1

9.2 Fluid Dynamics

Bernoullis Law
Streamline Flow
Streamline flow
every particle that passes
a particular point moves
exactly along the smooth
path followed by particles
that passed the point
earlier
also called laminar flow
Streamline is the path
different streamlines
cannot cross each other
the streamline at any
point coincides with the
direction of fluid velocity
at that point
Streamline flow
Turbulent Flow
The flow becomes
irregular
exceeds a certain
velocity
any condition that
causes abrupt
changes in velocity
Eddy currents are a
characteristic of
turbulent flow
Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid
The fluid is nonviscous
There is no internal friction between adjacent layers
The fluid is incompressible
Its density is constant
The fluid is steady
Its velocity, density and pressure do not change in
time
The fluid moves without turbulence
No eddy currents are present
Equation of Continuity
The product of the
cross-sectional area of
a pipe and the fluid
speed is a constant
Speed is high where the
pipe is narrow and speed
is low where the pipe has
a large diameter
Av is called the flow
rate Units of m
3
/s
A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
A volume of fluid flowing in a pipe
or in a streamline
2
Bernoullis Equation
Relates pressure to fluid speed and
elevation
Bernoullis equation is a consequence
of Conservation of Energy applied to an
ideal fluid
Assumes the fluid is incompressible
and nonviscous, and flows in a
nonturbulent, steady-state manner
The fluid is pushed through the tube from point1
to point 2
The net result is to
transfer a volume of
fluid from a region of
high pressure P
1
to a region of lower
pressure P
2
Work is done by the
difference in pressure
Work =(P
1
- P
2
)V= KE+PE
V=volume of fluid
Bernoullis Equation, cont.
The final result is that the
pressure, kinetic energy
per unit volume, and the
potential energy per unit
volume are the same at
all points along a
streamline
constant = + + gy v
2
1
P
2
Applications of Bernoullis
Principle: Venturi Effect
Change in PE =0
Speed changes as
diameter changes
Pressure decreases with
increasing speed
Can be used to measure
the speed of the fluid flow
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
P v P v
2 2
+ = +
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Venturi Effect
Curve ball
Down spin produces lift
higher velocity /lower pressure
3
Flow of a fluid from a small hole A
1
. The area A
1
is
much less than the surface area A
2
.
for this case v
2
~ 0
2
1
1
v gh
2
=
v
2
=0
P
1
=P
2
= P
o
KE=PE
v 2gh =
x
Water flow from holes in the side of a tank at , and3/4
the height. Which stream will hit the ground furthest from
the tank? Find the distances from the tank that the water
hits the ground.
h
y
v 2g(h y) =
x vt =
2
1
y gt
2
=
2y
t
g
=
2y
2g(h y) 2 (h y)y
g

= =


3
x h
2
=
x h =
h
y
4
=
h
y
2
=
3h
y
4
=
3
x h
2
=
47.
The inside diameter of the larger portion of the pipe
is 2.5 cm. Water flows through at a rate of 1.8x10
-4
m
3
/s
Find the diameter of the pipe at the constriction.
A
1
v
1
=A
2
v
2
= R
v
2
v
1
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
P v P v
2 2
+ = +
4
1 2 2
4R 4(1.8x10 )
v 0.37m/ s
D (0.025)

= = =

2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 2
1
1 1 v
P P (v v ) v ( 1)
2 2 v
= =
2 1 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
v 2 P 2( g)(h h ) 2(9.8)(0.1 0.05)
1 1 1 2.8
v v v 0.37

= + = + = + =

2 2 1
1 1 2
d A v 1
0.60
d A v 2.8
= = = =
2 1
d 0.6(d ) 0.6(2.5) 1.5cm = = =