Status of Ambient Air Quality in Andhra Pradesh -2007

I. Introduction
Air quality is important simply because we cant avoid breathing the air around us. The average
adult breathes in about 20 cubic meters, or 20,000 liters of air a day. Other planets have sunlight,
but only our earth has air and water. ithout all of these there would be no life. A diverse
community of plant and animal life has thrived on this planet for millions of years, sustained by
the sun and supported by the soil, water and air.
The air is made up of nitrogen and o!ygen, with traces of other gases such as carbon dio!ide,
plus minute particles li"e dust. Although clean air should be freely available to all plant and
animal life, humans have been gradually polluting it, putting their health at ris" and the well#
being of the earth itself.
Air pollutants mainly come from the discharges of gases and particles mainly from industry,
motor vehicles and $iomass combustion. There are also natural sources such as wind#blown dust
and smo"e from bush fires. %ome forms of air pollution create global problems vi&., upper
atmosphere o&one depletion and acid rain. The enhanced greenhouse effect also falls into this
category.
The inhabitants of cities should be especially concerned, since they are e!posed to a greater
amount of pollutants coming from automobile traffic, commercial, industrial and manufacturing
facilities, as well as other sources. 'ncreased levels of air pollution are affecting the well being of
inhabitants and imposing not (ust a direct economic cost by impacting human health but also
threatening long#term productivity )material and vegetation damage, quality of life, reduced
tourism to the country, discourage foreign investment etc.*.

+apid industrial and economic growth of the developing countries in Asia has increased
urbani&ation and population pressure on local and national governments to "eep pace with urban
environmental management systems to meet the needs of the e!panding cities with numerous
parameters for management. Air pollution abatement strategies, solid waste management plans,
supply of water and control of wastewater and sewerage systems are the essentials of
environmental management. 'n this energy plays a crucial role in all development plans to enable
,
a livable city. Therefore, urban governance is challenged with the rapid globali&ation and the
need to provide basic amenities to the population.
-olicy ma"ers are active in framing rules and regulations for the better management of air
pollution thereby ensuring better air quality. +ules and regulations wor" well at institutional level
but at the individual level awareness and conscientious is very important to effectively reduce the
air pollution.
A--.$ is assessing the ambient air quality in the state. A monitoring networ" with /0 ambient
air quality#monitoring stations through out the state are placed to assess the changes in air
quality. 'n addition to it in 0yderabad continuous ambient air quality monitoring station has been
installed. $ased on the results of these monitoring stations, the government of A.- has ta"en
preventive measures to control air pollution from different sources. A--.$ is monitoring the
point source emissions regularly and directions to install 1 upgrade air pollution control
equipment are given to the industries that are e!ceeding the standards.
Definition of air pollution
Air pollution means the presence in the atmosphere of any air pollutant. The substances that
cause air pollution are called pollutants. They may be solid, liquid or gaseous substance
)including noise* present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be
in(urious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment.
Air pollution doesn2t always stay where it was made. 'n a very short time, it can ma"e its way
around the globe. This is called transport and dispersion, which is very comple!. The transport
and dispersion of the pollutants are governed by wind speed, direction, temperature, local terrain
and atmospheric stability.
3overnment of 'ndia has enacted the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 to
prevent and control the air pollution. The ob(ective of this Act is to provide for the prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the
aforesaid purposes, of $oards, for conferring on and assigning to such $oards powers and
functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.
2
The functions of the State Board as specified in Section 1! shall "e #
a. To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution and to secure the e!ecution thereof
b. To advise the %tate 3overnment on any matter concerning the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution
c. To collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution.
d. To collaborate with the .entral $oard in organising the training of persons engaged or to
be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution
and to organise mass#education programmer relating thereto
e. To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or
manufacturing process and to give by order, such directions to such persons as it may
consider necessary to ta"e steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution.
f. To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may thin" necessary, assess
the quality of air therein and ta"e steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution in such areas.
g. To lay down, in consultation with the .entral $oard and having regard to the standards
for the quality of air laid down by the .entral $oard, standards for emission of air
pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge
of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a
ship or an aircraft
h. -rovided that different standards for emission may be laid down under this clause for
different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission of
air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants.
i. To advise the %tate 3overnment with respect to the suitability of any premises or location
for carrying on any industry which is li"ely to cause air pollution.
(. To perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be
entrusted to it by the .entral $oard or the %tate 3overnment.
". To do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may thin" necessary for the
proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the
purpose of the Act.
'n addition to the above functions, the %tate $oard may establish or recognise a laboratory or
laboratories to enable the %tate $oard to perform its above functions efficiently.
4
Important Sections of the Air Act : 19 20 21 and 22
Section 19. 5eclaration of air pollution control area 6
The Act has provided for measures, which are
a. -reventive in nature, in the case of industries to be established

b. 'n the case of industries already established they are remedial
The primary responsibility of controlling air pollution is on the $oard. The very first measure to
be adopted in the respect is the declaration of any area or areas within the %tate as air pollution
control area. The sub#section thus provides that the %tate 3overnment may, after consultation
with the %tate $oard, by notification in the Official 3a&ette, declare in such manner as may be
prescribed, any area or areas within the %tate as air pollution control area or areas for the
purposes of the Act.
As regards power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission from automobiles,
%ection 20 of the Act lays down that with a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of
air pollutants from automobiles laid down by the %tate $oard under clause )g* of sub#section),*
of %ection ,7 are complied with the %tate 3overnment shall, in consultation with the %tate
$oard, give such instructions as may be deemed necessary to the concerned authority in charge
of registration of motor vehicles under the 8otor 9ehicles Act, ,:;;, and such authority shall
notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made there under be bound to comply
with such instructions.
Section $%. &ffences "' co(panies.
1. here an offence under this Act has been committed by a company, every person who, at
the time the offence was committed, was directly in charge of, and was responsible to, the
company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be
deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and
punished accordingly
2. -rovided that nothing contained in this sub#section shall render any such person liable to
any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without
his "nowledge or that he e!ercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such
offence.
3. <otwithstanding anything contained in sub#section),*, where an offence under this Act
has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed
with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of any
director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager,
secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
=
>!planation 6
a. ?.ompany? means any body corporate, and includes a firm or other association of
individuals@ and
b. ?5irection?, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
Section $1. &ffences "' )overn(ent depart(ents #
,. here an offence under this act has been committed by any 5epartment of 3overnment,
the 0ead of the 5epartment shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable
to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
2. -rovided that nothing contained in this section shall render such 0ead of the 5epartment
liable to any punishment if he proves that the offence was committed without his
"nowledge or that he e!ercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such
offence.
<otwithstanding anything contained in sub#section),*, where an offence under this Act has
been committed by a 5epartment of 3overnment and it is proved that the offence has been
committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of,
any officer, other than the 0ead of the 5epartment, such officer shall also be deemed to be
guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Penalties for !iolation of !arious pro!isions the Air Act 19"1
Section *!
Aailure to comply with the provisions of section 2, or section 22 or with the directions issued
under section 4,#A6
,. hoever fails to comply with the provisions of section 2, or section 22 or directions
issued under section 4,#A, shall, in respect of each such failure, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year and si! months but which
may e!tend to si! years and with fine, and in case the failure continues, with an
additional fine which may e!tend to five thousand rupees for every day during which
such failure continues after the conviction for the first such failure.
2. 'f the failure referred to in sub#section),* continues beyond a period of one year after the
date of conviction, the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment with a term which
shall not be less than two years but which may e!tend to seven years and with fine.
Section *8 Penalties for certain acts :
hoever
a. 5estroys, pulls down, removes, in(ures or defaces any pillar, post or sta"e fi!ed in the
ground or any notice or other matter put up, inscribed or placed, by or under the authority
of the $oard, or
B
b. Obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the $oard from e!ercising
his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or
c. 5amages any wor"s or property belonging to the $oard, or
d. Aails to furnish to the $oard or any officer or other employee of the $oard any
information required by the $oard or such officer or other employee for the purpose of
this Act, or
e. Aails to intimate the occurrence of the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere in
e!cess of the standards laid down by the %tate $oard or the apprehension of such
occurrence, to the %tate $oard and other prescribed authorities or agencies as required
under %ub#%ection),* of %ection 24, or
f. 'n giving any information which he is required to give under this Act, ma"es a statement
which is false in any material particular, or
g. Aor the purpose of obtaining any consent under %ection 2,, ma"es a statement which is
false in any material particular,
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a team which may e!tend to three months or with fine
which may e!tend to )ten thousand rupees* or with both.
Section *9 Penalt' for contravention of certain provisions of the Act.
hoever contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or any order or direction issued there
under, for which no penalty has been elsewhere provided in this Act, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a team which may e!tend to three months or with fine which may e!tend to ten
thousand rupees or with both, and in the case of continuing contravention, with an additional fine
which may e!tend to five thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention after
conviction for the first such contravention.



/
Sources of Air Pollution
The sources of pollution may be categorised as
<atural and anthropogenic. The ma(or
anthropogenic sources in an urban area such as
0yderabad are )i* mobile sources C vehicles,
)ii* stationary sources C industries, )iii* area
sources C refuse burning, road dust, open
coo"ing, industrial processes.
Description of Pollutants under stud'
Airborne particulate matter varies widely in its physical and chemical
composition, source and particle si&e. -8,0 particles )the fraction of
particulates in air of very small si&e )D,0 Em** are of ma(or concern, as they
are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and so potentially pose
significant health ris"s.
Airborne particulate matter is not a single pollutant, but rather a mi!ture of
many subclasses of pollutants C in solid and liquid forms, with each sub
class containing many different chemical species.
-articulate matter may be classified as primary or secondary. -rimary particles are emitted
directly by emission sources, whereas secondary particles are formed through the atmospheric
reaction of gases, such as the reaction between ammonia and o!ides of nitrogen or sulfur that
leads to the formation of -8
A ma(or source of fine primary particles are combustion processes, in particular diesel
combustion, where transport of hot e!haust vapour into a cooler tailpipe or stac" can lead to
spontaneous nucleation of FcarbonG particles before emission. %econdary particles are typically
formed when low volatility products are generated in the atmosphere, for e!ample the o!idation
of sulphur dio!ide to sulphuric acid. The atmospheric lifetime of particulate matter is strongly
related to particle si&e, but may be as long as ,0 days for particles of about ,mm in diameter. The
term fine -8 has also come to be associated with -82.B, ultra fine with -8 less than 0., microns
in diameter )-80.,* and coarse with -8 in the si&e range between 2.B and ,0 microns
Total Suspended Particulate (atter6 %uspended particulate matter )%-8* in air is a comple!,
multi#phase system of all airborne solid and low vapor pressure liquid particles having
aerodynamic particle si&es from below 0.0,#,00 Hm. Tiny airborne particles or aerosols that are
less than ,00 micrometers are collectively referred to as total suspended particulate matter )T%-*.
7
These particles constantly enter the atmosphere from many sources.
%ulphur dio!ide is a corrosive acid gas which combines with water vapour
in the atmosphere to produce acid rain. $oth wet and dry deposition has
been implicated in the damage and destruction of vegetation and in the
degradation of soils, building materials and watercourses. The principal
source of this gas is power stations burning fossil fuels which contain
sulphur.
<itrogen o!ides are formed during high temperature combustion processes
from the o!idation of nitrogen in the air or fuel. The principal source of
nitrogen o!ides # nitric o!ide )<O* and nitrogen dio!ide )<O2*, collectively
"nown as <O! # is road traffic. <O and <O2 concentrations are therefore
greatest in urban areas where traffic is heaviest. Other important sources are
power stations, heating plants and industrial processes.
<itrogen o!ides are released into the atmosphere mainly in the form of <O, which is then readily
o!idised to <O2 by reaction with o&one. >levated levels of <O! occur in urban environments
under stable meteorological conditions, when the air mass is unable to disperse.
'n the presence of sunlight, it reacts with hydrocarbons to produce photochemical pollutants such
as o&one. 'n addition, nitrogen o!ides have a lifetime of appro!imately , day with respect to
conversion to nitric acid. This nitric acid is in turn removed from the atmosphere by direct
deposition to the ground, or transfer to aqueous droplets )e.g. cloud or rainwater*, thereby
contributing to acid deposition.
.arbon mono!ide ).O* is a to!ic gas which is emitted into the atmosphere
as a result of combustion processes, and is also formed by the o!idation of
hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. 'n urban areas, .O is produced
almost entirely ):0I* from road traffic emissions. .O at levels found in
ambient air may reduce the o!ygen#carrying capacity of the blood. 't
survives in the atmosphere for a period of appro!imately , month but is
eventually o!idised to carbon dio!ide ).O2*.
;
3round#level o&one )O4*, unli"e other primary pollutants mentioned above,
is not emitted directly into the atmosphere, but is a secondary pollutant
produced by reaction between nitrogen dio!ide )<O2*, hydrocarbons and
sunlight. O&one can irritate the eyes and air passages causing breathing
difficulties and may increase susceptibility to infection. 't is a highly
reactive chemical, capable of attac"ing surfaces, fabrics and rubber
materials. O&one is also to!ic to some crops, vegetation and trees.
<itrogen dio!ide )<O2* participates in the formation of o&one. <itrogen o!ide )<O* destroys
o&one to form o!ygen )O2* and nitrogen dio!ide )<O2*. Aor this reason, o&one levels are not as
high in urban areas )where high levels of <O are emitted from vehicles* as in rural areas. As the
nitrogen o!ides and hydrocarbons are transported out of urban areas, the o&one#destroying <O is
o!idised to <O2, which participates in o&one formation. %unlight provides the energy to initiate
o&one formation@ near#ultra#violet radiation dissociates stable molecules to form reactive species
"nown as free radicals. 'n the presence of nitrogen o!ides these free radicals catalyse the
o!idation of hydrocarbons to carbon dio!ide and water vapour. -artially o!idised organic species
such as aldehydes, "etones and carbon mono!ide are intermediate products, with o&one being
generated as a by#product.
%ince o&one itself is photo dissociated )split up by sunlight* to form free radicals, it promotes the
o!idation chemistry, and so catalyses its own formation )ie. it is an auto catalyst*. .onsequently,
high levels of o&one are generally observed during hot, still sunny, summer time weather in
locations where the air mass has previously collected emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen
o!ides )e.g. urban areas with traffic*. $ecause of the time required for chemical processing,
o&one formation tends to be downwind of pollution centres. The resulting o&one pollution or
Fsummer time smogG may persist for several days and be transported over long distances.
A("ient Air +ualit' ,onitorin- in the state of the Andhra Pradesh
Ambient air monitoring is essential to evaluate compliance with the standards. 't provides
primary data to estimate the ambient air quality levels and its deterioration 1 improvements over
a period of time. A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air quality through out the state at /0
locations with the following ob(ectives6
&".ectives of ,onitorin-6
,. To determine highest concentration e!pected to occur in the area covered by networ"
2. To determine representative concentration in areas of high population density
4. To determine the impact on significant sources categories of ambient pollution levels.
=. To determine general bac" ground concentration levels.
B. To determine fluctuation of air quality levels with respect to base line data through
the trend evaluation
:
/. To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through
pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, and
precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.
7. To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated and to
assess health ha&ard, damage to materials and to control and regulate pollution from
various sources.
,ethodolo-' of the para(eters under stud' and the instru(ents used#
S./o Para(eter ,ethod Instru(ent used Sensitivit'
, +espirable suspended
particulate matter )+%-8*
0igh 9olume
sampling
+espirable dust
sampler
0.4#,0
particle si&e
2. Total suspended particulate
matter )T%-8*
0igh 9olume
%ampling
+espirable dust
sampler
4. %ulfur 5io!ide 8odified est
and 3aec"e
absorbing solution in
a midget bubbler
= # ,,40g1m
4
=. O!ides of <itrogen )<O!* Jacob and
0ochieser
absorbing solution in
a midget bubbler
: to =20
<O2g1 1m
4
B. .arbon 8ono!ide).O* %ensor 'nstrument with
electro chemical
sensor
, C :::ppm
/. <oise %ound pressure
level
sound pressure level
recorder
Type ,
instrument
Instruments used for the purpose of monitorin#
$espirable %ust Sampler Sound &e!el meter
,0

,onitorin- schedule# A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air quality in the state of A.-. under
two programmes.
,. <ational Air 8onitoring -rogram )<A8-*
2. %tate Ambient Air Kuality 8onitoring )%AAK8*
'n addition to the above, ambient air quality is monitored daily in 0yderabad covering traffic
(unctions, commercial and sensitive areas in the pea" hours for a duration of ; hours.
,onitorin- of a("ient air 0ualit' under /ational Air ,onitorin- Pro-ra((e (/A,P)
To asses the ambient air quality .entral -ollution .ontrol $oard ).-.$* is providing financial
assistance )B0I of operation and maintenance cost* to carry out the monitoring under the
<ational Air 8onitoring -rogram )<A8-*. The data generated from these stations shall be
submitted to central pollution control board by ,0
th
of every month. At present, .-.$ has
established <ational >nvironmental 5ata $an" )>5$*. The data generated shall be feed into the
>5$ on daily basis for all stations. There are ,; <A8- stations sanctioned by .-.$ to A--.$
and are in operation. The <A8- stations cover 7 districts of the state.
The "rea1 up of 18 /A,P stations in the state of Andhra Pradesh
S. /o. /a(e of the cit' 2 to3n District /o. of stations
, 0yderabad 0yderabad /
2 9isa"hapatnam 9isa"hapatnam /
4 9i(ayawada Lrishna 2
= Lurnool Lurnool ,
B Tirupathi .hittoor ,
,,
/ 3odavari"hani Larimnagar ,
7 -atancheru 8eda" ,
The monitoring will be carried out as per the frequency of monitoring stipulated by .-.$ for the
following four parameters6
,. Total %uspended -articulate 8atter )T%-8*
2. +espirable %uspended -articulate 8atter )+%-8*
4. %ulphur 5io!ide )%O2*
=. O!ides of <itrogen )<O!*
%ampling for these parameters is carried twice in a wee" as stated below
T%-8 M +%-8 are monitored for 2= hrs, with ; hourly samples.
%O2 and <O! are monitored for 2= hrs, with = hourly samples.
The total number of measurements should not be less than ,0=
The estimated operation and maintenance cost is +s,.70 la"hs 1 station 1 year
State A("ient Air +ualit' ,onitorin- (SAA+,)
The monitoring is carried twice in a fortnight for 2= hrs with ; hourly change of samples. The
monitoring of these stations is purely managed from the A--.$ funds.
,onitorin- /et3or1# A--.$ has monitoring networ" of /0 stations in the state. 8onitoring
networ" is designed in such a way that the proposed ob(ectives of ambient air quality are met.
Ambient monitoring networ"s for air quality are established to sample pollution in a variety of
representative settings, to assess the health and welfare affects, and to assist in determining air
pollution sources.
,2
/et3or1 of A("ient Air +ualit' ,onitorin- Stations (AA+,S) in the state
S.
/o.
&ffice /a(e of the district AA+ location
Area
cate-or'
1. .entral
Naboratory
0yderabad M +anga
+eddy district
,. Abids
2. -un(agutta
4. -aradise
=. .harminar
B. Ooo -ar"
/. L$+ -ar"
7. $alanagar
;. Pppal
:. Jubilee 0ills
,0. 83 $us %tation
,,. .hi""adapally
,2. Nangarhouse
,4. Jeedimetla
,=. <acharam
,B. 8adhapur
,/. Lu"atpally
,7. %aini"puri
,;. +a(endranagar
,:. %hameerpet
20. Pniversity of 0yd.
2,. $--A
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
%ensitive
%ensitive 'nd.
'nd. +es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om 'nd.
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
%ensitive
.ontrol statio
%ensitive
+es1.om
2. ON, Lurnool Lurnool
and
Anantapur dist.
,. 8ourya 'nn
2. -oola ba&ar
4. 'ndustrial >state Lallur
=. Anantapur
+es1.om
+es1.om
'nd.
+es1.om
4. +O, Tirupathi .hittor M .uddapah
dist.
,. +egional %cience .entre
2. 3<. tollgate
4. .hittore
=. .uddapah
%ensitive
%ensitive
+es1.om
+es1.om
=. +O, %anga
+eddy#'
8eda" dist. ,. %anga +eddy town
2. -atancheru
+es1.om
'nd.
B. +O, %anga
+eddy#''
8eda" dist. ,. 3addapotharam
2. $ollaram
'nd.
'nd.
/. +O, <algonda <algonda dist ,. 8ella cheruvu
2. <algonda
4. +amapuram
=. 5ondapadu
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
7. +O, <i&amabad <i&amabad and
Adilabad dist
,. %ubhash <agar
2. Adilabad
+es1.om
+es1.om
;. ON, 9i(ayawada Lrishna dist. ,. Autonagar
2. $en& circle
4. -olice control room
'nd.
+es1.om
+es1.om
:. +O, 3untur 3untur dist. 3untur 8unicipal .orpn. +es1.om
,4
S.
/o.
&ffice /a(e of the district AA+ location
Area
cate-or'
1%. +O,
Lothagudem
Lhammam dist. ,. Lhammam
2. -alvoncha
+es1.om
'nd.
,,. +O, <ellore <ellore and
-ra"asham dist
,. 9idyut $havan
2. -ra"asham
+es1.om
+es1.om
,2. ON,
9isa"hapatnam
9isa"hapatnam dist ,. 8.9 Lalyana
8andapam
2. %t. John -aris
4. %t.Alloys
=. 8indi
B. -olice $arrac"s
/. 8arripalem
7. %eetammadhara
;. 9eerabahu
:. 3nanapuram
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
+es1.om
'nd.
+es1.om
%ensitive
+es1.om
,4. +O, >luru est 3odavari dist Ashram 5iagnostic center +es1.om
,=. +O, La"inada >ast 3odavari dist La"inada 'nd. >state 'nd.
,B. +O,
9i&ianagaram
9i&ianagaram and
%ri"a"ulam dist
,. 9i&ianagaram
2. %ri"a"ulam
+es1.om
+es1.om
,/. +O, arangal arangal dist. ,. -ochamma 8aidan
2. +>. arangal
4. '5A, arangal
+es1.om
+es1.om
'nd.
,7. +O,
+amagundam
Larimangar dist. ,. 3odavari"hani
2. Larimnagar
+es1.om
+es1.om
,onitorin- Stations as per area t'pe
Area T'pe /u("er of Stations
+esidential, rural M other areas )including commercial areas* =4
'ndustrial areas ,2
%ensitive areas 0B
,=
A("ient Air +ualit' in the State of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra -radesh -ollution .ontrol $oard is monitoring the ambient air quality in the state of
Andhra -radesh under different programs and covering different areas. A--.$ has a three tier
structure of organisation vi&., 0ead Office, five Oonal Offices and ,: +egional Offices. The
Ambient Air Kuality data is presented district wise with the data of a &one placed together.
A("ient Air 0ualit' of 4'dera"ad 5one
This &one consists of four districts and is highly industrialised belt in the state of the Andhra
-radesh. 8ost of the industrial activity is in and around 0yderabad and +anga reddy. The
districts in this &one are 8ahboobnagar, Larimnagar, arangal, +anga reddy M 0yderabad
Map provided by GIS cell, APPCB
,B
A("ient air 0ualit' of 4'dera"ad and 6an-aredd'#
0yderabad .ity is a metro city in %outh 'ndia, located on the 5eccan -lateau. 't is the capital city
of Andhra -radesh state. 't lies on coordinates N1N 07;6276,B 1 Q,762B6B=. This city has
witnessed a rapid growth in terms of economic activity with setting up of various types of
industries of which bul" drugs is prominent and off late 'T and services sector has ta"en the lead.
This has encouraged large scale migration to the city in search of opportunities. The population
of the 0yderabad urban agglomeration covering the twin cities of 0yderabad, %ecunderabad and
ten surrounding municipalities )085A* is 7 million. The industrial areas which are initially in
the periphery are now amalgamated into the city with the invasion of residential colonies into
and outward e!pansion. The rise in service sector and investment opportunities has increased the
earnings and thereby purchasing power. This has resulted in preference to personal vehicles.
-resently there are 2.0 million vehicles plying in the congested city roads. The growth of the
vehicles in the two wheeler and cars is significant. The ultimate result is the increase in air
pollution.
The number of vehicles has increased from ,4 la"hs to 20la"hs )rounded off* from 2002 to 2007
and the total fuel consumption during this period has increased by =,I.
A--.$ has established 2, ambient air quality#monitoring stations in order to "now the ambient
air quality. These stations are distributed to get a representative samples from different areas.
$asically the stations can be categorised into three types6
Pea1 stations# are located in areas where the ma!imum ground level concentration )3N.* is
li"ely to be measured. They are useful for compliance monitoring in the vicinity of a source. The
stations are Abids, -un(agutta, -aradise, $--A and .harminar,
,/
/ei-h"ourhood stations# are generally located in an area representative of uniform land use
such as residential, industrial or commercial. These stations are used to assess compliance with
air quality standards and to measure trends over time. The stations are L$+< par", Jubilee hills,
8adhapur, Lu"atpally, .hi""adpally, <acharam, Pppal, $alanagar, Jeedimetla, Nangar house,
%aini"puri, Ooopar", and 83$%.
Bac1-round stations are sited to assess air quality in areas without substantial sources and may
be useful in providing bac"ground levels and measuring levels resulting from transport of
pollution. The stations in this category are 0yderabad .entral Pniversity, +a(endra nagar and
%hameerpet
,AP of 4'dera"ad 3ith the (onitorin- locations in -rid pattern
These stations are located on circular grid pattern. The details on selection of grid are6 -un(agutta
is considered as center of the circular grid. A distance of B "m radius from -un(agutta forms
inner circular grid. This grid forms the core area. B "m distance from the periphery of the inner
grid is penultimate grid. This grid covers the areas with high to moderate pollution. %imilarly, B
"m distance from periphery of penultimate grid is outer circular grid. The outer grid covers areas
with moderate to low pollution.
,7
S.
/o.
Circular -rid Station /a(es
/o. of
stations
, 'nner grid -an(agutta, L$+< par", .hi"adpally, Abids, $alanagar,
Jublihills, $--A and paradise.
0;
2 -enultimate grid Jeedimetla, Lu"atpaliy, 8adapur, <acharam, 83$%
%aini"puri, Nangar 0ouse, .harminar and Ooo par".
0:
4 Outer grid 0.P, +a(endranagar, Pppal. 04
= ### %hameerpet AAK% is located at 24.=/ "m from the
-an(agutta. 't is out of outer grid
0,
Total nu("er of AA+S 71
The AAK stations such as 0.P, +a(endranagar and %hameerpet are ta"en as control stations.
A("ient air 0ualit' in 4'dera"ad cit'
As mentioned above A--.$ is monitoring AAK at 2, locations in 0yderabad city. At si!
locations monitoring is carried under <A8-. At si! other locations monitoring is carried out for
; hours duration and the rest of the stations are monitored under %AAK8. 8onitoring is carried
under %AAK8 at the si! <A8- locations also.
/A,P data for the 'ear 7%%!
6espira"le suspended Particulate ,atter
,;
/ote# Conc in u-2(
*

,:
Total Suspended Particulate ,atter
/ote# Conc in u-2(
*

The details of the <A8- stations for the above data are as follows
S' (o' Station code )ype &ocation
1' :B 'ndustrial .'T5, '5A, $alanagar.
2. 204 'ndustrial '5A Pppal, 8odern Aoods M 'ndustries
4. 4/B +esidential Jubilee hills
=. 4:4 .ommercial -aradise
B. 4:= .ommercial .harminar
/. =70 %ensitive Ooo par"

&"servations on the 6SP, and TSP, data#
The concentrations prescribed for +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK% prescribed for
residential )Jubilee hills, -aradise and .harminar* and sensitive places )Ooo -ar"*. 'n case of
'ndustrial areas vi&., Pppal and $alanagar the concentrations are not e!ceeding the <AAK%
though the concentrations are almost equal to that of the -aradise and .harminar. This is because
the standards prescribed for industrial areas is ,20
The highest concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are recorded at -aradise station. This may be
due to vehicles transiting through the traffic (unction, traffic moving over the fly over and sports
activity in the near by ground. The station is not meeting the annual standard.
The concentrations at $alanagar and Pppal for +%-8 are around ,00ug1m
4
. The T%-8
concentrations are in the range of 270 C 40=ug1m
4
. $alanagar and Pppal represent industrial area
and hence are meeting the standards for both the parameters.
20
The concentration at Jubilee hills for +%-8 is =:ug1m4. 't is meeting the standards prescribed
for residential areas. The T%-8 concentrations are e!ceeding the standards prescribed.

The Ooopar" which represent sensitive area has a +%-8 concentration of B,ug1m
4
and T%-8 of
,4=ug1m
4
is e!ceeding the standards prescribed.
The I of +%-8 in T%-8 for commercial areas and industrial areas is around 4=I. That is
+%-8 constitutes 4=I of the T%-8. At Ooopar" the +%-8 contribution to T%-8 is high and is
around 4;I.
Station 3ise annual avera-es of 6SP, for 4'dera"ad cit' for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations on 6SP, in 4'dera"ad cit'
The annual average concentrations ranged from =: C ,B4 ug1m
4
.
0ighest concentrations are recorded at Nangar 0ouse
The concentrations of +%-8 are highest at traffic (unctions )Abids, -un(agutta, -aradise
.harminar* followed by commercial areas )Nangar house, .hi""adpally, Lu"atpally and
<acharam* and are not meeting the standards.
2,
The concentrations at residential places )Jubilee hills, 8adhapur and %aini"puri* are on the
lower side and are not e!ceeding the standards.
The industrial areas )$alanagar, Pppal and Jeedimetla* are meeting the standards.
The lowest concentrations are recorded at sensitive and control stations vi&., L$+< par"
Ooopar", 0.P and +a(endra <agar respectively.
Station 3ise annual avera-es of TSP, for 4'dera"ad cit' for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations on TSP, in 4'dera"ad
The annual average concentrations ranged from ,,; C =0: ug1m4.
0ighest concentration has been recorded at Nangar house station
The concentrations of T%-8 are highest at traffic (unctions )Abids, -un(agutta, -aradise
.harminar* followed by commercial areas )Nangar house, .hi""adpally, Lu"atpally and
<acharam* and are not meeting the standards.
The concentrations at residential places )Jubilee hills, 8adhapur and %aini"puri* are not
meeting the standards.
22
The sensitive and control stations record the lowest concentrations at L$+< par", but are
e!ceeding the standards
Annual Avera-e concentrations of S&
7
and /&
8
in 4'dera"ad for the 'ear 7%%!
<ote6 All values in ug1m
4
&"servations on S&7 9 /&8 concentrations in 4'dera"ad#
The concentrations of %ulphur dio!ide )%O2* is in the range of = C / ug1m
4
on an average
throughout the year in all the areas. The introduction of ultra low %ulphur fuel by the
3overnment has resulted in decrease of %O2 concentrations.
The concentration of the <O! ranged from ,4 C 4/ug1m4. The concentrations of O!ides of
<itrogen )<O!* are meeting prescribed standards.
The pea" concentration of B/ug1m4 recorded at $alanagar station. The <O! concentrations
are higher at $alanagar station due to re#rolling plants located nearby and vehicular
movement.
Abids, -un(agutta, -aradise and .harminar are having the highest concentrations when
compared to the rest of the stations this may be due to high volume of traffic near the
stations.
On an average the rest of the stations have concentrations in the range of ,= to 20ug18
4
.
24
Area 3ise annual avera-es for the 4'dera"ad cit'
Note: all conc in ug/m
3
6e(ar1s#
The annual average of +%-8 for residential, rural and other areas is crossing the
<AAK% by 2,ug1m
4
i.e. e!ceeding by 4/I. T%-8 is e!ceeding the standards by
:,ug1m
4
i.e. /BI higher than <AAK%.
The +%-8 concentration of sensitive areas is meeting the standards whereas the T%-8
standards are e!ceeding the standards by B4ug1m
4
respectively.
The industrial areas are meeting the standards prescribed.
)raph sho3in- area 3ise avera-es of 6SP, and TSP, for the 'ear 7%%!
Areas 6SP, TSP, S&7 /&8
+esidential /4 ,7= =./ ,7.,
.ommercial :: 2;7 B.2 2;./
Avera-e 81 7*1 $.9 77.8:
%ensitive =/ ,24 B.4 ,=.,
'ndustrial :B 2;4 B./ 4=.4
.ontrol station =; ,2; =.2 ,B.4
2=
Seasonal variation of Air pollutants in 4'dera"ad;; 7%%!
Para(eters in u-2(
*
<inter Su((er 6ain'
6SP, TSP, 6SP, TSP, 6SP, TSP,
+esidential 7, ,;= /B ,:= =7 ,=0
.ommercial ,,0 4,2 :, 27B 7/ 2=;
Avera-e 9%.: 7$8 !8 7*$.: =1.: 19$
%ensitive B; ,B4 =B ,2B 44 :=
'ndustrial ,,7 4,7 :, 27B 7/ 2=;
.ontrol %tations =/ ,22 BB ,=; =2 ,,B
6e(ar1s#
The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are higher in winter season when compared to
summer and rainy seasons. This is due to highly stable environment and inversions in the
atmosphere during this season.
+ainy season has the lowest concentrations and relatively clean but are still e!ceeding the
standards for T%-8 at all the areas and for +%-8 with the e!ception of sensitive areas
are e!ceeding the standards.
'n rainy season the I contribution of +%-8 to T%-8 is low when compared to other
seasons
The commercial areas have higher concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 when compared
to other areas in all the seasons. This is due to heavy vehicular movement in these areas.
2B
Seasonal variations of S&7 and /&8 in different areas of 4'dera"ad cit'
Para(eters S&7 in u-2(
*
/&8 u-2(
*
Seasons <inter Su((er 6ain' <inter Su((er 6ain'
+esidential =.7 =./ =.= ,: ,/.: ,B./
.ommercial B.2 B.2 B.2 40.7 2;.7 2/.=
Avera-e :.% :.% :.% 7: 7* 71
%ensitive =.= =.4 =.4 ,B.4 ,4.4 ,4.7
'ndustrial B.B B.B B.4 4= 4, 47.;
.ontrol %tations =.2 =.2 =.4 ,B.; ,B.= ,=.;
6e(ar1s#
The %O2 levels are significantly very low through out the year in all category areas. There
is not much variation in the concentrations of %ulphur dio!ide )%O2* and <O! in all the
seasons.
't is observed that the annual average of <O! levels is higher in winter season followed
by summer and rainy season for all areas e!cept at control stations.
Co(parison of concentrations of 6SP, 9 TSP, for the 'ears 7%%= and 7%%! in
4'dera"ad
6e(ar1s#
2/
There is an increase in concentrations at -un(agutta and Nangar house location for both
+%-8 M T%-8
'n industrial areas +%-8 there was no significant change in +%-8 M T%-8
concentrations.
'n sensitive areas the concentration of +%-8 and T%-8 has decreased by / and :ug1m
4
.
'n traffic (unctions the +%-8 concentrations has increased by ,0ug1m
4
and T%-8 by
40ug1m
4
.
The concentration of +%-8 in residential, rural and other areas has increased by =ug1m
4
and T%-8 by Bug1m
4
. The concentration of +%-8 at Nangar house has alone increased
by 4,ug1m
4
and T%-8 by 7:ug1m
4
. This has lead to an increase of +%-8 M T%-8
A//>A? A@A6A)A &B CAB&/ ,&/&CIDA I/ 4DDA6ABAD E 7%%!
The annual average of the carbon mono!ide concentrations is 2mg1<m
4
in the ma(or traffic
(unctions. The traffic (unctions monitored are Abids, -un(agutta, .harminar and -aradise. The
concentrations in the sensitive place )Ooopar" and L$+< par"* is ,mg1<m
4
.
The pea" concentrations of .arbon 8ono!ide in mg1m
4
are given below6

Abids Pun*a#utta Paradise +harminar
,oo
Par-
./$(
Par-
January 24 30 24 25 9 9
ebruary 20 20 20 20 ! !
Marc" 2# 2! 24 24 9 9
April 24 2$ 24 2# 9 !
May 22 3# 2$ 3# % $
June 20 24 24 25 ! $
July 2# 2! 22 24 $ $
Au&u'( 20 25 22 24 ! $
Sep(e)ber 2# 24 24 2# $ $
*c(ober 2# 2! 24 24 ! $
+ove)ber 2# 2! 22 24 ! !
,ece)ber 20 24 24 24 ! !

The average .arbon 8ono!ide ).O* levels are within the <ational Ambient Air
Kuality %tandards )<AAK%* of =mg1m
4
for residential 1 commercial areas )for , hour
monitoring*

The pea" .O levels observed are in the range of / mg1m

4
to 4, mg1m
4

'n sensitive areas such as Ooo par" and L$+< -ar" the .O levels are within <AAK%
of 2.0 mg1m
4
27
Source Apportion(ent of Air Pollutants
2;
Source Appor(ion)en( o- Air Pollu(an('. A Ca'e S(udy o- /yderabad
-articulate pollution samples were collected at three locations6 -un(agutta, and .hi""adpally
along the city center, and 0yderabad .entral Pniversity )0.P* to the west. -un(agutta and
.hi""adpally are a mi! of transport, commercial, and residential sites, while the 0.P was
sampled for bac"ground mi!. A distinction was made between fine -8, with an aerodynamic
diameter of less than 2.B micron )-82.B*, and coarse particulate matter with diameter less than ,0
micron )-8,0*. $oth fine and coarse -8 pose significant health ris"s as they are small enough to
be absorbed deeply into the lungs. The sampling occurred in three one#month phases during
<ovember0B C <ovember0/, in order to represent particulate matter concentrations in the
winter )<ov0B#5ec0B*, summer )8ay0/#Jun#0/*, and rainy )Oct0/#<ov0/* seasons.
%amples were analy&ed at the 5esert +esearch 'nstitute )5+'* in <evada, P%A, for chemical and
gravimetric analysis. +eceptor modeling was conducted (ointly by 5+' and A--.$.
'n general, concentrations of -8,0 and -82.B e!ceeded the <AAK% and orld 0ealth
Organi&ation standards.
,easured ,ass concentrations of P,
1%
and P,
7.:

P,1% ( -2(
*
) P,7.: ( -2(
*
)
Station na(e
,a8i(u( ,ini(u(
Avera-
e
,a8i(u( ,ini(u( Avera-e
-
h
a
s
e

,
Pun.a-utta ,;; ,27 1=% :: /: 8=
Chi11adpall
'
,/4 ,,0 1*$ ;= B7 =9
4C> ,24 := 1%= 7, =/ :=
-
h
a
s
e

2
Pun.a-utta 2,; 2; 111 ;7 ,4 $!
Chi11adpall
'
2/, =B 11* ,,, ,/ $*
4C> ,0B ,= =$ 7B / 7=
-
h
a
s
e

4
Pun.a-utta ,:4 B/ 177 ,4/ 4/ ==
Chi11adpall
'
,40 4= 8= ,2, 24 :$
4C> ,00 24 :9 /, ,B $%
The origins of the sampled -8 were determined by analy&ing its chemical composition6 The
parameters analysed are ions )anions and cations*, crustal elements, organic and elemental
carbon fractions, and heavy metals. The results of the analysis are modeled using the .hemical
8ass $alance model. The source profiles similar to those available at 0yderabad were ta"en
from the source profiles library of 5+'. The results of the modeling showed that nearly half of all
-8 in 0yderabad can be attributed to vehicular emissions. This is followed by resuspended dust
from unpaved1paved roads and construction activities. <on#transport contributors include6
secondary pollutants )ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, formed from the chemical
2:
reaction of gases* and biomass burning )especially burning garbage and firewood*. >missions
from coal combustion, an indicator of industrial component varied between sites depending on
meteorology and pro!imity to the sampling stations.
40
)raph sho3in- the results of the speciation
&"servations on speciation#
The ma(or contribution to the -8,0 is from light metals, followed by Organic and
elemental carbon. 'n the light metals silica and aluminum are predominant
'n -m2.B the ma(or contribution is from Organic carbon followed by elemental carbon
and ions.
The light and heavy metals contribute more to the coarser part than to the finer. The ratio
of -8,0 to -82.B is high.
The ratio of elemental carbon in -8,0 with respect to -82.B is very low. That means
almost all the elemental carbon is contributed to -82.B only.
>vent the ratio of organic carbon of -8,0 to that of -82.B is also low indicating that
more than ;0I of O. is contributed to -82.B
The low ratio of 'ons also indicates their contribution mainly to -82.B.
4,
42
Contri"ution of different sources to the particulate (atter in 4'dera"ad cit'
Contri"ution to P,1%
Contri"ution to P,7.:
44
8a(or findings of the study are6
8obile sources contribute the ma(ority of the -8 concentrations.
9ehicles and construction activities contribute to re#suspended fine dust particles.
Nong#range transport of pollution from industries outside the city increased during the
sampling period.
aste burning # garbage and biomass is a significant source of pollution.
$ased on these findings, the Andhra -radesh -ollution .ontrol $oard recommended6
.onversion of buses and auto ric"shaws from diesel to alternate fuels )natural gas, N-3,
biodiesel*
'ncrease public transport use from =0I to /0I )including adding new buses*
9ehicle inspection and registration program to facilitate compliance with emissions
standards, phasing out old vehicles
'mprove road maintenance and traffic management
'mprove capture efficiency for industrial -8 emissions
>nforce laws against waste burning
The pro(ect was supported by the 'ntegrated >nvironmental %trategies program of the P%
>nvironmental -rotection Agency, the Andhra -radesh -ollution .ontrol $oard, and the orld
$an". Technical assistance was provided by the <ational +enewable >nergy Nab and the 5esert
+esearch 'nstitute.
Aindings of the study were discussed with the .entral -ollution .ontrol $oard ).-.$*, <ew
5elhi, 'ndia, along with the representatives of 8o>A, T>+', 'O., and <>>+' at .-.$ on ,0
th
and ,,
th
of 5ecember 2007. A one day wor" shop for dissemination of the results of the source
apportionment results was conducted at 0ead Office, A--.$ on ,=
th
5ecember 2007 with
different sta"e holder departments involved in the action plan to reduce the ambient air pollution.
4=
Continuous A("ient Air +ualit' ,onitorin- Station (CAA+,S) esta"lished
at Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board 4'dera"ad
Introduction#
0onble %upreme .ourt of 'ndia has identified the ,/ cities where air pollution is high and
directed respective %tate 3overnments 1 %tate -ollution .ontrol $oards )%-.$s* to prepare
action plan to control air pollution. 0yderabad is one among these ,/ cities.
.entral -ollution .ontrol $oard ).-.$* in its ,27
th
$oard 8eeting decided to set#up
.ontinuous Ambient Air Kuality 8onitoring %tation ), each* in above ,/ cities to see the
impact of implementation of action plan on air quality.
.apital cost of station i.e., +s.;0.00 Na"hs is to be borne by .-.$ and the concerned %-.$
on B06B0 basis.
The annual operation and maintenance cost of each station will be borne by the respective
%-.$.
<etwor"ing cost of all the ,/ stations will be borne by the .-.$.
The specifications for .AAK8% were given by the .-.$.
Su"(ission of action plan "' )ovt. of AP#
Accordingly, the %tate 3overnment has prepared an Action -lan for ambient air quality
improvement in the twin cities of 0yderabad and %ecunderabad and 0P5A areas in consultation
with sta"eholders and submitted the same to the 0onble %upreme .ourt in connection with -
<o.,402:1,:;B.
>nvironment -ollution )-revention M .ontrol* Authority )>-.A* headed by %ri $hure Nal has
been monitoring the progress on the above action plan.
Pollutants (easured at CAA+,S and their techni0ues#
The pollutants measured at .AAK8% and their techniques are given at Anne!#2.
+ualit' control and 0ualit' assurance of data -enerated "' CAA+,S#
'n order to ensure the quality, the data is being sub(ected to all calibration protocols and data
validation techniques.
Disse(ination of data -enerated "' CAA+,S#
5ata generated by .AAK8% is being forwarded to .-.$, Tas" Aorce of A--.$ for ta"ing
necessary action.
4B
Para(eters ,onitored and (easure(ent techni0ues
Para(eters ,onitored ,easure(ent Techni0ues
,eteorolo-ical
Para(eters
Temperature )
o
.* Thermister
+elative 0umidity )I* .apacitor
$arometric -ressure )mm 0g* -ressure Transducer
%olar +adiation )atts1m
2
*

-hoto .ell
ind 5irection )5egrees* -otentiometer
9ertical ind %peed )m1sec* 3ill -ropeller Anemometer
ind %peed )m1sec* Anemometer
ind %peed 3ust )m1sec*
%igma R )5egrees*
Inor-anic
Pollutants
-articulate 8atter )-8,0, -82.B
M T%-8*
$eta ray Attenuation
%ulphur dio!ide )%O2 -ulsed fluorescence
O!ides of nitrogen )<O, <O2 M
<O!*
.hemi luminescence
.arbon mono!ide ).O* <on 5ispersive 'nfrared
O&one )O4* P9 Absorption
&r-anic
Pollutants
$en&ene 3.. -hoto 'oni&ation 5etector
)-'5* Toluene
Sylene
ind rose and -ollution roses for the year 2007 in 0yderabad city
<ind rose of 4'dera"ad for the 'ear 7%%!
APPCB
S(a(ion. APPCB#
0#00#0200! (o 3#0#20200!
90
$%
45
22
0
33%
3#5
292
2!0
24%
225
202
#%0
#5%
#35
##2
# (o 2
2 ( o 4
4 ( o $
$ (o %
1 %
Ma&ni(ude2)0'3
!4!!5 cal)
+
994$5 6alid ,a(a pre'en(4
't was observed that in a year winds are
either from >astern or from estern sector.
The >astern winds are in the months of
January, Aebruary, 8arch, April, October,
<ovember and 5ecember while the >astern
winds are in the month of 8ay, June, July,
August and %eptember.
There are two transition periods1months
)change of seasons* were observed, these
are April # 8ay and other is %eptember #
October. 'n these transition months winds
were changed from >astern to estern
sector in April C 8ay and from estern to
>astern sector in %eptember C October.
P,1% and P(7.: concentrations in 4'dera"ad cit' (CAA+,S data) for the 'ear 7%%!
4/
The percentage of -82.B in -8,0 is around =0I.
The annual average concentration of -8,0 is ,=0ug1m
4
and -82.B is B/ug1m
4
.
The winter concentrations are higher than the summer and rainy seasons.
There is an indirect relation with respect to air pollution and wind speed. As wind speed
increases the concentration of the pollutants are decreasing. This is due to better dispersion.
BenFene Toluene and C'lene
The concentrations of $en&ene
Toluene and Sylene are being
recorded
The concentration of the Toluene is
highest when compared to that of
the $en&ene. This may be due to
the industries located nearby.
On an average the concentrations
of toluene is in the range of B.7ppb,
$en&ene#,.;ppb and !ylene
0.7ppb.
The concentrations are higher in
winter season and lower in summer
and rainy season.
47
.arbon 8ono!ide
The annual average concentration
of .O is 0.Bppm.
The concentration is higher in
winter and is lowest in rainy.
The concentration are meeting the
standards prescribed
Note: Conc. Of Ozone in ppb and rest of the parameters in ug/m
As observed from the graph the
concentrations are highest in
winter season followed by
summer and rainy season
The concentration of <OS are
with in the limits e!cept for the
<ovember and 5ecember 2007.
The concentration of o&one is
high in the first half of the year
reaching the highest
concentrations in April. As the
ambient temperature and the
concentrations of the <O! are
decreased the concentrations of
o&one has decreased.
4;
ACTI&/ P?A/ B&6 ?&<A6I/) &B AI6 P&??>TI&/ I/
4DDA6ABAD CITD A/D46A P6ADAS4
'n the matter of .-.).*<o.,402: of ,:;B@ 8... 8ehta v1s. PO' M others, the 0onble %upreme
.ourt vide order dated6 ,=
th
August 2004 directed %tate 3overnments of 8aharastra )%holapur*,
Andhra -radesh )0yderabad*, 3u(arat )Ahmedabad*, Pttar -radesh )Lanpur, Nuc"now*,
Larnata"a )$angalore* and Tamil <adu ).hennai* to draw#up action plans for lowering air
pollution in the cities and also directed that the plan, once finalised, should be placed before
>nvironment -ollution )-revention M .ontrol* Authority )>-.A*.
Accordingly, the 3overnment of Andhra -radesh prepared an Action -lan in consultation with all
the sta"e holder departments vi&., Transport, A--.$, .ivil %upplies, %tate Oil .o#ordinator, etc.
for lowering air pollution in 0P5A area. %ri $hure Nal, .hairman, >-.A has been reviewing
the action plan submitted.
The latest status of the action plan is given below6
A(ission nor(s and auto(otive fuel 0ualit'#
>uro#'' norms were already implemented to all new =#wheeled 4.B tonnes and below
laden weight.
>uro#'' norms were already implemented to all new buses 1 goods vehicles.
>uro#'' norms were already implemented to all new 4wheelers.
+egarding reduction of sulphur in fuels, >P+O#''' norms were implemented in
0yderabad Prban 5evelopment Authority )0P5A* since ,.0=.0B .
,B0 ppm of
%ulphur in petrol
4B0 ppm of %ulphur in 5iesel.
$en&ene content
in petrol was reduced to 0.B/I in 0P5A area.
>uro#''' fuels were introduced since 0,.0=.200B.
420 pre#mi! oil dispensers were installed in 0P5A. :BI of dispensing units do not sell
loose 2T oil.
-P. records are being maintained at -P. centers, fuelwise i.e., diesel and petrol and
vehicle category wise.
Conversion of autos to ?P) (ode of fuel#
4:
Out of /;,;=0 auto ric"shaws on rolls of 0yderabad district, 2:,4=/ have been converted into
N-3 mode of fuel leaving a balance vehicles of 4:,=:=. Only / N-3 filling stations are
presently wor"ing in 8unicipal .orporation of 0yderabad area )0yderabad district limits*.
Once additional N-3 filling stations are operational, balance auto ric"shaws can be converted to
N-3 fuel mode by end of 2007.
Biscal polic' to support pu"lic transport#
3O 8s.<o./; Tr. +M$ )Tr.'* 5epartment, dated6 ,4.0=.200/ as amended vide 3O 8s.<o.,;0
Tr. +M$ )Tr.'* 5epartment, dated6 2,.0:.200/ is issued levying ta!es on private stage carriages,
private contract carriages including ta!ies, autos, private service vehicles, education institution
buses and goods carriages.
Third %chedule of A- 8otor 9ehicles Ta!ation Act, ,:/4 prescribes one time ta! in respect of
two wheelers, =#wheelers, omni buses and motor cabs, whose cost is more than +s.4.B Na"hs.
Aor new vehicles, :I rate of one time ta! is prescribed and for in use vehicles, the rate of ta! is
reduced proportionately depending upon the age of the vehicle from the date of registration.
3O 8s.<o.,,; Tr. +M$ )Tr.'* 5epartment, dated6 07.0/.200/ is issued levying motor vehicles
ta! on gross traffic earnings of fleet owners. A-%+T. is the only fleet owner i.e., ta!ed basing
on this 3O. BI of gross traffic earnings is fi!ed for town services and 7I of gross traffic
earnings is fi!ed in respect of other services as 8otor 9ehicles Ta!.
As could be seen from the above ta! details, public sector is put to advantage vis a vis personal
vehicles. The ta! levied on vehicles of A-%+T. who is the monopoly stage carriage operator, is
much lower compared to other categories of personali&ed vehicles and public service vehicles
e!cepting auto ric"shaws. The ta! on A-%+T. is levied at a lower rate to promote public
transport service. A-%+T. is also given freedom to fi! the rate of tic"ets at their level.
'n order to promote alternate fuels, the A- 8otor 9ehicles Ta!ation Act, ,:/4 provides for
e!emption of 8otor 9ehicles Ta! for a period of B years from the date of registration on 8otor
9ehicles using .<3, $attery M %olar -ower.
Plan for esta"lish(ent of ne3 ?P) dispensin- stations#
At present, ,/ N-3 outlets are in operation in twin cities of 0yderabad M %ecunderabad and
another ,, are under various stages of commissioning and would be in operation by the end of
8arch 2007.
C/) Pro-ra((e#
3A'N has submitted the road map for .<3 supply in 0yderabad to 8o-M<3 on ,4.,0.200/ for
onward submission to >-.A.
As per guidelines of 8o-M<3, 3A'N had signed 8OP with 0-.N on ,:.02.2000 for
formation of Joint 9enture .ompany to implement .ity 3as 5istribution in A-.
=0
The Joint 9enture .ompany )J9.* was incorporated on 22.0;.2004 in the name of
81s.$hagyanagar 3as Ntd. )$3N* along with 0-.N for supply of .<3 1 -iped gas in the state
of Andhra -radesh. $3N has its head quarters in 0yderabad and is already in service for supply
of .<3 in 9i(ayawada. Aurther, $3N has two outlets )one in Tirupathi and another in
0yderabad* and are also in the process of opening more retail outlets in the city of 0yderabad.
<o specific allocation e!ists for 0yderabad. 0owever, total of 0., mmscmd gas has been
allocated to $3N for Andhra -radesh, which is much less than actual requirement and hence, gas
availability is an issue. 3A'N is in discussion with domestic producers li"e +'N and 3%-.N who
are e!pected to produce gas by 200; end.
Airst .<3 daughter booster station was commissioned on 0,.0;.200/ by transporting .<3
through mobile cascades, for seeding the mar"et in 0yderabad, from 9i(ayawada where $3N has
already set#up = .<3 stations, including one mother station.
Two more .<3 stations are being planned by 8arch 2007 with the gas transported through
mobile cascades from 9i(ayawada till the pipeline connectivity is getting ensured for 0yderabad
and gas is sourced for the same.
As regards construction of new pipeline, it was mentioned that gas pipeline policy of 3ovt. of
'ndia has been announced and any new pipeline shall be decided by 8o-M<3 1 +egulator based
on the principle of common C carrier 1 third party access on non#discriminatory basis. The retail#
selling price per L3 is +s.22.,7 at 9i(ayawada and +s.401# at 0yderabad.
Safet' of C/) 2 ?P) vehicles#
Training programme for the personnel involved in retro#fitment of N-3 1 .<3 "its would be
ta"en up on receipt of recommendations of -rof. 0.$. 8athur, on safety chec" list, guidelines
and corrective measures.
Pu"lic transport#
a. /o. of "uses#
To increase the number of commuters traveling by public transport from =2I to B0I, the
following additional number of vehicles is proposed to be added.
<o. of
Tear buses to be
inducted
200/.7 4/7
2007.; 4B0
200;.: 4B0
200:.,0 ,00
=,
Thus, it is proposed to achieve targeted B0I clearance in the year 200;#0:.
As 8+T% will be operational from 200:#,0 onwards, the additional buses required per year will
be ,00 only.
%>T'< has also been given permits to operate another ,00 new buses in the twin cities.
A-%+T. requested 81s.$3N to give the full details with regard to the quantity of .<3 that can
be made available and pricing policy to wor"out the requirement of buses from the year 200;
onwards. 81s.3$N informed that the availability of .<3 to transport sector in 0yderabad and
the probable time of availability mainly depends upon the allocation by the 8o-M<3. 81s.$3N
informed that estimated requirements have been communicated to the concerned government
departments for allocation.
On receipt of above information, A-%+T. will submit a plan for inducting .<3 buses from
200; onwards along with required budget.
Outer ring road all round the city and radial roads have been planned. $us +apid Transit )$+T* is
being planned for implementation on these roads.
ith an estimation of +s.2B0 .rores, outer ring road is being ta"en#up to divert heavy vehicles
from the city. -hase#' with 22"ms. is started. -hase#'' with ,=7"m. is under finalisation.
The outer ring road is an ; lane road with the corridor of ,B0mtr. to be completed within two
years.
Operators of other 'nter#%tate 1 'nter 5istrict buses are also directed to transfer passengers from
the city points to be outs"irts of the city to relieve congestions in the city and to ensure free
movements of vehicles.
5edicated bus lanes for A-%+T. from 8oosapet to -un(agutta have also been proposed by
8.0 M A-%+T. (ointly. Two dedicated bus lines are e!pected to be commenced from
0,.04.2007.
The 0onble 0igh .ourt has been monitoring the action ta"en by 8.0 on regular basis.
,ulti ,odal Transport S'ste(#
8ulti 8odel Transport %ystem )88T%* services were introduced in the city on two routes
consisting of =4 "ms. a couple of years ago. This is a (oint pro(ect of 3ovt. of A.-. and 'ndian
+ailways costing about +s.200 .rores to introduce urban transportation services by upgrading
the spare line capacity of the e!isting railway lines. The 88T% services are slowly becoming
popular and are presently carrying about B0,000 passengers per day.
,etro 6ail 2 ,ass 6apid Transit S'ste( (,6TS)#
To improve the public transportation system and to control the rapid growth of private vehicles,
based on the recommendations of a %even 8ember .ommittee of %enior Officers, 3ovt. of
=2
Andhra -radesh approved development of 8etro +ail 1 8ass +apid Transit %ystem )8+T%* on 4
of the busiest corridors of 0yderabad in -hase#,.
Nine#'6 8iyapur C -un(agutta C 8.J. 8ar"et C N.$. <agar )2:.;7"ms.@ 27 stations*@
Nine#''6 Jubilee $us %tation C %ecunderabad +ailway %tation C %ultan $a&ar C Aala"nama ),=.7;
"m.@ ,/ stations*@
Nine#'''6 Osmania Pniversity )0absiguda* C $egumpet C Tousufguda C %hilparamam )2,.7=
"ms.@ 20 stations*.
>stimated to cost about +s.;,7/0 crores, the pro(ect is being ta"en up on $OT basis and /
consortia have been pre#qualified for this pro(ect. 5-+s have already been prepared for all the
three routes and the +equest for -roposal )+A-* documents and 8odel .oncessionaire
Agreement have also been got ready.
%election of the $OT developer is e!pected by June 2007 and the construction activity is
scheduled to commence by middle of 2007. The pro(ect is targeted for completion in a short
span of = years and a large number of preparatory activities are being underta"en in parallel
processing mode.
After completion of this pro(ect, the system is e!pected to carry ,/.B Na"hs passengers per day in
4 of the busiest corridors of 0yderabad, giving considerable relief to these highly congested
routes.
Par1in- polic' and pedestrianisation#
8unicipal .orporation of 0yderabad )8.0* in consultation with Traffic -olice, recently
rationali&ed the par"ing lots and created ,,B intelligent par"ing lots where the road width 1 open
space permits such par"ing. 'n order to optimi&e the utili&ation of the space of the par"ing lots,
an intelligent system consisting of .N. mobile card readers, .N. card readers, etc. was
introduced. The intelligent card readers automatically note down the chec"#in and chec"#out
timings of the vehicles at the par"ing lots and will deduct the charges from the pre#paid cards
cash balance for the used time. This is yielding good results and par"ing discipline has
considerably improved.
The +evised $uilding +ules were approved by the 3ovt. vide 3O 8s.<o.;/8A, dated6
04.04.200/, which is applicable to the 0yderabad 8etropolitan Area and would be e!tended to
9isa"hapatnam, 9i(ayawada and other ma(or urban areas. The +evised $uilding +ules have
among other things, have rationali&ed and revised the par"ing norms vi&.,
)a* The par"ing requirement in buildings is made as a percentage of the total builtup area )from
20I to /0I*. 't is higher in the 8.0 area )core area of the city, and for all non#residential
occupancies.
)b* Allowing par"ing in cellars or stilts or in upper floors.
=4
)c* Allowing multiple cellar par"ing floors in large comple!es.
)d* >ncouraging par"ing lots and common pool par"ing area in group housing, gated and other
multiple housing development.
)e* Allowing visitors par"ing spaces in the open space over and above minimum setbac"s of /
mtr.
)f* >ncouraging mechani&ed car par"ing faciltieis in comple!es and increasing height of par"ing
floor to = mtr. to facilitate 2#level par"ing stac".
)g* .ommon and continuous cellar par"ing floors between ad(oining buildings would be allowed
depending up on structural safety aspects, mutual agreement between owners, etc.
)h* Allowing basement 1 cellar par"ing floor to e!tent beyond the setbac"s but maintaining
atleast ,.B mtr. distance from the property line.
)i* <o fees and the other charges shall be charged by the %anction Authority for the area 1 floors
developed as par"ing comple! 1 par"ing lot.
)(* 'n an e!isting area 1 locality where an owner or two or more owners come together and
developed combined or common par"ing comple!, pedestrian pla&a 1 sub#way, or into 1
facilitate additional access by lin"ing with surrender roads, etc. for public usage additional
bonus built#up area 1 T5+ would be considered by the sanctioning authority.
)"* ,0I rebate in property ta! to those who provide additional par"ing place of 2BI and above.
)l* Obtaining Occupancy .ertificate made mandatory which has a specific parameter w.r.t.
compliance of par"ing requirements before the building is allowed to be occupied.
To encourage owners to develop par"ing comple!es, par"ing lots, the following incentives are
given in the revised building rules6
)a* >quivalent built up area of such par"ing comple! 1 or area of par"ing lot as the case may be
would be considered as Transferable 5evelopment right by the sanctioning authority.
)b* The setbac"s )e!cepting the front setbac"* for par"ing comple!es are B0I of the requirement
of buildings.
)c* <o fees and other charges shall be charged for par"ing comple! 1 par"ing lot.
)d* A moratorium on property ta! for B years would be considered@ and for the ne!t B years C
property ta! shall be levied on the lowest slab of residential category.
@ehicle inspection pro-ra((e#
a. Status of i(ple(entation of ne3 P>C nor(s#
Out of ,/= pollution testing stations, =0 stations have been upgraded.
==
". 6eport on defaulters#
Out of ,/.4/ Na"h vehicles registered in 0yderabad city, vehicles i.e.,;=.74I of vehicles
i.e.,,0.:;la"h vehicles covered by -ollution Pnder .ontrol .ertificates. Transport 5epartment
has boo"ed 4B:4, cases and reali&ed +s.,.4B crores towards compounding fee from April to
<ovember 200/.
c. Audits#
After networ"ing the pollution testing stations, the results of pollution testing by the pollution
testing stations will be audited on fortnightly basis.
d. /et3or1in- of P>C Centres#
Out of ,/= pollution testing centers in 0yderabad city, 2/ centres have already been networ"ed.
<etwor"ing of the centers is scheduled to be completed by 8ay, 2007 as per the programme
given below6
,onth Centres
Gan. to Apr. %! 17% (*% 2 (onth)
,a' %! $$
e. Inte-ration of vehicle re-istration data#
5atabase of Transport 5ept. has already been integrated with .yberabad -olice and plans are
afoot to provide access to -olice 5epartment for integration on department to department basis
by 8arch, 2007.
f. ?a("da (easure(ent#
The department would ta"e up Nambda measurements on receipt of the decision of 0onble
%upreme .ourt in this regard.
=B
<aran-al 6 't is ,20 "m northeast to 0yderabad and lies in ,;.0 5eg <orth and 7:.B; 5eg
>ast. The district is bounded by Larimnagar 5istrict to the north, Lhammam 5istrict to the east
and southeast, <algonda 5istrict to the southwest, and 8eda" 5istrict to the west. arangal is
well "nown for granite quarries )notably the blac" and brown varieties*, grain mar"et for rice,
chillies, cotton, and tobacco.
A--.$ is monitoring ambient air quality at three locations in the city of the arangal. The three
locations are $alasamudram and <a""alagutta representing residential1commercial areas and the
third station at '5A +ampur representing industrial area. The monthly average concentration of
the +%-8 and T%-8 of the arangal city are given in the graph below
)raph sho3in- (onthl' avera-es of 6SP, and TSP, in <aran-al
&"servations on 6SP, 9 TSP,
At <a""alagutta the concentrations of +%-8 is highest and is e!ceeding the <AAK%. The
+%-8 concentrations at $alasamudram and '5A, +ampur are within the <AAK%.
The T%-8 concentrations are highest at <a""alagutta. The concentrations of T%-8 are
e!ceeding at $alasamudram and <a""alagutta. At '5A, +ampur the concentrations are within
the limits.
The percentage of +%-8 in T%-8 is around 4=I.
The +%-8 concentrations are highest in winter followed by rainy and summer and T%-8 is
highest in winter followed by summer and rainy season.
Concentrations of -ases
The %O2 levels are within the <AAK% and are in the range of = to 7ug1m
4
.
The <O! levels are within the <AAK% and are in the range of : to 4;ug1m
4
=/
Hari(na-ar District#
Hari(na-ar, is a city and a 8unicipal .orporation in Larimnagar district. 't is located towards
northern region of Andhra -radesh on the ban"s of the 8anair river, which is a tributary of the
river 3odavari. Larimnagar is located at ,;U2/V< 7:U0:V>,;.=4, 7:.,B. The predominant
industries include mining and quarrying, agro#business, food processing, cotton yarn and fabrics,
non#metallic mineral products, engineering, hardware and power generation. The +amagundam
%uper Thermal -ower %tation is the biggest thermal power producing facility in the state.
A--.$ is monitoring ambient air quality at godavari"hani. This station is operated under the
<A8- -rogramme
)raph sho3in- (onthl' avera-es of 6SP, and TSP, in Hari(na-ar
&"servations on 6SP, 9 TSP,
At 3odavari"hani the concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.
The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is around 42I
The concentrations are highest in the winter season followed by summer. +ainy season is the
least polluted
'n rainy season the I of +%-8 to T%-8 is around 20I.
.oncentrations of gases
The %O2 levels are within the <AAK% and are in the range of = to ,Bug1m
4
.
The <O! levels are within the <AAK% and are in the range of : to 22ug1m
4
=7
=;
A("ient air 0ualit' in @isa1hapatna( 5one
This &one consists of five districts %ri"a"ulam, 9i&ianagaram, 9isa"apatnam, >ast and est
godavari districts.
@isa1hapatna( cit'#
9isa"hapatnam is situated in the <orth#eastern coast of Andhra -radesh, at a latitude of ,7
O
=2<
and longitude of ;4
O
20>. The city stretches from north to south on a ridge and is located in a
spoon shaped basin, surrounded by hills on three sides with $ay of $engal on the >ast. The total
city area is situated within a distance of ,0 "m from the shore. All the residential areas fall
within this area. The entire city lies within the two prominent hill ranges, namely Tarada and
Adivivaram.
=:
The ma(or air pollution sources are the port trust activities and hectic industrial activity. There
are 9 ambient air quality monitoring stations. %i! stations are operated under the <A8-. These
stations are located at different &ones to asses the ambient air quality of 9isa"hapatnam.
Station na(e 5one
'ndustrial >state, 8arripalem, <A8- 'ndustrial
-anchayat +a( Office, 8indi, <A8- +esidential
-olice barrac"s, <A8- +esidential
'<%, 9irabahu, <A8- %ensitive
%eetammadhara, <A8- +esidential
3anapuram area, <A8- +esidential
%t. Alloys +esidential
8.9 Lalyana 8andapam +esidential
%t. John -aris +esidential
/A,P data for 6SP, and TSP, for the 'ear 7%%!
)raph sho3in- (onthl' avera-es of 6SP, and TSP, in @isa1hapatna(
&"servations on 6SP, and TSP, at @iFa-#
The annual averages of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%
+%-8 constitutes about B0I of the T%-8. The I of +%-8 is higher when compared to
that of the 0yderabad city. This may be due to the sea salt spray in the atmosphere
contributing to the higher +%-8.
B0
-olice barrac"s location has higher concentrations than other stations.
The range of +%-8 concentrations varied from 72 to ,,7ug1m
4
and the T%-8 ,B0 to
2/=ug1m
4
.


'<% veerabahu has the lowest concentrations of all the stations.
A("ient air 0ualit' data 3ith respect to particulate (atter of all the stations (onitored
at @isa1apatna(#
)raph sho3in- the concentrations at all the nine stations in @iFa-.
&"servations#

The annual average at -olice barrac"s is highest for both +%-8 and T%-8. All the
stations are e!ceeding the standards prescribed for +%-8 and T%-8

'<% veerabahu location is the least polluted of all the stations.

The concentrations of +%-8 ranged from 77# ,02ug1m

4
and that of T%-8 ranged from
,B7#207ug1m
4
B,
Seasonal variation of pollutants ;;; A("ient Air +ualit' of @isa1hapatna( E 7%%!
&"servations on the seasonal avera-es#
The concentration at sensitive place does not show any significant variation in +%-8 and %-8
concentrations across the seasons.
%ensitive area has lower summer concentration than that of the winter and rainy. This is very
unli"ely and probably might have been a result of localised activity during this season.
The concentrations at residential and industrial places have higher concentrations in winter
followed by summer.
The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are generally anticipated to be on higher side in summer
season when compared to rainy season. $ut there wasnt significant variation of the
concentration in summer and rainy season.
B2
S&7 and /&8 concentrations in the @isa1apatna( cit' for the 'ear 7%%!
Ta"le sho3in- the seasonal variations of S&7 and /&8 in @isa1apatna(
.onc in ug1m
4
6e(ar1s on S&7 and /&8 in @isa1apatna(#
The annual average concentrations for %O2 and <O! are around : and 40ug1m4
respectively.

The concentrations of %ulphur dio!ide and O!ides of <itrogen )<O!* are meeting
prescribed standards.

The concentrations of %O2 are high when compared to the 0yderabad city, this may
be due to the industrial activity
'ndustrial +esidential %ensitive
7%%! S&7 /o8 S&7 /o8 S&7 /o8
Su((er ; 40 : 40 ; 40
6ain' ; 40 ; 40 ; 40
<inter ; 40 : 40 : 40
B4
Aast )odavari District# 't is located in the <orth coastal part of the state. The district is "nown
as rice bowl of A-. The district has an area of ,0,;07%q.Lm. The district 0ead Kuarter is
La"inada. A--. is monitoring the Ambient air at La"inada. The monthly average values are
depicted in the graph below6
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in Aast )odavari for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are with in the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of =/I.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from =; to B4ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are
in the range of ,0=#,,:ug1m
4
.

The concentrations are uniform through out the year with a narrow range of fluctuations.
B=
<est )odavari dist# The district is in the delta regions of the Lrishna and 3odavari rivers. 't
lies between ,/
o
,B
i
and ,7
o
40
'
in north and ;0
o
BB
'
and ;,
o
BB
'
in the east. The district has an area
of 77=2%qLms.The district has rich offshore reserves with high agriculture and moderate
industrial activity. >luru is the head quarter of the district. A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air
quality in >luru. The monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 are given in the graph.
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in <est )odavari for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of ==.7BI.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from 77 to ;/ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are
in the range of ,7,#,;;ug1m
4
.

The concentrations are uniform through out the year with a narrow range of fluctuations.
BB
@iFiana-ara(# The district is located in the north eastern part of the A-. 't is bounded by eastern
ghats. The geographical co#ordinates are ,B
o
,B
'
and ,:
o
,B
'
of <orth and ;4
0
00
'
and ;4
o
=B
'
of the
eastern longitude. A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air quality at 9i&ianagaram town. The
monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 are given in the graph.
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in @iFiana-ara( for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of =7.BI.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from B0#,0=ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of ,2;#202ug1m
4
.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.

B/
Sri1a1ula( The district is located in the e!treme north eastern part of the A-. 't is bounded by
eastern ghats. The geographical co#ordinates are ,;
o
20
'
and ,:
o
,0
'
of <orth and ;4
0
B0
'
and
;=oB0
'
of the eastern longitude. The total area of the district is B;47%qLm. The A--.$ is
monitoring the ambient air in %ri"a"ulam town. The monthly average values of +%-8 and
T%-8 are given in the graph.
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in Sri1a1ula( for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of B0I.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from =;#,0Bug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of :;#20/ug1m
4
.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.

B7
@i.a'a3ada 5one# 9i(ayawada &one has five districts under its (urisdiction they are 3untur,
Lhammam, Lrishna, <ellore and -ra"asam
B;
B:
Hrishna District# The geographical co#ordinates are ,B
o
=4
'
and ,7
o
,0
'
of <orth and ;0
0
0
'
and
;,
o
44
'
of the eastern longitude. The total area of the district is ;,727 %q.Lms. The 0ead quarters
is 8achilipatnam. The main city and is commercially active part of the district is 9i(ayawada
city.
9i(ayawada is on the ban"s of the Lrishna +iver. 9i(ayawada is encircled by the 'ndra"iladri
hills in the est and the $udameru +iver in the <orth. 9i(ayawada is spread over an area of B;
square "ilometers and serves as the largest railway (unction of the south central railway. The city
has hectic commercial, moderate industrial activity and dense in population. A--.$ is
monitoring the ambient air at three locations in the city. These stations are located at
,. $en& circle )+esidential 1 .ommercial* monitored under <A8-
2. -olice control +oom )+esidential 1 .ommercial*
4. Autonagar )'ndustrial*
The monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 are given in the graph.
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in @i.a'a3ada for the 'ear 7%%!
/0
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The concentrations are highest at Autonagar and the lowest in police control room

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of =0I at autonagar and at the other
two stations it is around =BI. This may be due to contribution of coarser particles due to
movement of vehicles.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from /:#,0/ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of ,B2#27,ug1m
4
.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer seasons.

)aseous para(eters#
S&7 and /&8 in @i.a'a3ada for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#
The annual average concentrations for %O2 and <O! are around / and =,ug1m4
respectively.

The sulphur dio!ide is in the range of =#,,ug1m

4
and o!ides of nitrogen are in the range of 27
to B= ug1m
4
/,

The concentrations of %ulphur dio!ide and O!ides of <itrogen )<O!* are meeting prescribed
standards.
Hha((a( The district has an area of ,/,02:%q.Lms. .oal 8ining activity, granites and
thermal power plant are located here. A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air at the district
headquarters and at -aloncha where the thermal power plant and sponge iron plant are located.
The monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 are given in the graph.
6SP, 9 TSP, concentrations in Hha((a( for the 'ear 7%%!
&"servations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are with in the limits of <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of /0I.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from 4=#/;ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of =/#,47ug1m
4
.
/2

The range of concentrations is very wide and hence more fluctuations

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.

)untur The district is located at =0miles from the bay of $engal towards north. The
geographical co#ordinates are ,/
o
20
'
of <orth and ;0
0
27
'
of the eastern longitude. A--.$ is
monitoring the ambient air in 3untur.. The monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 are
given in the graph.
,onthl' avera-e Concentrations of 6SP, and TSP, at )untur for the 'ear 7%%!
&"sevations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of ==I.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from /B#;=ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of ,40#,;Bug1m
4
.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.

/4
/=
/ellore and Pra1asa( The district is located at =0miles from the bay of $engal towards north.
The geographical co#ordinates are ,=
o
2B
'
of <orth and 7:
0
B;
'
of the eastern longitude. The
district head quarter is located at <ellore. -ra"asam has its head quarter located at Ongole.
A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air quality for the %-8 parameter only. The monthly average
values of %-8 are given in the graph.
,onthl' avera-e values of SP, for /ellore and Pra1asa( for the 'ear 7%%!
&"sevations#

The concentrations of %-8 are with in the limits of the <AAK%.

The %-8 concentrations for nellore ranged from //#72ug1m

4
and for -ra"asam the
concentrations range from /;#72ug1m
4

The concentrations are lowest in rainy season and winter and summer having higher
concentrations.
/B
//
Hurnool 5one
This &one consists of the four districts of +ayalaseema area. They are Lurnool, Anatapur,
.uddapah and .hittore.
,ap sho3in- the Hurnool 5one of APPCB 3ith industries
/7
Hurnool#'t has two important mountain ranges running parallel from <orth to %outh. They are
>rramalla and <allamala forest range. The total area of the district is ,7/00%q.Lms. There are
three ambient air monitoring stations in Lurnool. They are6
,. 'ndustrial estate Lallur representing industrial area
2. -oola ba&aar representing commercial area
4. Lrishna nagar representing residential and commercial area.
,onthl' avera-es of 6SP, and TSP, of Hurnool cit' for the 'ear 7%%!
&"sevations#

The concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 are e!ceeding the <AAK%.

The percentage of +%-8 to T%-8 is in the range of B0I.

The +%-8 concentrations ranged from B/#:4ug1m

4
and the T%-8 concentrations are in
the range of ,0B#,;2ug1m
4
.

The data was not available from August to 5ecember 07.

/;
Anatapur Cuddapah and Chittore# A--.$ is monitoring the ambient air quality in the head
quarters of the three districts. The monthly average concentration of the +%-8 and T%-8 are
given in the graph below.
8onthly average concentrations of +%-8 and T%-8 for the year 2007
&"servations#
The +%-8 concentrations are e!ceeding the standards of <AAK% at Anantapur but are
meeting the standards at .uddapah and .hittore.
The T%-8 concentrations are e!ceeding the standards at all the three locations
The I of +%-8 to T%-8 is B0I at Anantapur. 'n .uddapah and .hittoor the I of
+%-8 to T%-8 is 44I
The concentrations are uniform most of the time through out the year.
/:
A("ient air 0ualit' in Tirupathi (Hurnool Fone)
't is the holy town and abode of the Nord 9en"ateswara. 5aily large number of vehicles carrying
the devotees moves on the roads of Tirupathi. There are 2 ambient air quality#monitoring
stations
,. 3<. toll gate )%ensitive*
2. +egional science center )%ensitive*
7SPM 8SPM
2007
7e&ional
Science
Cen(re
2+AMP3
G+C 8oll &a(e
7e&ional
Science
Cen(re
2+AMP3
G+C 8oll &a(e
0anuary 25 32 %4 ###
1ebruary 25 34 %$ ##5
2arch 2$ 35 %4 ##9
April 2! 4% ##2 #2%
2ay 29 49 %9 #2$
0une 25 42 #0% ##2
0uly 25 3! %2 ###
Au#ust 2% 3$ %9 ##2
September 24 33 %$ #0%
3ctober 23 2$ %$ %%
(o!ember 2! 3# %% 95
%ecember 29 30 93 94
.onc in ug1m
4
6e(ar1s#
The +%-8 concentrations are meeting the annual standards. T%-8 is not meeting the
annual standards
The +%-8 concentrations ranged from 22 to BBug1m4. The T%-8 concentrations ranged
from ;2 to,B;ug1m4.
The I contribution of +%-8 to T%-8 is 4/I
70
A("ient air 0ualit' in 6a(achandrapura( 5one
This &one consists of the four districts. They are 8eda", <algonda, <i&amabad and Adilabad.
7,
/al-onda district#
The district of <algonda is situated in the %outhern part of the Telangana +egion covering an
area of ,=,2,7 %q. Lms. A district in Andhra -radesh, <algonda2s global location is between ,/#
2B2 and ,7#B02 of the <orthern Natitude and 7;#=02 and ;0#0B2 of >astern longitude.
A--.$ is monitoring AAK at four locations vi&., +O <algonda, 8ellacheruvu, +amapuram
and 5ondapadu.
6e(ar1s#
The annual average concentration of +%-8 );;ug1m
4
* and T%-8),:7ug1m
4
* at
+amapuram are highest when compared to other stations at <algonda.
The lowest concentrations are recorded in 8ellacheruvu.
All the stations are e!ceeding the <AAK% for both +%-8 and T%-8
The I contribution of +%-8 to T%-8 is =BI
The concentrations of +%-8 ranged from BB to ;;ug1m
4
and that of T%-8 ranged from
,2B to ,:7ug18
4

The concentrations in winter season is higher when compared to other seasons
The concentration of %O2 was below Bug1m
4
and that of <OS are below ,0ug1m
4

72
/iFa(a"ad district#
<i&amabad 5istrict lies on the north#western side of Andhra -radesh. <i&amabad covers an area
of 7,:B/ sq "m. Aorest cover is significant and is estimated to be to a tune of ,70,000 hectares
A--.$ is monitoring AAK at <i&amabad under the %AAK8 programme at %ubhash nagar area.
The monthly average values of +%-8 and T%-8 for the year 2007 are depicted in the graph6
6e(ar1s#
The +%-8 and T%-8 concentrations are e!ceeding the standards prescribed
The +%-8 concentrations ranged from =2 to ;4ug1m4. The T%-8 concentrations
ranged from ,,0 to 2,Bug1m4.
The I contribution of +%-8 to T%-8 is 4;I
74
,eda1 District#
8eda" is a district situated in the Telangana region of Andhra -radesh, 'ndia. %angareddy is the
district headquarters of 8eda" 't is ,00 "m to the north of 0yderabad. The district has hectic
industrial activity with many number of bul" drug industries.
Patancheru +onc' in u#4m
5
$SP2 )SP2 S32 (o6
January 45 #3$ 2# 22
ebruary 40 #2# #5 #5
Marc" 3% #23 #5 #5
April 44 %$ 20 25
July 44 %$ 20 25
Au&u'( 90 #0# 9 9
Sep(e)ber ##0 225 9 9
*c(ober #30 24% 9 9
+ove)ber #23 425 3% 93
,ece)ber #30 4%0 30 52
&"servations#
The concentration of +%-8 and T%-8 has increased from the onset of rainy season with the
concentrations touching the pea" in October and 5ecember. The reasons for sudden increase in
the concentrations are due to shifting of the station and hectic road widening wor"s ta"en up on
the <ational 0ighway. The concentrations of +%-8 are with in the limits in the first quarter but
have e!ceeded in the rest of the months. The annual average is e!ceeding the standards
prescribed for both +%-8 and T%-8.
The concentration of %ulphur dio!ide is higher than other places in the state. This may be due to
the industrial activity and vehicular movement in the near by area. 0owever the concentrations
of the gaseous parameters are well with in the standard limits.

7=
Air 0ualit' Assess(ent
The air quality of different cities 1 towns with respect to three criteria pollutants )+%-8, T%-8,
<O !* has been compared with the respective <AAK% and has been categori&ed into four
categories based on e!ceedance factor )>A*
Observed annual mean conc. of criteria pollutant
>A W ##############################################################################
Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
The four air quality categories are6
.ritical pollution).* # when >A is more than ,.B.
0igh pollution)0* C when >A is between ,.0 to ,.B
8oderate pollution)8* C when >A is between 0.B to ,.0
Now pollution)N* C when the >A is less than 0.B
't is obvious from the above categorisation, that the locations in either of the first two categories
are actually violating the standards, although with varying magnitude. Those falling in the third
category are meeting the standards as of now but li"ely to violate the standards in future if
pollution continues to increase and is not controlled. 0owever, the locations in low pollution
category have rather pristine air quality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level
by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution.
7B
Ta"le sho3in- air pollution cate-or' of the stations (onitored
S
(o
&ocation A+ $SP2 71 + )SP2 71 +
8 of
P210
in
)SP2
# Abids +es1.om ,07 #4% + 42; 2434 + 324$
2 -un(agutta +es1.om ,4: 243 + 4;: 24!% + 354!
3 -aradise +es1.om ,0; #4% + 424 44$# + 3344
4 .harminar +es1.om :: #4$5 + 2:7 24#2 + 3343
5 Ooo -ar" %ensitive =: 049% 2 ,4, #4%! + 3!44
$ L$+< -ar" %ensitive =B 0490 2 ,,; #4$9 + 3%4#
! $alanagar 'nd. :/ 04%0 2 40= 04%4 2 3#4$
% Pppal 'nd. ,00 04%3 2 270 04!5 2 3!40
9 Jubilee 0ills +es =: 04%2 2 ,=4 #402 9 3443
#0 83 $us %tation +es1.om 7: #432 9 2,4 #452 + 3!4#
## .hi""adapally +es1.om 7: #432 9 2,4 #452 + 3!4#
#2 Nangarhouse +es1.om ,B4 2455 + =0: 2492 + 3!44
#3 Jeedimetla 'nd ;: 04!4 2 2// 04!4 2 3345
#4 <acharam +es1.om ;/ #443 9 2B: #4%5 + 3342
#5 8adhapur +es1.om B= 0490 2 ,=/ #404 9 3!40
#$ Lu"atpally +es1.om 70 #4#! 9 20= #44$ 9 3443
#! %aini"puri +es1.om B4 04%% 2 ,=4 #402 9 3!4#
#% +a(endranagar +es1.om =7 04!% 2 ,2: 0492 2 3$44
#9 %hameerpet +es1.om =; 04%0 2 ,42 0494 2 3$44
20 0.P +es1.om =: 04%2 2 ,2= 04%9 2 3945
2# $--A +es1.om 70 #4#! 9 ,:/ #440 9 354!
22 8ella cheruvu +es1.om 72 #420 9 ,B/ #4## 9 4$42
23 <algonda +es1.om 7/ #42! 9 ,/: #42# 9 4540
24 +amapuram +es1.om ;, #435 9 ,;4 #43# 9 4443
25 5ondapadu +es1.om 7/ #42! 9 ,/; #420 9 4542
2$ %ubhash <agar +es1.om /, #402 9 ,B: #4#4 9 3%44
S
(o
&ocation A+ $SP2 71 + )SP2 71 +
8 of
P210
in
)SP2
2!
%anga +eddy
town
+es1.om ,04 #4!2 + 247 #4$9 + 4345
2% -atancheru 'nd ;0 04$! 2 204 045$ 2 3944
29 Autonagar 'nd :0 04!5 2 247 04$$ 2 3%40
30 $en& circle +es1.om ;B #442 9 ,;; #434 9 4542
3#
-olice control
room
+es1.om 7/ #42! 9 ,BB #4## 9 4940
32 3untur 8unicipal +es1.om 70 #4#! 9 ,/, #4#5 9 4345
7/
.orpn.
33 9idyut $havan +es1.om 70 0450 2 040
34 -ra"asham +es1.om #30 0493 2 040
35 Lhammam +es1.om B4 04%% 2 #!4 #424 9 3045
3$ -aloncha, '> 'nd B; 044% & #%! 0452 2 3#40
3!
8.9 Lalyana
8andapam
+es1.om ;: #44% 9 #%$ #433 9 4!4%
3% %t. John -arish +es1.om :/ #4$0 + 2#4 #453 + 4449
39 %t. Alloysius +es1.om :, #452 + 200 #443 9 4545
40 8indi +es1.om :7 #4$2 2 #95 #439 9 494!
4# -olice $arrac"s +es1.om ,04 #4!2 9 #5$ #4## 9 $$40
42 8arripalem 'nd :, 04!$ 2 #$4 #4#! 9 5545
43 9eerabahu %en 77 #454 + 9! #439 9 !944
44 %eetammadhara +es1.om ;: #44% 2 #04 04!4 2 %54$
45 3nanapuram +es1.om :0 #450 C #%2 #430 / 4944
4$ 9i&ianagaram +es1.om 7= #423 / #5! #4#2 / 4!4#
4! %ri"a"ulam +es1.om 7B #425 9 220 #45! + 344#
4% >luru +es1.om ;, #435 9 23% #4!0 + 3440
49 La"inada 'nd B, 0443 & 23# 04$4 2 224#
50 -oola ba&ar +es1.om /, #402 9 225 #4$# + 2!4#
S
(o
&ocation A+ $SP2 71 + )SP2 71 +
8 of
P210
in
)SP2
5# '.>. Lallur 'nd // 0455 2 #%5 045# 2 354!
52 Lrishna <agar +es1.om ;2 #43! 9 2!! #49% + 294$
53 Anantapur +es1.om 7= #423 9 2!% #499 + 2$4$
54
+egional %.
.entre )Tirumala
0ills*
%en 2/ 0452 2 25240 34$0 + #043
55
3<. Toll gate
)Alipiri*
%en 4/ 04!2 2 29540 442# + #242
5$
<utrine
.onfectionary
).hittore*
+es1.om =B 04!5 2 #$9 #42# 9 2$4$
5! .uddapah +es1.om B4 04%% 2 2$4 #4%9 + 204#
5% 3odavari"hani +es1.om 74 #422 9 #!0 #42# 9 4249
59 $alasamudram +es1.om B, 04%5 2 #50 #40! 9 3440
$0 <a""alagutta +es1.om 7B #425 9 #!4 #424 9 434#
AC: Area category
EF: Exceedance factor
77
C: Category as per air quaity assessment
+%-8 and T%-8 concentrations in ug1m
4

7;
/oise Pollution
Sound and /oise#
The word noise is derived from the Natin term ?nausea?. 't has been defined as ?unwanted sound,
a potential ha&ard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the
adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears.?
<oise is defined as unwanted sound. %ound which pleases the listeners is music and that which
causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others.
%ound is any pressure variation )in air, water or other medium* that the human ear can detect.
Nongitudinal motion of the particles of the transmitting medium produces pressure oscillations
)compressions and rarefactions* causing ambient pressure. The ma(or sources of noise are6
9ibrating bodies
Aerodynamic phenomena
>!plosions
>nits of /oise# The frequency of a vibration is e!pressed as the number of vibrations per second
)i.e. inversely proportional to the period* in 0ert& )0&*. Audible sound for fit, healthy young
people is from 200&#20,0000&, with ma!imum sensitivity at around 4,0000&. Arequencies
below 200& are called 2infrasound2 and those above 20,0000& 2ultrasound2. The numerical
magnitude of a sound is normally e!pressed as the sound pressure level in logarithmic decibel
units )d$*6
where P is the sound pressure being measured and P0 the reference sound pressure, normally
ta"en as 0.0002Ebar )W20E-ascals*.
7:
Avera-e and pea1 sound pressure levels for the 'ear 7%%! in 4'dera"ad cit'
6e(ar1s#
The average and pea" sound pressure levels indicate that inhabitants of the
0yderabad city are e!posed to elevated levels of sound pressure levels.
The noise levels are around ;0d$ in the traffic and commercial areas.
The sensitive places vi& Ooopar" and L$+< par" too have higher sound pressure
levels of /7 and /:d$ respectively.
The monitoring is carried in the day time.
%ound pressure levels of all the areas recorded indicate that they are crossing the
standards prescribed for the respective areas.
;0
/oise levels at @isa1hapatna(
6e(ar1s#
The noise levels are around ;;d$ in the traffic and commercial areas.
The monitoring is carried in the day time.
%ound pressure levels of all the areas recorded indicate that they are crossing the
standards prescribed for the respective areas.
?e-al provisions for a"ate(ent of noise pollution#
%ection 2)a* of the Air )-revention and .ontrol of -ollution* Act, ,:;,, includes noise in the
definition of 2air pollutant2. %ection 2)a* ?air pollutant? means any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to
be in(urious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment.
The >nvironment )-rotection* Act,,:;/. Although there is no specific provision to deal with
noise pollution, the Act confers powers on 3overnment of 'ndia to ta"e
measures to deal with various types of pollution including noise pollution.
The 3overnment of 'ndia framed and published <oise -ollution .ontrol and +egulation +ules,
,:::. On ,,.,0.2002 the 3overnment of 'ndia brought in an amendment in the +ules. The
amendment empowered the %tate 3overnment to permit use of loudspea"er or public address
;,
system during night hours )between ,0 pm and ,2 pm mid#night* on or during the cultural or
religious occasions for a limited period not e!ceeding ,B days.
+ight to Nife includes Areedom from <oise -ollution. This was held by the %upreme .ourt of
'ndia in the year 200B in Aorum, -revention of >nvironment and %ound -ollution and Pnion of
'ndia and Another case. Accordingly, noise pollution was geared to prohibit on the grounds that it
disturbs a persons daily life.
The use of Airewor"s has led to air pollution in the form of noise and smo"e. Their e!cessive use
has started to be a public ha&ard and violation of their fundamental rights as enshrined in the
.onstitution of 'ndia. 't has been held in the case of ?Om $irangana +eligious %ociety v. %tate,
,00 .< /,7? that the ?Areedom of speech and e!pression guaranteed under Article ,:),*)a* of
the .onstitution of 'ndia includes, by necessary implication, freedom not to listen and1or to
remain silent. A citi&en has a right to leisure, right to sleep, right not to hear and right to remain
silent. 0e also has the right to read and spea" with others?. $ecause of the tremendous sound and
noise, the citi&ens cannot e!ercise all these fundamental rights.
't has been seen that firecrac"ers noise is an impulsive noise and is ha&ardous. $ursting of a
firecrac"er near the ear can lead sometimes to non#recoverable hearing loss.
The /oise Pollution (6e-ulation and Control) 6ules 7%%%.
'n order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution, the 3overnment of 'ndia has enacted the
<oise -ollution )+egulation and .ontrol* +ules, 2000. -rior to the enactment of these rules noise
pollution was not being dealt specifically by a particular Act. %ubsequently the 3overnment of
Andhra -radesh has made rules and regulations to control the noise pollution)3.Ort <o.227
The main provisions of the noise rules are as under
,. The %tate 3overnment may categori&e the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or
silence areas1&ones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas.
2. The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas1&ones has been
specified for in the %chedule anne!ed to the +ules.
4. The %tate 3overnment shall ta"e measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating
from vehicular movements and ensure that the e!isting noise levels do not e!ceed the ambient air
quality standards specified under these rules.
=. An area comprising not less than ,00 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and
courts may be declared as silence area1&one for the purpose of these rules.
B. A loudspea"er or a public address system shall not be used e!cept after obtaining written
permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night i.e. between ,0.00p.m. and
/.00 a.m.
/. A person found violating the provisions as to the ma!imum noise permissible in any particular
area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provisions of these rules and any other law in
force.
;2
,otor @ehicles Act 1988 and 6ules fra(ed there under
+ules ,,: and ,20 of the .entral 8otor 9ehicles +ules, ,:;:, deal with reduction of noise. +ule
,,:. 0orns
),* -rovided that on and from ,st January, 2004, the horn installation shall be as per A'%#0,=
specifications, as may be amended from time to time, till such time as corresponding
$ureau of 'ndian %tandards specifications are notified.
)2* <o motor vehicle shall be fitted with any multi#toned horn giving a succession of different
notes or with any other sound#producing device giving an unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming
noise.
6ule 17% Silencers
),* >very motor vehicle including agricultural tractor shall be fitted with a device )hereinafter
referred to as a silencer* which by means of an e!pansion chamber or otherwise reduces as far as
practicable, the noise that would otherwise be made by the escape of e!haust gages from the
engine.
)2* <oise standards # >very motor vehicle shall be constructed and maintained so as to conform
to noise standards specified in -art > of the %chedule 9' to the >nvironment )-rotection* +ules,
,:;/, when tested as per '%6 402;#,::;, as amended from time to time.
Bire crac1ers
At present the ma!imum permissible sound level for firecrac"ers as per the noise standard is
provided by 'tem ;:, %ch. ', Table ,.B of the >nvironment )-rotection* +ules, ,:;/6 ?;:. <oise
%tandard for Aire# crac"ers
A. )i* The manufacture, sale or use of fire# crac"ers generating noise level e!ceeding ,2B d$)A'*
or ,=Bd$).*p" at = meters distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited.
)ii* Aor individual firecrac"ers constituting the series )(oined fire# crac"ers*, the above mentioned
limit be reduced by B log ,0 )<*d$, where <W <umber of crac"ers (oined
together.?
4ealth affects of /oise#
'ncrease in noise results in restlessness, anger, fidgetiness, impulsive behavior and over#reaction
to situations. 8ost crac"ers used have more than ;0 d$ noise that can cause temporary hearing
loss. %evere noise pollution leads to hearing loss, high blood pressure, heart attac" and sleep
disturbances.
;4
Stud' carried "' APPCB to asses a("ient air pollution levels on eve of
Deepa3ali festival cele"rations 7%%!
Introduction#
5iwali a socio#religious festival of 0indus is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor
throughout the length and breadth of the country. 't is unique in one way that it transcends the
barrier of religion as all sects are involved in firing of crac"ers. The verbal analogy of 5iwali is
festival of lights. 't mar"s the victory of good over evil forces. This festival falls in the month of
October ending1starting of <ovember )Onset of winter*. 'ts celebrations begin with litting of
lights in front of every house and people re(oice with the bursting of crac"ers. The other social
reasons attributed to lighting#up of lights and firing of crac"ers are to control proliferation of
rodents M fleas from the riparian Lhariff crops and to evade cold. The present scenario of
5iwali is totally different as it mar"s bursting of crac"ers and other fire wor"s, which increase
the e!posure of diversified pollutants.
The pac"ed materials in the crac"ers will combust instantaneously releasing energy in the form
of an e!plosion. As a result of which wide array of pollutants are scattered in to the ambient air
of which, the main by#products are o!ides of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, Ammonia, -hosphates
and other heavy metals. The e!plosion also helps in lofting of fugitive dust in the finest form.
$asically any firecrac"ers is made up of three main components vi&.,blac" powder to ignite@
mi!tures of chemicals that produce light and color when heated and flash powder to produce
sound. The constituents of the above three are given below
S. /o Description Contents
, $lac" powder %alt#peter )potassium nitrate*, charcoal, and sulfur
2 Alash powder -otassium chlorate or potassium per chlorate, sulfur, and aluminum
4 O!idi&er -otassium or ammonium per chlorate
= 0eavy metals Aluminum, magnesium, or titanium )white*, carbon or iron )orange*,
sodium compounds )yellow*, copper compounds )blue*, strontium
carbonate )red*, and barium mono chloride salts or barium nitrate or
barium chlorate )green*
B %"y scrappers Acetone, ammonium per chlorate, ben&oic acid, boric acid, calcium
carbonate, !ylene, chlorine, alcohol sodium fluoaluminate
Co(position of the crac1ers# source: !oxic in" study
To study the chemical composition, particularly of metallic and non#metallic components of
crac"ers, To!ics Nin" got some samples of spar"lers and pots analy&ed at the $ombay <atural
0istory %ociety Naboratory, 8umbai. The following were the chief findings of the laboratory
tests.
;=
The results showed presence of highly to!ic heavy metals li"e cadmium and lead in addition to
other metals li"e copper, manganese, &inc, sodium, magnesium and potassium in the firecrac"ers.
S./o ,etal Description of crac1ers Content
, .admium Anar and wire / and ;mg1,00mg
.rac"ers B.2mg1,00mg
2 Nead 8ean concentration =/2mg1,00g
3reen spar"le ;B0mg1,00g
4 8agnesium 8ean concentration 2/22mg1,00g
= .opper 8ean concentration 7==mg1,00g
B Oinc 8ean concentration 42=mg1,00g
$oth nitrates and nitrites of few of these metals were present.
O!ides of sulphur in the form of sulphate and phosphorous in the form of phosphate were present
in the samples.
Aour acidic radicals ##nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate## were also detected. The proportion
of nitrite, phosphate and sulphate in the crac"ers was almost similar and ranged between ,,/0 to
,=20 mg1,00gm, while nitrates which are strong o!idi&ing agents, were found in considerable
amounts when compared to the other three. Their mean levels were ,/2=mg1,00g.
,onitorin- 6esults of AP Pollution Control Board#
A.-. -ollution .ontrol $oard monitors the ambient air quality on eve of 5eepawali every year,
and also the 0onble %upreme court of 'ndia in .-. <o. 721:; has issued directions for close
monitoring of pollutant levels in ambient air during 5eepawali. To comply with the directions,
ambient air quality of twin cities of 0yderabad and %ecunderabad were monitored for parameters
<oise, +%-8, T%-8, %O2 and <O!, %ulphates and <itrate
A("ient air 0ualit' (onitorin-
a* The ambient air quality measurements were ta"en up in industrial, %ensitive,
+esidential, +ural and other places as per the .-.$ classification.
b* The parameters monitored are@ a* +espirable %uspended -articulate 8atter
)+%-8*, b* %uspended -articulate 8atter )%-8*, c* %ulphur 5io!ide )%O2*, d*
O!ides of <itrogen )<O!* e* .arbon 8ono!ide ).O* and f* <oise
The above parameters were monitored on the day of 5eepawali, two days before and
after 5iwali from ,;.00 to 22.00 hrs. The results and interpretation are detailed below6
,eteorolo-ical para(eters# On the day of 5iwali during monitoring average temperature C
2=.4
O
., relative humidity C //I, ind speed C ,.2; m1s and predominate wind direction is
>ast to est.
;B
Particulate ,atter in u-2,
*
#
Dates
6esidential
Co((ercial and
other rural area
Industrial Sensitive
+%-8
g18
4
%-8
g18
4
+%-8
g18
4
%-8
g18
4
+%-8
g18
4
%-8
g18
4
071,,12007 ,47 4,B 2,/ B:; :7 ,:=
0;1,,12007 2=: 47: ,=4 B40 ,4: ,;;
%921127%%! !98 1%*! ::8 !!% ::1 =*$
,01,,12007 2:= =70 222 =;4 2;; 472
,,1,,12007 ,/4 4,= ,B7 4:: ,,; 4/=
The concentrations of the particulate matter has increased on the day of 5iwali when
compared to pre and post 5iwali days
The ratio of +%-8 with respect to %-8 on an average has increased upto ;0I )on normal
days it is around =0I* on the day of 5iwali. Thereby indicating that most of the particulate
matter is +%-8 only due to bursting of crac"ers.
+esidential area has higher concentrations when compared to other areas as the activity is
more in this area.
%ensitive area has also recorded higher concentrations though there is no direct source. This
may be due to the contribution from neighbouring areas.
't is observed from the results that the particulates levels in the ambient air one day before
5eepawali are very close to the normal day levels but one day after the festival the levels
are higher than the normal day. The particulates levels had reached to normal levels two to
three days after 5iwali.
0igh levels of +%-8 and %-8 was recorded on the day of 5iwali 2007 in the residential
area the values are ,202 ug18
4
and ,4/2 ug18
4
respectively.
On the day of 5iwali the +%-8 and %-8 has e!ceeded the <ational Ambient Air Kuality
%tandards )<AAK%*, in residential, rural and other areas, industrial and sensitive areas for
2= hrs. duration.
The average pollutants levels of all stations monitored category wise indicates that, the
residential area is the worst affected by particulates followed by sensitive area.
;/
)aseous Pollutants in u-2,
*
#
Dates
6esidential
Co((ercial and
other rural area
Industrial Sensitive
%O2 <O! %O2 <O! %O2 <O!
071,,12007 =.B 44 7 =, B ,:
0;1,,12007 ; 44 : /= B 2/
%921127%%! !: 9= =$ !: =9 117
,01,,12007 =B BB 27 B; 2: 77
,,1,,12007 7 4; ,4 =; B 2;
The concentrations of the gases are highest on the 5iwali day. The %O2 level is generally
very low and is around B ug1m4. On the day of 5iwali the concentrations has reached to
7B ug1m4.
The concentration of O!ides of <itrogen )<O!* has increased by three times when
compared to normal day.
't is observed from the results that the %O2 levels in the ambient air one day before
5eepawali are very close to the normal day levels but one day after the festival the levels
are higher than the normal day.
On the day of 5eepawali <O! levels have e!ceeded the <ational Ambient Air Kuality
%tandards )<AAK%* prescribed for 2= hrs. average. The highest concentrations of <O!
is recorded at L$+< -ar" ),,2ug1m
4
*
Co(parison of a("ient air pollution levels durin- Deepa3ali for the 'ears 7%%= and 7%%!
.omparison of pollutant levels during 5eepawali 200/ and 2007
-ollutant
s
+esidential,
commercial and
other rural areas
<o. of
ug1m
4
increas
e 1
decreas
e
'ndustrial
<o. of
ug1m
4
increase
1
decreas
e
%ensitive
<o. of
ug1m
4
increase
1
decrease
200/ 2007 200/ 2007 200/ 2007
+%-8
ug18
4
7B0 7:; =; X' 47; BB; ,;0 X' BB; BB, 7 X5
T%-8
ug184
:/= ,047 74 X' /:2 770 7; X' ;22 /4= ,;; X5
%O2
ug184
B2 7B 24 X' B2 /= ,2 X' 2, /: =; X'
<O! ;; :/ ; X' ;/ 7B ,, X5 7; ,,2 4= X'
;7
ug184
II J increase
ID J decrease

;;
;:
There is an increase of concentrations of all the pollutants monitored in comparison to
previous year i.e. 200/ with the e!ception of +%-8 and %-8 in sensitive area.
:0
/oise ?evels in t3in cities of 4'dera"ad and Secundera"ad durin- Deepa3ali festival 7%%!
To comply with directions of 0onble %upreme court of 'ndia in .-. <o. 721:; noise
levels in twin cities of 0yderabad and %ecunderabad were monitored.
The monitoring was carried, on the day of 5eepawali two days before and after the
5eepawali festival to assess the changes in noise levels during 5eepawali celebrations.
The dates of monitoring were from 071,,12007 to ,,1,,12007
<oise monitoring was carried at ,, stations. The monitoring was carried from ,;.00 to
22.00 hrs.
/oise levels on the eve of Deepa3ali 7%%! in dB(A)

071,,12007 0;1,,12007
%921127%%!
(Di3ali da')
,01,,12007 ,,1,,12007
.ommercial ;2.=; ;,.:/ 88.9$ ;,.B, 7:.;0
+esidential /7.0B 7,.=; 8!.9% 7;.77 //.0=
'ndustrial 7B.7/ 7=.,7 91.$: ;,.B7 /;.2B
%ilence /;./B ;,.2B 89.7: 7;.;7 7,.B
:,
&"servations#
The noise levels are higher on the day of 5iwali when compared to normal day.
'n all the &ones the noise levels are e!ceeding the standards prescribed.
The highest noise levels recorded on day of 5iwali is in Tarna"a which is a residential
area. On an average the noise levels are highest in industrial area.
5uring normal days the average noise levels of 0yderabad city is in the range of 7/ # ;2
decibels
5uring pre#5iwali days the noise levels increased slightly from the normal days. There is
an increase in noise levels on 5iwali day. The noise levels have come bac" to normal
levels after two days.
.omparison of noise levels on the eve of 5iwali for the period 200/ and 2007
Areas
>nits in dB(A)
7%%= 7%%! 5ecrease
.ommercial ,0, ;: ,2
+esidential ,0, ;; ,4
'ndustrial :7 :2 B
%ilence :0 ;: ,
:2
hen compared to 200/ there is a decrease of noise levels in all the &ones.
Steps ta1en "' )overn(ent
,. The 3ovt. of Andhra -radesh has issued 3O +T <o. 227 to control noise pollution in
the state
2. B Teams comprising of personnel from A--.$ and -olice department were formed to
chec" for compliance of firecrac"ers with national standards notified by 8inistry of
>nvironment M Aorests )8O>A* 3overnment of 'ndia vide 3%+ /;2)>*, dated October
B ,:::
4. -ublic awareness campaigns were conducted to educate the people about mal affects of
<oise and other types of pollution generated by bursting of crac"ers
=. -olice 5epartment is delegated with powers to control noise pollution through 3O +T
<o. 227.
/oise standards for the crac1ers
The 3ovt. of 'ndia has prescribed noise standards for firecrac"ers as detailed below6
The manufacture, sale or use of firecrac"ers generating noise level e!ceeding ,2B d$)A*
or ,=B d$).*p" at = m distance from the point of bursting are prohibited.
Aor individual firecrac"ers consisting the series )(oined fire#crac"ers*, the above#
mentioned limit be reduced by B log,0 )<* d$, where <Wnumber of crac"ers (oined
together.
:4
4ealth effects of air pollutants
4ar(ful effects of various pollutants released into the at(osphere
%ome of the common health effects caused due to increase in air pollutants are Allergic
bronchitis, acute bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, .O-5 )chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases*, rhinitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, pneumonia and common cold.
PA6TIC?AS (P, 1% )
Sources
Pnli"e the individual gaseous pollutants which are single, well#defined substances, particles )-8
,0 * in the atmosphere are composed of a wide range of materials arising from a variety of
sources. .oncentrations of -8 ,0 comprise of primary particles, arising from combustion
sources )mainly road traffic*@ secondary particles, mainly sulphate and nitrate formed by
chemical reactions in the atmosphere@ and coarse particles, suspended soils and dusts, seasalt,
biological particles and particles from construction wor".
4ealth effects
-articulate air pollution is associated with a range of effects on health including effects on the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems, asthma and mortality. >-AK% concluded that particulate
air pollution episodes are responsible for causing e!cess deaths among those with pre#e!isting
lung and heart disease, and that there is a relationship between concentrations of -8 ,0 and
health effects, such that the higher the concentration of particles, the greater the effect on health.
S>?P4>6 DI&CIDA
Sources
%ulphur dio!ide is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. 't dissolves in water to give an
acidic solution which is readily o!idised to sulphuric acid. The predominant source of sulphur
dio!ide is the combustion of sulphur#containing fossil fuels, principally coal and heavy oils.
4ealth effects
%ulphur dio!ide causes constriction of the airways by stimulating nerves in the lining of the nose,
throat and airways of the lung. The latter effect is particularly li"ely to occur in those suffering
from asthma and chronic lung disease. The effects of sulphur dio!ide on sensitive sub(ects
appear almost immediately at the start of e!posure.
:=
CA6B&/ ,&/&CIDA
Sources
.arbon mono!ide ).O* is a gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing
fuels. 'n general, the more efficient the combustion process, the lower the carbon mono!ide
emission. The main outdoor source of carbon mono!ide is currently road transport, in particular
petrol#engined vehicles.
4ealth effects
The main threats to human health from e!posure to carbon mono!ide are the formation of
carbo!yhaemoglobin, which substantially reduces the capacity of the blood to carry o!ygen and
deliver it to the tissues, and bloc"age of important biochemical reactions in cells. -eople who
have an e!isting disease which affects the delivery of o!ygen to the heart or brain )eg coronary
artery disease )angina** are li"ely to be at particular ris" if these delivery systems are further
impaired by carbon mono!ide.
/IT6&)A/ DI&CIDA
Sources
All combustion processes in air produce o!ides of nitrogen. <itrogen dio!ide )<O2 * and nitric
o!ide )<O* are both o!ides of nitrogen and together are referred to as <OS . 't is nitrogen
dio!ide which is associated with adverse effects upon human health. +oad transport is thought to
account for about B0I of total emissions of nitrogen o!ides.
4ealth effects
At relatively high concentrations, nitrogen dio!ide causes inflammation of the airways. There is
evidence to show that long#term e!posure to nitrogen dio!ide may effect lung function and that
e!posure to nitrogen dio!ide enhances the response to allergens in sensitised individuals.
&5&/A
Sources
O&one is not emitted directly from any man#made source in any significant quantities. 't arises
from chemical reactions in the atmosphere caused by sunlight. 'n the stratosphere, where o&one
plays a beneficial role by shielding the earth from harmful ultra#violet radiation, o&one is
produced by sunlight acting initially on o!ygen molecules. The balance between o&one and
o!ygen in the stratosphere is currently being disturbed by migration upwards of chemicals such
as chlorofluorocarbons. They remove o&one and may therefore increase the amount of ultra#
violet light reaching the earths surface. %ome o&one occasionally reaches the lower layers of the
atmosphere from intrusions of air from the stratosphere. $ut it is primarily formed by a
complicated series of chemical reactions initiated by sunlight. O!ides of nitrogen and 9O.s,
derived mainly from man#made sources, react to form o&one. These substances are produced by
:B
combustion, other industrial processes, and other activities such as solvent use, and petrol
distribution and handling. <O S and 9O.s are the most important precursors of elevated levels
of o&one. -roduction can also be stimulated by carbon mono!ide, methane, or other 9O.s which
arise from plants, trees and other natural sources. O&one is also a greenhouse gas, so <O S and
9O.s can also be considered indirect greenhouse gases.
4ealth effects
>!posure to high concentrations of o&one may cause slight irritation to the eyes and nose. 'f very
high levels of e!posure ),,000#2,000Eg1m
4
* )B00#,,000ppb* are e!perienced over several hours,
damage to the airway lining followed by inflammatory reactions may occur. There is also
evidence that minor changes in the airways may occur at lower concentrations, down to about
;0ppb ),/0Eg1m 4 *.
BenFene
Sources
$en&ene is a volatile organic compound. The main atmospheric source is the combustion and
distribution of petrol, of which it is a minor constituent. $en&ene is also formed during the
combustion process from aromatics in the petrol. 5iesel fuel is a relatively small source.
-etrol#engined vehicle e!hausts@
-etrol refining and distribution@ and
Pncontrolled emissions from petrol station
Aorecourts without petrol vapour recovery systems.
4ealth effects
$en&ene is a recognised genoto!ic human carcinogen. %tudies of industrial wor"ers e!posed in
the past to high levels of ben&ene have demonstrated an e!cess ris" of leu"aemia which
increased in relation to their wor"ing lifetime e!posure.
1*;B>TADIA/A
Sources
,,4#$utadiene is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures and trace amounts are present in the
atmosphere, deriving mainly from the combustion of petrol and of other materials. Although ,,4#
butadiene is used in industry, mainly in the production of synthetic rubber for tyres, motor
vehicles are its dominant source.
4ealth effects
The health effect which is of most concern in relation to ,,4#butadiene e!posure is the induction
of cancers of the lymphoid system and blood#forming tissues, lymphomas and leu"aemias. Ni"e
ben&ene, ,,4#butadiene is a genoto!ic carcinogen
:/
Anions #
/itrate# Narge amounts ta"en by mouth can have serious and even fatal effects. The symptoms
are di&&iness, abdominal cramps, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, wea"ness, convulsions and collapse.
%mall repeated doses may lead to wea"ness, general depression, headache and mental
impairment. Also there is some implication of increased cancer incidents among those e!posed.
Sulphur in S&$6 -oison to humans by inhalation. 't is an eye, s"in and mucous membrane
irritant and corrosive, an e!perimental carcinogen. 't chiefly affects the upper respiratory tract
and the bronchi. 't may cause edema of the lungs or glottis, and can produce respiratory
paralysis.
4eav' (etals
?AAD
Sources
Nead is the most widely used non#ferrous metal and has a large number of industrial applications,
both in its elemental form and in alloys and compounds. The single largest use globally is in the
manufacture of batteries. The use of unleaded petrol has led to significant reductions in urban
lead levels. Aood and water are two of the main sources for most people. Nead in air contributes
to lead levels in food through the deposition of dust and rain, containing the metal, on crops and
on the soil.
4ealth effects
>!posure to high levels of lead may result in to!ic biochemical effects in humans which in turn
cause problems in the synthesis of haemoglobin, effects on the "idneys, gastrointestinal tract,
(oints and reproductive system, and acute or chronic damage to the nervous system. The possible
effect of lead on brain development in children, and hence their intellectual development, is the
greatest cause for concern.
Copper# -oison to humans by ingestion. 'nhalation of copper dust and fume causes irritation in
the respiratory tract. Absorption of e!cess copper results in ?ilson2s disease? due to deposition
of copper in the brain, s"in, liver, pancreas and myocardium.
Cad(iu(# .an be poisonous to humans by inhalation, ingestion, intraperitonial, sub#cutaneous,
intra#muscular and intravenous routes. .admium absorption can damage the "idneys and can
cause anaemia. 't is a potential human carcinogen. .admium causes increased blood pressure
and a disease called ?'tai##'tai?, which ma"es bones brittle resulting in multiple fractures.
,a-nesiu(# -oison by ingestion, inhalation of magnesium dust and fumes can cause metal
fume fever. -articles embedded in the s"in can produce gaseous blebs and a gas gangrene.
:7
,an-anese in the air has adverse effects on humans. -oisoning ta"es the form of progressive
deterioration in the central nervous system. An e!perimental carcinogen and mutagen. 0uman
to!icity caused by dust or fumes. The main symptoms of e!posure are languor, sleepiness,
wea"ness, emotional disturbances, spastic gait and paralysis.
5inc# 0uman s"in irritant and effects pulmonary system. -ure &inc powder is non#to!ic to
humans by inhalation but difficulty arises from o!idation )burning*, as it emits &inc fumes. Oinc
is perhaps the least to!ic of all heavy metals, in fact an essential element in animal and human
nutrition, still they become to!ic when absorbed in e!cess. Oinc stimulates the sensation of
vomiting. An e!posure to ,B0 mg of &inc can stimulate the process of vomiting in an adult male.
:;
/ational A("ient Air +ualit' Standards for various pollutants prescri"ed 3ith respect to
Fones
-ollutants
Time#
weighted
average
.oncentration in ambient air
8ethod of measurement 'ndustrial
Areas
+esidential,
+ural M
other Areas
%ensitive
Areas
%ulphur 5io!ide
)%O2*
Annual
AverageX
;0 Eg1m
4
/0 Eg1m
4
,B Eg1m
4
# 'mproved est and 3ea"e
8ethod
# Pltraviolet Aluorescence
2=
hoursXX
,20 Eg1m
4
;0 Eg1m
4
40 Eg1m
4
O!ides of <itrogen
as
)<O!*
Annual
AverageX
;0 Eg1m
4
/0 Eg1m
4
,B Eg1m
4
# Jacob M 0ochheiser 8odified
)<a#Arsenite* 8ethod
2=
hoursXX
,20 Eg1m
4
;0 Eg1m
4
40 Eg1m
4
# 3as -hase .hemiluminescence
%uspended
-articulate 8atter
)%-8*
Annual
AverageX
4/0 Eg1m
4
,=0 Eg1m
4
70 Eg1m
4
# 0igh 9olume %ampling,
)Average flow rate not less than
,., m41minute*.
2=
hoursXX
B00 Eg1m
4
200 Eg1m
4
,00 Eg1m
4
+espirable
-articulate 8atter
)+-8* )si&e less
than ,0 microns*
Annual
AverageX
,20 Eg1m
4
/0 Eg1m
4
B0 Eg1m
4
# +espirable particulate matter
sampler
2=
hoursXX
,B0 Eg1m
4
,00 Eg1m
4
7B Eg1m
4
Nead )-b* Annual
AverageX
,.0 Eg1m
4
0.7B Eg1m
4
0.B0 Eg1m
4
# A%% 8ethod after sampling
using >-8 2000 or equivalent
Ailter paper
2=
hoursXX
,.B Eg1m
4
,.00 Eg1m
4
0.7B Eg1m
4
.
Ammonia, Annual
AverageX
0., mg1 m
4
0., mg1 m
4
0., mg1m
4
.
2=
hoursXX
0.= mg1 m
4
0.= mg1m
4
0.= mg1m
4
.
.arbon 8ono!ide
).O*
; hoursXX B.0 mg1m
4
2.0 mg1m
4
,.0 mg1 m
4
# <on 5ispersive 'nfra +ed )<5'+*
, hour ,0.0 mg1m
4
=.0 mg1m
4
2.0 mg1m
4
%pectroscopy
X
Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum ,0= measurements in a year ta"en twice a
wee" 2= hourly at uniform interval.
XX
2= hourly1; hourly values should be met :;I of the time in a year. 0owever, 2I
of the time, it may e!ceed but not on two consecutive days.
::
The /oise Pollution (6e-ulation and Control) 6ules 7%%%
SC4AD>?A
)see rule 4)l* and =)l*
A("ient Air +ualit' Standards in respect of /oise
Area code .ategory Area 1 Oone
Nimits in d$ )A* NeqX
5ay time <ight time
)A* 'ndustries area 7B 70
)$* .ommercial area /B BB
).* +esidential area BB =B
)5* %ilence &one B0 =0
<ote ,. 5ay time shall mean from /.00 a.m. to ,0.00 p.m.
2. <ight time shall mean from ,0.00 p.m. to /.00 a.m.
4. %ilence &one is defined as an area comprising not less than ,00 metres around
hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence &ones are &ones, which are
declared as such by the competent authority.
=. 8i!ed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above#mentioned
categories by the competent authority.
Xd$)A* Neq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale
A which is relatable to human hearing.
A ?decibel? is a unit in which noise is measured. ?A?, in d$)A* Neq, denotes the frequency
weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of
the human ear.
Neq 6 't is an energy mean of the noise level, over a specified period.
,00
Su((ar' of the a("ient air 0ualit' data of the stations (onitored throu-h out the state
for the 'ear 7%%!.
S./o /a(e of the ?ocation Area
Annual avera-e for the 'ear
7%%!
6SP, TSP, S&7 /&8
6esi 2 Co(( Standards =% 1$% =% =%
Industrial standards 17% *=% 8% 8%
Sensitive Standards :% !% 1: 1:
1. Abids +es1.om ,07 42; B.2 4B
2. -un(agutta +es1.om ,4: 4;: B.: 4/.=
4. -aradise +es1.om ,0; 424 B.2 4B.7
=. .harminar +es1.om :: 2:7 B.2 42
B. Ooo -ar" %ensitive =: ,4, =.; ,/./
/. L$+< -ar" %ensitive =B ,,; =.2 ,2.;
7. $alanagar 'nd. :/ 40= B.= 4B.7
;. Pppal 'nd. ,00 270 B.= 44.B
:. Jubilee 0ills +es =: ,=4 =.= ,B./
,0. 83 $us %tation +es1.om 7: 2,4 B.2 2/
,,. .hi""adapally +es1.om 7: 2,4 B., 22.:
,2. Nangarhouse +es1.om ,B4 =0: B., 24.4
,4. Jeedimetla 'nd ;: 2// B.B 24./
,=. <acharam +es1.om ;/ 2B: B.= 2=
,B. 8adhapur +es1.om B= ,=/ =.2 ,4.:
,/. Lu"atpally +es1.om 70 20= =.B ,7.B
,7. %aini"puri +es1.om B4 ,=4 =.4 ,=.;
,;. +a(endranagar +es1.om =7 ,2: =.2 ,=.7
,:. %hameerpet +es1.om =; ,42 =.4 ,B.;
20. Pniversity of 0yd. +es1.om =: ,2= =.= ,B.=
2,. $--A +es1.om 70 ,:/ =.7 24./
5onal office# 6.C. Pura(
77. 8ella cheruvu +es1.om 72 ,B/ / :.7
24. <algonda +es1.om 7/ ,/: B.7 :.7
2=. +amapuram +es1.om ;, ,;4 B.: ,0.7
2B. 5ondapadu +es1.om 7/ ,/; B.4 :.B
2/. %ubhash <agar +es1.om /, ,B: # #
27. %anga +eddy town +es1.om ,04 247 # #
2;. -atancheru 'nd ;0 204 B ,7.;
5&# @i.a'a3ada
79. Autonagar 'nd :0 247 7.4 47.7
40. $en& circle +es1.om ;B ,;; /.= 4B.7
4,. -olice control room +es1.om 7/ ,BB =.= =:.:
42. 3untur 8unicipal .orpn. +es1.om 70 ,/, # #
44. 9idyut $havan +es1.om # 70 # #
,0,
S./o /a(e of the ?ocation Area
Annual avera-e for the 'ear
7%%!
6SP, TSP, S&7 /&8
*$. -ra"asham +es1.om 70 # #
4B. Lhammam +es1.om B4 ;2 # #
4/. -aloncha, '> 'nd B; ;: # #
5& @isa1hapatna(
*!. 8.9 Lalyana 8andapam +es1.om ;: ,7; ;.= 44
4;. %t. John -arish +es1.om :/ ,:= ;./ 44.B
4:. %t. Alloysius +es1.om :, ,;7 ;.= 44
=0. 8indi +es1.om :7 ,:/ ;./ 40.:
=,. -olice $arrac"s +es1.om ,04 207 ;.7 4,.,
=2. 8arripalem 'nd :, ,;4 ;.4 40
=4. 9eerabahu %en 77 ,B7 ;.2 2:.:
==. %eetammadhara +es1.om ;: ,;0 ;.B 40.2
=B. 3nanapuram +es1.om :0 ,;2 ,0 42.2
=/. 9i&ianagaram +es1.om 7= ,B7 # #
=7. %ri"a"ulam +es1.om 7B ,=: # #
=;. >luru +es1.om ;, ,;, # #
=:. La"inada 'nd B, ,,0 # #
5&# Hurnool
:%. -oola ba&ar +es1.om /, ,22 # #
B,. 'ndustrial >state Lallur
%tation
'nd // ,2: # #
B2. Lrishna <agar +es1.om ;2 ,B: = ,/.:
B4. Anantapur +es1.om 7= ,B2
B=. +egional %. .entre
)Tirumala 0ills*
%en 2/ :, = :
BB. 3<. Toll gate )Alipiri* %en 4/ ,,0 # #
B/. <utrine .onfectionary
).hittore*
+es1.om =B ,4= # #
B7. .uddapah +es1.om B4 ,=: # #
5&# 4'dera"ad
:8. 3odavari"hani +es1.om 74 22: / ,2./
B:. $alasamudram +es1.om B, ,B0 =.4 ,,.,
/0. <a""alagutta +es1.om 7B 220 =.7 ,/.7
A #aues are expressed in ug/$%
9 data not recei#ed
,02
,04
,0=