+b=a+2b
7.Trapezoidal
(i)Area=A=1/2(a+b)xh
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+c+c
8.Hexagon
(i)Area=A=(0.5xrx0.5xrxTan60)x6
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=6r
58
9.Circle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2
whered=diameterofcircle; =3.14
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xr
wherer=radiusofcircle
10.SemiCircle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2x0.50
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xrx0.50
11.QuarterCircle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2x0.25
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xrx0.25
12.SegmentalArc
(i)Area=A=2/3xDx(H 3/2D)
whered=diameterofcircle
H=heightofarc
(ii)ArcLength=L=(8b2r)/3
b=(r2+h2)
59
WoodenorIronShutteringAreaCalculations
Problem1:
findshutteringareaforthegivencolumn
Solution:
Shutteringarea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=2.80x3.0
.=8.4m 2
peripherallength=L=(L+B)x2
L=(0.80+0.60)x2
L=2.80m
Problem2:
findshutteringareaforthegivencolumn
Solution:
Shutteringarea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=1.57x3.0
.=4.71m 2
peripherallength=L=2x xr
L=2xx0.25
L=1.57m
60
VolumeofConcreteCalculations
Problem1:
findVolumeofconcreteforthegivenRectangularcolumn
Solution:
volumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.48x3.0
.=1.44m 3
thereforeareaofcolumn=LxB
A=0.80x0.60
A=0.48m 2
Problem2:
findVolumeofconcreteforthegivencolumn
Solution:
volumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.196x3.0
.=0.588m3
thereforeareaofcolumn= /4xd2
A=/4x0.52
A=0.196m2
61
ProblemsonFootings
Problem1:
ForagivenPlainfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=0.80x0.80x0.50
.=0.32m 3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.50
.=1.6m 2
F=0.80mx0.80mx0.50m
C=0.35mx0.35m
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimension)
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.50+0.80x0.800.35x0.35
2
.=2.117m
Problem2:
ForagivenPlainCombinedfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
F=3.50mx1.20mx0.60m
C1=0.40mx0.40m
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=LxBxD
.=3.5x1.20x0.60
.=2.52m 3
C2==0.50;
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(3.5+1.2)x2x0.60
.=5.64m 2
62
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimensions)
.=(3.5+1.2)x2x0.60+3.5x1.20.40x0.40 /4x0.52
.=9.483m2
Problem3:
ForagivenShoefootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
F=0.60mx0.50mx0.55m
C=0.25mx0.25m
Solution:
.=LxBxD
.=0.6x0.50x0.55
.=0.165m3
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.60+0.50)x2x0.55
.=1.21m 2
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimension)
.=(0.60+0.50)x2x0.55+0.60x0.500.25x0.25
.=1.447m2
63
Problem4:
ForagivenRaftfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
F=12.5mx10.6mx1.40m
C1=0.40mx0.40m
2.AreaofShuttering
C2=0.40mx0.50m
C3=0.50mx0.50m
Solution:
.=LxBxD
.=12.5x10.6x1.4
.=185.50m3
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(12.5+10.6)x2x1.40
.=64.68m2
thereforecolumnarea=LxBxno.ofcolumns
2
C1=0.40x0.40x3=0.48m
C2=0.40x0.50x3=0.60m 2
C3=0.50x0.50x3=0.75m 2
TotalColumnarea=0.48+0.60+0.75=1.83m 2
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnArea)
.=(12.5+10.6)x2x1.40+12.5x10.61.83
.=195.35m2
64
Problem5:
ForagivenStepfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
F=step1:0.80mx0.80mx0.25m
C=0.30mx0.30m
Solution:
.=LxBxD
step1
.=0.80x0.80x0.25
step2
.=0.70x0.70x0.25
step3
.=0.60x0.60x0.25
TotalVolume
.=0.16m 3
.=0.122m3
.=0.09m 3
.=0.372m3
.=(L+B)x2xD
step1
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.25
.=0.80m 2
step2
.=(0.70+0.70)x2x0.25
.=0.70m 2
step3
.=(0.60+0.60)x2x0.25
.=0.60m 2
TotalArea
.=2.10m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareatopsteparea
2
step1
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.25+0.80x0.800.7x0.70
.=0.95m
step2
.=(0.70+0.70)x2x0.25+0.70x0.700.60x0.60
.=0.83m 2
step3
.=(0.60+0.60)x2x0.25+0.60x0.600.30x0.30
.=0.87m 2
2
TotalArea
.=2.65m
65
Problem6:
ForagivenPileunderfooting(pilecap)find
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
PileDimension:
=0.50m;height=3.5m
Solution:
.=/4xd2xD
2
.=/4x0.5 x3.5
3
.=0.687m
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.25x3.50
.=5.49m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+bottomarea
2
.=2xxrxD+/4xd
.=2xx0.25x3.50+/4x0.52
.=5.68m 2
66
Problem7:
ForagivenIsolatedfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
footingdimension:
Bottomdimension:L 1=0.85m;B 1=0.85m
2.AreaofShuttering
Topdimension:L 2=0.50m;B 2=0.50

DepthofFooting=0.91m
Solution:
C=0.35x0.35
Part1:
.=LxBxD
.=0.675x0.675x0.58
.=0.264m3
ThereforeAveragelength"L"=(L 1+L 2)/2
.=(0.85+0.50)/2
.=0.675m
ThereforeAverageBreadth"B"=(B 1+B2)/2
.=(0.85+0.50)/2
.=0.675m
Part2:
.=LxBxD
.=0.85x0.85x0.33
.=0.238m3
Totalvolumeofconcreteforthefooting=vol.ofpart1+vol.ofpart2
.=0.264+0.238
.=0.502m3
Part1:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.675+0.675)x2x0.58
.=1.566m2
Part2:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.85+0.85)x2x0.33
.=1.122m2
67
Totalshutteringareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=1.566+1.122
.=2.688m2
Part1:
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBLxB(Columnarea)
.=(0.675+0.675)x2x0.58+0.50x0.500.35x0.35
.=1.693m2
BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth
Part2:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.85+0.85)x2x0.33
.=1.122m2
TotalBitumenpaintareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=1.693+1.122
.=2.815m2
Problem8:
ForagivenCombinedIsolatedfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
footingdimension:
Bottomdimension:L 1=0.85m;B 1=0.85m
Topdimension:L 2=0.50m;B 2=0.50
DepthofFooting=0.91m
C1=0.35x0.35
C2=0.40x0.40
Solution:
Part1:
.=LxBxD
.=2.40x1.0x0.45
.=1.08m 3
ThereforeAveragelength"L"=(L 1+L 2)/2
.=(2.80+2.0)/2
.=2.40m
68
ThereforeAverageBreadth"B"=(B 1+B2)/2
.=(1.20+0.80)/2
.=1.0m
Part2:
.=LxBxD
.=2.80x1.20x0.25
.=0.84m 3
Totalvolumeofconcreteforthefooting=vol.ofpart1+vol.ofpart2
.=1.08+0.84
.=1.92m3
Part1:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.40+1.0)x2x0.45
.=3.06m 2
Part2:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.80+1.20)x2x0.25
.=2.0m 2
Totalshutteringareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=3.06+2.0
.=5.06m 2
Part1:
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBLxB(Columnarea)
.=(2.40+1.0)x2x0.45+2.0x0.80(0.35x0.35+0.40x0.40)
2
.=4.3775m
BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth
Part2:
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.80+1.20)x2x0.25
.=2.0m 2
TotalBitumenpaintareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=4.3775+2.0
.=6.3775m2
69
ProblemsonColumns
Problem1:
ForagivenSquareColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=LxBxD
.=0.45x0.45x3.0
.=0.607m3
2.AreaofShuttering=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.45+0.45)x2x3.0
.=5.40m 2
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.45+0.45)x2x3.0
.=5.40m 2
Problem2:
ForagivenCircularColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=/4xd2xD
2
.=/4x0.6 x3.0
3
.=0.848m
70
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
Problem3:
ForagivenLtypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=0.18x3.0
.=0.54m 3
Tofindtheareaofcolumndivideareaintotwoparts
thereforearea1=0.55x0.20=
0.11
area2=0.20x0.35=
0.07
totalarea
0.18m2
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=2.20x3.0
.=6.60m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.55+0.55+0.20+0.35+0.35+0.20
.=2.20m
.=2.20x3.0
.=6.60m 2
71
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
Problem4:
ForagivenTtypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=0.23x3.0
.=0.69m 3
thereforearea1=0.60x0.25=
0.15
area2=0.20x0.40=
0.08
totalarea
0.23m2
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.60+0.25+0.20+0.40+0.20+0.40+0.20+0.25
.=2.50m
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
72
Problem5:
ForagivenarctypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
firstfindthearclengthandtofindthis,use
segmentalarclengthformula
arclength=(8B2r)/3
whereB=H2+r2
thereforewithcentrelinemethod
Heightofarc'H'=0.50m
Radiusofarc'r'=0.60m
B=0.502+0.602
B=0.781
arclength=(8B2r)/3
.=(8x0.7812x0.60)/3
.=1.682m
thereforeLengthofcolumn=1.682m;Breadthofcolumn=0.40mandDepthofcolumn=3.0m
.=LxBxD
.=1.682x0.40x3.0
3
.=2.018m
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(1.682+0.40)x2x3.0
.=12.492m2
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(1.682+0.40)x2x3.0
.=12.492m2
73
Problem6:
Foragiven'V'typeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=0.285x3.0
.=0.855m3
thereforearea 1=LxB=0.475x0.30=
0.1425
area2=LxB=0.475x0.30=
0.1425
totalarea=
L1=0.55;L2=0.40andB=0.30
0.285m2
averageL=(L 1+L 2)/2

L .=(0.55+0.40)/2
L .=0.475m
(i)area1
(ii)area2
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.55+0.55+0.30+0.40+0.40+0.30
.=2.50m
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
74
Problem7:
ForagivenHexagontypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Solution:
.=0.233x3.0
.=0.699m3
FormulatofindoutareaofHexagon=(0.50xrx0.50xrxTan60)x6
.=(0.50x0.30x0.50x0.30x1.732)x6
.=0.233m2
.=6xrxD
.=6x0.30x3.0
.=5.40m 2
thereforePeripherallength=6r
.=6xrxD
.=6x0.30x3.0
.=5.40m 2
75
Problem8:
Foragiven'Y'typeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.Areaofpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=frontareaofColumnxthicknessofColumn
.=0.96x0.30
.=0.288m3
TofindoutfrontareaofColumn,dividefrontareaofcolumnintothreeparts
Areaofpart1(triangleshape)
.=1/2xbxh
.=0.50x0.35x0.60
.=0.105m2
Areaofpart2(triangleshape)
.=1/2xbxh
.=0.50x0.35x0.60
.=0.105m2
Areaofpart3(rectangleshape)
.=LxB
.=0.30x2.50
.=0.75m 2
TotalFrontareaofColumn=0.105+0.105+0.75
2
.=0.96m
2.ShutteringArea=frontareaofcolumn+backareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn
.=0.96+0.96+0.778+0.778
.=3.476m2
thereforesideareacanbefindoutbydividingthesideareaintotwoparts:
76
part1:
sideareaforpart1=LxB
.=0.30x1.90
.=0.57m 2
part2:
.=0.30x0.694
.=0.208m2
accordingtoPythagorastheorem:
2
2
inclinedlength=c= (a +b )
2
2
.=(0.35 +0.60 )
.=0.694m
Hencetotalsidearea=A 1+A2
.=0.57+0.208
2
.=0.778m
3.Areaofpaint=AreaofShuttering
2
.=3.476m
77
Problem9:
Foragiven'Y'typeColumnwitharchfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.Areaofpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=FrontAreaxthicknessofColumn
.=1.69x0.40
.=0.676m3
TofindoutfrontareaofColumn,dividefrontareaofcolumnintothreeparts
1.areaofSquare=LxB=0.80x0.80
.=0.64m 2
2.areaofCircle=/4xd
.=/4x0.8 2
.=0.502m2
Deductionofcircleareafromsquarearea
Areaforfourpanels
Areaofeachpanel
.=0.640.502
2
.=0.138m
.=0.138/4
.=0.345m2
78
Frontareaofcolumn:
2
1.Part1=0.345m
2.Part2=0.345m 2
3.Part3=LxB=0.40x2.50=1.0m 2
totalarea=0.345+0.345+1.0=1.69m 2
2.ShutteringArea=frontareaofcolumn+backareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn
.=1.69+1.696+1.091+1.091
.=5.562m2
thereforesideareacanbefindoutbydividingthesideareaintotwoparts:
part1:
.=0.40x2.10
.=0.84m 2
part2:
.=0.40x0.628
.=0.251m2
Formulatofindoutarclengthforquartercircle:
arclength=2xxrx1/4
.=2xx0.40x0.25
.=0.628m
Hencetotalsidearea=A 1+A2
.=0.84+0.251
2
.=1.091m
3.Areaofpaint=AreaofShuttering
.=5.562m2
79
Problem10:
ForagivenRoofframefindvolumeofconcrete&areaofshutteringfor
1.Columns
2.DropBeams
3.RoofSlabs
80
(i)SolutionforColumns:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthxno.ofColumns
.=LxBxDxno.s
Column1 .=0.40x0.40x3.15x2=1.008m 3
Column2 .=0.50x0.45x3.15x2=1.417m 3
3
Column3 .=0.45x0.60x3.15x2=1.701m
TotalvolumeofconcreterequiredforFloorcolumns=4.126m 3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepthxno.ofColumns
.=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
Column1 .=(0.40+0.40)x2x3.0x2=9.60m 2
Column2 .=(0.50+0.45)x2x3.0x2=11.40m 2
Column3 .=(0.45+0.60)x2x3.0x2=12.60m 2
TotalshutteringarearequiredforFloorColumns=33.60m 3
Note:whilecalculatingshutteringareaforColumns,HeightofcolumnshouldbetakenuptoCeilingHeight,excluding
Slabthickness.
(ii)SolutionforDropBeams:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
1.VolumeofConcreteforDropbeam=AreaxLengthxno.ofbeams
.=LxBxD
DropbeamonaxisAbetweenaxis1andaxis2
.=4.50x0.40x0.50=0.90m 3
.=4.00x0.45x0.50=0.90m 3
DropbeamonaxisBbetweenaxis1andaxis2
.=4.50x0.50x0.50=1.125m 3
.=4.00x0.55x0.60=1.32m 3
Dropbeamonaxis1betweenaxisAandaxisB
.=4.10x0.40x0.50=0.82m 3
.=4.10x0.50x0.50=1.025m 3
.=4.05x0.60x0.65=1.579m 3
TotalvolumeofConcreteforDropbeams=7.669m 3
81
2.ShutteringAreaforDropbeams=Frontarea+backarea+bottomarea
.=LxD+LxD+LxB
Note:
(i)forfindingoutshutteringareaforDropbeam,forinternalbeams,slabthicknessistobededucted
frombothsideofbeams,i.e.externalandinternalface.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Calculations:
.=4.50x0.50+4.50x0.35+4.5x0.40=5.625m 2
Note:forexternalDropbeamsSlabthicknesshastobedeductedfromdepthofbeamfrominternalfaceofbeams
2
.=4.0x0.50+4.0x0.35+4.0x0.45=5.20m
2
.=4.50x0.5+4.50x0.35+4.50x0.50=6.075m
.=4.00x0.60+4.0x0.45+4.0x0.55=6.40m 2
.=4.10x0.50+4.10x0.35+4.10x0.40=5.125m 2
.=4.10x0.35+4.10x0.35+4.10x0.50=4.92m 2
Note:forinternalDropbeamsSlabthicknesshastobedeductedfromdepthofbeamfrombothsideofbeams
.=4.05x0.65+4.05x0.50+4.05x0.60=7.0875m 2
TotalShutteringareaforDropbeams=40.432m 2
82
(ii)SolutionforRoofSlab:
.=LxBxD
Slab1(S1)
.=4.50x4.10x0.15=2.76m 3
Slab2(S2)
.=4.0x4.05x0.15=2.43m 3
3
TotalVolume=5.19m
2.ShutteringArea=BottomareaofSlab
.=LxB
Slab1(S1)
.=4.50x4.10=18.45m 2
Slab2(S2)
.=4.00x4.05=16.20m 2
DOMESLABCALCULATION
Problem11:
ForagivenRoofframefindvolumeofconcrete&areaofshutteringfor
1.RoofSlab
2.DomeSlabs
83
(A)SolutionforRoofSlab:
ConeDetails
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthxno.ofSlabs
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=12.50x10.80x0.20x1=27.0m 3
DeductionofDomearea
(i)Dome1=AreaxDepth
2
.=/4xd xD
2
.=/4x2.80 x0.20
3
.=1.231m
(ii)Dome2=AreaxDepth
2
.=/4xd xD
2
.=/4x1.80 x0.20
3
.=0.508m
(iii)Dome3=AreaxDepth
2
.=/4xd xD
.=/4x1.602x0.20
.=0.402m3
Cylinderdetails
Totalvolumeofconcreterequired=27.01.2310.5080.402
.=24.859m3
84
2.Shutteringarea=(Bottomareaoffloorslab+peripherallengthofDome1xDepth+peripherallengthofDome2x
Depth+peripherallengthofDome3xDepth)
.=LxB+2xxr 1xD+2xxr 2xD+2xxr 3xD
.=12.50x10.80+2xx1.40x0.20+2xx0.90x0.20+2xx0.80x0.20
2
.=138.89m
DeductionofDomearea
(i)Dome1=BottomAreaofDome1
.=/4xd2
.=/4x2.802
.=6.157m2
(iii)Dome3=BottomAreaofDome3
2
.=/4xd
.=/4x1.602
.=2.01m 2
(ii)Dome2=BottomAreaofDome2
2
.=/4xd
.=/4x1.802
.=2.544m2
Totalshutteringarearequired=138.896.1572.5442.01
.=128.176m2
(B)SolutionforDomeSlabs:
Dome1:
semicirclelength=2 rx1/2
.=2xx1.40x0.5
.=4.398m
.=/4xd2xD
2
.=/4x4.398 x0.15
3
.=2.278m
2.Shutteringarea=bottomareaofdome
2
.=/4xd
2
.=/4x4.398
2
.=15.191m
85
Dome2:
semicirclelength=2 rx1/2
.=2xx0.90x0.5
.=2.827m
.=/4xd2xD
.=/4x2.8272x0.15
.=0.941m3
Dome3:
.=/4xd2
.=/4x2.8272
.=6.276m2
Segmentalarclength=(8B2R)/3
whereB=R2+H2
thereforeD=1.60m;R=0.80m;H=0.60m
2
2
B=R +H
B=0.802+0.602
B=1.0
Arclength'L'=(8x1.02x0.80)/3
.=2.133m
86
2
.=/4xd xD
.=/4x2.1332x0.15
.=0.535m3
.=/4xd2
.=/4x2.1332
.=3.573m2
(B)SolutionforMinaret:
Cylinder:
2
.=/4xd xD
2
.=/4x0.50 x3.50
3
.=0.687m
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.25x3.5
.=5.497m2
Cone:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthx1/3
2
.=/4xd xDx1/3
2
.=/4x0.70 x1.20x1/3
3
.=0.153m
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxdepthx1/3
.=2xxrxDx1/3
.=2xx0.35x1.20x1/3
.=0.879m2
87
CalculationfortheQuantitiesofRoofSlabwithDomeSlab
item
no.s
length breadth
depth Volumeof areaof
in
in
in
Concrete shutter
metre
metre
metre
inm3
inm2
S.no
Description
FloorSlab
12.500
10.800
0.200
27.000
138.896
Deductionofarea
Dome1
Dome2
Dome3
DM1
DM2
DM3
1
1
1
=
=
=
2.800
1.800
1.600
0.200
0.200
0.200
1.232
0.509
0.402
6.158
2.545
2.011
Dome1
Dome2
Dome3
DM1
DM2
DM3
1
1
1
=
=
=
4.398
2.827
2.133
0.150
0.150
0.150
2.279
0.942
0.536
15.191
6.277
3.573
Minaret
Cylinder
Cone
cyl
cne
1
1
=
=
0.500
0.700
3.500
1.200
0.687
0.154
5.498
0.880
Total
29.455
159.602
Remarks
88
HARDYSLABCALCULATION
Problem12:
ForagivendrawingofHardySlabfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
89
(A)SolutionforHardySlab:
.=LxBxD
.=4.90x5.0x0.27=6.615m 3
DeductionfortheHardyBricks:
VolumeofHardyBrick=LxBxDxno.ofBricks
.=0.40x0.20x0.20x28
.=0.448m3
TotalVolumeofConcreterequired=6.6150.448
3
`
.=6.167m
.=LxB
.=4.90x5.0
.=24.50m2
PICTURESHOWINGDETAILSOFHARDYSLAB&HARDYBRICKSPLACEDONSHUTTERING
90
WAFFLESLABCALCULATION
Problem13:
ForagivendrawingofWaffleSlabfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
91
(A)SolutionforWaffleSlab:
.=LxBxD
.=5.20x5.80x0.27=8.143m 3
DeductionfortheWaffleCone:
VolumeofWaffleCone=LxBxDxno.ofCones
.=0.30x0.30x0.20x25
.=0.45m 3
TotalVolumeofConcreterequired=8.14320.45
`
.=7.6932m3
L1=0.20;B1=0.20
L2=0.40:B2=0.40
AverageLength=(L1+L2)/2
.=(0.20+0.40)/2
.=0.30m
AverageBreadth=(B1+B2)/2
.=(0.20+0.40)/2
.=0.30m
.=LxB
.=5.20x5.80
.=30.16m2
92
PITCHROOFCALCULATION
Problem14:
ForagivendrawingofPitchRooffind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
c=(3.02+1.02)
c=3.162m(inclinedlength)
93
(A)SolutionforPitchRoof:
1.VolumeofConcreteforeachpanel=Areaxthicknessofslab
.=(a/4)x(4b2a2)xt
2
2
.=(3/4)x(4x3.162 3.0 )x0.15
.=4.175x0.15
.=0.626m3
no.ofpanels=6
totalVolumeofConcreterequired=0.626x6=3.756m 3
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxthicknessofslab+BottomareaofSlab
.=6Rxt+slabarea
.=6x3.0x0.15+25.05
.=27.75m2
areaofeachpanel=(a/4)x (4b2a2)
2
2
.=(3/4)x(4x3.162 3.0 )
2
.=4.175m
no.ofpanels=6
2
totalarea=6x4.175=25.05m
94
SEMIROUNDSTAIRCASECALCULATION
Problem15:
ForagivendrawingofSemiroundStaircasefind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Heightofriser=0.15m
Tread=
RadiusofwaistSlab=3.50m
HeightofCeiling=HeightofRiserxNo.ofRiser
.=0.15x24
.=3.60m
WaistSlabthickness=0.15m
WidthofWaistSlab=1.30m
no.ofStep=24
95
(A)Solutionforstaircase:
Tofindoutsemicirclelengththeformula=2x xrx0.50
thereforeradiusofwaistslab'r'=3.50m
.=2xx3.5x0.50
.=10.99m(linearlength)
Inclinedlength= (10.992+3.602)
C
.=11.56m
96
1.WaistSlab:
(a)VolumeofConcreteforwaistslab
(b)ShutteringAreaforwaistslab
.=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=11.56x1.30x0.15
.=2.254m3
.=LxDx2+BxD+LxB
.=11.56x0.15x2+1.30x0.15+11.56x1.30
.=18.691m2
2.Steps:
lengthofstep=1.30m
widthoftread=0.30mononesideand0.40monotherside
Averagewidthofriser=(0.30+0.40)/2
B .=0.35m
HeightofRiser=0.15m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforStep
.=Areaxlengthofstepxno.ofsteps
.=1/2xbxhxLxno.ofsteps
.=0.50x0.35x0.15x24
.=0.63m 3
(b)ShutteringareaforStep
.=(1/2xBxHx2+LxD)xno.s
.=(0.50x0.35x0.15x2+1.30x0.15)x24
.=5.94m 2
97
3.HandRail:
therefore L=11.56m
B=0.10m
D=0.80m
no.s=2
(a)VolumeofConcreteforHandRail
.=areaxdepthxno.ofHandrails
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=11.56x0.10xx0.80x2
.=1.849m3
(b)ShutteringareaforHandRail
.=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
.=(11.56+0.10)x2x0.80x2
.=37.312m2
(i)
TotalConcreteforstaircase
.=2.254+0.63+1.849
3
.=4.733m
(ii)
TotalShutteringareaforstaircase
.=18.691+5.94+37.312
2
.=61.943m
98
LIFTPITCALCULATION
Problem15:
ForagivendrawingofLiftPitfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
99
(A)SolutionforLiftPit:
1.PlainCementConcreteBed:
L=2.30m;B=2.0m;T=0.10m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforp.c.cbed
.=areaxthicknessofp.c.cbed
.=LxBxD
.=2.30x2.0x0.10
.=0.46m 3
(b)Shutteringareaforp.c.cbed
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.30+2.0)x2x0.10
.=0.86m 2
2.Bottomslab:
L=2.10m;B=1.80m;T=0.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforBottomslab
.=areaxthicknessofbottomslab
.=LxBxD
.=2.10x1.80x0.20
.=0.756m3
(b)ShutteringareaforBottomslab
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.10+1.80)x2x0.20
.=1.56m 2
3.ShearwallalongHorizontalplane:
L=2.10m;B=0.20m;H=1.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforShearwall
.=areaxdepthxno.ofwalls
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.10x0.20x1.20x2
.=1.008m3
100
(b)ShutteringareaforShearwall
.=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.10x1.20x2x2
.=10.08m2
4.Shearwallalongverticalplane:
L=1.40m;B=0.20m;H=1.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforShearwall
.=areaxdepthxno.ofwalls
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=1.40x0.20x1.20x2
.=0.672m3
(b)ShutteringareaforShearwall
.=LxDx2xno.s
.=1.40x1.20x2x2
.=6.72m2
5.Platforms:
L=0.40m;B=0.40m;H=0.50m
(i)
(ii)
(a)VolumeofConcreteforPlatform
.=areaxdepthxno.ofplatforms
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=0.40x0.40x0.50x2
.=0.16m 3
(b)ShutteringareaforPlatform
.=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
.=(0.40+0.40)x20.50x2
.=1.60m 2
TotalVolumeofConcreteforLiftPit
TotalShutteringareaforLiftPit
.=0.46+0.756+1.008+0.672+0.16=3.056m 3
.=0.86+1.56+10.08+6.72+1.60=20.82m 2
101
RAMPCALCULATION
Problem15:
ForagivendrawingofRampfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
102
(A)SolutionforRamp:
1.Rampatentrance:
L=10.547m;B=4.0m;T=0.20m
c=(a2+b2)
2
2
c=(9.80 +3.90 )
c=10.547m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforRamp
.=areaxthicknessofRamp
.=LxBxD
.=10.547x4.0x0.20
.=8.437m3
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(10.547+4.0)x2x0.20
.=5.81m 2
2.Rampatexit:
L=10.547m;B=4.20m;T=0.20m
c=(a2+b2)
2
2
c=(9.80 +3.90 )
c=10.547m
103
(a)VolumeofConcreteforRamp
.=areaxthicknessofRamp
.=LxBxD
.=10.547x4.20x0.20
.=8.859m3
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(10.547+4.20)x2x0.20
.=5.89m 2
(i)
TotalConcreteforbothRamps=8.437+8.859=17.296m 3
(ii)
TotalShutteringareaforbothRamps=5.81+5.89=11.70m 3
STANDARDDATAINMETRICSYSTEM
1 Cement:MortarRequiredforBrickwork/m 3
2 Cement:MortarRequiredforPlastering/m 3
3 ConcreteMixDesignwithdifferentproportion&ratios/m 3
(a)
Cement:MortarrequiredforBrickWork(for1m 3ofBrickwork)
Proportionorratio Sandin Cement Cement Cement
S.no
inm3
inKgs
inBags
inm3
.1:3
1
0.20
96.00
1.920
0.066
.1:4
2
0.20
72.00
1.440
0.050
.1:5
3
0.20
57.60
1.152
0.040
.1:6
4
0.20
48.00
0.960
0.033
.1:7
5
0.20
41.14
0.822
0.028
.1:8
6
0.20
36.00
0.720
0.025
3
Cementinm :
1440kgs=1m3
96.0kgs=?m 3
96.0/1440
3
.=0.066m
For1m3ofC:MSand=0.20m 3Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofC:MCementinkgs=(0.20x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=0.20x1440/3
.=96.0kgs
thereforeeachbagofcement=50kgs
CementinBags
.=96.0/50
.=1.92bags
104
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(b)
StandardWeight&Density
WeightofCementinkgs/m 3
.=1440kgs
WeightofeachCementBag
.=50kgs
3
No.ofCementbags/m
.=1440/50
.=28.80orapproximatelyequalto29bags
3
WeightofSand/m
.=1600kgsto1750kgs.Sandweightvariesdependingonconditioni.e.DryorMoisturizing
3
.=2400kgs
WeightofAggregate/m
3
.=1000kgs
WeightofWater/m
WeightofWater/litre
.=1kg
DensityofConcrete/m 3
.=2400kgs
3
.=7850kgs
DensityofSteel/m
3
3
DensityofBrick
.=1.92grms/cm (Normalclay)or2.42grms/cm (FineClay)
3
.=2500kgsto2800kgs(R.C.C)
WeightofConcrete/m
M15=1:2:4
WhereM15=GradeofConcrete
1ton=1000kgs
M=MixDesign
1quintal=100kgs
15=CompressiveStrengthofConcrete
1kg=1000grms
1=1bagofCement
2=2bagsofSand
4=4bagsofAggregate
Cement:MortarrequiredforPlastering(for1m 3ofC:MforPlastering)
S.no
Cementinm3:
Proportionorratio Sandin Cement Cement Cement
inm3
inKgs
inBags
inm3
.1:3
1
1.25
600.00
12.0
0.417
.1:4
2
1.25
450.00
9.0
0.313
.1:5
3
1.25
360.00
7.2
0.250
4
.1:6
1.25
300.00
6.0
0.208
.1:7
5
1.25
257.14
5.143
0.179
.1:8
6
1.25
225.00
4.5
0.156
1440kgs=1m3
600.0kgs=?m3
600.0/1440
3
.=0.4166m
For1m3ofC:MSand=1.25m 3Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofC:MCementinkgs=(1.25x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=1.25x1440/3
.=600.0kgs
thereforeeachbagofcement=50kgs
CementinBags
.=600/50 .=12bags
105
GeneralPractice:
Plasteringisdoneintwocoatsi.e.1 stcoat&2 ndcoat
st
1 coatiscalledasRoughCoatwithCement:Mortarratio1:6
nd
2 CoatiscalledasFinishCoatwithCement:Mortarratio1:3
TotalthicknessofPlastershouldbeconsideras20mmor2cmor0.02m
thicknessfor1stcoatofplaster
.=12mm
nd
.=8mm
thicknessfor2 coatofplaster
totalthickness
.=20mm
(c)
Cement,Sand&AggregaterequiredfordifferentGradesofConcrete/m 3
S.no
Gradeof Ratioof
Sandin Aggregate Cement Cement Cement Cementinm3:
3
3
3
Concrete Concrete
inm
inm
inKgs
inBags
inm
M7.5
1
.1:4:8
0.46
0.92
165.6
3.312 0.115
2
M10
.1:2:4
0.46
0.92
331.2
6.624
0.23
M15
.1:1.5:3
0.46
0.92
441.6
8.832
0.307
M20
.1:1:2
0.46
0.92
662.4
13.248
0.46
M25
.1:0.75:1.5
0.46
0.92
883.2
17.664
0.613
M30
.1:0.5:1
0.46
0.92
1324.8
26.496
0.92
M40
.1:0.25:0.5
0.46
0.92
2649.6
52.992
1.84
7
3
1440kgs=1m
3
165.60kgs=?m
165.60/1440
.=0.115m3
For1m ofConcreteSand=0.46m Constantforallproportion

3
3
For1m ofConcreteAggregate=0.92m Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofConcreteCementinkgs=(0.92x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=0.92x1440/8
.=165.60kgs
Eachbagofcement=50kgs
ThereforeCementinBags .=165.60/50
.=3.312bags
106
BrickWorkCalculations&problems
A.
IndianRedBrick
SizeofBrick
.=9"x4"x3"
.=0.2286mx0.10mx0.0762m
VolumeofeachBrick=0.001741m 3
no.ofbricks/m
.=totalVolumeofbrickwork
VolumeofeachBrick
.=1/0.001741
.=574.38orapproximatelyequalto575bricks
B.
OverseasBricks
SizeofeachBrick
.=0.40mx0.20mx0.20m
VolumeofeachBrick=0.016m 3
no.ofbricks/m 3
.=totalVolumeofbrickwork
VolumeofeachBrick
.=1/0.016
Problem1:
Foranareaof160m 2withwallthickness10cmfind
(i)No.ofbricks
(ii)C:MrequiredforBrickworkwithratio1:6
Solution
1.volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness
.=160x0.10
.=16m 3
107
2.No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=16/0.001741
3.C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
3
3
16m =?m
.=16x0.20
3
.=3.20m
(ii)Cement=1m 3=(0.20x1440)/6
3
.=48kgs
1m
3
.=?m 3
16m
.=16x48
.=768kgs
no.ofCementbags=768/50
Problem2:
Foranareaof1800ft 2withwallthickness20cmfind
(i)No.ofbricks
Solution
1.volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness
.=167.311x0.20
3
.=33.462m
1800ft2=?m 2
therefore1m=3.28ft
.=1800/3.282
.=167.311m2
2.No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=33.462/0.001741
108
3.C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
3
3
(i)Sand=1m =0.20m
3
33.462m =?m 3
.=33.462x0.20
3
.=6.692m
(ii)Cement=1m 3=(0.20x1440)/5
3
.=57.6kgs
1m
3
3
33.462m .=?m
.=33.462x57.60
.=1927.41kgs
no.ofCementbags=1927.41/50
Problem3:
Foragivenplanfind
(i)No.ofbricks
D=1.0X2.10
HeightofCeiling=3.0m
Solution
Lengthofwall='L'=5.40x2+4.0x2=18.80m
L=18.80m
B=0.20m
D=3.0m
1
volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness
.=18.80x0.20x3.0
.=11.28m3
DeductionofDoor=LxBxD=1.0x2.10x0.20=0.42m 3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxD=1.20x0.10x0.20=0.024m 3
Note:
BreadthofLintel=thicknessofwall=0.20m
forLintelDimension10cmbearingshouldbeaddedoneachsideoflengthofDoorandHeightoflintel=0.10m
TotalVolumeofbrickworkafterdeductions=11.280.420.024=10.836m 3
109
No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=10.836/0.001741
C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
3
3
10.836m =?m
.=10.836x0.20
3
.=2.167m
(ii)Cement=1m 3=(0.20x1440)/5
3
.=57.6kgs
1m
3
3
10.836m .=?m
.=10.836x57.60
.=624.153kgs
Problem4:
Foragivenplanfind
(i)No.ofbricks
D=1.0X2.10
HeightofCeiling=3.0m
Solution:
(i)
forExternalwallor20cmwall
Lengthofwall='L'=10.40x2+4.0x2=28.80m
L=28.80m
B=0.20m
D=3.0m
volumeofbrickworkfor20cmwall=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=28.80x0.20x3.0
3
.=17.28m
110
(ii)
forinternalwallor10cmwall
Lengthofwall='L'=4.0m
L=4.0m
B=0.10m
D=3.0m
volumeofbrickworkfor10cmwall=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=4.0x0.10x3.0
.=1.20m 3
(iii)
TotalVolumeofBrickwork
.=17.28+1.20=18.48m
DeductionofDoor=LxBxDxno.s=1.0x2.10x0.20x1=0.42m 3
DeductionofDoor=LxBxDxno.s=1.0x2.10x0.10x1=0.21m 3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxDxno.s=1.20x0.10x0.20x1=0.024m 3
3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxDxno.s=1.20x0.10x0.10x1=0.012m
Note:
BreadthofLintel=thicknessofwall=0.20m
forLintelDimension10cmbearingshouldbeaddedoneachsideoflengthofDoorandHeightoflintel=0.10m
TotalVolumeofbrickworkafterdeductions=18.480.420.210.0240.012=17.814m 3
(iv)
No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=17.814/0.001741
(v)
C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
17.814m 3=?m 3
.=17.814x0.20
3
.=3.562m
(ii)Cement=1m 3=(0.20x1440)/6
3
.=48kgs
1m
17.814m3 .=?m 3
.=17.814x48
.=855.072kgs
111
PlasteringCalculations&problems
Problem1:
Foranareaof120m 2findC:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)1stcoatwithc:mratio1:6
(ii)2ndcoatwithc:mration1:3
(i)
Solution
1stcoatofplaster:
thicknessofplaster=12mmor0.012m
volumeofC:MforPlastering=Areaofplasterxthicknessofplaster
.=120x0.012
.=1.44m 3
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
1.44m =?m
.=1.44x1.25
3
.=1.80m
(ii)
C:M=1:6
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/6
1m3=300kgs
3
1.44m =?Kgs
.=1.44x300
.=432.0kgs
no.ofcementbags=432/50=8.64or9bags
2ndcoatofplaster:
C:M=1:3
.=120x0.008
.=0.96m 3
a.Sand:
b.Cement:
3
3
1m =1.25m
1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
3
3
1m3=600kgs
0.96m =?m
3
.=0.96x1.25
0.96m =?Kgs
3
.=0.96x600
.=1.20m
.=576.0kgs
no.ofcementbags=576/50=11.52or12bags
3
totalSandrequired=1.80+1.20=3.0m
TotalCementrequired=9+12=21bags
112
Problem2:
Foranareaof2400SftfindC:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)
Solution
1stcoatofplaster:
.=223.08x0.012
3
.=2.676m
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
2.676m =?m
.=2.676x1.25
3
.=3.345m
(ii)
2400ft =?m
1m=3.28ft
2
.=2400/3.28
.=223.08m2
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/5
1m3=360kgs
3
2.676m =?Kgs
.=2.676x360
.=963.36kgs
no.ofcementbags=963.36/50=19.267or20bags
2ndcoatofplaster:
.=223.08x0.008
.=1.784m3
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
1.784m =?m
.=1.784x1.25
3
.=2.23m
C:M=1:5
C:M=1:3
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
1m3=600kgs
3
1.784m =?Kgs
.=1.784x600
.=1070.40kgs
totalSandrequired=3.345+2.23=5.575m 3
113
Problem3:
a
b
a.
(i)
(ii)
Foragivenplanfind
Areaofplasteringexcludingceilingarea
C:Mrequiredforplastering
(iii)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(iv)Slabthickness=0.15m
(v)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
Areaofplastering:
InternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalinternalplasterarea=54.02.10=51.90m
ExternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.4+4.4)x2x3.15
.=61.74m2
2
totalexternalplasterarea=61.742.10=59.64m
Note:whilefindingexternalplasterarea,Slabthicknesshas
tobeaddedwithCeilingheight
(iii)
TotalPlasterarea=51.90+59.64=111.54m 2
b.
C:Mrequiredforplastering:
(i)
1stcoatofplaster:
.=111.54x0.012
.=1.338m3
C:M=1:5
114
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
1.338m =?m
.=1.338x1.25
3
.=1.672m
(ii)
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/5
1m3=360kgs
3
1.338m =?Kgs
.=1.338x360
.=481.68kgs
2ndcoatofplaster:
.=111.54x0.008
.=0.892m3
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
0.892m =?m
.=0.892x1.25
3
.=1.115m
C:M=1:3
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
1m3=600kgs
3
0.892m =?Kgs
.=0.892x600
.=535.20kgs
115
Problem4:
a
b
a.
(i)
Foragivenplanfind
Areaofplasteringexcludingceilingarea
C:Mrequiredforplastering
(iii)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(iv)Slabthickness=0.15m
(v)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
Areaofplastering:
InternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
Room1
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Room2
(ii)
(iii)
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(4.90+4.0)x2x3.0
.=53.40m2
ExternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
Note:whilefindingexternalplasterarea,Slabthicknesshas
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(10.4+4.4)x2x3.15
.=93.24m2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxDxno.s=1.0x2.10x4=8.40m 2
Doorareahastobedeductedfrombothsidei.e.frontside&backside
totalplasterarea=54.0+53.40+93.248.40=192.24m 2
116
b.
(i)
C:Mrequiredforplastering:
1stcoatofplaster:
.=192.24x0.012
.=2.306m3
a.Sand:
3
3
1m =1.25m
3
3
2.306m =?m
.=2.306x1.25
3
.=2.88m
(ii)
b.Cement:
3
1m =(1.25x1440)/5
1m3=360kgs
3
2.306m =?Kgs
.=2.306x360
.=830.16kgs
2ndcoatofplaster:
.=192.24x0.008
.=1.537m3
a.Sand:
1m3=1.25m 3
3
3
1.537m =?m
.=1.537x1.25
3
.=1.921m
C:M=1:5
C:M=1:3
b.Cement:
1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
1m3=600kgs
3
1.537m =?Kgs
.=1.537x600
.=922.20kgs
117
EmulsionPaintorWaterBondPaintforwalls(Calculations&problems)
Problem1:
a
b
a.
(i)
(ii)
Foragivenplanfind
AreaofPaint
EmulsionPaintrequiredinlitres
(i)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(ii)Slabthickness=0.15m
(iii)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
AreaofEmulsionPaint:
InternalPaintarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
2
totalinternalpaintarea=54.02.10=51.90m
ExternalPaintarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.4+4.4)x2x3.15
.=61.74m2
2
totalexternalpaintarea=61.742.10=59.64m
(iii)
TotalPaintarea=51.90+59.64=111.54m 2
(a)
(b)
StandardsforDoubleCoatofEmulsionPaint:
1Litreofpaintwillcover4.2m 2areaor
1litreofpaintwillcover45Sftarea
(iv)
Emulsionpaintrequiredinlitres:
Note:whilefindingexternalpaintarea,Slabthicknesshas
4.2m =1Litre
2
111.54m =?Litre
.=111.54/4.2
.=26.557orapproximatelyequalto27Litres
118
WallPuttyCalculations&problems
Problem1:
Foragivenplanfindno.ofbagsrequiredforwallputty
(onlyforinternalareaofwalls)
(i)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(ii)Slabthickness=0.15m
(iii)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
a.
(i)
Solution
AreaofWallputty:
Internalarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
2
totalinternalarea=54.02.10=51.90m
StandardsforWallPutty:
ThicknessofWallputtylayer=3mmor0.003m
3
WeightofWallputty/m =849.0kgs
VolumeofWallputty=Areaxthickness
.=51.90x.003
.=0.155m3
1m3=849.0kgs
0.155m3=?Kgs
.=0.155x849
.=131.595kgs
AvailablebagofWallputty=5kgs,10kg,20kg&40kg
no.ofbagsrequired=131.595/40
.=3.289orapproximatelyequalto4bagsof40kgs
119
FlooringCalculations&problem
Problem1:
Foragivenplanfindno.ofTilesrequiredforFlooring
ifthesizeofeachFloorTile=12"x12"
a.
(i)
(ii)
Solution
AreaofFlooring:
Floorarea=LxB
.=5.0x4.0
.=20.0m 2
SizeofeachFloortile=12"x12"
2
.=144"
144"2=?M2
therefore1m=39.37"
2
2
.=144" /39.37
.=0.0929m2
(iii)
no.offloortilesrequired=Totalfloorarea/areaofeachtile
.=20.0/0.0929
.=215.28orapproximatelyequalto216Tiles
120
OverHeadWaterTankCalculation&Problem
Problem1:
a
b
c
Foragivenproblemfind
volumeofconcrete
shutteringarea
volumeofwaterinlitres.
thicknessofwall=0.20m
121
Solution:
(i)
BottomSlab:
VolumeofConcrete=LxBxD
.=2.50x2.80x0.15
.=1.05m 3
Shutteringarea=(L+B)x2xD+LxB
.=(2.50+2.80)x2x0.15+2.50x2.80
.=8.59m 2
(ii)
TopSlab:
VolumeofConcrete=LxBxD
.=2.50x2.80x0.15
.=1.05m 3
Shutteringarea=(L+B)x2xD+lxb(internaldimension)+(L+B)x2xD(coverdimension)
.=(2.50+2.80)x2x0.15+2.10x2.40+(0.50+0.50)x2x0.15
.=6.93m 2
(iii)
wallalonghorizontalaxis:
VolumeofConcrete=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.50x0.20x1.50x2
.=1.50m 3
Shutteringarea=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.50x1.50x2x2
.=15.0m 2
(iii)
1
wallalongverticalaxis:
VolumeofConcrete=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.40x0.20x1.50x2
3
.=1.44m
122
(iv)
(v)
Shutteringarea=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.40x1.50x2x2
.=14.40m2
TotalVolumeofConcrete=1.05+1.05+1.50+1.44=5.04m 3
2
TotalShutteringarea=8.59+6.93+15.0+14.40=44.92m
Watercalculations:
Internalvolumeofsump=LxBxD
.=2.10x2.40x1.50
.=7.56m 3
3
AccordingtoStandards:1m =1000Litresand1ft =28.34litres

1m3=1000litres
7.56m3=?Litres
.=7.56x1000
.=7560litres
eachwatertanker(truck)hascapacityof5000litres
thereforeno.ofwatertankerrequired=7560/5000
.=1.512orapproximatelyequalto2tankers
123
PlasteringwithMachine
124
Project: Residential Villa
Practical Procedure for finding

out Quantities and Preparing
Bill of Quantities
Project Drawings, Calculations and Solution
Note: All drawings are to show the method of calculations only and not for
design purpose.
125
Project: Residential Villa

(A). List of items to be calculated below Ground level [sub structure]
1. Footings
2. FootingsP.C.C
3. Neckcolumns
4. TiebeamandStrapbeam
5. TiebeamP.C.C
6. PlinthbeamorGradebeam
7. PlinthbeamP.C.C.
8. GroundslaborSlab.
9. Retainingwall
10. Rectangularsump
11. Circularsump
12. Septictank
13. EarthworkExcavationcalculation
14. BackFillcalculation
15. AbstractfortheQuantitiesofSubstructure.
16. BillofQuantities
17. ConcreteproportionandRatiowithmixdesign
List of items to be calculated for each item below Ground level

1. Volumeofconcreteinm3
2. Areaofshutteringinm2
3. Areaofbitumenpaintinm2
4. Areaoftermitecontrolinm2
5. AreaofpolythenesheetorVapourBarrierinm2
6. ReinforcementinKgsorTones
126
(B). List of items to be calculated above Ground level [Super Structure]
1. Columns
2. Beams
3. Slabs
4. Staircases(Typical&Semiround)
5. Brickwork(No.ofbricksrequired)
6. Cement:Mortarrequiredforbrickwork
7. Wallputtycalculation
8. PaintcalculationsinLiters(Emulsionpaint&Enamelpaint)
9. FalseCeilingCalculationsinM2
10. FlooringCalculations(Marbletiles,Vitrifiedtiles,Parkingtiles&interlocktiles
11. WallSkirtingCalculations
12. WallTiles(CeramicTiles)
13. Woodcalculationsfordoors&windows
14. Doors&WindowsFittings(Towerbolt,doorhandleetc)
15. WindowsgrillandIrongatecalculations
16. Calculationforthemiscellaneousitem(Lintel,Loft(Chajjas),WindowSunshade&KitchenPlatforms.
17. Abstractforthequantitiesofsuperstructure
18. Billofquantitiesforsuperstructure
(C). Reinforcement Calculation for
(i)SubStructureitems
(ii)SuperStructureitems
TypesofReinforcement
BarBendingSchedules(B.B.S)
ReinforcementDrawings
ReinforcementCalculations&Solutions
126
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all contents of book which has
106 topic in 615 pages.
www.quantitysurveyindia.com

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A book for all Civil Engineers & Architects (Diploma, Degree, & Masters)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR

A Practical book for

FIRST EDITION 2012

About Author: Mohammed Haroon

1. Definition of Quantity Surveying

C:M (cement:mortar) required for Brick work

62. Abstract for the Quantities of Sub-Structure and its Solution

SUB-STRUCTURE REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS

89. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Footings

SUPER-STRUCTURE REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS

100. Calculation & Solution of Reinforcement for Columns

A Practical book for Quantity Surveying

P.C.C under footings

(B). List of items to be calculated above Ground level [Super Structure]

8. Cement: Mortar required for brick work

PROCESS OF EXECUTING WORK ON SITE

Termite control (anti-fungus spray)

Earth work excavation:

Plain Cement Concrete bed: [P.C.C. Bed]

Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C):

Process of executing Raft:

Y type column with arch:

3. Plinth beam or Ground beam:

2. Hordy or Hardy slab:

Now, pouring of concrete is done on whole slab.

the thickness of slab = 27cm; the thickness of Hardy block = 20cm.

8. Cable suspension slab:

10. Slab with arches:

11. Hollow core ribbed slab:

12. Sunken slab or Depressed slab:

2. Course Rubble Stone masonry:

(ii) C.R.S wall

(iii) R.R.S wall

9. Boundary wall or compound wall:

11. Partition wall:

Types of unit conversion:

M x M = M2 or SQM or Square meter

M x M x M = M3 or CUM or Cubic meter

CM x CM = CM or SCM or Square centimeter

CM x CM x CM = CM3 or CUCM or Cubic

MM x MM = MM2 or SMM or Square

FT x FT = FT or SFT or Square feet

FT x FT x FT = FT3 or CFT or Cubic feet

INCH x INCH = INCH2 or SINCH or Square

INCH x INCH x INCH = INCH3 or CINCH

YD x YD = YD or SYD or Square yard

YD x YD x YD = YD3 or CYD or Cubic

Problems on unit conversion with solutions

Three dimensional problem conversion

1.5 yd2 = ? cm2

Therefore 18 x 362 = 233282

9500 mm2 = ? yd2

600 cm2= ? ft2

Therefore 18 x 363 = 8398083

Therefore 236.22/12 = 19.685 ft

Therefore 93.0 /122 = 0.645 ft2

6512 inch2 = ? yd2

Therefore 93.0 /123 = 0.0538 ft3

what will be Rate/m = ?

Topdimension:L 2=0.50m;B 2=0.50

averageL=(L 1+L 2)/2

For1m ofConcreteSand=0.46m Constantforallproportion