SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“SOLAR PUMP”
 ABSTRACT

Solar utilization plays a vital role in much discipline like industry, medicines. The
present seminar involves the pump technology likes , submerged multistage centrifugal
pump-set , submerged pump with surface mounted motor , reciprocating the
displacement pump , floating motor pump-set.,etc. solar pump are principally for mainly
three application village water supply , live-stock watering , irrigation , and solar PV for
outdoor lighting ,and so other. The solar pump have been done manually about its
performance , sizing of pump, capacity, & comparison point of view.
 NOMENCLATURE

∆ H Water head

∆ Hwell Well head

∆ Hdyn Dynamic head

g gravity

ρ Density

V Volume of water

V′ Water delivery rate

Ehyd Hydraulic energy

Pel Electrical power

Psol Solar power

Phyd Hydraulic power

Ksc Scale constant

η pv PV system efficiency

η sys Hydraulic efficiency

η tot Overall efficiency

F Array mismatch factor

E Daily subsystem efficiency

 INDEX

Chapter:1 Introduction of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping

Chapter:2 2.1 Solar Pumping Technology
2.2 Other Solar Pumping Method
2.3 Comparison Of Solar Pumping Techniques
2.4 Application Of Solar Photovoltaic Pump
2.5 Alternative Design
Chapter:3 Energy Demand for Water Pumping
3.1 Basic Hydraulic And Energy Relationship.
Chapter:4 4.1 Solar Pump Performance
4.2 Costs
4.3 Procurement
4.3.1 Assensing Requirement
4.3.2 Assensing Water Avaibility
4.4 Sizing Of Solar Pumps
4.5 Economics
Chapter:5 Summary
Chapter:6 Future Scopes
Chapter 7 Refrances
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR (PHOTOVOLTAIC) WATER PUMPING

1.1 The Photovoltaic Array:-

The PV has a well known current-voltage (I-V) characteristic. The actual
operational point on this characteristics ,whilst dependent on a no of factor including
radiation and temperature ,is also governed by the characteristics of the system at the
output of the array .The only time that is not the case is when some kind of controller is
used to isolate the panel from the rest of the pumping system .The panel may be
permanently operated at or round the point on curve where max power can be extracted
irrespective of the demand from the load.

2.) The Pump:-

There are several types of pump currently on the market, including:

2.1) Centrifugal pumps:-where the high speed rotation of an impeller drives water to
the outlet around the edge of the pump, sucking water from the inlet located at the center
of the impeller .
2.2) Piston Pump:-where the motion of the piston draws water into a chamber and then
expects it to the output.

2.3) Screw thread pump:-where capsules of water are driven along the screw , in the
axial direction ,from entry to exit.e.g.mono,helical rotor ,progressive-cavity pumps.

3) The Pump Motor :-

As well as there being several types of pump available ,there are also several types
of motor including AC and DC.brushed and brushless,permanent magnet and variable
reluctance .syncronous and asyncronus, and so on.again each of them has different
characteristics .linking the current and voltage input to the torque and rotational output.
Under certain condition the I-V requirements of a DC permenanent magnet motor
coupled to a centrifugal pump can closely match to the MPP,allowing direct connection
from the PV array to the pump motor and on to the pump.Even for centrifugal
pumps,how ever, this is not usually the case and the I-V characteristic for positive
displacement pumps is generally much worse for direct connection.

4) The Controller:-
Direct connection between the PV array and the motor will only be possible if the
motor requires DC current. if an AC motor is to be used ,or if lower than optimal
power output is not desirable ,then electronics systems become necessary ,such as an
inverter or a maximum power point tracker, increasing system complexity and losses
.Such electronic systems.,while complicated ,are no more complicated than those that run
in houses and offices through out the developed world .unfortunately ,they have an
uneavaible problem with reliability-one that clearly should not exist and that will be
investigated .such a controller , will however effectively isolate the PV array from the
pump motor with the optimum voltage /current for the site conditions.

6) The Controller:-
Direct connection between the PV array and the motor will only be possible if the motor
requires DC current. if an AC motor is to be used ,or if lower than optimal power
output is not desirable ,then electronics systems become necessary ,such as an inverter or
a maximum power point tracker, increasing system complexity and losses .Such
electronic systems.,while complicated ,are no more complicated than those that run in
houses and offices through out the developed world .unfortunately ,they have an
uneavaible problem with reliability-one that clearly should not exist and that will be
investigated .such a controller , will however effectively isolate the PV array from the
pump motor with the optimum voltage /current for the site conditions.
 CHAPTER: 2

THE TECHNOLOGY:

Systems are broadly configured into 5 types as described below:

2.1) Submerged multistage centrifugal motor pumpset – Figure 1

This type is probably the most common type of solar pump used for village water
supply.The advantages of this configuration are that it is easy to install, often with lay-flat
flexible pipework and the motor umpset is submerged away from potential damage.Either
ac or dc motors can be incorporated into the pumpset although an inverter would be
needed for ac systems. If a brushed dc motor is usedthen the equipment will need to be
pulled up from the well (approximately every 2 years) to replace brushes. If brushlessdc
motors are incorporated then electronic commutation will be required. The most
commonly employed system consists of an ac pump and inverter with a photovoltaic
array of less than 1500Wp.

Figure 1

2.2) Submerged pump with surface mounted motor – Figure 2

This configuration was widely installed with turbine pumps in the Sahelian West Africa
during the 1970. It gives easy access to the motor for brush changing and other
maintenance.The low efficiency from power losses in the shaft bearings and the high cost
of installation has been disadvantages. In general this configuration is largely being
replaced by the submersible motor and pumpset.
 FIG 2

2.3) Reciprocating positive displacement pump - Figure 3

The reciprocating positive displacement pump (often known as the jack or

nodding donkey) is very suitable for high head, low flow applications. The output is
proportional to the speed of the pump. At high heads the frictional forces are low
compared to the hydrostatic forces often making positive displacement pumps more
efficient than centrifugal pumps for this situation. Reciprocating positive placement
pumps create a cyclic load on the motor which, for efficient operation, needs to be
balanced. Hence, the above ground components of the solar pump are often heavy and
robust, and power controllers for impedance matching often used.

FIG 3
2.4) Floating motor pump sets - Figure 4

The versatility of the floating unit set, makes it ideal for irrigation pumping for
canals and open wells. The pumpset is easily portable and there is a negligible chance of
the pump running dry.Most of these types use a single stage submersed centrifugal pump.
The most common type utilizes a brushless (electronically commutated) dc motor. Often
the solar array support incorporates a handleor 'wheel barrow' type trolley to enable
transportation.

FIG 4

2.5) Surface suction pump sets- Figure 5

This type of pumpset is not recommended except where an operator will always
be in attendance. Although the use of primary chambers and non-return valves can
prevent loss of prime, in practice self-start and priming problems are experienced. It is
impractical to have suction heads of more than 8 meters.

FIG 5
2.6) Other Solar Pumping Method:-

Considerations of using locally manufactured equipment for solar water pumping

need not necessarily be based on photovoltaic conversion. Functional drawings of some
proposed concepts are presented in Figures 6. Many of these pumping arrangements
were designed to be manufactured using rather simple processes and tools. The
feasibility of even production overseas in part could be demonstrated.
The behaviour of solar thermal pumps is not very different from that of PV
pumps, if tested with reference to varying irradiance levels (refer to the pumping
principles depicted in Figures 6) Field experience gathered recently shows that -- even
with- out optimizations in detail -- the overall energy performance of such solar
thermal pumps is comparable to that of PV pumping systems, even if generally
slightly lower. Good efficiency figures recorded with PV pumps have not yet been
attainable with the thermal systems. Part of the reason may be the fact that the
rating of the thermo-mechanical engines was rather low (more powerful equipment
possibly would be more efficient, probably also more cost-effective), but it should
not be forgotten that Carnot laws limit the efficiency of solar thermal assemblies, if
peak temperatures are limited to rather low levels due to the need to avoid special
materials suitable for high-temperature applications and to keep thermal stresses low.
None of the solar thermal pumps mentioned has been produced in large numbers so
far, conclusions require additional and long-term experience with such systems.

Figure 6. Functional schematic of a solar thermal pumping system according to

an organic Rankine cycle (ORC).
Figure:-7 Solar Pumping With Stirling engines (Collector Low Temperature Heat)

2.7) Comparision Of Pumping Techniques:-

Water pumping has a long history , so many methods have been developed to
pump water with a minimum of effort. These have utilized a variety of power sources,
namely human energy, animal power, hydro power, wind, solar and fossil fuels for small
generators. The relative merits of these are laid out in Table 1 below.
 Advantages Disadvantages

Hand pumps local manufacture is loss of human productivity

possible often an inefficient use of boreholes
easy to maintain only low flow rates are achievable
low capital cost
no fuel costs

Animal driven more powerful than animals require feeding all year
pumps humans. round
lower wages than human often diverted to other activities
power. at crucial irrigation periods
dung may be used for
cooking fuel.

Hydraulic pumps unattended operation require specific site conditions

(e.g. rams) easy to maintain
low cost
long life
 high reliability
Wind pumps unattended operation
easy maintenance
long life
suited to local manufacture
 no fuel requirements
Solar PV unattended operation
low maintenance
easy installation
long life
low output
water storage is required for low wind
periods
high system design and project need
 not easy to install
high capital costs
water storage is required for cloudy
periods
- repairs often require skilled
technicians

Diesel and quick and easy to install fuel supplies erratic and expensive
gasoline pumps low capital costs high maintenance costs
widely used short life expectancy
can be portable noise and fume pollution

(TABLE-1 Comparision Of Pumping Techniques)

2.8) APPLICATIONS:

Solar pumps are used principally for three applications:

1. village water supply

2. livestock watering
3. irrigation

2.8.1) A solar pump for village water supply is shown schematically in Figure 1.With
village water supply, a constant water demand throughout the year occurs, although there
is need to store water for periods of low insolation (low solar radiation). Typically in
Sahelian Africa the storage would be 3-5 days of water demand. In environments where
rainy seasons occur, rainwater harvesting can offset the reduced output of the solar pump
during this period. The majority of the 6000 or more solar pumping systems installed to
date are for village water supply or livestock watering

2.8.2) A solar irrigation system (Figure 8) needs to take account of the fact that demand
for Irrigation water will vary throughout the year. Peak demand during the irrigation
seasons is often more than twice the average demand. This means that solar pumps for
irrigation are under-utilised for most of the year. Attention should be paid to the system of
water distribution and application to the crops . The system should minimise water losses,
without imposing significant additional head on the pumping system and be of low cost.
The suitability of major irrigation systems for use with solar pumps is shown in (Table 2.)

Distribution method Typical application Typical head Suitability for use

efficiency With solar pumps

Open Channels 50-60% 0.5-1m Yes

Sprinkler 70% 10-20m No

Trickle/drip 85% 1-2m Yes

Flood 40-50% 0.5m No

Considering the main field of application(represented by pumping systems of

small to moderate size) and the aim, to promote solutions for remote locations,
the competition to solar pumps comes from water pumping by means of diesel or
other internal combustion engines. Grid connection can be ruled out for such
applications because of the mostly large distances, and manual pumps -- even if in
some cases viable -- will not be considered because of their limitation to a very
specific (and definitely lower-scale) application range.
2.8.3) Solar PV for outdoor Lighting:

Solar street lighting systems basically consist of a PV panel, inverter and storage
battery connected to a light source. It can replace conventional outdoor lighting
system and operate for more than 8 hours a day. These systems have been installed in
many industrial complexes.

The cost of solar street light would vary from Rs. 18,000 to Rs. 21,000 per
system.These systems can be fitted with automatic sensors, which would on/off the solar
street lighting depending on the light intensity.

India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in the world. The
estimated potential of power generation through solar photovoltaic system is about 20
MW / Sq.km in India. It is useful for providing grid quality, reliable power in rural
areas where the line voltage is low and insufficient to cater to connected load.
The Govt. of India is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 through
renewable energy systems especially by solar PV systems. This offers tremendous growth
potential for Indian solar PV industry.

Potential availability - 20 MW/Sq.km

Installed capacity - 110 MW

2.9) Alternate Design:-

There are two ways of using solar power to pump-water:

2.9.1) Directly connecting the solar panel to the pump :or

2.9.2) charging a battery with solar panel and then using the battery to run the pump.

Both these system have drawbacks:-

2.9.3) If the pump is directly power to the solar panel then water can only the pumped
when the sun is shining.
2.9.4) Charging the battery first and then using that to run.
The pump is less efficient, plus two batteries would be needed so that one
could be charging while the another runs the pump making the system move expensive.
 CHAPTER:-3

ENERGY DEMAND FOR WATER PUMPING

3.1 BASIC HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS

The hydraulic energy needed to lift a certain amount of water from a

lower water level to a higher level is defined by the product of mass, level
difference (∆ H = water head), and acceleration due to gravity g. Using
the common units (kilograms, metres, and seconds) the unit of energy is joules.
In most technical applications the volume V of water moved is the
decisive parameter. Then, the mass of water is represented by the volume multiplied by
the den- sity ρ [KSB, 1980]. (Notice that when measuring the voume in m3 a factor
of 103 is introduced as density, leadingto a figure for energy in kJ.)
In this calculation site-specific water head requirements play a decisive
role, but design features and component characteristics have also to be accounted for.
Figure 2 pre- sents a typical configuration of a pumping concept, speci- fying the
different water levels and the corresponding water head:

∆ H = (∆ Hwell + ∆ hdyn) + (∆ Hadd + ∆ hloss )

[m]--------------------------------------- (1)

The actual water head is always higher than the geodetic level difference.
The elements (∆ Hwell + ∆ Hadd) de- fining the ‘‘net’’ water head represent quasi-
static (fixed) values. Dynamic effects are caused by the draw-down rate of the water
level within the well ∆ hdyn and by hydraulic losses ∆ hloss . Both values are variables
depending on the flow regime, the former following a quasi-linear depend- ence, the
latter increasing with the square of the flow rate, reprresenting any losses within the
piping network.
With the water head data (∆ H) and the demand figures for the water
volume (V) the hydraulic energy EHYD can be calculated. The deduction leads to
a very simple ex- pression, if the constant factors are consolidated into one term.
kSC and KSC represent scale constants, the former expressing the conversion
from joules into kWh, the latter comprising the physical parameters (gravity and
density). If an error of 1% is accepted, water density need only be corrected for
if water temperatures exceed 35ºC.

EHYD = kSC × g × ρ × V × ∆ H [kWh, V in m3] -----------------------

(2a)
kSC = 1/3600 [converting kJ to kWh]
EHYD = KSC × V × ∆ H [kWh] --------------------------- (2b)
KSC = 1/367 [introducing also g and ρ as constants]
 Technical performance of pumping systems is usually defined by the
water delivery rate, replacing the quantity of water V by a volume flow rate
V′ (measured in m3/h [VEB Pumpen, 1987] ). This leads to the net hydraulic
power PHYD, which is equivalent to the energy needed to raise the mass of water
to the defined elevated level in a certain time interval.

PHYD = KSC × V′ × ∆ H [kW] -----------------------------

(3)

Hydraulic and friction losses, inertia effects, and im- perfect

performance affect the power demand. Conse- quently the electrical power PEL
needed to operate a pump is definitely higher than the hydraulic power. Moreover,in
solar applications the energy PSOL captured by means of a PV array must be
adequate to provide sufficient elec- tric power and to cover any losses occurring
during the conversion process.

PSOL >> PEL > PHYD [kW] ---------------------------- (4)

According to this relationship it is obvious that the losses within the

system necessitate oversizing of the so- lar conversion components. Thus, the
various power lev- els defined in the previous equation are linked by
component efficiencies. It is practical to use the following expressions, each
describing the energy (power) output compared with the input of any element
envisaged:

η PV = PEL /PSOL [PV system efficiency] -----------------------

(5a)
η SYS = PHYD /PEL [electro-mechanic (hydraulic) efficiency] -------
(5b)
η TOT = η PV × η SYS[overall efficiency of the PV pumping set] -----
(5c)

Typical data for the mechanical system components have been compiled in
Table 3. The classification into different pumping applications pumping technologies
illustrates the wide utilisation range of PV pumping and the types of equipment
deployed.
In contrast to standard electric pumps, which nearly al- ways operate at
their nominal speed (and on a rather fixed performance curve), the power fed to PV
pumping equip- ment is not constant, affected by the fluctuations of the (solar)
irradiance during the day and over the seasons. These varying operating conditions
need to be accounted for when an assessment of output figures is made.
Efficiencies normally describe steady-state conditions. So it is advantageous for
practical reasons to consider nominal operating conditions (where best energy utilisation
figures apply, referred to as ‘‘rated conditions’’ in the following) as the basis of layout
for solar pumping assemblies also. Accordingly, the data in the table were derived for
stable operating modes at determined load (design conditions for water head and
volume flow rate, nominal power and speed of the electric motor).

As in many other technical appliances economies of scale affect system

performance: usually larger systems perform better than smaller ones. This applies
especially to the mechanical components, whereas the PV conver- sion is notaffected
so much by the system size.For con- temporary technologies PV (module) efficiencies
usually reach values of 0.1 < η PV < 0.15. According to results of measurements,
amorphous cells have operated much less efficiently, so far, but some improvement
can be expected in the near term. The distinction between the different efficiencies
in the equations 5a to 5c makes it easy to introduce modified figures to perform
an assessment based on other technologies.
Summarising the results, efficiency figures of very good pumping
systems according to the state of the art may reach η SYS < 0.7. Pumping systems
available off the shelf (common pump/motor assemblies, based on cen- trifugal
pump types) perform at 0.35 < η SYS < 0.65. The total performance efficiency of
pumping systems can then be assessed to range within 0.03 < η TOT < 0.1.

.
 Figure 9 : Component of PV Pumping system

Application Typical size Pumpingconcept Efficiency η SYS

( Electric
motor
CentrifugalDisplac- Other Average Best
power, W) ement

Low head pumping 250 ... > + * -- > 0.35 > 0.55
1200
Drinking water < 150 ... > * + * 0.3 ... 0.4 up to 0.7
supply (A) 800
Drinking water 700 ... 5000 + * * > 0.35 > 0.6
supply (B)
High water head 450 ... > * * + < 0.45 < 0.7
pumping 2000

Table 3 : Performance data of pump types and components.

Notes:D rink in g w a ter su ppyl (A ): small or moderately sized system with D.C.motor
D rin king w ater su ppyl (B ): la rge (sub m e rg ed
) system,sty p ic all y w ith AC m o to rs
In PV p u m p ing v ario us tech n o logsiea re used (for de ta ils re fer to the fo llow in
g sectio n s), w ith
d ifferen t cap ab ilitie
s w ith resp ect to the sp ecific app lica tio n pa ra m ete.rsT he re fo re
, the in d ic atiosn
rep resen t:
+ co m m no tech n olog
y * app licabe l(c ertani ty p es) - not usu al in the sp ec ific case
(Top) F igures 6a and 6b. Characteristic
s (water h ead vs. flow rate at constant speeds) of a
centrifugal pump. (Left) Figure 6a, pumping head vs flowrate; (right) Figure 6b, required head
for deep vs. shallow wells.
(Bottom) Figures 6c and 6d. (Left) Figure 6c, specific power requirem ent s for shallow and deep
well pumping; (right) Figure 6d, correspondin g start-up conditions (start of operating hours).
 N o tes
O p eratin
g co nd itions of a p u m p ing system are d efin de by the irrad iated po w er and the energy ne ed de
to p ro vide the p ressure h ead re qu ire.dT h is leads to b eh av iorud ep end etno n the sy stem con d itio n s.

CHAPTER: 4

4.1 PERFORMANCE

The performance of some commercially available products is shown in Figure 8.

It can be seen that solar pumps are available to pump from anywhere in the range of up to
200m head and with outputs of up to 250m³/day.

Figure 10

Solar pumping technology continues to improve . In the early 1980s the typical
solar energy to hydraulic (pumped water) energy efficiency was around 2%
with the photovoltaic array being6-8% efficient and the motor pumpset typically 25%
efficient . Today, an efficient solar pump has an average daily solar energy to hydraulic
efficiency of more than 4% . Photovoltaicmodules of the monocrystalline type now have
efficiencies in excess of 12% and more efficient motor and pumpsets are available. A
good sub-system (that is the motor, pump and any power conditioning) should have an
average daily energy throughput efficiency of 30-40%.

4.2 COST:

A photovoltaic pumping system to pump 25m³/day through 20m head requires a

solar array of approximately 800Wp in the Sahelian regions. Such a pump would cost
approximately $6,000 FOB. Other example costs are shown in (Table 3)A range of prices
is to be expected, since the total system comprises the cost of modules, pump, motor,
pipework, wiring, control system, array support structure and packaging. Systems with
larger array sizes generally have a lower cost/Wp. The cost of the motor pumpset varies
according to application and duties; a low lift suction pump may cost less than $800
whereas a submersible borehole pumpset costs $1500 or more.

Output (m³.day) Head (m) Solar Array System

5kWhm/cu.m/ (Wp) Price
day insolation US$ FOB

Submerged borehole 40 20 1200 7000-8000

motor pump 25 20 800 6000-7000

Surface motor/ 60 7 840 5000-6000

submerged pump
60 7 840 5000-6000
Reciprocating positive 6 100 1200 7500-9000
displacement pump
6 100 1200 7500-9000
Floating motor/ pump set 100 3 530 4000
10 3 85 2000

Surface suction pump 40 4 350 3000

Table 4 - Photovoltaic pumping system specifications

4.3 PROCUREMENT:

4.3.1 Assessing requirements

 The output of a solar pumping system is very dependent on good system design
derived from accurate site and demand data. It is therefore essential that accurate
assumptions are made regarding water demand/pattern of use and water availability
including well yield and expected drawdown.
Domestic water use per capita tends to vary greatly depending on availability. The
long-termaim is to provide people with water in sufficient quantities to meet all
requirements for drinking, washing and sanitation. Present short-term goals aim for a per
capita provision of 40 litres per day, thus a village of 500 people has a requirement of 20
cubic metres per day . Most villages have a need for combined domestic and livestock
watering.
Irrigation requirements depend upon crop water requirements, effective
groundwater contributions and efficiency of the distribution and field application system.
Irrigation requirements can be determined by consultation with local experts and
agronomists

4.3.2 Assessing water availability

Several water source parameters need to be taken into account and where possible
measured. These are the depth of the water source below ground level, the height of the
storage tank or water outlet point above ground level and seasonal variations in water
level. The drawdown or drop in water level after pumping has commenced also needs to
be considered for well and borehole supplies. This will depend on the ratio between
pumping rate and the rate of refill of the water source. The pattern of water use should
also be considered in relation to system design and storage requirements. Water supply
systems should include sufficient covered water storage to provide for daily water
requirements and short periods of cloudy weather. Generally, two to five days water
demand is stored.

4.4 Sizing solar pumps:-

The hydraulic energy required (kWh/day) = volume required (m³/day) x head (m) x
water density x gravity / (3.6 x 106)

= 0.002725 x volume (m³/day) x head (m)

The solar array power required (kWp) = Hydraulic energy required (kWh/day)
Av. daily solar irradiation (kWh/m²/day x F x E)

Where
F = array mismatch factor = 0.85 on average
E = daily subsystem efficiency = 0.25 - 0.40 typically

4.5 Economics:-

In general photovoltaic pumps are economic compared to diesel pumps up to

approximately 3kWp for village water supply and to around 1kWp for irrigation.
 CHAPTER: 5

SUMMARY:

In practically all countries in the ‘‘solar’’ region of the globe PV pumps

have been installed and operated successfully. The technology to utilize solar
radiation as one of the sources of renewable energy for water pumping is available, and
a satisfactory degree of maturity and reliability has been demonstrated. So, as far
as technical characteristics are concerned, the performance and viability of such
systems can be proven. Ongoing efforts aiming at technical progress and
improvement of the technology seem promising; further endeavors can still be
beneficial. Even if systems in the range between a few hundred watts and some
kilowatts are in use, there is still an issue of economic viability as soon as the overall
rating exceeds the range of about 1-2 kW.
This is the main reason why only slow progress in mar- ket development and
towards more widespread dissimilar- nation has been made. PV module cost
reductions might improve the situation, but it is uncertain whether this alone can
trigger a breakthrough.
Solar pumping concepts are advantageous especially with respect to
environmental impact, absence of need for constant surveillance, and close to zero
operation expen- ditures. Hence, they are not only attractive from an engi- neering point
of view. With more political support (which seems adequate in view of the arguments
cited above), the technology could become an important economic fac- tor for those
countries that are developing their energy infrastructures to ameliorate living
conditions of the rural population. Financing schemes for private users and com-munities
have been proposed; initial experience with such instruments has been very
encouraging.
 CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE

The future of PVwater pumping is dependent on a number of factors, both

technological and sociological, and both of these must be considered by all involved
parties if PVPs are even to being to fulfill their potential.
It is evident that a re-think of the technology is required if sustainability is going
to be a real operation .The complex electronics systems in use today can never fall within
the VLOM category are unlikely to be cheap enough for replacement and are not
sufficiently reliable to match the lifetime of the pumping equipment.

The options here are therefore:

• a significant improvement in designs;

• a complete re-design of the control systems to become either maintainable (which
are highly unlikely)or extremely cheap and easily replace
• todo away with a control systems completely and employ direction connection
between PVarray and pump motor.
 CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES:

1) T.D.SHORT,and R.Oldach,”Solar Powered Water Pumps: The Past ,The Present-

and the future.”

2). World Health Organization and united nation Children Fund, 2000, Global Water
Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report,ISBN92 4 156202 1.

3). Hahn, a.a995, Technical Maturity and Reliability Of Photo Voltaic Pumping
Systems,Proc. Of 13th European PVSolar Conf.,Nice.

4). Solar Photovoltaic Potential & Prospects-“Godrej GBC Publication Res-fact sheet
no-3, June-2004.

5). Hanel.A.,and Hoang –Gia,l. ,1998 Monitoring Of Representative PVPumping

Systems Of the Regional Solar Programm:Result and Conclusion , Proc. Of
int.Workshop on PVWater Supply Issue ,November16-18, 1998,pp-85-90.