PAMELA C. DODDS, PH.D. REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST
May 14, 2014
Dr. Pamela C. Dodds P.O. Box 217 Montrose, WV 26283 Phone: 304-823-1095 Email: pamelart@hughes.net. Registered Tennessee Professional Geologist TN 2529
Dr. Pamela C. Dodds holds a bachelor's degree in Geology and a doctoral degree in Marine Geology (both degrees from the College of William and Mary, Virginia) and is a Registered Professional Geologist. Additionally, Dr. Dodds has a Credential in Ground Water Science (Ohio State University). Dr. Dodds has worked as a geologist for the Virginia Department of Transportation, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, and for S&ME, Inc., an environmental consulting firm in Tennessee. Additionally, she has taught science classes at the high school and college level and provided presentations and workshops for the American Planning Association and for state and federal government agencies. Dr. Dodds has served as an expert witness in hydrogeology at hearings conducted by the WV Public Service Commission and the WV Environmental Quality Board.
TABLE 1 Descriptions of Geologic Bedrock Units underlying the study area and the associated environmental characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
TABLE 2 Summary Descriptions of Soils within the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 3 Computations for stormwater discharge for forested ground . . . . . . .24 cover and for 10% impervious ground cover
Table 4 Computations for stormwater discharge if study area is developed with a wind facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY OF A PORTION OF JACKS MOUNTAIN, MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BY PAMELA C. DODDS, Ph. D., Registered Professional Geologist
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
At the request of Save Our Allegheny Ridges, a hydrogeological study of a portion of Jacks Mountain, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania was conducted to determine impacts on water resources from construction of industrial-scale wind turbines on the mountain ridge. The hydrogeological study included hydrological computations to determine the amount of stormwater discharge resulting from a 2-year 24-hour storm event on three specific ground cover conditions for subwatersheds delineated within the study area. The first set of computations considered a completely undeveloped, forested ground cover. The second set of computations considered a 10 percent impervious ground cover within each delineated subwatershed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recognizes that stormwater discharge from a 10 percent impervious ground cover results in degradation to the water resources within the watershed. The third set of computations considered the cumulative ground covers within each delineated subwatershed, resulting from the presence of cleared areas for pasture, roadways, transmission lines, and pipelines, and also for the impervious areas resulting from construction of the proposed industrial-scale wind turbine facility. The stormwater discharge for a 10 percent impervious cover serves as a threshold discharge to evaluate the stormwater discharge from development within each delineated watershed. A comparison of the stormwater discharge resulting from a 10 percent impervious area and that of existing and proposed developed areas within each delineated subwatershed indicates that construction of industrial-scale wind turbines within the delineated subwatersheds in the study area on Jacks Mountain will result in negative impacts to the water resources.
It is stated in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan that steep slopes such as those present on Jacks Mountain are restricted from any development, with the recommended use for recreation and watershed protection. Further, recommendations provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania emphasize that because of the soils present on Jacks Mountain, the area is best suited for woodlands and wildlife habitat. There are special concerns about degradation to: 1) hydric soils, which have the potential to support wetlands on Jacks Mountain; 2) streams designated as cold water fish streams on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain; 3) streams designated as high quality streams on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain; and 4) the karst terrain underlying the lower portions of subwatersheds on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain. The conclusion is that any industrial- scale wind turbine construction on Jacks Mountain should be denied because of negative impacts to surface and groundwater resources.
Page 1 of 25 INTRODUCTION
The hydrological study presented herein was conducted in response to Volkswind's proposed plan for construction of a wind facility on a portion of Jacks Mountain, located in Mifflin County, PA. This study includes descriptions of the geology and soils of the area, discussions of the groundwater and stream water resources of the area, delineation of the impacted subwatersheds on Jacks Mountain, and hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge for existing conditions, for the 10 percent impervious area threshold discharge, and for the conditions resulting from construction of the proposed wind facility.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area (Figure 1) includes a portion of the northeast trending Jacks Mountain located in an area extending in latitude from approximately 40 degrees 33 minutes north to 40 degrees 37 minutes north and in longitude from approximately -77 degrees 39 minutes 20 seconds west to -77 degrees 44 minutes 27 seconds west. The study area encompasses the subwatersheds that would be impacted by Volkswind's proposed construction of 20 wind turbines along the ridgeline of Jacks Mountain and the substantial access roads which, depending on their location, would impact 12 subwatersheds located on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain and 11 subwatersheds located on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain. The 12 subwatersheds located on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain encompass unnamed tributaries, which flow into Kishacoquillas Creek. The 11 subwatersheds located on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain encompass unnamed tributaries to Strodes Run and Wakefield Run, both of which are tributaries to the Juniata River. Kishacoquillas Creek and the Juniata River are both within the Susquehanna River watershed. It is important to note that the Susquehanna River watershed flows into Chesapeake Bay. In Pennsylvanias Chesapeake Bay Tributary Strategy, developed in 2004 by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Pennsylvania committed to reducing sediment contamination by 116,000 tons per year. Only by assessing and managing stormwater runoff from developed areas will Pennsylvania be able to accomplish this commitment.
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
On June 17, 2010, the Mifflin County Commission adopted, by Resolution 2010- 25, the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan in accordance with the Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act 167 of 1978. The stated intent of this document was to develop recommendations for improved Stormwater management practices, to mitigate potential negative impacts by future land uses, and to improve conditions within impaired waters. Furthermore, it is stated that, Alterations to the natural landscape change the way the system responds to precipitation events. These changes often involve increasing impervious area, which results in decreased evaporation and
Page 2 of 25 increased runoff. The increase in Stormwater runoff is manifested in runoff quantity, or volume, and runoff rate. These two factors cause the natural system to change beyond its natural dynamic equilibrium, resulting in negative environmental responses, such as accelerated erosion, greater or more frequent flooding, increased nonpoint source pollution, and degradation of surface waters. Decreased infiltration means less groundwater recharge, which in turn leads to altered dry weather stream flow.
GEOLOGY
The study area is located in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province of Pennsylvania. The geologic units underlying the study area are provided in Table 1, with the oldest units at the bottom of the table and successively younger units in the upper portion of the table. The geologic units underlying the study area consist of sedimentary rocks that formed from sediments deposited in near shore, shallow seas during the Ordovician (510 439 million years ago) and Silurian (439 409 million years ago) geologic time periods. Figure 2 provides a cross-section of the geologic units underlying the study area, illustrating that the rock units were deformed by plate tectonic processes associated with the movement of continental plates. The cross-section shows that Jacks Mountain is a complex syncline, which is a geological structural basin. On the northwest side of Jacks Mountain, the bedrock units dip toward the southeast as part of a very large syncline. On the southeast side of Jacks Mountain, a smaller syncline is developed in the overall, larger syncline. The geologic units become progressively younger to the southeast and in the middle of the syncline.
Karst terrain, which is susceptible to groundwater depletion and contamination, occurs in lower portions of subwatersheds delineated on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain. The geologic units underlying Jacks Mountain, from northwest to southeast, consist of the following Ordovician formations: undifferentiated units of the Coburn through Loysburg formations, consisting of interbedded limestone, shaly limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite; the Reedsville Formation, consisting of shale; the Bald Eagle Formation, consisting of sandstone and quartz-pebble conglomerate; and the Juniata Formation, consisting of quartzitic sandstone. The undifferentiated units of the Coburn through Loysburg formations underlie the lowermost portions of the subwatersheds delineated on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain where sinkholes developed in the carbonate rocks. These units consist predominantly of limestone and other carbonates. In the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, the karst terrain, consisting of solution caverns and sinkholes developed in limestone and other carbonates is particularly sensitive to environmental degradation, with the depletion and contamination of groundwater supplies being among the most severe. The greatest portion of the subwatershed areas on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain is underlain by sandstone.
Page 3 of 25 Subwatersheds delineated on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain are underlain, from northwest to southeast, by the following Silurian formations: the Tuscarora Formation, consisting mostly of sandstone; the Rose Hill Formation, consisting of shale interbedded with siltstone, sandstone, and limestone; the Keefer Formation, consisting of sandstone; the Mifflintown Formation, consisting of interbedded shale and limestone; and the Bloomsburg Formation, consisting mostly of shale and siltstone.
SOILS
The extremely stony and sandy soils occurring on the very steep, forested slopes of the Jacks Mountain study area are unsuitable for construction of an industrial- scale wind turbine facility. Most of the soils are also classified as hydric soils. Hydric soils indicate the potential presence of wetlands areas, which have regulatory protection from the Federal Clean Water Act and also from Part 303, Wetlands Protection, of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, 1994 PA 451, as amended (NREPA). Soils descriptions for Mifflin County are provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, published in April 1981 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Summaries of the soils descriptions provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania are provided in Table 2, including the designation of hydric soils. The importance of hydric soils is emphasized in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan.
All the soils descriptions on Jacks Mountain emphasize that the area is best suited for woodlands and wildlife habitat, as explained in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania." This explanation, along with the recognition that forested ridges are the best locations for groundwater recharge, endorses the conclusion that development of any type on the Jacks Mountain ridge top is environmentally unacceptable.
Slopes within the upper portion of Jacks Mountain are unsuitable for construction because they are greater than 25 percent, classified as severely steep and precipitous. These upper slopes constitute the area where Volkswind has proposed the construction of industrial-scale wind turbines. In the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, these slopes are restricted from any development, with the recommended use for recreation and watershed protection. Within the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain, the soils on these slopes are classified as Berks-Weikert association, steep (25 to 60 percent slopes); Hazelton-Dekalb association, steep (25 to 70 percent slopes); Laidig extremely stony loam, steep (25 to 45 percent slopes); and Rubble land on precipitous slopes, consisting of rock fragments without any soil or with extremely stony soils. In the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are considered best used for woodlands and wildlife habitat.
Page 4 of 25 Downslope of the steepest terrain on Jacks Mountain are slopes classified as moderate slopes (8 to 15 percent) to steep slopes (15 to 25 percent), also considered unsuitable for industrial construction. In the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, these slopes are restricted to residential development, with the recommended use for pastures and tree farms. Within the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain, the soils on these slopes are classified as Berks shaly silt loam, Buchanan gravelly loam, Buchanan extremely stony loam, Hazleton-Dekalb extremely stony sandy loams, and Laidig extremely stony loam. In the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are considered best used for pasture and woodlands because of the slow permeability and restricted root depth caused by the fragipan subsoil or the shallow depth to bedrock.
The lower slopes of Jacks Mountain range in steepness from 2 to 8 percent. In the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, these slopes are classified as flat to moderate and are restricted to normal development for residential, commercial, and industrial uses involving a minimum amount of earth moving. The lower portions of subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain exhibit 2 to 8 percent slope steepness, with soils classified as Andover gravelly loam, Andover extremely stony loam, Buchanan extremely stony loam, Kreamer cherty silt loam, and Penlaw silt loam. In the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, these soils are considered best used for woodlands or permanent pasture because of the slow permeability and restricted root depth, caused by the fragipan subsoil which creates a seasonally high water table.
Slow permeability exhibited by soils in the study area make the mitigation practice of on-site stormwater infiltration unfeasible. Review of the soils in the study area reveals that all the soils exhibit slow permeability because of shallow depth to the fragipan subsoil or to bedrock. As presented in the Final Mifflin County Stormwater Management Plan," technical standards for stormwater volume control are based primarily on methods of on-site infiltration capacity. Because of the slow permeability of the soils in the study area, on-site infiltration as a mitigation solution would not be effective. Additionally, detention pond construction would not be feasible because of the slope steepness.
Construction of industrial-scale wind turbines within the headwaters areas would destroy aquatic habitats that serve as the base of the food chain for all the downstream areas. Headwater areas for watersheds occur on the forested ridges. Headwater areas develop where groundwater forms springs and seeps. Shade provided by the forest maintains lower temperatures where headwater aquatic organisms can survive. As explained in the publication, The River Continuum Concept, by R.L. Vannote, G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell, and C.E. Cushing (1980, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 130-137), the aquatic organisms in the headwater areas are uniquely suited to the breakdown of organic materials, thus supplying nutrients to different aquatic organisms within downstream areas.
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SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER
The general climate pattern causes moist air masses to move mostly from west to east across Pennsylvania, condensing to form precipitation as the air masses rise over the mountains. The forested ridges intercept the rainfall, allowing the rain to fall gently to the land surface. Surface runoff is thereby reduced and the rain is thus allowed to penetrate the ground to recharge groundwater. Stream water and groundwater form one integral unit. When streamwater is low, due to droughts or ineffective stormwater management, groundwater continues to supply water to the streams to support aquatic organisms.
As provided in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, surface water quality standards for Pennsylvania are covered in The Pennsylvania Code, Title 25, Chapter 93, which specify antidegradation requirements for protection of specific types of streams. Subwatersheds delineated within the study area on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain encompass streams with the Chapter 93 designation of cold water fishes, with the described protection of maintaining or propagating Salmonidae fish species and additional flora and fauna which are indigenous to a cold water habitat. Subwatersheds delineated within the study area on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain encompass streams with the Chapter 93 designation of high quality, with the description of receiving special protection because of meeting specific chemical or biological criteria defined in Chapter 93.4b.
In its document, Sustainability of Ground-Water Resources, the USGS emphasizes Groundwater is not a renewable resource. To understand this statement requires an understanding of the global water budget and also an understanding that groundwater and surface water are connected as one integral system. Firstly, the global water budget, or hydrological cycle, consists of precipitation, evaporation, and condensation. It is important to recognize, however, that the hydrological cycle over the ocean (covering approximately three-quarters of the earth) is essentially separate from the hydrological cycle over the continents. Dennis Hartmann, in his book Global Physical Climatology, provides an excellent explanation of the global water budget. Through time, there has been a delicate balance of the amount of precipitation transferred to the continents from the hydrological cycle over the oceans and the amount of surface water flowing into the ocean. When groundwater recharge is reduced and streamflow into the oceans is increased, a situation is created where there is no longer a balance: when streamflow to the oceans exceeds the amount of precipitation from the oceans back onto the continents, the water in the continental hydrological cycle is lost forever.
In the publication, Summary of Groundwater-Recharge Estimates for Pennsylvania by Stuart O. Reese and Dennis W. Risser (prepared and published by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S.
Page 6 of 25 Geological Survey, 2010), it is stated Groundwater recharge is water that infiltrates through the subsurface to the zone of saturation beneath the water table and, Most groundwater discharges to a nearby stream, where it provides sustaining base flow." Because this quantity is difficult to measure, it is further stated that, The most common method for estimating recharge in Pennsylvania has been to estimate base flow from measurements of streamflow and assume that base flow (expressed in inches over the basin) approximates recharge." Statewide estimates of mean annual groundwater recharge were developed by relating base flow to basin characteristics of HUC10 watersheds (a fifth-level classification that uses 10 digits to define unique hydrologic units) using a regression equation. The regression analysis indicated that mean annual precipitation, average daily maximum temperature, percent of sand in soil, percent of carbonate rock in the watershed, and average stream-channel slope were significant factors in the explaining the variability of groundwater recharge across the Commonwealth.
The mean-annual groundwater-recharge estimate (based on data from 1971 to 2000) for the Jacks Mountain study area is provided in the referenced publication as 14.01 16 inches on the northwest portion of the mountain and 12.01 to 14 inches on the southeast portion of the mountain. The mean annual recharge as a percentage of precipitation (based on data from 1971 to 2000) for the Jacks Mountain study area is provided in the referenced publication as 35 40 percent on the northwest portion of the mountain and 30 35 percent on the southeast portion of the mountain.
In the above referenced publication, Summary of Groundwater-Recharge Estimates for Pennsylvania, it is stated that, Impervious cover can affect the hydrology of an area by limiting natural recharge. Soils that have a low permeability also will slow recharge at various scales. Construction of wind turbine pads requires excavation and/or blasting to a typical depth of 50 feet, with a typical radius of 15 feet. Such blasting and excavation impact groundwater not only by creating an impervious surface, thereby obstructing groundwater recharge, but also by changing groundwater flow patterns. Additionally, the roadways constructed for transport of the wind turbine components are typically 100 feet wide and range up to 70 feet in thickness of fill material. Construction of these roadways impedes groundwater recharge and also intercepts existing groundwater where the mountain slope is excavated or blasted. The intercepted groundwater is controlled by directing it away from the roadway, thereby changing groundwater flow patterns. Because headwater areas for streams rely on the base flow from groundwater, the change in groundwater patterns caused by construction destroys headwater aquatic habitats, which negatively impacts the downstream food chain. Wells and springs are the major water source for farms and rural residences in Mifflin County, while reservoirs supply water to metropolitan areas. The change in groundwater patterns caused by construction negatively impacts water quantities available to recharge water to wells and springs.
Page 7 of 25 HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS FOR SUBWATERSHEDS DELINEATED WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ON JACKS MOUNTAIN
Hydrologic computations conducted for the study area provide clear evidence that construction of industrial-scale wind turbines on Jacks Mountain would result in degradation of water resources. Hydrologic computations were conducted for the delineated subwatersheds in the study area of Jacks Mountain to determine the stormwater discharge for three basic ground cover conditions. Because the subwatersheds are predominantly forested, the stormwater discharge was computed based on each subwatershed having only forested cover. The second set of computations was based each subwatershed having a 10 percent impervious cover, with the remainder being forested. The third set of computations was based on estimates of impervious areas created by construction of wind turbine pads, for streets (access roads) created by the wind companies for transporting wind turbine materials (based on data from the AES wind facility constructed on Laurel Mountain in Randolph and Barbour counties, West Virginia), and for areas designated as pasture where present on the topographic map and satellite images as well as for transmission line or pipeline right-of-way clearings.
In keeping with the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, the hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge from subwatersheds within the study area comply with the goals of managing stormwater by determining maximum thresholds of increased stormwater flow within each watershed. The Importance of Imperviousness," an article presented in the Center for Watershed Protections Watershed Protection Techniques 1(3): 100-111, provides data illustrating that only 10 percent of impervious cover within a watershed can negatively impact the watershed and receiving stream.
The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan provides hydrological modeling of large watersheds in Mifflin County: the Juniata River watershed and the Jacks Creek watershed. Although subwatersheds were identified within these larger watersheds, the subwatersheds far exceeded 200 acres and consisted of third and fourth order streams. The Rational Method was not appropriate for use in determining stormwater discharge for these watersheds exceeding 200 acres. Conversely, the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain encompass areas of 200 acres or less and consist of only first order streams. The use of the Rational Method for determining stormwater discharge in drainage basins up to 200 acres is recommended in the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Drainage Manual (PDM). Therefore, the Rational Method was used for the study area on Jacks Mountain for determining stormwater discharge. Construction on the ridgeline of Jacks Mountain directly impacts these first order streams delineated for the study area. Additionally, the increased stormwater discharge to the first order streams also creates increased discharge downstream to the successively larger receiving streams.
Page 8 of 25 The equation used in the Rational Method is: Q = CiA, where Q is the stormwater discharge in cubic feet per second (cfs), C is the runoff coefficient designated for differing ground covers, i is the rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the time of concentration for a selected return period, in inches per hour (in/hr), and A is the drainage area in acres.
Runoff coefficient values represent an empirical, dimensionless ratio between rainfall and runoff. Rational Method runoff coefficients are provided in Table C-1 of Appendix C Stormwater management Design Criteria of the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan, based on Hydraulic Soil Group, ground surface slope, and ground cover. Hydraulic Soil Group designations are provided in the Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania, described as follows: Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravels. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well-drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils that have a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils that have moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clay soils that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that have a claypan [fragipan] or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material [bedrock]. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission.
Computations of stormwater discharge for subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain used Runoff coefficients selected from Table C-1, based on Hydraulic Soil Group, surface slope, and ground cover, as follows: Impervious: 0.87 Streets: 0.74 Pasture: 0.34 Forest: 0.16
The time of concentration (T c ) is the time required for water to flow from the hydraulically most remote point of the drainage area to the point of interest. With the Rational Method, the duration of a rainfall event is set equal to the time of concentration and it is used to estimate the average rainfall intensity (i) from the intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF) for a selected return period.
Page 9 of 25 In a rural area where sheet flow (a shallow mass of runoff on a plane surface with the depth staying uniform across the sloping surface), shallow concentrated flow (occurring beyond 100 feet, where flow tends to concentrate in increasing proportions), and channel or pipe flow (where shallow concentrated flow continues to become deeper and wider and changes into channel flow), are known to exist and the channel or pipe flow segment is dominant, the Kirpich method may be used to determine the total time of concentration. The Kirpich Method nomograph was provided by P.Z. Kirpich in Civil Engineering, Volume 10, Number 6, June 1940, Page 362. Mr. Kirpich developed the nomograph based on his equation relating the maximum length of travel to the receiving stream and the vertical distance (height) of the most remote point above the receiving stream to the time of concentration. Mr. Kirpichs study area included data taken from seven small rural watersheds near Jackson, TN, similar to the subwatersheds delineated for the study area on Jacks Mountain in Mifflin County, PA. Although the equation could be used, it is expedient to use a ruler on the height scale and the length scale on the nomograph and read the time of concentration where the ruler intersects the time of concentration scale. The number of minutes determined by this method is used on the geographically appropriate IDF graph.
The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan specifies the use of the Rational Method to determine rainfall intensity values from the IDF graphs provided in the PDM, Publication 584, Chapter 7A. The 2- year, 24-hour storm event was selected to determine the rainfall intensity value from the specified IDF graphs. Section VII Technical Standards and Criteria for Control of Stormwater Runoff of the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan provides that the 2-year, 24-hour storm event is used for detailed modeling presented in The Design Storm method (CG-1 in the PA Stormwater BMP Manual). Also, the PDM provides probabilities for return rates of storms, indicating that the 2-year design return interval for storms has the highest probability of return. Therefore, the 2-year, 24-hour storm event is considered the best return event rainfall intensity value to use. The value selected for rainfall intensity from the IDF curves is 4.7 inches per hour.
The subwatersheds in the study area for Jacks Mountain were delineated using the Terrain Navigator Pro topographic map. Subwatersheds were only delineated where there was perceptible drainage to a stream. Where there were ravines that provided surface runoff only, there was no attempt to delineate a subwatershed. Tools provided in this software allow the acreage to be determined for delineated areas and also allow distances to be determined for street lengths and for lengths of travel used in the Kirpich nomograph. Lengths for streets constructed for transport of wind turbine components were limited to the length of the watershed along the ridgeline of Jacks Mountain, with the understanding that this would be an under-estimate of the actual roadway. Based on observation of the roadways constructed for the AES Laurel Mountain wind facility, the roadways are 100 feet wide. Also based on data provided by
Page 10 of 25 AES for construction of wind turbine pad areas, each impervious pad area is designated as 7 acres. Because it is unknown whether the impervious turbine pad area would be located such that drainage would be to the northwest or to the southeast, the full impervious turbine pad area was included in computations for subwatersheds on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain and also for subwatersheds on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain.
Computations for each ground cover set for each subwatershed are provided in Table 3. A comparison of the computations for a ten percent impervious ground cover area can be made with those of the anticipated stormwater discharge from the post-construction ground cover area to determine if the subwatershed will be negatively impacted by the construction of the wind facility. If the wind turbine pads are constructed on the southeast slope of Jacks Mountain, 9 of the 11 subwatersheds delineated in the study area will receive stormwater discharge exceeding that of the 10 percent impervious cover stormwater discharge. If the wind turbine pads are constructed on the northwest slope of Jacks Mountain, 10 of the 12 subwatersheds delineated in the study area will receive stormwater discharge exceeding that of the 10 percent impervious cover stormwater discharge.
CONCLUSION
Hydrologic computations of stormwater discharge provide clear evidence that construction of industrial-scale wind turbines on Jacks Mountain would result in degradation of water resources, destruction of aquatic habitats in headwaters, degradation of the food chain for downstream aquatic organisms, disruption of groundwater supply to springs and residential wells, and increased stormwater discharge causing downstream erosion and release of sediments to downstream areas.
The Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan restricts slopes exceeding 25 percent from any development, with the recommended use for recreation and watershed protection. Slopes near the top of Jacks Mountain, where VolkWind proposes construction of an industrial-scale wind turbine facility, are greater than 25 percent, classified as severely steep and precipitous.
The Soil Survey of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania classifies most of the soils on Jacks Mountain as hydric and having slow permeability and recommendations that Jacks Mountain is best suited for woodlands and wildlife habitat. Hydric soils are recognized as supporting wetlands, which are protected by Federal and State regulations. On-site infiltration as a stormwater management mitigation practice on Jacks Mountain is not feasible due to the slow permeability of the soils caused by the shallow depth to the subsoil fragipan or to bedrock on Jacks Mountain. Additionally, forested ridges are the best locations for groundwater recharge, endorsing the conclusion that development of any type on the Jacks Mountain ridge top is environmentally unacceptable.
Page 11 of 25 Construction of an industrial-scale wind turbine facility on Jacks Mountain must be denied because of the environmental degradation such a facility will impose on the subwatershed water resources. Construction of wind turbine pads will create impervious areas that prevent groundwater recharge. Construction of wind turbine pad foundations will change groundwater flow patterns. Construction of roads for transporting wind turbine components will intercept groundwater, impede groundwater recharge, and change groundwater patterns. The decrease in groundwater recharge and the changes to groundwater patterns will negatively impact base flow to headwater areas for streams and recharge of groundwater to wells and springs. Such negative impacts would impair the karst terrain on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain, the designated cold water fish streams on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain, and the designated high quality streams on the southeast side of Jacks Mountain. State regulations specify antidegradation requirements for surface water quality standards for cold water fish streams and high quality streams. Specific concerns are expressed in the Final Mifflin County Act 167 Countywide Stormwater Management Plan about the potentially severe environmental degradation to karst terrain, such as that underlying the lowermost portions of subwatersheds delineated in the study area on Jacks Mountain, especially the concerns of groundwater depletion and contamination.
In conclusion, an industrial-scale wind power facility must not be constructed on Jacks Mountain. Such construction would result in destruction of headwater areas, interception of groundwater, changes to groundwater flow patterns, decreased groundwater recharge, and increased stormwater discharge resulting in negative impacts to the subwatersheds delineated in the study area on Jacks Mountain.
Figure 2 Representative Geologic Map of the Jacks Mountain Study Area, showing Cross-section Location for Figure 3. This map is the portion of the study area taken directly from the Geology of the Belleville Quadrangle, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, by T. A. McElroy and D.M. Hoskins, 2005, published by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
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NW SE
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2000 1000 Sea Level - 1000 - 2000 NW SE Figure 3 Geologic Cross-section of Jacks Mountain. This cross-section is the portion of the study area taken directly from the Geology of the Belleville Quadrangle, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, by T. A. McElroy and D.M. Hoskins, 2005, published by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
Figure 4 Soils Survey Map representative of the Jacks Mountain Study Area. Note the predominance of the following soils designations on Jacks Mountain: BxD, HTF, HSD, Ru. This map is taken directly from http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ for the study area, designated on the website as the Area of Interest.
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TABLE 1 Descriptions of Geologic Bedrock Units underlying the study area and the associated environmental characteristics. The units are in the geologic column format, with oldest units at the bottom and progressively younger units at the top.
Geologic Unit Geologic Description Environmental Characteristics Sb Silurian Bloomsburg Formation
The Bloomsburg Formation is predominantly red shale and siltstone. It contains some sandstone, thin, impure limestone, and green shale. It is moderately well bedded, with fissile to thin beds. The sandstone units are mostly flaggy to thick. Thickness is about 300 feet.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water may be hard, with high concentrations of iron and manganese. Stability in cut slopes is low to moderate. Sandstone and siltstone intervals are susceptible to block falls where bedding is undercut. Excavation is moderately easy to difficult using heavy equipment. Blasting may be required where hard sandstones and siltstones are encountered. Foundations support strength is generally suitable for heavy structures if it is excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are moderate to rapid. The Bloomsburg Formation is an excellent source of material for the manufacture of brick and probably other structural clay products. Sm Silurian Mifflintown Formation
The Mifflintown Formation is a greenish-gray shale interbedded with medium-gray, fossiliferous limestone. Outcrops commonly exhibit intense deformation. It is about 250 feet thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water is generally of good quality, but hard. Stability in cut slopes is low to moderate. Debris and rock falls may occur in excavations. Excavation is relatively easy to difficult using heavy equipment. Limestone may require blasting. Foundations support strength is generally suitable for heavy structures. Drilling rates are moderate to rapid. It is a good source of road material, fill, and possible brick and expanded aggregate. Sk Silurian Keefer Formation
The Keefer Formation is a light-gray to yellowish- brown, very fine to coarse grained, fossiliferous, siliceous sandstone that is locally hematitic or conglomeratic. It is well bedded with beds thin to thick and crossbedded. It is about 70 feet thick.
No data for wells drilled only into the Keefer Formation are available. Yields should be adequate for domestic use. Low pH and high iron are possible. Stability in cut slopes is moderately high. Block falls may occur where bedding is undercut. Excavation is difficult, requiring blasting, except where it is thoroughly leached. Foundation support strength is moderate to high, and suitable for heavy structures if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are moderate. Small open-pit iron mines from the 19 th century are common, especially on Chestnut Ridge. Page 17 of 25 Srh Silurian Rose Hill Formation
The Rose Hill Formation is a light-olive-gray shale, with some siltstone and two grayish-red to reddish- black sandstone units. The upper shale contains interbedded limestone. It is about 800 feet thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water may be hard, and commonly has high concentrations of iron and manganese. Stability in cut slopes is low to moderately high. Rockslides and block falls can be a serious problem where bedding is undercut. Excavation is relatively easy using heavy equipment in shale and siltstone, but can be difficult in sandstones, which may require blasting. Foundation support strength is moderate to high, and suitable for heavy structures if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are high in shale and siltstone, and slow to moderate in sandstone and limestone. Small open-pit iron mines from the 19 th century are common. The shale is a good source for manufacturing common brick and shale aggregate. Sandstone is a possible source for riprap. St Silurian Tuscarora Formation
The Tuscarora Formation consists of white, sometimes red and green sandstone and quartzite. It is fine to coarse grained, tough, firmly cemented, crossbedded and conglomeratic in part. It includes the Castanea member, an interbedded red and nonred sandstone at its top. It underlies many of the ridges of the Ridge and valley province. Bedding is mostly thick. It may be obscured by crossbedding. It is about 700 feet thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Water quality is good, but may be acidic. There are few data available because of mountainous terrain. Stability in cut slopes greater than 25 degrees is moderate to high, but subject to serious block falls if the bedding or jointing is undercut. Excavation is extremely difficult, requiring blasting. Foundation support strength is high, suitable for the heaviest structures if it is excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are very slow. The Tuscarora Formation is a good source of riprap and natural building stone. Oj Ordovician Juniata Formation
The Juniata Formation consists of brownish-red, fine- grained to conglomeratic quartzitic sandstone with well-developed crossbedding. It has interbedded red shale. Bedding is thin to flaggy. Its thickness is about 1100 feet.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for high-demand use. Water is commonly hard, with high iron. Cut slope stability is good. Excavation is difficult. Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are slow. It is a good source of road material, riprap, and building stone. Obe Ordovician Bald Eagle Formation
The Bald Eagle Formation consists of gray to reddish- gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, crossbedded sandstone and quartz-pebble conglomerate (the Lost Run Member). Bedding is moderately well developed, with thick beds. It is about 300 feet thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for high-demand use. Limited data suggest the water may be high in iron, manganese, and lead. Cut slope stability is good. Excavation is difficult. Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are slow. It is a good source of road material, riprap, embankment facing, and fill.
Or Ordovician Reedsville Formation
The Reedsville Formation consists of dark-gray shale containing thin sandy to silty shale interbeds. It is fossiliferous at its top. It is moderately well bedded. Well yields are adequate for domestic use, and possibly for high-demand use. Water quality is generally good, but iron and manganese concentrations may be high. Cut slope Page 18 of 25 The beds are thin. It is about 1,000 feet thick.
stability is fair. Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound bedrock. Drilling rates are fast. It is a good source of road material and fill. Ocl Ordovician Coburn through Loysburg Formation, Undifferentiated
The Coburn Formation is a medium-gray to very dark gray, fossiliferous shaly limestone. It is well bedded. Beds are fissile to flaggy in most places. It is locally thick bedded.
The Salona Formation is a dark-gray to black limestone. It is laminated, medium- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous, and contains chert nodules. It is well bedded. Most of the beds are fissile to flaggy, although a few are thick.
The Nealmont Formation contains two members. The upper Rodman Member is a medium-gray, coarsely crystalline, fossiliferous limestone. The lower CentreHall Member is a thin-bedded, finely crystalline, shaly limestone. It is well bedded. The beds are usually fissile to flaggy. It is rarely thick bedded.
The Benner Formation is a light-to dark-gray, very finely crystalline limestone. At its top is a light- to dark-gray, very finely crystalline, high-calcium limestone, the Valentine Member. The Valley View Member, an argillaceous limestone containing interbedded metabentonite beds, is at its base. The Valley View member is laterally equivalent to the Oak Hall and Stover members.
The Benner Formation has been called the Linden Hall Formation by some geologists. It is well bedded, with most beds fissile to flaggy. It is locally thick bedded.
The Snyder Formation is a medium- to medium-dark- gray, coarsely crystalline limestone containing limestone conglomerate beds, medium-dark-gray limestone containing numerous impure bands, which show mud cracks and ripple marks, medium dark- gray, laminated, finely crystalline dolomitic limestone, light-gray, very finely crystalline limestone, and medium-dark-gray, fine-grained, oolitic and mud pellet limestone. It is well bedded, with beds platy to thick. Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Units below the Nealmont Formation may have yields adequate for high- demand use. Water is generally hard, and may have high iron, manganese, and dissolved solids. Because much of the land underlain by these units is used for agriculture, high nitrate is possible. Cut slope stability is good, except for steeply dipping beds inclined toward construction. Foundation support strength is good, if excavated to sound bedrock. Sites should be investigated for possible collapse areas. Excavation is difficult. Bedrock pinnacles are a special problem. Drilling rates are moderate. It is a good source of road material and fill.
Page 19 of 25
The Hatter Formation is a medium-gray, silty and argillaceous limestone. It is laminated and dolomitic and contains oolites. It is well bedded, with fissile to flaggy bedding in most places.
The Loysburg Formation contains the Clover Member, a light- to medium-gray, shaly limestone, and the Milroy Member, which consists of laminated, alternating medium-gray limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite. The Milroy Member is often referred to as the tiger striped member. Beds are thick. Total thickness of all the units is approximately 1200 feet. Obf Ordovician Bellefonte Formation
The Bellefonte Formation consists of light- to medium- gray, tan-weathering, very fine grained dolomite (the Tea Creek Member) at its top. At its base it consists of minor sandstone beds, some chert, and medium- gray, medium-crystalline dolomite (the Coffee Run Member). It is well bedded, with medium to thick beds. It is approximately 1250 feet thick.
Well yields are adequate for domestic use. Wells in valleys can supply adequate yields for high-demand uses. Water is hard. Because much of the land underlain by the Bellefonte Formation is used for agriculture, high nitrate is possible. Cut slope stability is good, unless the depth of cut is extreme. Foundation stability is good, but a construction site should be investigated thoroughly for solution openings. Excavation is difficult. Bedrock pinnacles are a special problem. Drilling rates are moderate. It is a good source of road material, riprap, building stone, embankment facing, and fill.
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TABLE 2 Summary Descriptions of Soils within the Study Area
Soils Designation (Hydrologic Group) Soils Description Land use suitability AnB Andover gravelly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
(Group D) HYDRIC
Soils classified as AnB - Andover gravelly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes occur along unnamed tributary streams within lower areas of the study area. These soils are poorly drained, occurring on benches and concave foot slopes and also in swales along the base of ridges. AnB soils are strongly acid to very strongly acid throughout. The AnB soils are considered best used for woodlands or permanent pasture because of the slow permeability and restricted root depth, caused by the fragipan subsoil and a high water table within 6 inches of the ground surface. AoB Andover extremely stony loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes
(Group D)
Soils classified as AoB Andover extremely stony loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes occur within the lower slopes of the study area. These soils are poorly drained and occur on nearly level to gently sloping benches and concave foot slopes along the base of prominent ridges. AoB soils are strongly acid to very strongly acid throughout. The AoB soils are best suited for woodlands because of the slow permeability and restricted root depth, caused by the fragipan subsoil and a high water table within 6 inches of the ground surface. BkC Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes
(Group C) HYDRIC
Soils classified as BkC Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes occur minimally within the lower slopes of the study area. These soils exhibit moderately rapid permeability and overlie fractured shale bedrock at a depth of 32 inches, which restricts the rooting depth. Because of the more than 25 percent shale in the soil, it is very strongly acid to strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil, and medium acid to very strongly acid in the substratum. The BkC soils have good potential for farming, pasture, and trees. BMF Berks- Weikert association, steep
(Group C) Soils classified as BMF Berks-Weikert association, steep occur in limited areas within the lower slopes, ranging from 25 to 60 percent slopes, of the study area. These soils exhibit moderately rapid to rapid permeability and are strongly acid to very strongly acid because of the large percentage of shale fragments in the soil. The depth to shale bedrock varies from 15 inches to 30 inches. The BMF soils are suitable for woodland, although the rooting depth is limited by the shallow depth to bedrock. BuC Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent
(Group C) HYDRIC
Soils classified as BuC - Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent occur in limited areas within the lower slopes of the study area. The soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth ranges from 10 to 36 inches during wet seasons because of the slowly permeable fragipan. The BuC soils are suitable for pasture, woodlands, and cultivated crops if properly managed. The hazard of erosion is severe. Soils Designation (Hydrologic Group) Soils Description Land use suitability BxB Buchanan extremely stony Soils classified as BxB Buchanan extremely stony loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes occur minimally within the lower southeast slopes of Jacks Mountain BxB soils are suitable for woodlands. Page 21 of 25 loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes
(Group C)
within the study area. The soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth ranges from 10 to 36 inches during wet seasons because of the slowly permeable fragipan. The depth to bedrock is 60 inches or greater. BxD Buchanan extremely stony loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes
(Group C)
Soils classified as BxD Buchanan extremely stony loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes are commonly observed within the lower slopes of the study area. The soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth ranges from 10 to 36 inches during wet seasons because of the slowly permeable fragipan. The depth to bedrock is 60 inches or greater. The BxD soils are suitable for woodlands. HSD Hazleton- Dekalb extremely stony sandy loams, moderately steep (Group B) Soils classified as HSD Hazleton-Dekalb extremely stony sandy loams, moderately steep occur prominently on the upper slopes of Jacks Mountain. These soils extend 25 inches to 60 inches over gray sandstone bedrock and exhibit moderately rapid to rapid permeability. HSD soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout. These soils have poor potential for farming because the limited rooting depth, the stoniness, and the slope. The best use for these soils is for woodlands. HTF Hazelton- Dekalb association, steep
(Group B)
Soils classified as HTF Hazelton-Dekalb association, steep are the predominant soils on the slopes of Jacks Mountain. The slopes range from 25 to 70 percent. The soils are extremely stony and very sandy, extending to depths of 25 inches to 60 inches over gray sandstone bedrock and exhibit moderately rapid to rapid permeability. HTF soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout. These soils have poor potential for farming because the limited rooting depth, the stoniness, and the slope. The best use for these soils is for woodlands. KrB Kreamer cherty silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
(Group C) HYDRIC Soils classified as KrB Kreamer cherty silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes occur minimally within the lowermost slopes of the delineated watersheds on the northwest side of Jacks Mountain. The soil, which is strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, exhibits slow permeability. The water depth ranges from 18 to 36 inches during wet seasons. The depth to bedrock is 60 inches to 74 inches. KrB soils are suitable for crops, pasture, and woodlands. LcD Laidig extremely stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes (Group C) HYDRIC
Soils classified as LcD Laidig extremely stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes occur prominently in the middle to lower areas on Jacks Mountain, downslope of the HSD and HTF soils. LcD soils exhibit moderately slow permeability and have a moderately slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil, extending to a depth of approximately 60 inches. These soils are also strongly acid to very strongly acid throughout. LcD soils have poor potential for farming because the slow permeability, the stoniness, and the slope. The best use for these soils is for woodlands. Soils Designation (Hydrologic Group) Soils Description Land use suitability LDF Laidig extremely stony loam, steep
(Group C) Soils classified as LDF Laidig extremely stony loam, steep occur on 25 to 45 percent slopes in close proximity to LcD soils, extending to a depth of approximately 61 inches and exhibiting moderately slow permeability. There are areas of fragipan in the subsoil which limit the rooting depth of some plants. These soils are strongly acid to very strongly acid throughout. Because of extreme stoniness and steepness, LDF soils are not suitable for farming or pasture. These soils are best suited for woodland and wildlife habitat. Page 22 of 25 Pe - Penlaw silt loam
(Group C)
HYDRIC
Soils classified as Pe - Penlaw silt loam are associated with areas adjacent to streams in the lowest portions of the delineated watersheds. These slowly permeable soils extend to a depth of approximately 69 inches and have a fragipan which creates water table depths of 6 to 18 inches during wet seasons. Although there is a seasonal high water table, Pe soils exhibit neutral to medium acid throughout. Pe soils are suitable for crops, pasture, and trees. Ru Rubble land
(Group not available) Where the proposed wind turbine positions are located along the apex of Jacks Mountain, soils are classified as Ru Rubble land, consisting of rock fragments without any soil or with extremely stony soils. The areas of Rubble land occur on ridgetops and side slopes and also in narrow gaps between the high ridges where water has caused downcutting through the ridge rocks. Exposed bedrock also occurs in these areas. These areas are classified as unsuitable for virtually all uses except for wildlife and recreational uses.
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Table 3 Computations for stormwater discharge for forested ground cover and for 10% impervious ground cover.
Subwatershed Designation CiA Stormwater Q For Forested Area (cfs) Computations of weighted C with 10% impervious area CiA using weighted C with 10% Stormwater Q with 10% Impervious Area (cfs) SE-1 0.16 x 4.7 x 201 = 151.2 [(0.87 x 20.1) + (0.16 x 180.9)]/201 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 201 = 217.3 SE-2 0.16 x 4.7 x 237 = 178.2 [(0.87 x 23.7) + (0.16 x 213.3)]/237 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 237 = 256.2 SE-3 0.16 x 4.7 x 92 = 69.2 [(0.87 x 9.2) + (0.16 x 82.8)]/92 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 92 = 99.5 SE-4 0.16 x 4.7 x 136 = 102.3 [(0.87 x 13.6) + (0.16 x 122.4)/136 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 136 = 147.0 SE-5 0.16 x 4.7 x 214 = 160.9 [(0.87 x 21.4) + (0.16 x 192.6)]/214 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 214 = 231.3 SE-6 0.16 x 4.7 x 69 = 51.9 [(0.87 x 6.9) + (0.16 x 62.1)]/69 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 69 = 74.6 SE-7 0.16 x 4.7 x 68 = 51.1 [(0.87 x 6.8) + (0.16 x 61.2)]/68 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 68 = 73.5 SE-8 0.16 x 4.7 x 51 = 38.4 [(0.87 x 5.1) + (0.16 x 45.9)]/51 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 51 = 55.1 SE-9 0.16 x 4.7 x 96 = 72.2 [(0.87 x 9.6) + (0.16 x 86.4)]/96 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 96 = 103.8 SE-10 0.16 x 4.7 x 88 = 66.2 [(0.87 x 8.8) + (0.16 x 79.2)]/88 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 88 = 95.1 SE-11 0.16 x 4.7 x 98 = 73.7 [(0.87 x 9.8) + (0.16 x 88.2)]/98 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 98 = 105.9 NW-1 0.16 x 4.7 x 209 = 157.2 [(0.87 x 20.9) + (0.16 x 188.1)]/209 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 209 = 225.9 NW-2 0.16 x 4.7 x 152 = 114.3 [(0.87 x 15.2) + (0.16 x 136.8)]/152 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 152 = 164.3 NW-3 0.16 x 4.7 x 97 = 72.9 [(0.87 x 9.7) + (0.16 x 87.3)]/97 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 97 = 104.9 NW-4 0.16 x 4.7 x 96 = 72.2 [(0.87 x 9.6) + (0.16 x 86.4)]/96 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 96 = 103.8 NW-5 0.16 x 4.7 x 84 = 63.2 [(0.87 x 8.4) + (0.16 x 75.6)]/84 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 84 = 90.8 NW-6 0.16 x 4.7 x 154 = 115.8 [(0.87 x 15.4) + (0.16 x 138.6)]/154 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 154 = 166.5 NW-7 0.16 x 4.7 x 111 = 83.5 [(0.87 x 11.1) + (0.16 x 99.9)]/111 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 111 = 120.0 NW-8 0.16 x 4.7 x 97 = 72.9 [(0.87 x 9.7) + (0.16 x 87.3)]/97 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 97 = 104.9 NW-9 0.16 x 4.7 x 69 = 51.9 [(0.87 x 6.9) + (0.16 x 62.1)]/69 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 69 = 74.6 NW-10 0.16 x 4.7 x 112 = 84.2 [(0.87 x 11.2) + (0.16 x 100.8)]/112 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 112 = 121.1 NW-11 0.16 x 4.7 x 141 = 106.0 [(0.87 x 14.1) + (0.16 x 126.9)]/141 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 141 = 152.4 NW-12 0.16 x 4.7 x 139 = 104.5 [(0.87 x 13.9) + (0.16 x 125.1)]/139 = 0.23 x 4.7 x 139 = 150.3
Page 24 of 25
Table 4 Computations for stormwater discharge if study area is developed with a wind facility. The Stormwater Q values shown in bold type exceed the stormwater discharge of a 10 percent impervious ground cover within each subwatershed.
Subwatershed Designation Computations of weighted C with developed impervious areas, Roads, pastures, and remaining Forested areas CiA using weighted C for developed area Stormwater Q for proposed Developed Area (cfs) SE-1 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3) + (0.16 x 191.0)] / 201 = 0.19 x 4.7 x 201 = 179.5 SE-2 [(0.87 x 21.0) + (0.74 x 7) + (0.16 x 209.0)] / 237 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 237 = 267.3 SE-3 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3.5) + (0.16 x 81.5)] / 92 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 92 = 103.8 SE-4 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 26) + (0.16 x 126.4)] / 136 = 0.33 x 4.7 x 136 = 210.9 SE-5 [(0.87 x 21.0) + (0.74 x 7) + (0.34 x 8.8) + (0.16 x 177.2)] / 214 = 0.26 x 4.7 x 214 = 261.5 SE-6 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.2) + (0.34 x 8.5) + (0.16 x 51.3)] / 69 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 69 = 87.6 SE-7 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 1.2) + (0.16 x 59.8)] / 68 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 68 = 76.7 SE-8 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 1.7) + (0.16 x 42.3)] / 51 = 0.28 x 4.7 x 51 = 67.1 SE-9 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.8) + (0.16 x 77.2)] / 96 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 96 = 130.8 SE-10 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.9) + (0.16 x 78.1)] / 88 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 88 = 99.3 SE-11 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.0) + (0.16 x 80.0)] / 98 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 98 = 133.6 NW-1 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 4.2) + (0.34 x 49) + (0.16 x 148.8)] / 209 = 0.24 x 4.7 x 209 = 235.7 NW-2 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.5) + (0.34 x 48) + (0.16 x 85.5)] / 152 = 0.30 x 4.7 x 152 = 214.3 NW-3 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.7) + (0.34 x 23) + (0.16 x 64.3)] / 97 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 97 = 123.1 NW-4 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.7) + (0.34 x 10) + (0.16 x 76.3)] / 96 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 96 = 112.8 NW-5 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 3.6) + (0.34 x 9.3) + (0.16 x 64.1)] / 84 = 0.26 x 4.7 x 84 = 102.6 NW-6 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.0) + (0.34 x 3.8) + (0.16 x 141.2)] / 154 = 0.20 x 4.7 x 154 = 144.8 NW-7 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.7) + (0.34 x 11) + (0.16 x 81.3)] / 111 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 111 = 151.3 NW-8 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.0) + (0.34 x 1.8) + (0.16 x 77.2)] / 97 = 0.29 x 4.7 x 97 = 132.2 NW-9 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 2.2) + (0.16 x 59.8)] / 69 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 69 = 81.1 NW-10 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.7) + (0.16 x 93.3)] / 112 = 0.27 x 4.7 x 112 = 142.1 NW-11 [(0.87 x 14.0) + (0.74 x 4.9) + (0.16 x 122.1)] / 141 = 0.25 x 4.7 x 141 = 165.7 NW-12 [(0.87 x 7.0) + (0.74 x 5.7) + (0.16 x 126.3)] / 139 = 0.22 x 4.7 x 139 = 143.7