Library Collection

Storage
Library Collection Storage. 2004. This material was originally created by Earl Siems and Linda
Demmers, and recently updated by Edward Dean, AA. The publication is pro!ided through the
Libris Design "ro#ect $http%&&www.librisdesign.org', supported by the (.S. nstitute o) *useum and Library Ser!ices under
the pro!isions o) the Library Ser!ices and Technology Act, administered in +ali)ornia by the State Librarian. Any use o) this
material should credit the authors and )unding source.
CONTENTS
1. GENERAL ISSUES: LIBRARY COLLECTION STORAGE 1
2. FIXED SHELVING SYSTEMS 1
2.1 Design Issues 1
2.2 Planning for Collections 2
2.3 Shelving Types 9
2.4 Fixed Shelving Dimensions 1
2.5 Finish Issues 1!
2.6 Seismic Issues" Standard Shelving Systems 1#
3. COMPACT SHELVING STORAGE 18
3.1 System Description and Design Issues 1$
3.2 Technical Issues 2%
4. AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS (ASRS) 21
4.1 System Description and Design Issues 21
4.2 Planning for Collections 2
. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 2
!. SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION 2"
1. GENERAL ISSUES: LIBRARY COLLECTION STORAGE
Library planning historically has in!ol!ed the organi,ation and protection o) collection storage
space to allow ready access to users and easy ser!iceability by sta)). +ollection storage is still one
o) the principal space uses o) libraries, e!en as electronic media and online access to in)ormation
has changed the nature o) in)ormation storage and retrie!al. Traditional boo-stac-s can occupy
o!er .0/ o) a library0s space and are still the pre)erred method o) collection storage and access
)or high1use material. E))icient space planning o) stac- areas is an essential design ob#ecti!e in
order to minimi,e the building cost impact.
The high cost o) building construction has led to the de!elopment o) alternati!e materials storage
and handling systems in modern library buildings, especially )or collection items that ha!e lower
demand or special space needs, which utili,e high1density storage techni2ues. These systems
eliminate signi)icant amounts o) building )loor area normally re2uired to house the collection.
*o!able shel!ing systems eliminate much o) the space usually gi!en o!er to wal-ing aisles,
while new types o) automated systems compact the storage !olume, reducing the si,e o) the
building e!en more signi)icantly.
Each type o) collection storage system has planning and ser!ice issues that should be care)ully
considered during the programming phase o) the pro#ect in addition to other cost and sta)) issues.
2. FIXED SHELVING SYSTEMS
2.1 D#$%&' I$$(#$
3i4ed shel!ing systems are appropriate )or those parts o) the collection )or which ready patron
access and browsing are desired. Depending on the si,e o) the library, associated cost issues and
ser!ice ob#ecti!es, this may comprise the entire collection or only those portions that are
)re2uently accessed, such as 5e)erence, "eriodicals and other identi)ied components o) the
collection. "art o) the important planning and programming phase o) the design process will be to
e!aluate and identi)y any part o) the collection that should be placed on standard )i4ed shel!ing
!ersus a system o) dense storage.
6nce this part o) the collection program is established, the !arious design issues )or )i4ed shel!ing
can be addressed.
0
2.2 P)*''%'& +,- C,))#./%,'$
There are !arious ways o) calculating the )i4ed shel!ing re2uirements, )rom using a simple
mathematical calculation based on an a!erage number o) !olumes per shel!ing unit to using
sophisticated so)tware applications, such as Libris Design
1
, which will calculate the shel!ing
re2uirements on a collection1by1collection basis.
The criteria which determine the number o) boo-stac- units and the space re2uired include shel)
capacity or number o) !olumes per shel), shel) depth, stac- height and&or number o) shel!es per
unit, selection o) single or double1)aced shel!ing units, and aisle width.
n order to carry out a simple calculation, the footprint o) a shel!ing unit and a portion o) the
associated aisle is )irst determined. The net s2uare )ootage allocated )or each shel!ing unit is the
amount o) space that is necessary to accommodate the shel!ing unit plus the space in )ront o) the
unit )or a person to stand. The net square footage typically includes part o) the regular 7side8 aisle
space that is shared with the ad#acent shel!ing unit, and an allotment o) space )or the main and
end aisles. (sually, space allocation )or single1)aced units ranges )rom 90 to 94 s2uare )eet per
unit and )or double1)aced units, )rom 9: to 22 s2uare )eet.
The number o) stac- units re2uired will be determined by the number o) collection items di!ided
by the capacity per unit. 3or e4ample% i) the capacity )or )iction !olumes is ;;< !olumes per )ull
height double1)aced unit and the on1shel) collection si,e is pro#ected at ;,;<0 !olumes, then the
number o) stac- units re2uired )or )iction items will be ten. 7The total space re2uired will be the
sum o) the space re2uirement )or each type o) collection item.8 The number o) units re2uired
multiplied by net s2uare )ootage per unit will e2ual the area re2uired )or )i4ed shel!ing. The
minimum space re2uirement )or a )iction collection o) ;,;<0 !olumes is there)ore,
90 7shel!ing units8 = 9: 7s2uare )eet per unit8 > 9:0 7assignable s2uare )eet8
2.2.1 C*0*.%/1
+apacity is de)ined as the number o) !olumes capable o) being shel!ed on a linear )oot o) shel). A
typical section o) shel!ing has shel!es that pro!ide three linear )eet o) storage per shel). Typically,
the published capacity )or a collection 7Tables 9, 2 and ;8 will use !olume numbers that will
produce 2./ o) e4cess space per shel). 6ptimum capacity )or a wor-ing collection re2uires
shel!es that are only ?0 to ?./ )ull. This e4tra space is not considered )uture growth space, but is
the space re2uired )or collection management, e))icient reshel!ing, and inter)iling o) new
ac2uisitions and multi1!olume sets.
9
The capacity per shel!ing unit will !ary based on the collection being housed. The )actors
in!ol!ed in determining the capacity are volumes per linear foot 7by collection type8 and number
of shelves per shelving unit. +apacity o) a shel!ing section is then an arithmetic calculation o)
!olumes per )oot multiplied by shel) length 7width o) unit8 multiplied by the number o) shel!es.
3or e4ample, a @0A high 4 ;<A wide, single1)aced shel!ing section, consisting o) one base and si4
ad#ustable shel!es would ha!e a total o) se!en shel!es. +ontinuing the earlier e4ample, the
capacity )or )iction boo-s at eight !olumes per linear )oot housed on a single1)aced shel!ing unit
is the )ollowing%
: 7!olumes per linear )oot8 4 ; 7linear )eet8 4 ? 7shel!es8 > 9<: 7!olumes8
The tables below pro!ide some guidelines to use in determining the number o) !olumes per linear
)oot and the recommended shel) depth )or the most common collections.
Cantilever-style Steel Shelving
Capacity Schedule for Common Multimedia
*edia Type Shel) Depth (nits per Linear 3oot o) Shel)
Audio +assette : to90B 9@
Audio +ompact Disc 7+D8, +D1
56* and DCD
: to 90B ;0
Audio boo- +assette 90B 90
*edia Dit 7Audio +assette w&Eoo-8 90B 20
Cideo +assette 90B 90
+urrent *aga,ines 92B 9
+urrent Fewspapers 92B 9
Table 1. +apacity Schedule )or +ommon *ultimedia
2
Cantilever-style Steel Shelving
Capacity Schedule for Childrens Print Materials
Colume Type 5ecommended
Fominal Shel) Depth
Columes "er Linear 3oot o)
Shel)
+hildren0s Eiography 90B 20
+hildren0s Easy 5eaders 90B 20
+hildren0s "icture Eoo-s 92B 20
+hildren0s 5e)erence 92B :
+hildren0s Spanish Language "icture
Eoo-s
92B ;;
Gu!enile Eiography 90B 9<
Gu!enile 3iction 90B 9;
Gu!enile Fon13iction 92B 9;
Gu!enile "aperbac-s : to 90B 9<
Gu!enile Spanish Language 90B 20
Gu!enile Spanish Language113iction 90B 9.
Gu!enile Spanish Language11Fon1
3iction
92B 24
Gu!enile Spanish Language11
"aperbac-
: to 90B ;0
Table 2. +apacity Schedule )or +hildren0s "rint *aterials
;
Cantilever-style Steel Shelving
Capacity Schedule for Common Print Materials
Colume Type
5ecommended
Fominal Depth
Columes "er Linear
3oot o) Shel)
Encyclopedias 92B <
Legal 92B ?
*edical 92B .
"ublic Documents 92B .
5e)erence H 5eady 5e)erence 92B <
Technical H Scienti)ic 92B <
Telephone Eoo-s 92B .
Te4tboo-s 92B :
3iction 90B :
+areers 90B <
+i!il Ser!ice 92B 90
+lassics 90B :
Ienealogy 92B 92
Large "rint 90B :
Literacy 90B 24
Local Jistory 92B :
Fon13iction 7Adult H Gu!enile8 92B 90
"aperbac-s : to 90B 9<
Spanish Language 3iction 90B 9?
Spanish Language Fon13iction 90B :
+li)) Fotes 90B ;.
Koung Adult 90B 92
Koung Adult "aperbac-s : to 90B 9<
Table . +apacity Schedule )or +ommon "rint *aterials
4
2.2.2 S2#)3%'& H#%&2/
6ne o) the most critical decisions to be made in planning )or shel!ing is the height o) the stac-
unit. The height o) the unit will determine the number o) shel!es per unit, which, in turn, will
determine the capacity )or each unit and the number o) units re2uired to house the planned
collections.
*anu)acturers o))er shel!ing units in !arious heights. The most common standard heights are 42B,
<<B, ?:B, :4B or @0B high. This height re)ers to the height o) the !ertical 7upright8 component o)
the shel!ing unit. (nits hold )rom two to se!en shel!es per side )or storing collections. 6ther
non-standard heights including ;<B, 4.B and <0B are also a!ailable. 3re2uently <0B high units are
substituted )or <<B high units to e4empt the units )rom the seismic re2uirements in the State o)
+ali)ornia which re)er speci)ically to units over <0B. 7See Section .8
The height o) the shel!ing selected will depend on the type o) material housed. Kounger children0s
materials are typically shel!ed on 42B and <<B high units and adult and young adult materials are
typically housed on higher units. The shel!ing height selected will !ary )rom library to library and
o)ten depend on the re2uirements )or super!ision o) a particular area with shel!ing o!er <<B high
bloc-ing sight lines. n speci)ic cases accessibility re2uirements will a))ect the height o) the
shel!ing selected.
Colume Type
5ecommended
(nit Jeight
5e)erence
5e)erence 7Jigh and Low8
<<B
42B&@0B
Adult 3iction @0B
Adult Fon13iction @0B
+hildren0s "icture Eoo-s 42B
Easy 5eaders 42B
Gu!enile 3iction&Fon13iction <<B
Koung Adult <<B
Large "rint <<B&?:B
+urrent "eriodicals 4.B&<<B
Table !. 5ecommended Shel!ing Jeight )or +ommon "rint +ollections
.
Accessibility
Shel!ing height in most collection areas is unrestricted unless an attendant will not be a!ailable,
and then it is limited to .4B abo!e the )inished )loor. The e4ception is current periodicals, which
must be accessible with a ma4imum side reach o) .4B abo!e the )inished )loor 74:B pre)erred8,
and a )ront reach o) no more than 4:B abo!e the )inished )loor. To accommodate this reach,
shel!ing units can be no higher than <<B inches, or three sloped display shel!es high.
Additionally, collections such as the large print collection should re)lect the physical challenges o)
the elderly and the !isually impaired, with shel!ing that is not too high or too low. Jea!ier
materials such as automoti!e repair manuals, o!ersi,ed boo-s, or telephone boo-s might also be
shel!ed on lower units. 75e)er to the Libris Design article, Universal Access in Libraries,
a!ailable on the website.8
2.2.3 S2#)3%'& D#0/2
Along with the width and
aisle re2uirements, the
shel!ing depth will
determine the )ootprint or
amount o) space re2uired
)or each stac- unit. Since
stac- units are a!ailable in
!arious depths, library
planners must select the
proper si,e shel) )or the
materials being stored. 7See Tables 9, 2 and ; abo!e.8
3lat boo-shel!es :A deep are still a!ailable as standard, but are !irtually ne!er usedL most
collections can be accommodated on a )lat 90A deep boo-shel). The use o) a 92A deep shel) is
common )or re)erence, technical or scienti)ic collections and pre1school collections, where some
substitution o) a 92A di!ider1type shel) is desirable.
"eriodical display shel!ing is always designed with a minimum o) 92A deep due to the use o) a
92A deep )lat shel) )or bac- issue storage. *ost manu)acturers will ha!e a!ailable a 9<A deep shel)
section, which has application )or o!ersi,e boo- storage. This shel) may be used )or )lat
newspaper storage, or may be out)itted with hinged periodical display shel!es on a 9<A deep )lat
storage shel) )or e4tra deep bac- issue storage )acilities.
<
3igure 9% Low periodical display shel!es with canopy top
and end panel.
2.2.4 S/*.4 A%$)# R#5(%-#6#'/$
n addition to the width and depth o) the shel!ing, the aisle allowance is the third determining
)actor in the amount o) space allocated )or each stac- unit.
Cross aisles that run
perpendicular to the stac- aisles
are also -nown as range aisles.
These are re2uired to be ;<B
wide to meet accessibility
re2uirements
2
.
End aisles run parallel to the
stac- aisles and may ha!e boo-s
on one side. These must also be
a minimum o) ;<B wideL
occasionally 44B is re2uired i) they are deemed to be )ire e4it aisles.
Main aisles are those aisles that are the principal accessible routes to the stac-s and must be a
minimum o) 44B wide )or )ire e4iting.
Aisles in stac- areas must comply with additional accessibility 7ADA8 re2uirements. Aisles that
run parallel to stac- sections can be no longer than 20 to 29 )eet 7< to ? stac- sections8 without a
cross aisle 7range aisle8 pro!ided to brea- up the stac- aisles 7side aisles8. +ross and side aisles in
maga,ine and other display area must be a minimum o) 44B wide per the ADA code re2uirements.
Eecause the presence o) structural columns in a building
can bloc- an aisle, it is important that the column spacing
be coordinated with stac- aisle re2uirements to create the
most e))icient stac- layout. The dimension between
columns should e2ual some multiple o) the stac- unit width
and the shel!ing aisle re2uirement.
A 24B deep base shel) with a ;0 aisle re2uirement would
indicate an ideal column bay o) some multiple o) )i!e )eet
in at least one direction. This would typically be a distance
o) twenty1)i!e )eet )rom one column to another. The
dimension in the other direction has se!eral options
depending on the structural re2uirements o) the )acility, and
?
3igure 2. *inimum aisle re2uirements in the
State o) +ali)ornia
3igure ;. Shel!ing layout should be
coordinated with structural columns to
pro!ide re2uired aisle widths.
might be based )or e4ample on multiples o) three )eet 7assuming a cross aisle o) ;<B8 with a
column at the end o) e!ery <
th
unit.
2.2. S%'&)#7F*.#8 ,- D,(9)#7F*.#8
The decision to use single1)aced or double1)aced units is usually a design decision made when the
)urniture, e2uipment, and shel!ing are being drawn onto the )loor plans. 6ccasionally libraries
will re2uire that certain collections, such as genre )iction, be housed on perimeter shel!ing, thus
re2uiring single1)aced units. n general, double1)aced units result in a more e))icient use o) space.
2.3 S2#)3%'& T10#$
2.3.1 C*'/%)#3#-7$/1)# S/##) S2#)3%'&
+antile!er1style, or brac-et, steel shel!ing systems are the most widely used boo- shel!ing and
multimedia storage and display. This type o) shel!ing, when installed to meet +ali)ornia seismic
standards is the most economical solution )or library shel!ing
;
.
+antile!er1style steel shel!ing uses a hea!y1duty, slotted, !ertical
7upright8 support column, supported by an appropriate load1
bearing base structure, )rom which shel!es can be brac-et1
attached to )orm single1)aced or double1)aced shel!ing units. The
uprights ha!e elongated holes or slots in one1inch increments to
allow )or the easy ad#ustment and relocation o) the shel!es. This
type o) shel!ing can include canopy tops or end panels as
accessory items to be speci)ied separately. +antile!er1style steel
shel!ing is a!ailable as both single1)aced and double1)aced in a
wide range o) unit heights and depths. Standard width is
generally ;<B, but ;0B units can also be purchased. Standard
heights are 42B, <<B, ?:B, :4B or @0B, but custom heights can be
)abricated by changing the dimension o) the !ertical support
column.
Shel) depth is typically described as a nominal dimension and shel!ing height and width are
typically described as an actual dimension. Eecause the structural )ramewor- is an open1centered
)rame, a gap e4ists behind the ad#ustable shel!es. The centerline o) this gap is considered the rear
edge line o) the shel) space. A shel) measured to be @A deep is there)ore said to ha!e a 90B
nominal depth to account )or the distance to the centerline.
:
3igure 4. Double1)aced steel
cantile!er1style shel!ing unit
Canopy Tops
A canopy top is a )inish detail a!ailable )or stac- sections o) all heights. Typically canopy tops are
speci)ied )or sections under ?2B in height, or below eye le!el, but they can be used )or units o) all
si,es. The canopy top can be used as an additional wor-sur)ace, storage shel), as a means o)
-eeping the collection dust )ree, and as a means o) producing a limited amount o) added strength
to the shel!ing range.
"nd Panels
n most library installations, a decorati!e end
panel is applied on range ends to add a
design element and a )unctional )eature
where range signage can be applied. Mhile
manu)acturers o))er many standard options
o) material and )inish, the architect or
interior designer may treat the end panel li-e
other interior )inishes or millwor-.
Decorati!e end panels might in!ol!e the use
o) )urniture woods and !eneers, laminates, or
a combination that results in a need )or
)urniture grade )inishes. Such )inishes !ary with wood species and depend on color choices
re2uired, which is why decorati!e end panels are )re2uently considered to be )urniture rather than
shel!ing.
*anu)acturers o))er range )inder components and cardholders as accessories that can be attached
to the end panels. Sign manu)acturers can produce custom designed and )abricated stac- signage
as well.
Multimedia Storage and #isplay Shelving
The di!ersity in multimedia materials ma-es their storage and display complicated. All shel!ing
manu)acturers o))er se!eral types o) accessory shel!es or other inserts such as browser bins and
sliding trays )or the di!ersity o) multimedia materials. These components are designed to connect
into their standard )ramewor-.
"lanners should pay special attention to re2uired shel!ing depths )or multimedia shel!ing units
which can range in depth )rom <B to 9<B )or browsing bins. A )ull height unit also may not be
desirable )or these materials since patrons may pre)er not to browse on the bottom shel) or abo!e
eye le!el height. These restrictions must be ta-en into consideration when calculating the number
@
3igure .. Shel!ing unit with decorati!e
end panels and canopy top
o) stac- sections re2uired )or multimedia units. n many cases, separate, )reestanding )urniture or
display units speci)ically designed )or media may pro!e to be superior solutions )or the tas-, but
they will not pro!ide the )le4ibility o) the +antile!er1style steel shel!ing unit.
$oo% Supports
The most popular type o) boo- support 7or Nboo- endB8 is the plate1type boo- support. These are
a!ailable in two heights 7<A H @A8 and are selected according to si,e o) boo-s or materials being
shel!ed. The design that incorporates a N)olded )langeB toward the outside is pre)erred, since
pre!ents the -ni)ing o) boo-s as patrons re1shel!e a)ter browsing in the stac-s. Steel is pre)erred
to plastic )or durability, and a cor- sur)ace can be added to the bottom )or good gripping.
Mire1type boo- supports are another option a!ailable )or cantile!er1style shel!ing and are the
least e4pensi!e. This type o) support is ad#ustable !ia a compression )it into the )ormed edges o)
the metal shel)L one design utili,es the shel) abo!e. These supports can damage boo-s !ia the
-ni)ing process created by careless reshel!ing.
&etractable &eference Shelves
"ullout re)erence shel!es are a!ailable as an accessory option )rom manu)acturers o) metal
shel!ing. They are pro!ided as a con!enience to patrons browsing in the re)erence boo-stac-s.
These shel!es are installed by being connected to the underside o) an ad#ustable shel), rather than
attached to the shel!ing structural elements. t is important to e!aluate the design and construction
o) this component critically, particularly as to the underside operable details where un)inished or
sharp )abrication elements could result in damage to boo-bindings or personal in#ury when
accessing materials on the immediate shel) below.
'e(spaper Shelves
The least popular method )or display o) newspapers is the old traditional wood newspaper stic-s,
which can hang into the shel!ing structure on special inclined brac-ets. The simplest display
method is to stac- the hal)1)olded newspapers on a )lat 7minimum 92A deep8 shel). The most
costly but most satis)actory method o) display is to place the hal)1)olded newspaper on a typical
sloped periodical shel) ha!ing the G1shaped lip at the bottom, installed on lower sloped brac-ets.
This would accommodate two or three editions per shel), and the special installation instructions
must be called out in written speci)ications. The ultimate enhancement is to e2uip the sloped shel)
with a pair o) hinged, clear acrylic 7plastic8 co!ers to hold down the indi!idual newspapers
displayed on the shel).
90
Periodical #isplay Shelving
"eriodical display shel!ing pro!ides a display sur)ace )or current periodicals with bac- issue
storage below. The display shel!es are sloped and are either )i4ed in position or hinged to side
brac-ets allowing them to be li)ted )or better access to the bac- issue storage shel). All sloped
shel!es should ha!e a G1shaped retaining lip at the bottom edge. This is generally standard on
hinged1typed periodical shel!es, but not generally standard on )i4ed1type periodical sloping
display shel!es. The G1shaped )eature should be speci)ically called )or on )i4ed1type periodical
display shel!es. The G1shaped retaining lip )eature allows )or the installation o) signage labels on
the )ace o) the upturned lip. An optional signage attachment )itting can be speci)ied )or this
purpose.
Slotted #ivider Shelves
Di!ider1type shel!ing is an optional accessory shel), which comes with a number o) ad#ustable
!ertical support members that )it into slots in the sur)ace o) the shel). These metal di!iders can be
used to create contained compartments on the shel) area pro!iding e4tra support )or hea!y use or
larger )ormat collections which might typically )all o!er. They can also pro!ide space
management to control storage space )or items such as bac- issues o) periodicals or telephone
directories. These are most )re2uently used )or picture boo-s, small bound materials such as
literacy materials, or hea!y materials such as re)erence collections. These are among the most
desirable types o) shel!es a!ailable, but the cost per indi!idual unit is high.
Top Tie Struts and Stac% )ighting
Top tie struts are hori,ontal o!erhead beams that connect a ban- o) stac- ranges. They are a
manu)actured accessory and are more widely used outside o) Seismic Oones ; and 4 than in the
State o) +ali)ornia. n these areas outside o) +ali)ornia, top ties are used to add stability and
eliminate sha-e due to the )act that sections are installed as truly )reestanding stac-s, ha!ing no
internal added rein)orcement and are not anchored in place. They do not meet the seismic
re2uirements )or Seismic Oone 4 and in some cases their use has been determined to be the cause
o) stac- )ailure in a seismic e!ent.
These top tie members are sometimes used as supports )or boo-stac- aisle lighting )i4tures. This
approach to stac- aisle lighting though !ery simple, has se!eral shortcomings%
The resultant installation usually lac-s )inesse in its aesthetic detail.
(nless the light ba))les are narrowly spaced there is the possibility that remo!al o) a boo-
)rom a top shel) can brea- the lamp.
99
The )i4ture is so low that it does not ade2uately distribute light to the top row o) shel!es.
The )i4ture is so low that it allows e4posure to tampering.
These points can be corrected by )abricating a riser structure abo!e the shel!ing )rames, onto
which top tie members are attached, lea!ing the light )i4ture high enough to distribute light to the
top shel) area, and placing )i4tures out o) normal reach.
The incorporation o) stac-1attached light )i4tures is neither simple nor ine4pensi!e in +ali)ornia
seismic ,ones. The addition o) such structures adds a weight load to the shel!ing systems and
a))ects the engineering o) rein)orcement and installation. n addition, stac-1supported lighting
re2uires a number o) electrical stub1in locations 7rough1ins8, creating additional cost and
construction coordination. The electrical connection e))ecti!ely )i4es the stac- shel!ing location,
creating in)le4ibility )or )uture changes in space planning. (nless boo-stac-1supported lighting is
the only design solution possible, a linear pendant1supported light )i4ture is pre)erred since it
pro!ides good !ertical light distribution at relati!ely low cost and a high degree o) )le4ibility. 7See
Lighting in Libraries on the Libris Design website
4
.8
2.3.2 C*$#7$/1)# S2#)3%'& P-,8(./$
+ase1style shel!ing re)ers to any type o) shel!ing system
that uses a )ull panel, !ertical component )rom )loor to top
with ad#ustable shel!es or supports which engages at ends
into these !ertical panels. +ase1style shel!ing is generally
considered to be )inished in appearance, and, )or that
reason, is most )re2uently used in meeting rooms,
wor-rooms or o))ices, where aesthetics are the primary
concern.
Mhen built1in case1style shel!ing is speci)ied by a design
pro)essional )or new or reno!ation construction, they will
o)ten re)er to the shel!ing as casewor- or millwor-.
Speci)ications )or millwor- construction are ta-en )rom
published standards in casewor- construction
.
, and would
be published as part o) the pro#ect construction
speci)ication document.
A re!iew o) the millwor- shel!ing speci)ications should be made to ensure that the ad#ustable
shel) material pro!ides load bearing strength to support a )ull shel) o) boo-s 7appro4imately 900
92
3igure <. +ase1style shel!ing

pounds8 without signi)icant sagging. Library sta)) should also re!iew the methods and hardware
proposed )or shel) ad#ustability )or their practical use as well.
All 2uality manu)acturers o))er a solid hardwood lumber shel), glued up in strips according to
published woodwor-ing standards, and this type o) shel) resists sagging. Shel) ad#ustability now
tends to )ollow the ;2mm spacing 791PA8 that results )rom the use o) European woodwor-ing
machinery, which has implications )or e))icient boo- shel!ing.
+ase1style metal modular shel!ing systems ha!e become the least popular shel!ing type and are
now a!ailable )rom only a )ew sources.
2.3.3 M()/%7T%#- S/*.4 C,-#
*ulti1tier stac- cores are specially1engineered and
constructed steel shel!ing systems which are
assembled as two or more tiers o) shel!ing sections
in which the upper le!el support members are
integral to the stac- system and separate )rom any
building structural elements. Essentially, the
shel!ing support system also supports the stac-
)loors.
Although popular a number o) years ago, the
system is generally considered to be impractical )or
a number o) reasons, including disabled access,
sprin-ler system clearance re2uirements, seismic
design re2uirements and the cost o) multi1tiered
ele!ators.
2.4 F%:#8 S2#)3%'& D%6#'$%,'$
2.4.1 C*'/%)#3#-7$/1)# S/##) S2#)3%'& D%6#'$%,'$
+antile!er1style steel shel!ing dimensions are considered to be nominal. The depth o) double1
sided shel!ing units that are !"-nominal are actually somewhere close to 24QA in depth.
Similarly, a single1sided shel!ing unit that is 1"-nominal in depth is actually somewhere close to
9;QA deep o!erall. Architectural )loor plans are usually drawn using nominal dimensions, and it is
important to reali,e that the actual aisle will be diminished slightly in width as a result.
9;
3igure ?% *ulti1tiered stac- core.
6ne should also add )rom QA to 2A to the length o) stac- ranges when including decorati!e end
panels, as cross aisle width will be determined by clearance between end panel edges at the
entrance end o) the aisle.
Cantilever-style Steel Shelving #imensions
&ominal
'Pu(lished)
*eight
+ctual
*eight
&ominal
'Pu(lished)
,nit Depth
+ctual
,nit Depth
Single-faced
+ctual
,nit Depth
Dou(le-faced
2 ./0 2./0 $1 9-2.$1 1!-31
1%1 11-2.$1 2%-31
121 12-2.$1 2-31
1!1 1#-2.$1 22-31
!!1 !!1 $1 9-2.$1 1!-31
1%1 11-2.$1 2%-31
121 12-2.$1 2-31
1!1 1#-2.$1 22-31
#$1 #$1 $1 9-2.$1 1!-31
1%1 11-2.$1 2%-31
121 12-2.$1 2-31
1!1 1#-2.$1 22-31
$ or 9%1 $ or 9%1 $1 9-2.$1 1!-31
1%1 11-2.$1 2%-31
121 12-2.$1 2-31
1!1 1#-2.$1 22-31
Table *. +antile!er1style Steel Shel!ing (nit Dimensions
94
2.4.2 ;,,8 S2#)3%'& D%6#'$%,'$
(nli-e the con!entions in describing cantile!ered steel shel!ing, wood library shel!ing
dimensions are actual material dimensions.
Standard +ood Shelving #imensions
4verall
*eight
+ctual
*eight
4verall
Single
-Faced
Depth
+ctual
Single-
Faced
Depth
4verall
Dou(le-
Faced
Depth
+ctual
Dou(le-
Faced
Depth
42A 42A :A :A 9<A 9<A
90A 90A 20A 20A
92A 92A 24A 24A
9<A 9<A ;2A ;2A
<0A <0A :A :A 9<A 9<A
90A 90A 20A 20A
92A 92A 24A 24A
9<A 9<A ;2A ;2A
:2A :2A :A :A 9<A 9<A
90A 90A 20A 20A
92A 92A 24A 24A
9<A 9<A ;2A ;2A
@<A @<A :A :A 9<A 9<A
90A 90A 20A 20A
92A 92A 24A 24A
9<A 9<A ;2A ;2A
Table ,. Mood Shel!ing (nit Dimensions
2.5 F%'%$2 I$$(#$
3inishes on metal shel!ing ha!e been under the pressure o) mar-et competition and are regulated
by E"A rules and regulations. As a result, !irtually all ma#or shel!ing manu)acturers now use a
9.
state1o)1the1art, en!ironmentally1)riendly powder coat paint )inish process. Mhile the powder coat
paint )inish is much more durable than the )ormer wet paint )inish processes used, it is not as easy
to change colors or achie!e custom color choices without e4periencing a costly set1up and
processing charge )or such re2uirements.
5e1painting used shel!ing should be done using the powder coat painting process since a custom
set1up is re2uired in any e!ent, and all the bene)its o) powder coat applies. n practice, howe!er,
when the cost o) re1painting is added to the cost o) disassembly and reassembly o) used shel!ing
be)ore and a)ter painting, the total cost usually e2uals or e4ceeds the cost o) new shel!ing. This is
particularly true i) the used shel!ing does not ha!e a seismic bracing system that meets current
code. 3urthermore, any particular preparatory wor-, such as remo!ing tape, gum and labels, must
be done by the owner.
2.6 S#%$6%. I$$(#$: S/*'8*-8 S2#)3%'& S1$/#6$
2.!.1 B-*.%'& *'8 A'.2,-*&# < S/*'8*-8 S/-(./(-*) F),,-$
6nly in recent years ha!e most shel!ing manu)acturers )abricated the special rein)orcing
components needed to satis)y +ali)ornia Seismic +ode compliance. All )reestanding shel!ing
sections o!er )i!e )eet in height must be )loor anchoredL o!erhead bracing o) shel!ing is no longer
acceptable.
Eecause shel!ing is re2uired to be anchored in place, it is considered to be part o) the building
structureL this results in the re2uirement that the shel!ing installation contractor be licensed to
9<
3igure :. Types o) seismically braced )rames )or )i4ed shel!ing units% closed1base welded
seismic1braced )rame 7le)t8, welded sway1braced )rame 7center8 and NTB1based )rame 7right8.
per)orm this specialty wor-. The design o) shel!ing installations in new construction is the
responsibility o) the building architect, and is sub#ect to all applicable codes
<
.
2.!.2 B-*.%'& *'8 A'.2,-*&# ,+ F%:#8 S2#)3%'& < R*%$#8 A..#$$ F),,-$
*any libraries are now using a raised access )loor system to pro!ide the degree o) )le4ibility
re2uired by most new library building programs, both )or the data cabling and power systems as
well as )or air handling and space relocation. The access )loor systems are capable o) supporting
stac-s as well, including the seismic bracing systems that meet current stringent seismic codes.
This capability allows the ultimate )le4ibility o) relocating stac-s as well as reading areas within
the open areas o) the library.
A typical seismic bracing detail )or stac-s o!er access )loor systems incorporates a threaded rod at
each corner o) the shel!ing unit at the end o) each range, as well as at each corner on one end o)
each shel!ing unit in the middle o) the range. The threaded rod is attached to the structural )loor
system through embedded e4pansion bolts in the concrete slab or through a unistrut system that is
attached to the )loor structure. Structural calculations )or the bracing system are re2uired as part
o) plan re!iew.
3. COMPACT SHELVING STORAGE
Compact #helving, which is also re)erred to as $igh Density or Movable Aisle Compact #helving
7MAC shelving8, is a system o) standard cantile!ered metal shel!ing that rides on mo!able
carriages o!er )loor1installed rails. Eecause the system is basically )i4ed shel!ing on rails, the
o!erall height o) the shel!ing ranges is increased by the height o) the carriage, which is typically 4
inches.
3.1 S1$/#6 D#$.-%0/%,' *'8 D#$%&' I$$(#$
+ompact shel!ing units are a!ailable with either a manual or an electrically1operated chassis and
with sa)ety de!ices which cause the mo!ement o) the carriage to stop immediately i) it ma-es
contact with an ob#ect 7)or e4ample, a boo- that may ha!e )allen into the aisle8, a boo- truc- or a
person.
*anual systems employ gears that allow easy mo!ement o) a number o) )ully loaded ranges. The
ma4imum number o) ranges in this case depends on the length o) the range array, but )or typical
lengths and standard designs it is possible to mo!e all ranges in the array with the design )orce
applied. The manual mechanism is designed to meet ADA re2uirements that control the ma4imum
amount o) )orce re2uired )or a person with physical disabilities.
9?
The si,e o) an array is usually controlled by the
location o) structural columns. (sually, a )i4ed range
is set at each column line and the space between is
)illed with mo!able ranges and one three1)oot
mo!able aisle. The optimal structural column spacing
is determined in much the same way as described in
Section 2.2.4 abo!e, and will be appropriate )or )i4ed
shel!ing systems as well. This design approach
yields the most economic installation, and usually
results in about eight mo!able ranges per structural
bay.
Electrical systems mo!e the ranges automatically by
the press o) a button, and are suitable )or large
lengths o) ranges or large o!erall arrays. The
electrical installation and motors add about a 2./
premium to the cost o) the system.
The bene)it o) compact shel!ing is
that the system ma4imi,es the use o)
)loor space by ha!ing only one access
aisle, which can be relocated by
mo!ing the carriage1mounted
cantile!ered metal shel!ing to open an
access aisle at a desired location.
Depending on the design o) the
installation, the elimination o) )i4ed
aisles can reduce the o!erall amount o)
space re2uired to house the entire
collection to one1hal) or e!en one1
third o) the area that would be
re2uired )or a )i4ed1shel!ing
installation.
9:
3igure 90. *o!able shel!ing installation on
multiple )loors. 7"hoto courtesy o)
Spacesa!er +orp.8
3igure @. +ompact shel!ing layout should
also be coordinated with structural column
grid to ma4imi,e e))icient use o) space.
n new construction, compact shel!ing pro!ides a dense storage system that reduces the si,e o)
the building, resulting in a net lower total cost )or housing the collection. The principal drawbac-
o) the system is the temporary inaccessibility o) the collection contained on shel!ing in the closed
aisles when a patron is in the open aisle browsing the material there. During the pro#ect planning
phase, the portions o) the collection appropriate )or the compact shel!ing application should be
determined based on demand and )re2uency o) use. *ost libraries can utili,e compact shel!ing
)or si,able portions o) the collection and can ta-e ad!antage o) the resulting space sa!ings.
3.2 T#.2'%.*) I$$(#$
There are a number o) technical design issues that should be considered in the planning phase as
well. Eecause o) the dense storage, the )loor loading o) the building structure will be signi)icant.
+ompared with the standard non1structural 7live8 design load o) 92. lbs&s) )or libraries, the
compact shel!ing )loor area must be designed to accommodate a load o) 2.0 lbs&s). Since
standard ground )loor concrete slabs accommodate such loads easily, compact shel!ing can be
located on the ground )loor o) buildings without any cost premium )or building structure. 3or
e4isting libraries, usually not designed )or compact shel!ing, the only practical location )or
compact shel!ing is on areas o) concrete slab construction.
n new construction, the rail upon which the shel!ing carriage rides is embedded in a layer o)
concrete that is 919&2 to 2 inches thic- and this layer is usually integral with a structural concrete
slab. Alternati!ely, a plywood )loor can be built up to pro!ide a smooth sur)ace under the
carriages and there)ore in the mo!able wal-ing aisles. n both cases, carpet can be installed up to
the rails with a rein)orced edge, pro!iding a clean and trip1)ree installation. n the case o) a raised
plywood )loor under the compact shel!ing only, typical o) installations in e4isting buildings, a
short sloped transition at the end o) the ranges, rising 919&2B o!er a length o) 9:B, e))ecti!ely
pro!ides a mini1ramp at the end o) the mo!able aisle when it is opened.
Eecause o) the mobility o) the shel!ing ranges and the relocation o) the wal-ing aisle, the lighting
)or compact shel!ing must be accomplished through ceiling1mounted linear )luorescent light
)i4tures, and the )i4tures must be located perpendicular to the shel!ing ranges. The distance
between the rows o) light )i4tures will be determined by the !ertical illumination 7)ootcandles8
pro!ided by these )i4tures and the lighting standards )or boo-stac-s. 7See Lighting in Libraries on
the Libris Design website.8
9@
Standard )ire sprin-ler systems are accepted by go!erning agencies )or compact shel!ing
installations. Some #urisdictions limit the acceptable si,e o) a compact shel!ing installation and
may re2uire a )ully enclosed one1hour )ire rating.
4. AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS (ASRS)
3or large libraries with collection materials that are not necessarily accessed on a daily basis, such
as large go!ernment document collections, bac- periodicals or e!en portions o) )iction or non1
)iction collections, an automated storage and retrie!al system 7AS5S8 may be a )easible and cost1
e))ecti!e approach to collection storage. Such systems ha!e been installed in a number o)
academic libraries, and ha!e reduced the amount o) )loor area re2uired )or collection storage
signi)icantly below that re2uired e!en )or compact shel!ing. The cost o) the automated e2uipment
and storage structure is generally o))set by the sa!ings resulting )rom the reduced si,e o) the
building.
4.1 S1$/#6 D#$.-%0/%,' *'8 D#$%&' I$$(#$
The AS5S is a highly dense storage
system )or library materials that
e!ol!ed )rom automated materials
handling systems used in
manu)acturing operations. n the case
o) libraries, the collection items,
identi)ied by a standard bar code
system, are stored sa)ely in large metal
bins that are placed in a large steel
structural rac- system. The AS5S
computer system records the bin
location o) each item in the collection
and maintains a complete record o) all
transactions and the mo!ement o) the
items o!er time.
+ollection items re2uested by a patron
are pic-ed )rom the storage array by
large mechanical NcranesB that tra!el
in an aisle between two tall structures
holding the storage bins. The cranes
20
3igure 99. An AS5S system with storage array, crane 7in
yellow, in the aisle8, and computer wor-stations with
storage bins 7right )oreground8. 7"hoto courtesy o) ED2
nternational, San 3rancisco8.
3igure 99. An AS5S system with storage array, crane 7in
yellow in the aisle8, and computer wor-stations with storage
bins 7right )oreground.8
"hoto courtesy o) ED2 nternational, San 3rancisco.
deli!er the bin rapidly to a sta)) wor-station, where the collection items re2uested are remo!ed
)rom the bin, recorded as remo!ed and placed into one o) the transport systems )or deli!ery to the
+irculation Des- area. The amount o) time re2uired )rom the moment o) the patron0s order )rom
any library networ- access location to the arri!al o) the item at the +irculation Des- is usually a
matter o) minutes, and is re)erred to as the throughput time.
5eturned items are handled in re!erse, with the items being deli!ered a)ter returns processing !ia
the internal transport system to the sta)) wor-station at the AS5S. A bin with a!ailable space is
)etched )rom the storage array by the crane and the item is placed in this bin a)ter its storage
location is recorded in the computer system.
The collection items stored in the AS5S are ob!iously not NbrowsableB, e4cept electronically and
at whate!er le!el o) Nuser )riendlinessB is designed into the electronic browser. Jowe!er, the
speed o) the system transaction renders it ideal )or material that is not )re2uently accessed,
ma-ing the search and securing o) the desired item remar-ably )ast )or the patron.
4.1.1 D#$%&' ,+ /2# S/,-*&# A--*1
The basic component in a storage array, consisting o) the )i!e1)oot wide crane aisle and the
storage structure on each side, totals )ourteen )eet in width. The aisle is typically 900 )eet to 92.
)eet long and 40 )eet high in order to optimi,e the mo!ement o) the crane and the resulting
29
3igure 92. Diagram o) AS5S system that utili,es three aisles 7three cranes8.
System occupies three1story high space. 7llustration courtesy o) JD Systems.8
throughput time )or a steady stream o) patron re2uests. About 2.0,000 !olumes can be
accommodated in one typical storage aisle, which is the minimum threshold )or considering an
AS5S system.
The storage array steel structure is anchored to a concrete slab )oundation and must meet all
seismic design re2uirementsL the structure is not braced to the building enclosure, but is internally
braced and structurally sel)1su))icient. n addition, go!ernment agencies ha!e not re2uired
automatic sprin-lers to be located within the structure itsel), but ha!e allowed the array to be
treated in much the same way as compact shel!ing systems.
4.1.2 D#$%&' ,+ /2# T-*'$0,-/ S1$/#6
Two types o) transport systems are a!ailable to
deli!er materials )rom the AS5S to the
distribution location 7+irculation Des- or
designated pic-1up des-8, the Electric %rac&
'ehicle 7ETC8 and the #elective 'ertical
Conveyor 7SC+8.
The ETC mo!es on a trac- that can be
positioned hori,ontally, !ertically or at any
angle, and the trac- is usually located at or
abo!e ceiling le!el so that the !ehicles can
mo!e in an unobstructed manner. The ETC
allows point1to1point deli!ery at 900 )eet per
minute )rom the AS5S location to the
distribution des- location. The carrying
capacity o) the ETC is limited to 40 lbs and its
dimensions cannot accommodate o!ersi,e items or archi!e bo4es. Jowe!er, it is eminently
suitable )or a number o) !olumes, which is the predominant need to be accommodated. t is
important to note, howe!er, that the ETC can accommodate more !olumes than the weight limit
allows, re2uiring sta)) to be trained not to o!erload the ETC.
The SC+ is a system o) larger totes, con!eyor belts and li)ts, and can accommodate larger items,
including archi!e bo4es, and can handle up to <0 lbs. per tote. Since the con!eyor belts are
typically located near )loor le!el, the SC+ is a )easible direct transport solution i) there is an
unencumbered route )rom the AS5S to the distribution des-. ) this is not wor-able, the totes will
be routed to a deli!ery room where they can be 2ueued )or later pic-up by sta)).
22
3igure 9;. ETC carriers 2ueued up on trac-,
which is located abo!e ceiling space between
AS5S storage array and distribution des-.
7"hoto courtesy o) Swisslog.8
Mor-ing with the AS5S !endor, librarians
should determine the e4pected throughput
re2uirement to ensure that the patron recei!es
the desired collection item in the optimum
time. +hec-out data can be utili,ed )or this
purpose, particularly during pea- hours.
Design analysis will then indicate how many
ETC !ehicles or SC+ totes will be re2uired to
meet the throughput re2uirement.
4.2 P)*''%'& +,- C,))#./%,'$
n planning )or collection storage in the AS5S,
librarians must wor- with the !endor to
determine the number and si,e o) storage bins
that are needed in the storage array. Eins !ary in height as appropriate )or di))erent types o)
collection material, but are a standard 24B wide and 4:B deep. Library systems typically do not
record the physical dimensions o) all collection items, but e4perience has shown that collection
storage planning can be based on the )ollowing%
Type of Media
&ecommended $in
-eight
.ppro/imate $in
Capacity
Comments
Eoo-s 92 inches <4 !olumes per bin
Accommodates almost all
boo- si,es. +ollection should
be sampled to determine i)
some smaller height bins can
be used.
Eound "eriodicals 92 inches 40 !olumes per bin
CJS < inches 994 !ideotapes per bin
Assumes tapes are in plastic
cases
*icro)iche < inches
4:0 per )t., <?:0 per
bin
4.. inch depth is also possible
*icro)ilm < inches ? per )t., 9<: per bin 4.. inch depth is also possible
DCD&+D < inches
;0 per )t., 9: linear
)eet per bin
Cinyl 5ecords 9. inches <0 per )t., ;<0 per bin
Archi!al Eo4es 92 inches ; per bin
Table 0. Iuidelines )or Ein Si,e in AS5S System
2;
3igure 94. SC+ totes trans)erred between )loors
using li)t system. 7"hoto courtesy o) Swisslog.8
Eased on current collection data and e4pected growth in all types o) media, librarians should
de!elop a matri4 o) in)ormation )or the AS5S !endor that indicates the number o) bins o) each
si,e that will be re2uired )or the system. This in)ormation should be included in the building
program document.
. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
AS5S Acronym )or Automated #torage and (etrieval #ystem, a robotic materials
handling system applied to library collection storage in a dense array.
Eoo- Supports Eoo-s supports are used to hold boo- !olumes upright and uni)ormly pac-ed
on a shel).
+anopy Top 6ther than case1style shel!ing where this is integral to the structure, canopy
tops are considered to be an accessory typically re2uired )or sections under
?2B in height but a!ailable )or units o) all heights.
+antile!er1style Steel
Shel!ing
Any type o) shel!ing which uses a hea!y1duty, slotted, !ertical support
column, supported by an appropriate load1bearing base structure )rom which
outrigger type shel!es can be brac-et1attached to )orm single1)aced or double1
)aced shel!ing units.
Shel) +apacity The number o) !olumes per linear )oot or per shel!ing unit based on
collection type.
+ase1Style Shel!ing Any type o) shel!ing system that uses a )ull panel, !ertical component )rom
)loor to top with ad#ustable shel!es or supports which engages at ends into
these !ertical panels. This style o) shel!ing will always ha!e a closed base
shel) assembly, and a canopy top.
+ompact Shel!ing 7Also re)erred to as Jigh Density, *o!eable Aisle or *A+ shel!ing.8 These
are shel!ing systems that ride on mo!eable carriages o!er )loor1installed rails.
Double1)aced
Shel!ing
A )ree standing shel!ing unit that is accessible )rom two aisle )aces, with
materials )ronting on both )aces. 7See llustration C.8
End "anel A decorati!e end to co!er the e4posed structure o) +antile!er1style steel
shel!ing ranges, or an integral part o) the shel!ing structure on case1style
shel!ing.
ETC Acronym )or Electric %rac& 'ehicle, a type o) transport system utili,ing a
trac-, used to mo!e library collection items )rom the AS5S to the distribution
des- or similar location within the library.
24
*ulti1Tier Stac- Specially1engineered and constructed steel shel!ing systems which are
assembled as two or more tiers o) shel!ing sections in which the upper le!el
support members are integral to the stac- system and separate )rom any
building structural elements.
Fominal Dimensions The amount o) shel!ing space a!ailable calculated by adding the physical
depth o) the metal shel) and adding in the !oid created behind the shel).
"eriodical Display
Shel!ing
Shel!ing that pro!ides a display sur)ace )or current periodicals with bac-
issue storage below. The display shel!es are sloped and are either )i4ed in
position, or hinged to side brac-ets allowing them to be li)ted )or better access
to the bac- issue storage shel).
5ange Aisle Aisles that run perpendicular to the stac- aisles, which are intended to brea-
up the stac- aisles into increments.
Shel!ing Section A term used to describe one complete set o) modular component parts, which
assemble to become a single1)aced or double1)aced shel!ing assembly
consisting o) re2uired base, structural supports and ad#ustable shel!es.
Shel!ing 5ange A term used to describe an assembled group o) shel!ing sections to produce
descripti!e !isual images such as% a single1)aced rangeL a double1)aced range
o) counter height sectionsL or, a si41section, double1)aced range.
Single1)aced Shel!ing A shel!ing unit that is accessible )rom one aisle )ace, with materials only
)ronting on that )ace. (sually, this will be wall1mounted shel!ing, with or
without bac- panels.
SC+ Acronym )or #elective 'ertical Conveyor, a type o) transport system utili,ing
totes, used to mo!e library collection items )rom the AS5S to the distribution
des- or similar location within the library.
Melded1)rame
+onstruction
De)ines a type o) )actory1)abrication chosen by most manu)acturers in which
the cantile!er1style shel!ing !ertical support columns are #ig1built with a
minimum o) one top and one bottom cross member welded between the
!ertical columns, resulting in a )our1sided space )rame that establishes the
shel!ing module width in assembly.
2.
!. SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION
Publications 1 +ebsites
Shelton, Gohn A. *anual o) 5ecommended "ractice, Seismic Sa)ety Standards )or Library
Shel!ing. Sacramento% +ali)ornia, +ali)ornia State Library 3oundation, c9@@0.
+amp, Gohn 3. and +arl A. Ec-elman. NLibrary Eoo-stac-s% An 6!er!iew with Test 5eports on
Erac-et Shel!ing.B Library Technology 5eports !.2<, no. < 7Fo!. R Dec. 9@@08% ?.?1:@4.
Fational n)ormation Standards 6rgani,ation. Single1tier Steel Erac-et Library Shel!ing.
Eethesda, *d% FS6 "ress, 9@@..
American Fational Standards nstitute. American national standard )or single1tier brac-et library
shel!ing. 7AFS&FS6 O;@.?;19@@48.
+ompact shel!ing systems% http%&&www.spacesa!er.com&
AS5S systems% http%&&www.h-systems.com&asrs&inde4.c)m
AS5S transport system, the SC+ system% http%&&www.swisslog.com&hcs1america1inde4&hcs1am1
hospital1entry&hcs1am1products1entry&hcs1am1products1s!c1entry.htm
AS5S transport system, the ETC system% http%&&www.swisslog.com&hcs1america1inde4&hcs1am1
hospital1entry&hcs1am1products1entry&hcs1am1products1t!s1entry.htm
Contributors
"arl Siems
S%%Two, nc.
24;. So. +alle "alo 3ierro
"alm Springs, +A @22<4
7?<08 ;201;?09,
7?<08 ;201;:@9 3A=
)inda #emmers
"ro#ect *anager
Libris DESIF
2494 +hislehurst Dri!e
Los Angeles, +A @002?
4librisSeartlin-.net
"d(ard #ean2 .3.
24;0 .
th
Street, Studio *
Eer-eley, +A @4?90
7.908 <4412:94
eddean9Searthlin-.net
Credits
Drawings% Ada *ancilla, Estineh *ailian, +raig 5i,,o
"hotos 7+ompact Shel!ing8% Spacesa!er +orp., 91:0014@21;4;4
Diagram 7AS5S8% JD Systems, Salt La-e +ity, (tah. 91:001.;014?9:
"hotos 7Transport Systems )or AS5S8% Swisslog, 91:001?<410;00
"hotos 7AS5S8% ED2 nternational, Architects and "lanners, San 3rancisco 749.14?419400,
www.ed2intl.com8.
2<
9
www.librisdesign.org
2
Aisle re2uirements )or libraries in +ali)ornia are )ound in Section 990<E.< o) "art o) Title 24 o) the +ali)ornia +ode o) 5egulations.
79@@: +E+ Section 9004.;.2.98
;
Detailed speci)ication o) shel!ing re2uirements is included in the Libris Design web article% )urniture and #helving* #pecification and
+idding.
4
d at 798
.
These standards are a!ailable )rom the Architectural Moodwor-ing nstitute 7www.awinet.org8 or the Moodwor-ing nstitute o)
+ali)ornia 7www.wichet.org8.
<
See also% *anual o) 5ecommended "ractice, Seismic Sa)ety Standards )or Library Shel!ing, Gohn A. Shelton, Super!ising Structural
Engineer, Di!ision o) the State Architect 7Sacramento, +ali)ornia8 +ali)ornia State Library 3oundation, c9@@0.