TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

PLATE NO. 1

A.) Make a sketch of the following types of gas compressor indicating at least five (5)
essential parts.
A.1 Reciprocating Compressor

A.2 Rotary Type Compressor

A.3 Centrifugal Type Compressor

A.4 Axial Flow Type Compressor

A.5 Hydraulic Jet Compressor

A.6 Vapor Jet Compressor

 ROTARY SCREW AND VANE COMPRESSOR
PLATE NO.2

1. How does a screw compressor function?

The refrigerant vapor enters one end of the compressor at the top and leaves the
other end at the bottom. At the suction position of the compressor avoid is created into
which the inlet vapor flows. Just before the point where the inter lobe space leaves the
inlet port, the entire length of the cavity or gully is filled with gas as the rotation
continues, the trapped gas is move circumferentially around the housing of the
compressor.

2. What is the vane type compressor? Give the two basic types of vane
compressor and its uses.
Vane compressor is used mostly in domestic refrigeration, freezers and air
conditioners, although they can also be used as booster compressors in the low-
pressure portion of large multistage compression systems.

Two types of Vane Compressor

A. Roller- type vane compressor
-in this type of vane compressor the centerline of the shaft is the same as the
centerline of the cylinder. The centerline of the shaft, however, is located
essentially on the rotor, so that as the rotor revolves it makes contact with the
cylinder.
B. Multiply- vane compressor
-in this type the rotor revolves about its own centerline, but the centerlines of the
cylinder and the motor do not coincide. The rotor has two or more sliding vanes, which
are held against the cylinder by centrifugal force.

Uses of Vane Compressor

-Domestic refrigerator -air conditioners
-Freezers -booster compressor
3. How do you determine the displacement rate? D of a roller-type compressor
-the formula for the displacement rate D of the roller-type compressor is
π 2 3
D= ( A − B 2 ) L(rotativesp eed ) m
4 s

Where: A - cylinder diameter, m

B - Roller diameter, m
C - Cylinder length, m.
And the rotating speed is in revolution per second.

B.1. Screw compressor

B.2. Water chilling that uses a screw compressor

B.3. A roller – type vane compressor

B.4. Multiple vane-compressors

B.4.1 Two-vane compressor

B.4.2 Four vane - compressor

 RECIPROCATING AND CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
PLATE NO.3

1. Name the types of a) reciprocating b) centrifugal compressor. Describe its

operation.
The most common types of refrigeration compressors are the reciprocating,
screw, centrifugal and vane.
The reciprocating compressor consist of piston moving back and fort in the
cylinder and suction and discharge valves arranged to allow pumping take place.
The screw, centrifugal and vane compressors all use rotating elements. The
screw and vane compressors are positive displacement machines, and the centrifugal
compressor operates by virtue of centrifugal force.

Reciprocating Compressor
The workhorse of the refrigeration industry is the reciprocating compressor built
in sizes ranging from fractional-kilowatt to hundreds of kilowatts refrigeration capacity
modern compressors are single acting and maybe single cylinder or multi-cylinder. In
multi-cylinder compressor the cylinder are in V.W. radial or in-line arrangement.
Following the trends of most rotative machinery, the operating speed of compressor has
generally increased in the past 20 years, from the slow speeds of early compressors of
about 2 or 3 r/s the speed are increased until compressors today operate at speeds as
high as 60 r/s.

Centrifugal Compressor
Operation centrifugal compressors are similar in construction to centrifugal
pumps in what in the incoming fluid enters the eye of spinning impeller and its thrown by
centrifugal force to the periphery of the impeller. Thus the blades of the impeller impart
a high velocity to the gas and also pump of the pressure.
2. Give the methods commonly use in reducing compressor capacity.

A. In cycling the compressor stops and starts as needed the methods works well in
the small systems.
B. Back pressure regulation throttles the suction gas between the evaporator and
the compressor to the keep the evaporator pressure constant. This method gives good
control of the evaporator temperature but it is inefficient.
C. By passing the discharge gas back to the suction line usually afford precise
capacity reduction, but the method is in efficient and the compressor often runs hot. A
preferred by passed back to the entrance of the evaporator.
D. Another method is the cylinder unloading on a multi-cylinder compressor by
automatically holding the suction valve open or diverting the discharge gas from a
cylinder back to the suction line before compression. In the compressor there are two
horizontally lines carrying high pressure oil from the oil pump at the right end of the
compressor holds suction valves open when the unloaders are activated.

3. What are the two most important performance characteristics of a compressor?

The most important performance characteristics of a compressor are its

refrigeration capacity and its power requirements. These two characteristics of a
compressor operating at a constant speed are controlled largely by the suction and
discharge pressure. An analysis will be made first on an ideal reciprocating compressor
because its afford a clearer understanding of the effects of these two pressures. Trends
established from a study of an ideal compressor hold true for the actual compressor
although adjustments must be made in numerical quantities.

4.1 reciprocating type of compressor

4.2 centrifugal type of compressor
MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSOR
 PLATE NO.4

PROBLEM SOLVING
Compute (a) the isentropic work per minute (b) the isentropic horsepower
required to compress 10lb of air per minute from standard pressure and temperature to
100 psia in a (c) single-stage compressor, no clearance (d) single-stage compressor,
with clearance and (e) three-stage compressor, with clearance.

Given:

m = 10 lb
min
P1 = 14.7 psi
P2 = 100 psi
t1 = 60 0 F + 460 = 520 R

R = 53.342 ft − lb
lb − R

Isentropic work compression

  k −1

W =
k m , R T1  P
 2


k
−1
k -1 
 P1

 

 


(1.4) (10 kg )(53.342 ft - lb )(520R)  1.4 −1


 100 psi 1 .4
W = min lb - R   −1
1.4 - 1 
 .7 psi
14 
 

 


W = 708172.97 ft − lb
min

708172.97 ft − lb
W= min
33,000 ft − lb
hp − min
W = 21 .46 hp

Isentropic work compression - two stage

 n −1

2 n m , R T1  Px  n
W =   −1
n -1  P  
 1

 


Px = P1 P4

Px = (14 .7 psi )(100 psi )

Px = 38 .34 psi

2(1.4) (10 kg )(53.342 ft - lb )(520R)  1.4 −1


 38 .34 psi 1 .4
W = min lb - R 
 
 −1
1.4 - 1  14 .7 psi  

 


W = 611778.35 ft − lb
min

611778.35 ft − lb
W= min
33,000 ft − lb
hp − min
W =18 .54 hp
Isentropic work compression - three stage

 n −1

3 n m , R T1  Px  n
W =   −1 P = 3 ( P ) 2 P
n -1 
 P1

  x 1 6

 


Px = 3 (14 .7 psi ) (100 psi )

2

Px = 27 .85 psi

3(1.4) (10 kg )(53.342 ft - lb )(520R)  1.4 −1


W = min lb - R 

27 .85 psi 

1 .4
−1
1.4 - 1 
 14 .7 psi

 

 


W = 583353.53 ft − lb
min

583353.53 ft − lb
W= min
33,000 ft − lb
hp − min
W =17 .68 hp

B.1 Single cylinder, single – acting reciprocating compressor

B.2 single – stage, double acting reciprocating compressor

B.3 Double – acting, two-stage reciprocating compressor

B.4 single – stage centrifugal blower

FAN TYPES
PLATE NO.5
A.1 Give the types of fan according to a.) Axial flow b.) Radial flow
a.) According to axial flow, fans can be classified as:
C-wheel- blades can be adjusted when running, high efficiency, small dimension;
variable air volume.
b.) A-wheel- blades can be adjusted only when the fan is standing still; high
efficiency, small dimension; adaptive to recommended air volume.
c.) K-wheel- blades cannot be adjusted; simple, small dimension.

A.2 according to radial flow, fans can be classified as:

a.) F-wheel- curved forward blades; high efficiency, small dimension changing in
pressure has little influence on pressure head.
b.) B-wheel- curved backward blades; high efficiency, low energy consumption:
changing in pressure has little influence on air volume; low noise emission; stable in
parallel running.
c.) P-wheel- straight backward blades: high efficiency, self cleaning: changing in
pressure has little influence on air volume.
d.) T-wheel- straight radial blades; self cleaning, suitable for material transport.

B.1 Discuss the types of construction of fans identified as a:

B.1.1 blower
B.1.2 exhauster

B.1.1 blower construction

- a centrifugal or cross-flow blower has its rotor formed from or more resinous
elements of annular cross- section, such are rings or sleeves, with a multiplicity or
generally radial channels, each element, each being a unitary cellular strip bent into
cylindrical shape, several rings with different channel orientations maybe concentrically
nested.
B.1.2 exhauster construction
 - The assembly includes a plenum, a fan assembly attached to the plenum, and a
wind band mounted on top of the fan assembly. The fan assembly is constructed of
cylindrical outer and inner walls which define a drive chamber and surrounding annular
space. The motor is pivotally mounted inside the assembly to provide access to the
motor components when it is desired to perform inspection and maintenances

B.1 Propeller fan

B.2 Tube axial fan

B.3 Vane axial fan

B.4 Centrifugal or radial flow fan

DRAFT APPARATUS
 PLATE NO.6

A.1 Defines and describe each of the following terms.

1.1 Draft
- A current of air in an enclosed area.
- A device that regulates the flow and circulation of air.
1.2 Chimney
- A structure usually vertically, containing a passage and flue by which the
smoke, gases, etc of a fire and furnace and carried off and by means of which a draft is
created.
1.3 Forced Draft
– To draw quickly and under extreme pressure to caused to proceed at full speed
and intensity.
1.4 Induced Draft
– A mechanical draft produced by suction steam jet and fans at the point where
and gases leaves unit.
1.5 Natural draft
– unforced gas flow through a chimney and vertical ducts, directly related to the
chimney height and the temperature difference between the ascending gases and
atmosphere, and not depended upon the use of fans and other mechanical devices.
1.6 Mechanical Draft
– A draft that depends upon the use of fans and mechanical devices, maybe
induced of forced.

A.2 The boiler is rectangular furnace about 50ft on a side and 130ft tall. Its wall is made
of a web of high pressure steel tubes about 2.3 inches in diameter. Pulverized coal is
air blown into the furnace from fuel nozzles at the four corners and it rapidly burns,
forming large fire ball heat the water that circulates to the boilers tubes near the boiler
perimeter. The water circulation rate in the boiler is three times the through put and it is
typically driven by pumps. As the water in the boiler circulates it is absorbs heat and
changes into steam at 700 0f and 3200 psi. it is separated from the water inside a drive
at the top of the furnace.

A.3 Discuss the condition of chimneys and stacks and any other structures for
conveying smoke and flue gas. When coal oil, natural gas, wood and any other fuel is
combusted in a stove oven, fireplace, hot water and industrial furnace, the hot
combustion products cases that are formed and are called flue gases those gases are
generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimney and industrial flue gas
stacks. The combustion flue gas inside the chimney and stacks are much hotter than
the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than the ambient air, that causes the
bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure
at the bottom at the corresponding column of outside air.

A.4 What is Pitot tube? Discuss the construction and installation of the pitot tube in fan
duct system.
Pitot tube
– A pressure measurements use to measure fluid flow velocity. The basic
pitot tube simply consist of a tube painting directly into the fluid flow.
B.1 Draft gage

B.2 Chimney and stack

B.3 Fan stack

B.4 Pitot tube

 COOLING TOWER & COOLERS
PLATE NO.7

A. Discuss the operation of cooling tower in the following application.

A.1 LARGE CAPACITY OF POWER PLAN

Cooling towers at electrical power generation plants are used for re-cooling the cooling
water of high performance steam power plants. A steady increase in the capacity of
power generation plants means a commensurate rise in demand for cooling capacity.

A.2 CENTRALIZED REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING PLANT

Central hydraulic units with cooling towers pump water from the condenser chiller to a
tower where it trickles through a thick sheet of open plastic mesh. Air is blown through
the mesh at night angles to the water flow causing evaporate cooling to the place. Make
up water is added to the remaining water to compensate for the water last through the
evaporate process. The cooling effect will vary according to outside air, temperature,
relative humidity and water flow rate.

A.2. Differentiate Mechanical Draft from Natural Draft Cooling Tower.

Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower that using a ventilator to remove the cooling air
compared to the natural draft cooling tower, the Mechanical Draft cooling tower was
advantageous lower height but higher operating costs while the natural draft utilizing the
stack effect of the cooling tower to remove the cooling air. Natural Draft wet cooling
towers for cooling power of some thousand MW are about 150m high and 120m in
diameter at the base.
A.3. Give at least 2 performance advantages and disadvantages of using cooling
towers and coolers.
ADVANTAGES OF COOLING TOWERS:
A. HIGHER EFFICIENCY THAN DRY COOLING
The evaporation of water in a cooling tower is inherently more thermally efficient than a
air cooled condenser.
B. SMALLER POWER PLANT SITE
The higher efficiency of a wet cooling system resulting lower space requirements than
an air cooled power plant.
DISADVATAGES OF COOLING TOWERS:
A. CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER
The proposed facility will use treated waste-water for cooling which is currently being
discharge to the ocean.
B. POTENTIAL FOR VISIBLE COOLING POWER PLUME
The proposed wet cooling tower will be equipped with plume mitigation reducing the
visual impact of a cooling tower plume to insignificance.
ADVANTAGES OF COOLERS:
A. MINIMIZE CONSUMPTIVE USE WATER BY POWER PLANT
The use of an air cooled condenser at a combined cycle power plant minimizes the
consumptive used of water.
B. NO VISIBLE COOLING TOWER OF PLUME
No vapor is released which can cause a visible plume
DISADVANTAGE OF COOLERS:
A. INCREASE FUEL CONSUMPTION REQUIRED TO MEET ELECTRIC LOAD
Reduced thermal efficiency results in an increase in fuel consumption, thus potentially
increasing air emissions.
B. REDUCES THE PEAK OUTPUT PROPOSED FACILITY
For a given combustion turbine design the use of air cooled condenser reduces the
potential maximum peak power output from a combined cycle power plant when
compared to a water cooled power plant.
B.1 Deck type

B.2 Spray type cooling tower

B.3 Forced draft cooling tower

B.4 Induced draft cooling tower

 MECHANICAL DRYER
PLATE NO.8

A. QUESTIONS
A.1 Discuss the operation and maintenance of each of the following types of dryers.

A.1.1 Continuous Dryer – An apparatus in which drying is accomplished by

passing wet material through without interruption. Continuous dryers are
known to comprise one or more heating metal surfaces, generally plane or
cylindrical, which give heat to the material to be dried, driven on said
surfaces. The continuous running dryers are particularly used in the textile
and paper industries for drying textiles and printed sheets respectively. In the
known dryers, the material to be dried is heated by means of conduction,
convection or radiation.

A.1.2 Batch Dryer – Are used for drying solid wet materials in one lot as a batch.
Wet materials are loaded in a chamber over a platform having perforated
sheet or weld mesh bottom to permit easy flow of hot air through materials.
The powerful blower of the hot air generator blows the hot air into the plenum
chamber below the platform and it passes through the wet materials
extracting moisture from it. The moisture escapes through the opening on the
top of chamber. Batch type dryers are very popular in India for making high
quality edible white copra from well-matured coconuts. The copra making
time is reduced to 24 hours of drying instead of usual 5 or 6 days by sun
drying - The fuel used for drying can be coconut shell which is a by product in
copra making or any other normal fuel like oil, gas, electricity, steam etc. As
the hot air generator of dryer has a heat exchanger, it removes smoke and
flue gas and only pure hot air is used for drying. Hence the quality of dried
product is very high.
 A.1.3 Centrifugal Dryer – Looks like and operates like the spin-dry cycle of a
top-loading washing machine. The big advantages of centrifugal dryers are
speed and energy efficiency because most of the water is rapidly flung off
rather than having to be evaporated. The present invention relates generally
to equipment used to dry particulate matter contained within a slurry and in
particular to apparatus used to dry particulate matter contained within a water
based slurry.

A.2 Give at least 8 uses applications of dryer industry

2.1 Metallurgical Industry

2.2 Synthetic & Fiber Industry
2.3 Chemical Industries
2.4 Food Packaging Industries
2.5 Pharmaceutical Industry
2.6 Optical Industry
2.7 Electronic Industry
2.8 Cement Industry
2.9 Oil Industry
2.10 Food Industry & Grain Mill

The rotary dryer is widely used in metallurgy, building materials, food, light
industry, chemical industry, coal, and medicine industry. Removing moist from ore.
These dryers are extensively used for drying food grains, chemicals,
limestone, coal powder, clay etc.
B. TYPES OF MECHANICAL DRYER

B.1 Rotary type

B.2 Tower type

B.3 Hearth type

B.4 Centrifugal type

 EVAPORATORS
PLATE NO. 9
A. Questions
A.1 Define the evaporator. Discuss the operation and maintenance of evaporator.
The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and passes
a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor
is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while the now concentrated
solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is removed. The evaporator as a
machine generally consists of four sections. The heating section contains the heating
medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into this section. The most common medium
consists of parallel tubes but others have plates or coils. The concentrating and
separating section removes the vapor being produced from the solution. The condenser
condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides pressure to
increase circulation.

A.2 what are the tree types of evaporators according to construction? Describe
each.
a.) Natural/forced circulation evaporator
Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the product
caused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an evaporator using tubing,
after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and cause circulation, facilitating the
separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the heating tubes. The amount of
evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature difference between the steam
and the solution. Problems can arise if the tubes are not well-immersed in the solution.
If this occurs, the system will be dried out and circulation compromised. In order to
avoid this, forced circulation can be used by inserting a pump to increase pressure and
circulation. Forced circulation occurs when hydrostatic head prevents boiling at the
heating surface. A pump can also be used to avoid fouling that is caused by the boiling
of liquid on the tubes; the pump suppresses bubble formation. Other problems are that
the residing time is undefined and the consumption of steam is very high, but at high
temperatures, good circulation is easily achieved.
b.) Falling film evaporator
This type of evaporator is generally made of long tubes (4-8 meters in length)
which are surrounded by steam jackets. The uniform distribution of the solution is
important when using this type of evaporator. The solution enters and gains velocity as
it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor being evolved against
the heating medium, which flows downward as well. This evaporator is applicable to
highly viscous solutions so it is frequently used in the chemical, food, and fermentation
industry.
c.) Rising film (Long Tube Vertical) evaporator
In this type of evaporator, boiling takes place inside the tubes, due to heating
made (usually by steam) outside the same. Submergence is therefore not desired; the
creation of water vapour bubbles inside the tube creates an ascensional flow enhancing
the heat transfer coefficient. This type of evaporator is therefore quite efficient, the
disadvantage being to be prone to quick scaling of the internal surface of the tubes. This
design is then usually applied to clear, non-salting solutions. Tubes are usually quite
long (4+ metre); sometimes a small recycle is provided. Sizing this type of evaporator is
usually a delicate task, since it requires a precise evaluation of the actual level of the
process liquor inside the tubes. Recent applications tend to favour the falling film pattern
rather than this one.
d.) Plate evaporator
Plate evaporators have a relatively large surface area. The plates are usually
corrugated and are supported by frame. During evaporation, steam flows through the
channels formed by the free spaces between the plates. The steam alternately climbs
and falls parallel to the concentrated liquid. The steam follows a co-current, counter-
current path in relation to the liquid. The concentrate and the vapor are both fed into the
separation stage where the vapor is sent to a condenser. Plate evaporators are
frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation industries since they have spatial
flexibility. A negative point of this type of evaporator is that it is limited in its ability to
treat viscous or solid-containing products.
e.) Multiple-effect evaporators
Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be made of up to seven
evaporator stages or effects. The energy consumption for single-effect evaporators is
very high and makes up most of the cost for an evaporation system. Putting together
evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding one evaporator to the
original decreases the energy consumption to 50% of the original amount. Adding
another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat saving % equation can be used to
estimate how much one will save by adding a certain amount of effects.The number of
effects in a multiple-effect evaporator is usually restricted to seven because after that,
the equipment cost starts catching up to the money saved from the energy requirement
drop.

A.3 Name and types of multiple-effect evaporators. Discuss each construction.

Forward feeding
Forward feeding takes place when the product enters the system through the first
effect, which is at the highest temperature. The product is then partially concentrated as
some of the water is transformed into vapor and carried away. It is then fed into the
second effect which is a little lower in temperature. The second effect uses the heated
vapor created in the first stage as its heating source (hence the saving in energy
expenditure). The combination of lower temperatures and higher viscosities in
subsequent effects provides good conditions for treating heat-sensitive products like
enzymes and proteins. In using this system, an increase in the heating surface area of
subsequent effects is required.
Backward feeding
Another way to proceed is by using backward feeding. In this process, the dilute
products is fed into the last effect with has the lowest temperature and is transferred
from effect to effect with the temperature increasing. The final concentrate is collected in
the hottest effect which provides an advantage in that the product is highly viscous in
the last stages so the heat transfer is considerably better.
B.1 Parallel feed evaporator

B.2 Backward feed evaporator

B.3 Forward feed evaporator

B.4 Mixed feed evaporator

 SUPERHEATERS
PLATE NO.10

A.1. what are Super Heaters

A super heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the steam generated by
the boiler again, increasing its thermal energy and decreasing its likelihood that it will
condense inside the engine.

A.2. Name the two types of super heater. State the difference
Radiant Super Heater
Located in the harsh environment the furnace exits gas temperature is one of the
most difficult parameters to estimate. Radiant energy varies as the fourth power of
absolute temperature and hence a few degrees higher than estimated value can
transfer significant amount of radiant energy of the super heater, thus increasing the
tube will and support temperature leading the failures.
Connective Super heaters
Located in a low gas temperature region-ranging from 300-100°F lower,
depending on the degree of superheat required. Since it is shielded with several rows of
screed tubes, the gas is well mixed and cooled before it encounters the super heaters
and hence the performance can be predicted more accurately.

A.3. Elucidate 5 Schemes of Controlling Super Heaters

-Gas by-passing
-Following the super heater with a water spray desuper heater
-Combining convection and radiant type super heater in series.
-Controlling moisture quality of steam entering super heater by condenser control using
boiler feedwater as the heat absorber.
-Furnace exit temperature adjustment.
A.4. Give the function of each of the following:
Reheater
A steam boiler component in which heat is added to intermediate pressure
steam, which has given up its energy in expansion through the high pressure turbine.
DeSuper Heater
It reduces the temperature in a steam line through direct contact and evaporation
of water.
Attemperatures
Reduces steam temperature by bringing super heated steam by direct contact
with water. It can be mounted either horizontally of vertically.

Types of De Super Heaters

Spray Type
Temperature control is usually achieved by admitting a fine spray of water into
the steam line.
Surface Type
Tube and cooling action occurs on the surface of the boilers.
B.1 Convective type superheater

B.2 Radiant type superheater

B.3 Spray Type Desuperheater

B.4 Cyclone steam separator

 FEEDWATER HEATER
PLATE NO. 11

A.1 what is feed water heater? Give the distinct advantages that may be acquired
from feed water heating.
A feed water heater is power plant component used to preheat water delivered
to a steam generating boiler. Pre heating the feed water reduces the irreversibility
involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of
the system. This reduces the plant operating cost and also helps to avoid thermal shock
to the boiler metal when the feed water is introduced back to the single cycle. In a
steam power plant, feed water heaters allow the feed water to be brought back the
saturation temperature very gradually. This minimizes the evitable irreversibility
associated with heat transfer to the working fluid. See the article on the second law of
thermodynamics.

A.2 name two classifications of feed water heaters, describe each constructions.
An open feed water heater is merely as direct contact heat exchanger in which
extracted steam is allowed to mix with the feed water. This kind of heater will normally
require a feed pump to back to the feed inlet and outlet since the pressure in the heater
is between the boiler pressure and the condenser pressure. A dearator is a special case
of the open feed water heater which is specifically designed to the removed non_
condensable gases from the feed water.
Closed feed water heater are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the feed
water passes through out the tubes and is neared by turbine extraction steam. These do
not require separate pumps before and after the boost the feed water to the pressure of
the extracted steam as with an open heater. However the extracted steam must then be
throttled to the condenser pressure. An isenthalpic process that results in some entropy
gain with a slight penalty on overall cycle efficiency.
A.3 Differentiate feed water from the economizer.
Feed water heaters are used in both fossil and nuclear fueled power plants.
Smaller versions have also been installed on steam economizer serves a similar
purpose to a feed water heater, but is technically different. Instead of using actual cycle
steam for heating, it uses the lowest temperature flue gas from the furnace to heat the
water before is either the boiler proper. This allows for the heat transfer between the
furnace and the feed water to occur across a smaller average temperature gradient.

B.1. Spray-Type Deaerating Heat

B.2. Surface type extraction feed water heater

B.3. Direct contact or open feed water heater

B.4. Surfaced or closed type heater
 ECONOMIZERS
PLATE NO.12

A. QUESTION

A.1 Discuss Economizers

Are heat exchangers devices that heat fluids? Usually water up to but not
normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they
can be make use of enthalply and improving the boiler which serves energy using the
exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat the cold water used to fill it.

A.2 what are the types of material used in constructing Economizers discuss
each.
Cast Iron- used in the construction of economizer has been almost universally
cast iron until recently, occasionally, steel was used, but in general because of
excessive and rapid corrosion the steel unsatisfactory service and were removed. From
the stand point of corrosion cast iron was looked upon us the only metal until that would
give a satisfactory length of life and for pressure in common use cast iron proved
satisfactory.

A.3 Name at least 5 types of Economizers used in many Power Plants.

Some types of economizers are:

a) Plain tube
b) Grilled tube
c) Stud tube
d) Finned tube
e) Straight tube
B.1 Straight Tube

B.2 Steaming Economizer

B.3 Horizontal Finned Tube Economizer

B.4 Soot Blower

 ASH DISPOSAL
PLATE NO.13

A. QUESTION
A.1 Discuss the uses of various types of ash disposal system listed below.
These are the following:
A.1.1 Hydraulic Sluice
A.1.2 Pneumatic Conveyor
A.1.3 Chain or Bucket Conveyor
A.1.4 Motor Truck
A.1.5 Bucket and Drag Conveyor

Hydraulic Sluice
Ash is cleaned through a water channel that is controlled at its head by a
hydraulic powered gate.
Pneumatic Conveyor
Ash can is transported conveniently to various destinations by means of a stream
of high velocity air through pipe lines. Products are moved through various tubes via air
pressure, allowing for extra vertical versatility.
Chain or Bucket Conveyor
A continuous or centrifugal bucket elevator must have a controlled load delivered
to it for proper and troubled free operation.
Motor Truck
A truck is parked adjacent to a coal boiler ash recovery system to collect the ash
products prior to disposal.
Bucket and Drag Conveyor
A chain of pivot ably interconnected drag buckets for removing ash from the sides of a
loose pile and for delivering the material to a secondary discharge conveyor. The
buckets are designed so that flexure along the length of the chain will not cause
openings to be formed between adjacent buckets.
A.2 Describe how a Fly Ash can be collected using each of the ff.
System/methods:
A.2.1 Electric Precipitation
A.2.2 Water Sprays
A.2.3 Cyclone Collector

Electric Precipitation
Electrical Precipitation requires a high voltage discharge source usually applied
to electrodes consisting of a series of small diameter wires. Opposite these wires are
grounded electrodes, which serve as collecting elements and the terminus of the
electrostatic field. Particulate collection then takes place in three basic steps:
1. The particles must be charged.
2. The charged particles are subjected to an electrical field which moves them
toward the colleting plate.
3. Collected particles must be dislodged from the plate into an ash disposal system.

Water Sprays
The ash cone attached to the bottom of the crate section is equipped with a
water spray ring to flush out the ash through a manually operated slide gate at the
bottom, and is operated when the ash cone is emptied.

Cyclone Collector
They create a dual vortex to separate course from fine dust. The main vortex
spirals downward and carries most of the coarse dust particles. The inner vortex
created near the bottom of the cyclone, spirals upward and carries finer dust particles.
B.1 Pneumatic Conveyor

B.2 Chain and Bucket Conveyor

B.3 Bucket and Drag Conveyor

B.4 Track operated car

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Compilation of Drawing Plates in Industrial Plant Design Laboratory

A Project Presented to

Eng’r. Tomas Enriquez

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

By

Group Leader: Capulong, Charles Vincent C.

Member: Alcazar, Mark Anthony

Bagalay, Rodlyn B.
Bayanay, Marvin
Bolanos, Rolando Jr. B.
Cervantes, Bernard Bonnin
De Jesus, Kim M.
Dela Cruz, Jeraime F.
Imperial, Ronel A.
Liwag, Marvin P.
Maglakas, Jose M.
Mancio, Janrey B.
Mapa, Michael S.
Mateum, Julius Martin
Mauleon, Oscar Jr. P.
Naval, Nelle Simone O.
Perez, Paulo G.
Rimas, Carlo James G.
Roquero, Francis Rain A.
Supetran, Zendel Ann V.
Tare, Jay Mark T.
Tumampus, Garri P.
Urbano, Dan Carlo
Villanueva, Allan

March 27, 2009