Policing Development and Operation Trends 1

Team Paper
Victoria Martinez
Amy Showers
April Bennster
Tracy Wright Cross
Steven Griffiths
CJA/394
March 11, 2013
Troy Hokanson

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Sir Robert Peels ambition to reduce crime and clean the streets of London opened the
doors to the history of modern law enforcement, when he formed the London Metropolitan
Police District in 1824. He had a vision and his orders were carried out by the men who served in
the police force known as bobbies. (BBC, 2011) He also introduced a new innovation called
beats; his Bobbies were assigned to specific areas and were responsible for preventing and
lowering crimes within their boundaries. He sensed his strategy would allow constables to
become known to the public, and citizens with information about criminal activity would be
more likely to tell a familiar figure than a stranger, become familiar with people and places and
thus better able to recognize suspicious persons or criminal activity, and be highly visible on
their posts, tending to deter criminals from committing crimes in the immediate vicinity. (BBC,
2011) The Americans established a similar concept to Sir Robert Peels principles on policing
and soon came the development of formal policing in the United States. The past trends of
organizational management and operations introduced community oriented policing and problem
oriented policing, which focused on the relationship established between law enforcement and
the community to prevent crime by scanning, analyzing, responding, and assessing to the
problem.
On September 11, 2001 our country was hit with the reality of terrorism that caused the
death of about 3000 victims. The attack also left fear and insecurity causing security to be the
nations number one priority. The mission of homeland security is to prevent terrorism and
enhance security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws,
and ensures resilience to disaster with the assistance of federal, state and local agencies. The
Department of Homeland Security ensures the nations border on air, land, and sea to prevent
illegal actions that may inflict with the nations security. The department of homeland security
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have federal, state, and local agencies under their jurisdiction which include, Directorate for
Science and Technology, Transportation Security Administration, United States Customs and
Border Protection, and the United States Coast Guard to name a few. The role of the Directorate
for Science and Technology is to provide federal, state, and local officials with the technology
and capabilities to protect the homeland. The Transportation Security Administration also known
as TSA helps protect the nations transportation system to ensure freedom of movement for the
people. The priority mission of keeping terrorist and their weapons out of the U.S. is protected
by the United States Customs and Border Protection also known as CBP, which also enforce
regulations including immigration and drug laws. The only military organization within the
Department of Homeland Security is The United States Coast Guard, one of five armed forces
that defend our maritime borders. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011)

Technology is becoming the new trend in the 21
st
century, increasing the popularity of
new developments for advanced equipment. Technology has been evolving through time
allowing specialist to develop new and create ways that are appropriate for todays time. The
development of technology has not only been used for public entertainment but also for public
safety. It allows the criminal justice system to work with technology to solve and prevent crime.
Technology has made a difference in the communication ability of specialized database in the
criminal justice system by engineering advanced equipment that allows law enforcement to
reduce crime through faster notification. The use of technology was non-existent when law
enforcement first came to be, allowing criminals to go undetected through the streets.
Technology is spreading through the criminal justice system, which is used to protect and serve
the public. The specialized database has allowed law enforcement to have better documentation
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of incidents occurring, keeps track of criminals, and allows them to be able to prevent crimes.
(Institute for Law and Justice, 2011) Some of the specialized data used by the criminal justice
system to effectively fight crime include, monitoring devices, finger printing, and DNA analysis
among others. The advancement in technology has contributed to the criminal justice system
through the improvement of evidence detection, and gathering and analyzing data. This study
thus examined both the general and police literature covering change, culture, management and
leadership, professionalization and the main education, training and development topics. (D
Gillies 2005)
Police organizations may be considered as open systems and the concept of their degree
of openness' might be introduced. It is suggested that that the greater the amount of information
shared by a policing system with its environment, the greater the degree of openness. It is argued
that police systems that are more open, will inevitably change more than others that are not. If an
open organization is in constant interaction with its environment, then it will be responsive to
external influences through the openness of the system boundary. This in turn implies that a
more open system will potentially experience higher levels of unplanned changes as the
organizational system will not be in sufficient control of its environment to prevent such events.
(Kast and Rosenzweig 1981). Ironically the simplest means of avoiding such unplanned changes
would be exclude inputs from the environment, thus limiting the stimuli to change. Change of
this type to the system characteristics would alter the degree of openness and move the system
towards a more closed mode of operation; this has been argued to be undesirable in policing
systems. Such closed policing systems being typified by the characteristics previously described,
as well as by Scarman (1981) and Smith et al (1983), whereby the policing system was not
responsive to inputs from the human environment. Unplanned and unforeseen change to an
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organization will generally arise if the organization does not have sub systems designed to
monitor leading or key indicators of environmental activity that critically influence the systems'
performance. Despite disciplined and careful environmental scanning, police organizations might
still be victims of unplanned change.
Policing is a diverse way of life and is a subculture within society that is held to a higher
standard because it is a job that requires one to make decisions in reference to taking away an
individuals constitutional rights. Within the cultures of the policing society there are rules,
policies and regulations that have to be followed in order to ensure that the citizens are being
treated fairly and also by making sure that the law is being enforced correctly and without any
violations. The police operate under official public mandate that requires them to enforce the
law, and police agencies are the primary enforcers of federal, state, and local criminal laws.
Most officers spend a majority of their time answering non-emergency public service calls,
controlling traffic, or writing tickets. Police tend to tailor their enforcement efforts to meet the
concerns of the populace they serve (Docstoc.com, 2011).
The idea of police role, function, purpose, or mission in society requires us to think
beyond the technical and operational aspects of police work, and consider the place of legitimate
authority in society. Policing is one of those lines of work which have intimate connections with
social life, social progress, and social change. Too narrow a view of the police role is bad, and
care must also be taken to avoid too broad a view. An ideal set of police functions include:
Prevent and control conduct widely recognized as threatening to life and or property
Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm
Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
Assist those who cannot care for themselves
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Resolve conflict
Identify problems that have the potential for becoming serious
Create and maintain a feeling of security in communities (NCWC, 2005)
Policing or law enforcement can be a dangerous way of life, and an officer faces the
unknown at all times and the results of the wrong technique performed or practiced could result
in a unfortunate outcome, but no matter what the dangers an officer faces there are more and
more citizens who want to become police officers daily and put their lives at risk each and every
day to keep our country safe. The police officers mission is to enforce and support the laws of
society, investigate crimes and apprehend criminals, prevent crime, help support domestic peace,
and to provide our communities with the needed enforcement related services (Docstoc.com,
2011), and without out the proper organization within the police system there would be no order
among our communities.
English Heritage Administration operational aspects of policing were cruel and unusual it
was non-existence, in this era government organization was something new and foreign this type
of implementation was not conceivable in this era. English heritage common law, only
implementation of crime control was protecting an individual civil liberty, English laws had
many different styles of punishment than present sentencing practice, and it was cruel and
unusual. In the past police had not administration of developing unions, nor did officers have any
job security, and past officer had no formal training to perform the jobs, many were recruits with
criminal past, and there was much corruption in the English heritage law enforcement. This style
of administration was not equipped to handle many situations in which our current
administration organization encounters at present, past and current administration has changed
dramatically due to cities increasing in size of business and population, due to our immigration
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laws in America. English heritage forms of policing had no ideal of professionalisms within any
sector of controlling crime; it actually had to rely upon its citizens and the community.

Modern administration has evolved into one of the most defined in correlation to
assisting our officers with reducing corruption, implementing training of officer on every level of
handling the public crime disorder; present administration has professionalism protocol for its
officer, while offering our officer incentive of higher education program of advancement, while
recruiting college graduates. Current administration has set standards of policing every ranking
officer has a higher hierarchy to govern how the system shall flow. Past and current, future
trends in Administration of policing has changed and much advancement in new technology will
prove to reduce the conflict between our law enforcement agencies and promote a stronger
community relation upon our streets of policing, relating to racial tension in our minority
community. As our agency continue to complete research data, our nation becomes a more
informed network working for the same goal of reducing crime.

References
BBC. (2011). Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk
Hottel, D. T. (2010, June 3). Terrorism Trends and Threats. Retrieved from
http://davesthots.com/terrorism/threat.htm
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2011). Homeland Security: Department
Subcomponents and Agencies. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov
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D Gillies - 2005 - epress.lib.uts.edu.au
Police Organization and Management, Chapter 6 Law, 2011, Docstoc.com
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23703296/Police-Organization-and-Management---DOC
The Role of Police in Society, 2005, NCWC
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mstevens/205/205lect01.htm