intervention from a research perspective? 1. Am I performing this intervention because someone told me to or because this intervention has always ben done? 2. What evidence exists that this is the most effective intervention for this problem? The systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomenon of importance to nursing is the definition of... Nursing research What aspects of nursing studies are included under the umbrella of "nursing research?" Studies concerning nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing administration. What areas of study are under the umbrella of "nursing research?" Studies concerning nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and studies concerning nurses themselves. Nursing research that involves clients or studies that have the potential for affecting the care of clients, including animal studies and studies on healthy participants is referred to as... Clinical nursing research What is the major difference between nursing research and clinical nursing research? Nursing research involves an impact on a nurse, her environment, or practice. Nursing clinical research involves impact on a client/patient. How is clinical nursing research different from the medical model of research? Clinical nursing research focuses heavily on prevention, symptom management and client behavior modification. The medical model is focused on treatment and testing. What have been the four sources of nursing knowledge? Traditional knowledge (passed down), authoritative knowledge (looking to a doctor for answers, or experts in the condition), Trial and Error and Scientific research (the most reliable). Data gathered by the sense organs is referred to as... Empirical data What are the three main traditional characteristics of scientific research? It uses systematic, orderly and objective means of data collection. Attempting to seek a solution for a person or persons in a given setting is the definition of... Problem solving Seeking knowledge that can be generalized to people in many settings is the definition of... Scientific research Determining the best method of teaching a patient how to use an insulin pump is an example of _____________. Problem solving Determining the best approach to teach Scientific research (very broad, whereas problem blind people how to use an insulin pump is an example of the the focus of _____________. solving is very specific) __________ research is concerned with generating new knowledge. Basic ___________ research is concerned with using knowledge to solve immediate problems. Applied Basic research is also referred to as __________ research. Pure What are the 4 major goals of basic research? To develop, test, and refine theories and generate new knowledge. "Knowledge for knowledge's sake." Basic research often uses _______ as subjects. Laboratory animals What is the major difference between basic and applied research when it comes to the application of the knowledge gained? Knowledge gained from basic research generally takes years to be put into practice. Knowledge gained from applied research is applied in the near future. Nursing research most commonly occurs in the form of ______ research (applied or basic?). Applied The distinction between applied and basic research can be unclear at times. The best indicator of the type of research being conducted is the amount of ___________ provided. Financial support. Basic research implies the researcher is provided support to work on a particular project without having to prove immediate usefulness. Which type of nursing research is most likely to get funding? Applied or basic? Applied, although nurses still have to search for funding. What organization has the most money available for research? The federal government Where does the largest amount of government funding for nursing research come from? The National Institute for Nursing Research. Aside from the government, where does nursing research funding come from? (3 responses) Private foundations, corporations, and professional organizations like the Sigma Theta Tau Honor Society for Nursing. What are the 4 major goals of nursing research? 1-promote evidence based nursing practice 2- ensure credibility of the nursing profession 3- provide accountability for nursing practice 4- document the cost effectiveness of nursing care What is the major reason for conducting nursing research? To allow for the best care for clients/patients ___________ nursing means that nurses make decisions based on the best available evidence coupled with their own expertise and the health care preferences of the client Evidence based nursing practice How does nursing research ensure credibility for the nursing as a profession? One of the criterion of a profession is that it has it's own unique body of knowledge that is different and distinct from other disciplines. Nursing traditionally has borrowed knowledge from other disciplines. By developing a knowledge base specific to nursing, nursing can be more clearly identified as a profession and not a vocation. What are the major responsibilities of a nurse to provide personal accountability? Have a sound rationale for interventions performed and keeping their knowledge base current by following research trends and outcomes. What is the best resource for a nurse to remain current in his/her field? Research literature What does "classic study" mean? That the body of research has been cited many times. ________ research is concerned with objectivity, tight supervision and control over the research situation and the ability to generalize findings. Quantitative (directly measurable research) _________ research is concerned with the subjective meaning of an experience to an indvidual. Qualitative An example of _________ research is research concerned with the level of pain a client is experiencing. (Qualitative or Quantitative) Quantitative An example of _________ research is research concerned with the impact of living with chronic pain. (Qualitative or Quantitative) Qualitative What is outcomes research? Research focused on measurable outcomes of interventions with certain patient populations. What should a nurse prepared at a baccalaureate level be able to do with respect to nursing research? (7) -be able to read research critically -determine if research results are ready to be used in clinical practice -be able to identify clinical problems that require further investigation -be able to assist investigators in accessing clinical sites -should help select appropriate data collection methods -should be able to collect data -be able to implement research findings in practice What are some of the roles a nurse can 1. Principal investigator 2. Member of a research assume with relation to research projects? (7) team 3. Identifier of researchable problems 4. Evaluator of research findings 5. User of research findings 6. Patient/client advocate during studies 7. Subject/participant in studies Nurses working _________ are great resources for identifying patient related researchable problems. Bedside Research _________ focuses on the implementation of findings from specific research studies. Utilization What is the major goal of research utilization? To ensure that the beneficial findings of research studies are put into practice. How is research utilization and evidence-based nursing practice different? Research utilization pushes for beneficial research findings to be put into practice. EBNP involves searching for the best evidence to use, including research evidence. How can a nurse serve as a patient advocate during a research study? -the nurse must explain the study to potential participants prior to the beginning of the study -the nurse should answer questions related to the study - the nurse may be available to participants once the study has begun to answer questions and provide support What is the main purpose of a nurse in the role of patient advocate during a research study? To ensure that the ethical aspects of the study are upheld What are the major questions a nurse should be able to answer regarding a clinical trial that they are involved (as an advocate) in? 1-Why is the study being done? 2-Who is conducting the study? 3-Who is going to be in the study? 4-What kinds of tests and treatments are involved? 5-How long will the study last? 6-What are alternatives to participation? The growth of nursing research seems to be directly related to the _________ of nurses. Educational level ___________ studied nursing care during the Crimean War. She recommended that nurses make and record observations systematically and called for research focused on nursing practice. Florence Nightingale (1850) __________ reported a "school nurse experiment" that involved efforts organized by Lillian Wald to give free care to school children and visit the homes of children who were sick. Lavinia Dock (1902) The ________ recommended advanced The Goldmark Report summarizing findings of the educational preparation for public health nurses and was instrumental in the establishment of early collegiate nursing schools including those at Yale, Vanderbilt, and Western Reserve. Committee for the Study of Nursing Education. Ethel Johns and Blanche Pfefferkorn published one of the first studies that focused on ________. Nurses. The study looked at the activities nurses were involved in. (1928) Edith S. Bryan was the first nurse to... Earn a doctoral degree (1927). What did the study entitled "Nursing for the Future," published by Esther Lucille Brown call for? Nursing education to take place in university settings and for hospitals to hire enough permanent staff so nursing students wouldn't be required to staff those institutions. It also identified the need for nurse educators to be involved in research. The document "Nursing for the Future" is more commonly known as... The Brown Report In 1949, the Division of Nursing Resources was organized with what US governmental body? The U.S. Public Health Service What did Esta H. McNett do? She demonstrated the usefulness of masks in preventing the spread of tuberculosis (1949). The first issue of __________ was published in 1952. Nursing Research In 1955, the _______________ was established with the goal of promoting high level wellness and the improvement of patient care. It provides funding for nursing research. The American Nurses Foundation The Nursing Research Grants and Fellowship programs were established in 1955 by... The U.S. Public Health Service The first unit directed primarily toward research in nursing practice was at the Department of Nursing at the ________________. Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing Research (1957). In 1972, the American Nurses Association (ANA) established ______________. The Department of Nursing Research In 1986, the National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) was established within what governmental organization? The Nation Institutes of Health What are the priorities for research identified by the ANA Cabinet on 1. Promote health, well-being, and the ability to care for oneself among all ages, social and cultural Nursing Research? groups. 2. Minimize or prevent behaviorally or environmentally induced health problems that compromise the quality of life and reduce productivity 3. Minimize the negative effects of new health technologies on the adaptive abilities of individuals and families experiencing acute or chronic health problems What were the research priorities identified for clients with Alzheimer's disease? (2) Research on the management of physical problems like incontinence, falls, sleep disturbances, falls, etc. and management of disruptive behaviors like wandering and agitation What were priorities for research identified by the National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses? (3) Preventing confusion in the elderly post hip fracture, determining the most effective safety measures to use with clients in a confused state, and differentiating pain responses according to diagnosis, age and pain management interventions. What was discovered when examining literature to determine the priorities for Mental Health Nursing? No specific mental health nursing agenda was found. Priorities fell into 6 broad categories including: Support, holism, mental health nursing practice, quality care outcomes, mental health etiology and mental health delivery systems. What was the suggestion of Pullen, Tuck and Wallace related to their findings related to the priorities in Mental Health Nursing? Mental Health Nursing experts and organizations had to identify clear research priorities and propose a national/international mental health research agenda. (They had no clearly identifiable priorities, unlike many other nursing disciplines) What were the research priorities for Emergency Nurses? Interventions for pain managment, effects of staff shortages and overcrowding in emergency departments and their impact on clients. What were the top research priorities of Oncology nurses? Quality of life, participation in decision making r/t treatments in advanced disease, patient/family education, participation in decision r/t treatment, and pain management. _________ studies involve repeating a study with all the essential elements of an original study maintained. Replication studies How has the lack of replication studies hindered nursing research? The lack of replication studies hinders the development of a cumulative body of knowledge which would allow for generalization of knowledge. The ___________ was officially established within the National Institutes of Health on June 10, 1993. National Institute of Nursing Research Which organization did the National Institute of Nursing Research replace? The National Center for Nursing Research What does the "Decade of Behavior: 2000-2010" focus on? Research and public policy initiatives to improve health, education, and safety. What were the top five research areas identified by the NINR to Congress for 2005? 1. Patient safety on hospital units related to RN staffing 2. Impact of nurse practitioner run programs for inner-city black men with hypertension 3. early and acute signs of heart attack in men compared with women 4. the role of nursing in transitions from hospital to home for elders with heart failure 5. Outcomes associated with hospice care and advanced directives What were some of the health care research initiatives of 2006 of the NINR? (3) Preventing/intervening in HIV/AIDS Health promotion r/t parenting capacity End of Life/Palliative Care with emphasis on rural and frontier populations The most important goal for conducting nursing research is the promotion of... Evidence based nursing practice Many nursing research studies have been conducted on what population? Nurses themselves (nurse education primarily) Hypotheses are more likely to be tested in quantitative or qualitative research? Quantitative
Hypothesis What are the 18 steps of the research process? 1. Identify the problem 2. Determine the purpose of the study 3. Review the literature 4. Develop a theoretical/conceptual framework 5. Identify the study assumptions 6. Acknowledge the limitations of the study 7. Formulate the hypothesis or research question 8. Define study variable/terms 9. Select the research design 10. Identify the population 11. Select the sample 12. Conduct a pilot study 13. Collect the data 14. Organize data for analysis 15. Analyze the data 16. Interpret What is the first and most important step, in the research process? Identify the problem to be researched Which step of the research process is often the most difficult and time consuming? Identifying and clarifying the problem to be researched. It often begins with a broad area of interest and is then drilled down to a more specific, one sentence statement of the problem. How can study problems become indentified? Personal experiences, literature sources, previous research, or through testing of theories. The problem of a study is best Question stated as a ___________. What should a problem statement specify? The population and variables that are being studied. A ___________ is a characteristic or attribute that differs among the persons, objects, events, etc. that are being studied. Variable Blood type is an example of a personal __________. Variable Is there a correlation between body image and self-esteem levels in women who have experienced mastectomies? is an example of a __________ statement. Problem What is the difference between a problem statement and a purpose statement? A problem statement identifies what is being studied, a purpose statement identifies why a study is being performed. To develop a better understanding of the difficulties experienced by a woman after the loss of a body part that is closely associated with their feminine identity is an example of a _______ statement. Purpose How does a purpose statement that is clearly presented and justified aid the researcher? The researcher is much more likely to receive funding for the project and will be much more likely to obtain subjects for the study. Research should be built on _____________. Previous knowledge What should be done prior to performing a quantitative study? Determine what knowledge already exists for the study topic by reviewing literature sources. In what ways does review of literature prior to a quantitative study assist the researcher? Determines what knowledge already exists, can help develop a theoretical or conceptual framework for the study, and can help a researcher plan study methods (including instruments or tools that can assist in measuring study variables). How long should a researcher perform a literature review for a potential research study? Review of the literature should be performed from prior to the study all the way to the point of data collection. The theoretical or conceptual framework of a study helps select and define the study ________. It also directs the development of the study ________. Defines Variables. Develops the hypothesis (and allows for interpretation of the results) What type of research may not A study that is strictly descriptive in nature require a theoretical framework? ___________ are beliefs that are held to be true but have not been necessarily proven. Assumptions How do study assumptions impact a research project? They influence the questions asked, data that is gathered and the way the data is interpreted.
What are the three general types of assumptions? Universal assumptions Assumptions based on theory/research findings Assumptions that are necessary to carry out a study ________ assumptions are those that are held to be true by the majority of human beings. Universal All people need love is an example of a/an _________ assumption. Universal Assuming a man is the father of the child in a study that is measuring levels of bonding between a father and their child is an example of a/an ___________ assumption. Assumption necessary to carry out a study Uncontrolled diabetes is a threat to the physical well-being of a client is an example of a _________ assumption. Universal In a study to determine the most effective means to teach diabetic patients how to operate an insulin pump, the information that an insulin pump is the most effective means of delivering medication to a diabetic patient is an example of a __________ assumption. Assumption based on research In a study to determine the most effective means to teach diabetic patients how to operate an insulin pump, the assumption that the patients want to learn the information and are able to learn the information is an example of _________ assumption. Commensense & necessary to the study assumption ____________ are uncontrolled variables that may affect a study's results and limit the generalizability of the findings. Limitations ___________ variables are variables over which the researcher either has no control or chooses not to exercise control over. Extraneous In experimental studies, uncontrolled variables are referred to as... threats to internal and external validity A researcher's expectations about the results of a study are expressed as ____________. A hypothesis A _________ predicts the relationship between two or more variables. hypothesis How is a problem statement and a hypothesis different? A problem statement asks a question and includes the population and variables. A hypothesis has a theoretical answer to the question and includes the population, variables and a proposed relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The ________ variable is the "cause." Independent The ________ variable is the "effect." Dependent The variable that does the influencing is the ________ variable. Independent The variable that is influenced is the _______ variable. Dependent What does it mean when a person says that a hypothesis must be testable or verifiable empirically? That it must be capable of being tested in the real world and by observations gathered through the senses What is a directional research hypothesis? A hypothesis that contains the direction for the researcher's expectations of the study results. The higher a child's self esteem is, the higher their body image will be... is an example of a _________ hypothesis. Directional research hypothesis
A ________ hypothesis predicts no relationship between two or more variables. Null Which type of hypothesis is the most commonly used in nursing research? A directional research hypothesis What types of studies require a hypothesis? Experimental, comparative and correlational. What types of studies may or may not have a hypothesis? Qualitative or descriptive studies How are studies with no research hypothesis guided? By research questions that are further elaborations of the original problem statement. Why is it important to define study variables and research terms? So their meaning is clear to the researcher and the people reviewing the research. How are variables usually defined? Utilizing dictionary definitions, theoretical definitions or operational definitions. What is an operational definition of a variable? It indicates how a variable will be observed or measured. For example, using an MMPI to measure mental stability of research participants would be an operational variable. What does use of an operational definition of a variable allow for? The replication of the study using the same tools Aside from variables and research terms, what else should be clearly defined in a research study? The population used in the study. For example, if the study was on women who had masectomies, the population could be further defined as women between the ages of 25-35 who has had a masectomy in the past year at U of L hospital. The research _______ is the plan for how the study will be conducted. Design The research _______ is concerned with how the data of a study will be collected and the means used to obtain the data. Research design What are some examples of research designs? -Qualitative vs. Quantitative -Experiemental vs. True experimental, Quasi-experimental or Pre- experimental -Nonexperimental designs like survey studies, correlational studies, comparative studies and methodological studies What is the major difference between experimental and non-experimental research designs? Experimental designs allow a researcher to manipulate a variable, decide who does/doesn't get an intervention, allow some control for extraneous variables, and allows for an active role. In a non-experimental design an investigator collects data without any variable manipulation. Which type of research design, experimental or non-experimental, allows for a researcher to discuss cause and effect relationships? Experimental Why have many nursing investigations been of the nonexperimental type? Because it is difficult to conduct experimental research on people due to ethical reasons. The ___________ is a complete set of individuals/objects that possess a common attribute of interest to the researcher. Population What must a researcher specify with regard to populations of interest in a study? The broad population of interest as well as the actual population available for the study. The _______ population is made up of the group of people or objects that a researcher wants to generalize findings to. Also referred to as the universe. Target population (broad) The ________ population is the group that Accessible (actual) is available for study by a researcher. T/F The term population refers only to people and not to inanimate objects or animals. False. Population can refer to a "population" of charts being studied, or a population of blood pressure readings. What is the purpose of identifying a population in a research study? It makes clear the group of people who can have the results of the study applied to them What is a sample? A subgroup of the population to be studied. It is chosen to represent the population of interest so generalizations can be made. __________ samples are those chosen by a random selection process in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample. Probability What is the major drawback to a nonprobability selection method for sampling? The researcher has less confidence that the population selected is truly representative of the one to be studied. Bias risks are great. A ______ study is a miniature trial version of a planned study. Pilot Why is a pilot study sometimes referred to as a Primary Prevention? A pilot study can prevent a researcher from performing a larger study that is an expensive disaster. What are some reasons for conducting a pilot study? Allows for examination of issues related to the research design, sample size, data collection procedures, and data analysis appraoches. It can also be used to test new data collection instruments or ones that have been changed. Finally, it essentially identifies any "bugs" that need to be worked out. The pieces of information or facts collected during a research project is referred to as... Data What step in the research process measures the variables of interest? The data collection step What questions should be answered during the data collection phase of a research project? What data will be collected? How will the data be collected? Who will collect the data? Where will the data be collected? When will the data be collected? What determines the choice of methods to collect data for a research project? The hypothesis or research question, the study deisgn, and the available knowledge about the topic What plans should be in place prior to collecting data? How the data is going to be organized and tabulated and how it is to be evaluated. With that includes how to handle missing data, interview transcription, etc. A _________ should be consulted in the early phase of the research process as well as the analysis phase to determine the most effective way to organize data. Statistician How can a statistician help a researcher with a study? They can help determine what data are needed for a study and what statistical procedures will be appropriate to analyze the data. Which step of the research process may be the most important for nursing? Communicating the findings of a study What is a poster session? A method for disseminating research results that involves an attractively designed poster that describes the area of research, the problem statement and hypothesis and the findings. A researcher acting as a consultant in a health care setting for nurses interested in implementing the interventions identified in their study is an example of what step of research? Utilizing the findings T/F In quantitative research, there may be some shifting back and forth between the research steps. True In _________ research, the individual's perspective is very important. Qualitative In _________ research, the focus is on a group or population of interest rather than on an individual. Quantitative Interest in qualitative research in nursing has grown in the US since the _______. Last decades of the 20th century (the 1990's). How do quantitative and qualitative research differ? Quantitative: manipulation and control of phenomenon, verification of results, empirical data gathered through the senses. Qualitative: gaining of insight and understanding about an individual's perception of events. Interested in common emergent themes. What are common methods for collecting data for qualitative research? Interviews and participant observations. __________ research uses an inductive approach. Qualitative _________ research uses a deductive approach. Quantitative In which type of research study is there an acceptance of multiple truths? Qualitative In which type of research study is there more likely to be a large sample size? Quantitative In which type of research study is "explanation" a common characteristic? Quantitative In which type of research study is "discovery" a characteristic? Qualitative Which type of research study is most likely to have a smaller sample size? Qualitative What are the 9 steps of qualitative research? 1. Identify the phenomenon to be studied 2. Select the research design 3. Review the literature 4. Select the sample 5. Gain entry to the research site 6. Protect the rights of the participants 7. Collect the data 8. Analyze the data 9. COmmunicate the study results T/F? In qualitative research, the phenomenon of study may stay very broad until the researcher enters the field setting. True What are characteristics of problem statements of qualitative studies? They can be broad and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon to be studied and the group/community that will be studied. When do qualitative researchers review literature related to their topic of interest, and why? They typically review the literature at the end of the study to avoid bias . The review at the end allows researchers to identify how their research fits into the existing body of knowledge. What is generally the sample size of a qualitative study? 10-12 participants ________ means that a researcher in a qualitative study is hearing a repetition of themes as additional participants are interviewed. No new information is being obtained. Saturation What must a qualitative researcher do prior to approaching people for a study? They must obtain permission from the IRB of the organization they are working for and to receive funding they must have proof of IRB approval. Where does a qualitative researcher typically approach people to participate in their research? At their place of employment or where they live What are "key informants?" They are people who are key people in the area of interest that may be able to help the researcher get in touch with other desired participants. (Note: key informants is a term used with the ethnographic design of qualitative research) In which type of research, qualitative or quantitative, can ethical issues be more Qualitative because the researcher interacts very closely with the participants. important? T/F? Anonymity is a strong consideration when performing qualitative research. False. The researcher knows the identity (and interacts closely with) the participants. Confidentiality is very important. In what ways can a qualitative researcher protect confidentiality of research participants? The researcher may have to omit demographic information like age, educational level and occupation from the research report. What is the most common data collection method for qualitative researchers? Interviews ___________ are a method of data collection that involve face to face encounters or telephone calls. Interviews ___________ involves the direct observation and recording of information and require that the researcher become part of the setting in which the subject of interest is involved. Participant observation Aside from interviews and participant observations, what are other common methods of data collection utilized by qualitative researchers? Open-ended questionnaires, life histories, diaries, personal collections of letters and photographs, and official documents What type of qualitative research design allows for data collection until saturation is achieved? Grounded theory methodology A _________ consists of a small group of individuals meeting together and being asked questions by a moderator about a certain topic or topics. Focus group What is the advantage of a focus group? It is a time-saver compared to conducting individual interviews. What are disadvantages to focus groups? There may not be equal participation from all the members and/or some people may be reluctant to express their views to others. What are the "cornerstones" of a successful focus group? Well defined purpose, carefully planned environment, and well-trained personnel Repeatability of scientific observations and sources that could influence stability and consistency of those observations is a qualitative research definition of... Reliability Findings of a qualitative study that reflect reality and has data that is accurately interpreted is said to be... Valid Why are qualitative studies generally not replicated? Because knowledge of the findings of one study could bias the results of the other study How does qualitative research gain reliability and validity? Data is collected over a longer period and until no new information is identified. Multiple sources of data are frequently used. The large amounts of data over a significant length of time lends to credibility. When does data analysis in a qualitative study begin? As soon as data collection begins. ___________ involves creating categories of data and developing rules for coding data into those categories. Content analysis Grounded theory was developed from what discipline? Sociology Ethnography was developed from what discipline? Anthropology Phenomenological research is based on what discipline? Psychology Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenological research are qualitative research designs that have specific techniques for ___________. Content analysis _________ is the basic analysis tool of qualitative researchers. Coding What is QDAS? Software called Qualitative Data Analysis Software that can store and edit data, retrieve segments of text, and assemble data according to themes or categories. What software programs are available to qualitative researchers to analyze data? (6) QDAS ATLAS.ti Ethnograph Hyperresearch N6 NVivo What is the major benefit to combining qualitative and quantitative research methods? It increases the researcher's ability to rule out rival explanations for phenomena. What is triangulation? When qualitative and quantitative research methods are used simultaneously. T/F? Qualitative research historically has been the perferred research method of nurses. False, quantitative research has been the preferred method A predicted relationship between two or more variables... Hypothesis Hypothesis should always be written ________ a study and never _________ after the study results are examined. Before the study and never changed once the results are examined. What are the purposes of a hypothesis? -They lend objectivity to scietific investigations by pinpointing a specific part of a theory to be tested. -Theoretical positions can be tested in the real world -can support or fail, but always lends to scientific knowledge -guides research design and statistical analysis tools -provide's a reader with the researcher's expectations about the study before it begins What are the three characteristics of a True Experiment? 1) Manipulation of the experimental variable (IDV) 2) A minimum of one experimental and one comparison group 3) Random assignment of subjects ROX stands for... R-Randomization O-Observation X- treatment/intervention RO1XO2>E means... RO1 O2 A randomized study with a pretest/preobservation (O1) and intervention/treatment (X), a post- test/postobservation (O2) experimental design. Where can the source or rationale for a hypothesis come from? Personal experience, previous research studies, literature, or from other theories. What are the general classifications of hypotheses? Simple, Complex, Research hypothesis or Null Hypothesis. Research hyotheses can be furthered classified into nondirectional or directional hypotheses. A ________ hypothesis involves the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable. Simple The variable considered the "cause..." Independent The variable considered the "effect...." Dependent The variable considered the "reason a phenomenon occurs..." Independent variable The variable considered, "the phenomenon" Dependent How are independent and dependent variables identified in nonexperimental studies? By examining the directional influence of one variable on another, or by which variable occurred first A _______ hypothesis involves the study of two or more independent variables, two or more dependent variables or both within the same study Complex What is the first step, and possibly one of the most important requirements of the research process? Be able to delineate the study area clearly and state the research problem concisely (drill down to a narrow problem from a broad one) What are the four most common sources for generating a research problem? Personal experiences, literature sources, existing theories, and previous research. When basing research off of an existing theory, generally ________ is tested. only a part of the theory, not the entire thing The testing of an existing theory is referred to as inductive or deductive research? Deductive What are the disadvantages to using personal experiences as a foundation for research? -leads to a number of small, unrelated studies - limited generalizability of results The lack of _________ studies in nursing has hindered the development of an extensive nursing knowledge base. Replication How are the problem of a study and the purpose of the study different? The problem = what will be studied The purpose = why it will be studied What factors should be considered when determining the appropriateness of a topic for scientific examination? Ethical issues, significance of study for nursing, personal motivation of the researcher, qualifications of the researcher, and feasibility of the study With respect to ethical issues, what does a researcher need to know in order to ensure their study meets ethical guidelines? They need to know/be familiar with the ethical guidelines established by the federal government, professional organizations, and within the specific institutions where the research will be conducted. What factors should be assessed to determine the feasibility of a study? Time required to evaluate, costs, equipment and supplied needed, administrative support needed, peer support, and availability of subjects Why should a researcher allow for more time to conduct a study than they think is actually needed? Unexpected delays frequently occur, it's best to plan for them What are the criteria for a problem statement? (4) -it must be written in an interrogative sentence form (a question) -it must include the population -it must include the variables -it must be empirically testable T/F Problem statements in literature are never written in declarative form, it is always in interrogative form to express a 'demand for an answer.' False, many times it is written in a declarative form in literature, but it is recommended that it be in interrogative form. How can a researcher write a problem statement so that a consumer can read it, understand it and respond to it? By writing it as a complete, grammatically correct sentence, even if it has to be very long. The 'population' of a problem statement must be _________. Narrowed/delimited. 'Nurses' is too broad, NICU nurses is delimited A ________ study is one that has only one variable to be studied. Univariate 'What source of school stress is most identified by nursing school students' is an Univariate example of a problem statement for a __________ study. (Univariate, Bivariate or Multvariate?) Univariate studies are frequently the _______ of a research process. The first/beginning step When two variables are researched in a study, it is said to be a ________ study. Bivariate 'Is there a correlation between the number of stressors in school and the nursing student's rate of failure?' is an example of a problem statement of a ____________ study (Univariate, Bivariate or Multivariate?) Bivariate (usually an independent variable- number of stressors, and dependent variable- failure rate) A study that involves more than two variables is called a __________ study. Multivariate In a multivariate study, frequently the ________ between variables is the interest of the study. Interaction What is the matter with this research problem, 'Should women over the age of 40 have children?' It is not an empirically testable problem. Ethical or values issues don't make good research questions because they aren't measurable. What is the matter with this problem statement? 'What is the effect of in-room humidifiers on patients with nasal cannula delivered oxygen therapy?' The problem statement shouldn't use the words 'cause' or 'effect.' Correlational statement or Comparative statement? Is there a difference between gender and self esteem? Correlational Correlational statement or Comparative Statement? Is there difference in self esteem in people in the population who have blue eyes and those who do not have blue eyes? Comparative Descriptive Study Comparative Statement or Experimental Study Comparative Statement? Is there a difference in educational reading levels in students who have high anxiety levels before an exam and those who don't have high anxiety levels before an exam? Descriptive Descriptive Study Comparative Statement or Experimental Study Comparative Statement? Is there a difference in educational reading levels for students who were taught relaxation techniques Experimental prior to the exam compared to those who were not taught relaxation techniques before the exam? Where should the prediction of the outcome of a study be written? In the hypothesis What are the guidelines for critiquing a problem statement? (7) 1. Is the problem/purpose statement clear? 2. Is the problem statement written in a single interrogatory or declarative sentence? 3. Are the study variables and the population included in the problem statement? 4. Does the problem statement indicate that empirical data could be gathered r/t the topic of interest? 5. Does the problem statement indicate that the study would be ethical? 6. Is the feasibility of the study apparent when reading the problem statement? 7. Is the significan What are the purposes of conducting a literature review prior to planning your own research study? -to determine what is already known about the topic -helps the researcher to decide whether to relicate a study or study a different aspect of the problem -help locate a framework in which the study will be interpreted -helps plan the study methodology Why is it beneficial for a researcher to consult with a librarian during the literature review stage? The librarian helps ensure the most relevant research is located A ________ source is a description of a research study written by the original investigator(s). Primary source A ________ source is a summary or description of a research study written by someone other than the study investigator(s). Secondary Why is it important not to rely solely on the information retrieved from secondary sources when performing a literature review? Secondary sources may misinterpret information or leave out important information that is valuable to the reader Where are primary sources most likely to be published? Journal articles ________ contain reference materials on periodicals and some books. Indexes ___________ contain brief summaries on articles. Abstracts ________ are library resources that provide assistance in obtaining journal articles and other resources pertinent to a Indexes topic of interest. _______ provides the purpose, methods and major findings of studies. Abstracts What does CINAHL stand for? Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature What professions are covered by CINAHL? Nursing, dental hygiene, medical records, nutrition, dieticians, OT, PT, physician's assistant, and respiratory therapy. What is NSI? A nursing studies index created by Yale. It provides an annotated guide to English- language reports of studies, histories, biographical materials concerning nursing. Index created by Yale. It provides an annotated guide to English-language reports of studies, histories, biographical materials concerning nursing.... NSI (Nursing Studies Index) Index that covers all nursing and allied health literature... CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Index that covers all biomeicine, including nursing and some allied health fields. It is a good resource for articles written before 1950... Index Medicus...discontinued but previously the most used index. Still available in libraries. If you wanted to access Index Medicus, it is available through the online resource __________. Medline What are some resources for journal abstracts? Nursing Research, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) & Master Abstracts International (MAI). Nursing Abstracts contains studies significant to nursing from 1960-1978. To find the author and subject guide for articles published the previous year, you would look in the ________ issue. November/December issue of each year The DAI has three sections to help aid a researcher in locating abstracts pertinent to them. The three sections are: A: Humanities and Social Sciences B: Sciences and Engineering C: Non-North American material Since 1980, abstracts in the DAI have been traditionally approximately _______ words. 350 _______ contains author-written 150-word abstracts of master's theses. Only a smal percentage of U.S. master theses appear in this index. Master Abstracts International (MAI) A listing of books held by libraries The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) throughout the world may be otained through... What is WorldCat? The OCLC database that contains books What are some advantages of CD-ROM databases? -They provide user-friendly assistance that allows user to conduct a search wihout the assistance of a librarian -can store 275,000 pages of text What are the disadvantages of CD-ROM databases? They are obsolute as soon as they are produced and they are often split over several discs. Mot databases available on CD-ROM can be accessed online What online databases have been identified as the most relevant to nursing research? Medline, Embase, Biosis, DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS ONLINE, ETOH, and SCI EXPANDED-SSCI Subject headings of the CINAHL database correspond to the structure of __________ used by the National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) What are the major differences between CINAHL and CINAHL Plus with Full Text databases? CINAHL-: articles are available for 16.00- 20.00, available online, and from commercial vendors, records date back to 1982 CINAHL Plus: only available through libraries, has Evidence Based Care Sheets, records date back to 1937 What does MEDLINE stand for? Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online This online database provides access to journals in the life sciences, with a concentration on biomedicine. It includes information from nursing, pharmacy, veterinary medicine and dentristry. MEDLINE How is OLDMEDLINE different from MEDLINE? It contains older articles from 1950-1965 How is MEDLINE Plus different from MEDLINE? It is for consumer health information and has 'easy to read' material in English and Spanish ...this is an international network of individuals and institutions that prepare, maintain, and disseminate systematic reviews of the effects of health care, the effectiveness of treatments, and performs meta-analysis. Cochrane Collaboration This database corresponds o two print sourcs: Current Index to Journals in Education (CJIE) and Resources in Education (RIE)... ERIC ...the world's largest database of Education Information ...database produced by ProQuest Information and Learning. Degree- granting institutions submit copies of dissertations and these to Universoty Microfilms International (UMI). DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS ONLINE (DAI) Where can you go online to see the table of contents for the most current issues of 50 nursing journals? www.nursingcenter.com What does RRA mean? Record References Accurately (get page numbers, volume numbers, etc. for all references) What information should you collect from articles you find pertinent to your research? Problem of study, hypothesis, methodology, type of sample, findings and conclusions How can you determine whether a source is a primary or secondary one when looking at the reference list at the end of a journal article? If it is mostly journal citations, they are probably primary citations. If it is mostly book chapters and literature reviews on certain topics, they are probably secondary What would you expect to see in the references list of research based on another theory or conceptual framework? The name of the theorist What are the 12 Guidelines for Critiquing a Literature Review? 1. Is the literature review comprehensive? 2. Is the literature review concise? 3. Does the review flow logically from the purpose(s) of the study? 4. Are all sources relevant to the study topic? 5. Are surces critically appraised? 6. Are both classic and current sources utilized? 7. Are paraphrases or direct quotes used more often (should be mostly paraphrasing) 8. Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented? 9. Are most of the references from primary sources 1 2 3 _______ studies are conducted when little is known about the phenomenon of interest. Exploratory In _______ studies, hypotheses are generally not appropriate, a flexible approach (rather than structured) is used, and qualitative and quantitative data is of interest. The study itself is not considered qualitative. Exploratory Why are exploratory studies considered quantitative? The data collected (although in some part qualitative)is intended to be categorized, grouped and eventually generalized to other patients In _____ studies, phenomena are described or the relationship between variables is examined. Descriptive What is the major difference between exploratory and descriptive studies? Exploratory studies are done when little is known about a phenomenon. Desciptive studies are done when enough information is available to identify variables that may have a relationship _______ studies are done to search for causal explanations and are very rigorous. Enough knowledge exists that the invstigator is able to exercise some degree of control over the variables and and research conditions. Explanatory How do explanatory studies differ from descriptive and exploratory studies? Descriptive/exploratory describe phenomena and examine relationships among phenomena Explanatory provides explanations for the relationships between phenomena Quantitative esearch studies are divided into _______ and ________ designs. Exprimental and non-experimental Experimental research designs are ultimately concerned with __________ relationships. Cause and effect All ________ studies involve manipulation or control of the independent variable and measurement of the dependent variable. Experimental _______ variables are those variables an experimentor is unable to control or chooses not to control that may influence the results of the study. Extraneous Confounding and intervening are terms used synonymously with ______ variables. Extraneous Extraneous variables are referred to as ___________, and they are acknowledged in the discussion section of a research report. Study limitations _______ validity of an experimental design refers to the degree with which the investigator can attribute the changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable. Internal What are threats to internal validity? Factors aside from the independent variable that influences the dependent variable. _______ vaidity concerns the degree with which the study results can be generalized to other people and other settings. External When a researcher attempts to control for internal validity, ________ is usually decreased. External validity What are the 6 main threats to internal validity? Selection bias, history that influences the dependent variable (like 9-11), maturation, testing, instrumentation change, and mortality. Selection bias is most likely when subjects are not... Randomly assigned to experimental and control groups ________ occurs when study results attributed to the experimental treatment or manipulation of the independent variable are, in actuality, due to the differences of the subjects prior to manipulation of the independent variable. Selection bias ______ is an internal validity threat that occurs when some event besides the experimental treatment occurs during the course of the study which influences the dependent variable. History How is history, as a threat to internal validity, controlled for? Inclusion of at least on simultaneous control or comparison group in the study and randomization of the participants How is the threat to internal validity, maturation, controlled for? By use of a comparison group _______ is a term to describe the influence of pretesting or knowledge of baseline data has on posttest scores in an experimental study. Testing _________ is a term used to describe the difference between a pretest and posttest measurements of a study that is due to changes in the accuracy of the assessment tool or judging ratings, rather than as a result of the experimental treatment. Instrumentation Change How is the threat to validity, instrumentation change, controlled for? Training sessions for judges and trial runs to check for fatigue factors, as well as calibrating instrumentation. __________ occurs when the dropout rate is different for the control group than it is for the experimental group. Mortality What research design can prevent mortality? None, participants can never be forced to remain in a study. How is Mortality different from Attrition? Attrition refers to participant drop-out, mortality refers to a dropout rate that is different from a control group than the experimental group. How can the threat to internal validity, mortality, be controlled for? The researcher can try to establish a relationhsip with study participants and help them recognize the importance of their participation in the study. What are the three identified threats to external validity? Hawthorne effect, experimenter effect and the reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect. The ________ effect occurs when study participants respond in a certain manner because they are aware they are being observed. Hawthorne effect The _________ effect can be a threat to both internal and external validity. Hawthorne effect & reactive effects of the pretest How can the Hawthorne effect be controlled for? By using a double-blind experiment design. In a ________ study, neither the researcher or the participants are aware of which group (experimental or control) the participants are assigned to. Double blind study The _______ effect occurs when researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subject behaviors. Facial expressions, clothing, body build, etc. are all things identified as possible of influencing participants. Experimenter effect The _________ effect describes when the characteristics of an interviewer (like gender, dress, jewelry worn, etc.) has an effect on the respondent's answers in nonexperiemental studies. Rosenthal effect What is the major difference between the experimental effect and the Rosenthal effect? Experimenter effect occurs in experimental studies. The Rosenthal effect occurs in nonexperimental study designs. __________ is a threat to external validity that occurs when subjects have been sensitized to a treatment through taking the pretest. Reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect During an experiment on weight loss, the researcher weighs all the participants and Reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect, knowledge of the pretest results may tells them their starting weight. At the end of the study, the researcher determines each of the participants lost weight. What is the threat to external validity in this situation? impact the posttest results. How is the internal validity threat, Testing, different from the external validity threat, Reactive effects of the pretest? Testing occurs if the pretest or baseline knowledge is the cause of the results on the posttest, whereas Reactive effect is the catalyst for bringing out the results found on the posttest. How can a researcher know for sure if a pretest threat has occurred? They probably can't In research notation, R = Random assignment of subjects to groups In research notation, O= Observation measurement of the dependent variable In research notation, X= Experimental treatment or intervention __________ is a procedure that ensures that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned or placed in any of the groups in an experimental study. Random assignment How is random assignment typically done? It is typically computer generated What are the three broad categories of experimental design? True experimental Quasi-experimental Pre- experimental In the following research notation, what indicates the independent variable and what indicates the independent variable? RO1XO2 RO1 O2 The dependent variable is O1/O2 (what is measured before and after the treatment) The independent variable is X The type of experiemental design that allows a researcher the most control over the research situation... True Experiment Only with ______ experimental design can causality be inferred with any degree of confidence. True experimental What are the three criteria for true experimental design? -The researcher manuipulates the experimental variables -At least one experimental and one comparison group are included in the study - Subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the comparison group _________ means the independent/experimental variable is controlled by the researcher. Manipulate A _______ group indicates a group in an experimental study that does not receive the experimental treatment. Control group A ______ group is any group in an experimental study that either receives no treatment or a treatment that is not thought to be as effective as the experimental treatment. Comparison What are identified as the three types of True Experimental design? -Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design -Posttest only Control Group design -Solomon four group design Which type of true experimental design is the most the frequently used? Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design In research notation, the following represents what type of true experimental design? RO1XO2 RO1 O2 Pretest (O1) Posttest (O2) Control Group (RO1 O2) design What is the advantage to using a pretest- posttest control group design? It controls for all threats to internal validity What is the disadvantage to using a pretest-posttest control group experimental design? The external threat, reactive effects of the pretest, will always be present What type of true experiment is indicated by the research notation below? RXO1 R O1 Posttest only control group design R (randomized) X (treatment/intervention) O1 (observation/posttest) R O1 (control group) The _________ true experiment design is considered a superior design because it is easier to carry out and has greater generalizability of results. Post-test only control group design Random assignment is used to ensure _______ of the groups involved in an experiment. Equality of the groups The use of a large sample size ensures _________ of an experiment. effectiveness of the random assignment There are four groups in the Solomon Four Group Design (hence the name). Describe the four groups... Group 1: One Experimental group and one control group that both get pretested Group 2: Experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, both get treatment Group 3: Control group 1 and control group 2 receive no/current treatment Group 4: All participants (4 groups) get posttested Explain the following scientific notation: RO1XO2 RO1 O2 RXO2 RO2 Solomon four group design Line one- Experimental group, pretested/posttested: Randomized (R), Pretest (O1), Treatment (X), Posttest (O2) Line two-control group, pretested/posttested: Randomized (R), Pretest (O1), Posttest (O2) Line three-Experimental group, no pretest: Randomized (R), Treatment (X), Posttest (O2) Line four-control group, no pretest: Randomized (R), Posttest (O2) The ________ is considered to be the most prestigious experimental design. Solomon four group design What are the advantages of the Solomon four group design? It controls for internal and external validity threats; reactive effects of the pretest is controlled for by pretesting a control/experimental group and having a control/experimental group that isn't pretested. Changes can be strongly associated with the experimental treatment. What are the disadvantages of the Solomon Four Group Design? Requires a large sample and statistical analysis is complicated. How many Nursing studies have been performed using the Solomon Four Group design in the past ten years? One ______ experimental designs are those in which there is either no comparison group or subjects are not randomly assigned. Quasi-experimental design What are the advantages of the Quasi- Experimental design? The experiments are typically conducted in a naturally occurring groups, allowing for more real world approximation. Nonequivalent control group design and time series experimental designs are types of ________ designs. Quasi-Experimental What is the difference between a pretest- posttest control group design and a nonequivalent control group design? In the nonequivalent control group design, there is no randomization of subjects Explain the following research notation: O1XO2 O1 O2 A nonequivalent research design, Experimental group: Pretest (O1), Intervention (X), Posttest (O2) Control group: Pretest (O1) Posttest (O2) What are the threats to internal validity when using a quasi-experimental research design? History, Testing, Maturation, and Instrumentation Change and Selection Bias What is the biggest threat to internal validity from a quasi-experimental research design? Selection Bias-the groups used may not have been similar at the beginning of the study How can selection bias be controlled for in a quasi-experimental study? By testing statistically for differences in the groups (like education levels, ages, etc.) What type of design is indicated by the following notation? O1O2O3XO4O5O6 Time series design What are the greatest internal threats when using a time series research design? History or testing What type of experimental designs are One-shot case studies and One-group pretest- considered how 'not to do' research? posttest designs (both are pre-experimental designs) What type of study is indicated by the following notation? XO One shot case study In a ________, a single group is exposed to an experimental treatment and observed after the treatment. One-Shot Case Study A ________ design provides a comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment. One-group Pretest-Posttest Design What type of research is indicated in the following notation? O1XO2 One group pretest-posttest design What are the threats to internal validity when using a one-shot case study research method? History, Maturation, and Selection Bias Which type of research design is considered the weakest, and why? The One Shot Case Study, because it has no controls for threats to internal validity What are the disadvantages of using a one- group pretest-posttest design? The threats to internal validity: history, maturation, testing and instrumentation change Why are all nonexperimental designs descriptive studies? -there is no manipulation or control of variables -the researcher can only describe the phenomenon as it exists What are the four most common types of nonexperimental research designs? Survey, correlational, comparative and methodological ______ studies are investigations in which self-report data are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variable or variables of interest. Survey Studies What are the two most common public opinion polls in the US? The Gallup Poll and the Harris Polls The ability to generalize sample results from a nonexperimental design to the population of interest lies in _____________. The Sampling Technique _______ and _______ are very important in survey research. Probability sampling techniques and adequate sample sizes What are the most common data collection methods used in survey research? Questionnaires and Interviews What types of surveys can be used in survey research? Cross-sectional surveys and Longitudinal Surveys In a ________ survey, subjects are studied at one point in time. Cross-sectional survey _________ surveys follow subjects over an extended period of time. Longitudinal surveys What are the advantages of survey research? -ability to provide accurate information on populations -a large amount of data can be obtained relatively quickly -involves a minimal cost What are the disadvantages of survey research? -the type of data obtained (self-report responses may be unreliable because people may provide socially acceptable, not necessarily accurate, responses) In ________ studies, a researcher examines the strength of relationships between variables by determining how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable. Correlational research What is a correlational coefficient? The magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables A correlation of -1.00 means... A perfect negative correlational relationship, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases A correlation of 1.00 means... A perfect positive correlation, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable increases Pearson's r and Spearman rho refer to... Correlational coefficients T/F The identification of an independent and a dependent variable may not be appropriate in some correlational studies. True, although, typically they are identified In correlational research, the independent variable is the variable that... Comes first in chronological order and influences the other variable. It is NOT manipulated by the researcher _________ studies examine the differences between intact groups on some dependent variable of interest. Comparative What is the major difference between comparative studies and experimental studies? In comparative studies, there is no manipulation of the independent variable...it is usually some inherent characteristic like educational level, medical condition, etc. Comparative studies can be classified as ________ or ________ studies. Retrospective or Prospective In _______ studies, the dependent variable is identified in the present, and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable that occurred in the past. Retrospective studies In _______ studies, the independent Prospective variable or presumed cause is identified at the present time, and then subjects are followed in the future to observe the dependent variable. Retrospective studies are frequently called ________ studies. Ex post facto studies (data collected after the fact-how the previous impacts the present) Which type of correlational research, prospective or retrospective, may use an experimental approach? Prospective Which type of correlational research, prospective or retrospective, can never use an experimental design? Retrospective Which is less common, prospective or retrospective studies? Prospective _________ studies are concerned with development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods. Methodological studies In ________ studies, data are analyzed that were gathered in a previous study. Secondary Analysis What are the benefits of secondary analysis studies? The study is efficient, economical ________ studies are conducted in special environments created by a researcher. The researcher attempts to control the environment as much as problem. Laboratory studies ________ studies are conducted in 'real life' situations, not allowing for much control. Field Studies ________ studies are considered laboratory studies. Simulation What are the 7 guidelines for Critiquing Quantitative Research designs? 1. Is the design clearly identified in the research report? 2. Is the design appropriate to test the study hypothesis(es) or answer the research questions? 3. If the study used an experimental design, was the most appropriate design used? 4. If the study used an experimental design, what means were used to control for threats to internal validity? External validity? 5. Does the research design allow the researcher to draw a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables? 6. If t What is the MAJOR consideration when critiquing a research design? -the ability of the study design to test the hypothesis/research question What are six qualitative research designs? Phenomonological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study and action research _______ studies examine human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved. Phenomenological ________ research attempts to escribe the meaning experiences hold for each subject and is used to study areas of research on which there isn't a lot of information. Phenomenological Experiences that are used for phenomenological studies are called ________ experences. Lived Data is collected for phenomenological research primarily through... Interviews (although, the participant may write out their experience and how they interpret/perceive it) What is bracketing and what type of research is it used for? A researcher identifies what they expect to discover and deliberately set it aside. By doing this, it is possible for the researcher see the experience from the eyes of the person relating it. It is used in Phenomenological research. In phenomenological studies, what is the goal? To identify themes and patterns in the data In phenomenological studies, when is data collected vs. when it is assessed? They are done simultaneously (unlike all experimental research) _______ studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups. Ethnographic In ________ research, the researcher often lives with the population of interest and becomes a part of their culture. Ethnographic What is a key informant, and in what type of research are they used? A key informant is an individual knowledgeable about a culture of interest. They are used in ethnographic studies. How is data generally gathered for Ethnographic research? Participant observation and interviews What is the end purpose of an ethnographic study? The development of cultural theories What discipline gave genesis to ethnography? Anthropology How is the use of ethnographic research beneficial to nursing? Nurse researchers can view nursing and health care in the context in which it occurs What discipline gave rise to Grounded theory? Sociology In ________ studies, data is collected and analyzed, then a theory is generated based Grounded theory on the analysis. The _________ method uses both an inductive and deductive approach to theory generation. Grounded theory What type of sampling is used for Grounded theory and why? Purposeful sampling...the researcher wants a diverse population to locate people who can shed new light on a phenomenon. How is data collected in a grounded theory study? Through participant observation and interviews. The data is recorded through handwritten notes and tape recordings _________ is the term used for contantly comparing new data collected against data already in hand. Pertinent concepts are assigned codes which ae constantly reviewed as more data is acquired. Constant Comparison Which type of qualitative study uses constant comparison? Grounded theory What is a gerund and what type of study frequenty utilizes them for analyzing data? A gerund is an -ing word (like calming, reconciling,etc.). They are often used for codes in Grounded theory research (to categorize responses) When does a researcher, using the Grounded theory approach, consult the available literature regarding their topic of interest? After data has been gathered. analyzed, coded and relationships between concepts has been identified. What is the presumption of the grounded theory approach? That all social life operates within fundamental patterns called basic social processes Basic social processes are a construct of what type of research? Gounded theory Which type of research is more concerned with generating theory than providing a hypothesis, and generates a self-correcting theory? Grounded theory What type of nursing research is being used to help define the professional role of nurses? Historical ________ studies concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past and relating those findings to the present and future? Historical A stethoscope from 1892 would be considered ________ of nursing. An artifact What are the methods of data collection for historical studies? Using documents, artifacts, relics and oral reports With respect to historical research, a primary source is... A source (verbal, written, etc.) that provides firsthand information or direct evidence. With respect to historical research, a secondary source is... Secondhand information or source, like a letter from Florence Nightingale's sister relating things Florence had told her about nursing in the Crimean War Oral histories, written records, diaries, pictoral sources and physical evidence are considered _________ sources in historical research. Primary What are the two types of evaluation all historical research should be submitted to? External and Internal criticism _______ criticism is concerned with the authenticity of data collected for historical research. External _______ criticism is concerned with the accuracy of data collected during historical research. Internal When evaluating historical research, which type of evaluation should be conducted first? External (is the source authentic?) Which type of evaluation for historical research is the most difficult, external or internal? Internal, you have to determine the bias or accuracy of information contained in a source _______ are in depth examinations of people or groups of people. Case studies Case studies have their historical roots in what discipline? Sociology, and has been used often in anthropology, medicine and law T/F Case studies can be qualitative or quantitative, depending on purpose and design. True _________ is a researcher who has used qualitative case studies to research how a nurse moves from novice to expert. Patricia Benner What data collection methods are used for case studies? Questionnaires, interviews, observation, or subject's written accounts _________ involves the examination of communication messages. Content analysis Content analysis is used in what type of qualitative research design? Case studies What are some drawbacks to the case study design? -They are time consuming and costly -subject dropout occurs and must be planned for ________ research is a type of qualitative Action research research that employs interventions to improve practice and then studies the effects. In _______ research, there is no goal to generalize findings and the implementation of an intervention is part of the research process. Action research Qualitative case studies are used to ... Generate hypotheses ___________ research is a special kind of research that is a form of community based action where there is a collaboration of study participants and the researcher throughout all steps of the research process. Participatory Action Research (PAR) In Participatory Action Research (PAR), what activities are the subjects of the study involved in? -Determining the problem -Deciding what research method to use -Analyzing the data - Determining how the results will be used What are the 11 criteria for evaluating qualitative designs? 1. Does the phenomenon lend itself to study by qualitative methods or would a quantitative method been more appropriate? 2. Does the study focus on the nature of the human experience? 3. Is the specific qualitative approach named and described? 4. Will the study have significance for nursing? 5. Does the researcher clearly dscribe how participants were selected? 6. How was the sample size determined? 7. Is the data collection process and recording process fully presented? 8. Is it What type of researcher? Margaret Mead Anthropologist/Ethnography What type of researcher? Teresa Christy Historical What type of research? Glaser and Strauss Grounded theory (sociologists) What type of research? Kurt Lewin Action research (he also conributed to change theory)
Leadership A professional nursing image is equally dependent on what three factors? The ability to effective lead, manage and follow actions. The use of individual traits and personal power to interact constructively with patients experiencing complex clinical problems for which there are no standardized solutions and to guide interdisciplinary healthcare providers in Leadership strategy development to solve these problems... What are characteristics of effective leaders? They communicate direction, use principles to guide a process and project an air of self- assuredness. What are the five factors identified that influence leadership development? Personal life factors, self-confidence, influence of significant people, progression of experiences and success, and innate leader qualities and tendencies. _________ refers to persons holding top positions of authority like Nursing Director or Chief Nursing Officer. Management ___________ is defined as the work of any individual who guides others through a series of routines, procedure, or predefined practice guidelines. Management How does management and leadership differ with respect to behaviors and activities? Management activities occur with less ambiguity, the outcomes are generally known and the sequence of actions to achieve outcomes is prescribed. ____________ is a set of actions taken by an individual that contribute to problem- solving, task attainment, and evaluation using healthy and assertive behaviors that support those that are leading. Followership T/F? Followership is considered a passive process. False, it is considered a set of behaviors that demonstrate collaboration, influence and action with the leader. Having social skills, interpersonal competence, psychological maturity and emotional awareness that facilitates harmony is referred to as... Emotional intelligence. The ability to step outside and see oneself in the context of what is happening while recognizing one's own feelings associated with the event is referred to as... Self-awareness Naming, claiming, and taming feelings such as fear, anxiety, anger and sadness and taking action to manage those emotions in a healthy manner including avoiding passive- agressive responses and victim responses is referred to as... Managing emotions (a level of Emotional Intelligence) Valuing differences in perspective and showing sensitivity to the experiences of others in a way that demonstrates the ability Being empathetic (Emotional intelligence domain) to reveal another's perspective on a situation is referred to as... What characteristics of an emotionally intelligent nurse garner credibility? They possess awareness of patient, family, organizational needs, have an ability to collaborate, show insight to others and commit to self growth. What important functions do theories have for the nursing profession (3)? -Can help address important questions for which answers are needed -They add to evidenced based care and management practices -they direct and sharpen the ability to predict or guide clinical and organizational problem-solving and outcomes What was the major trigger for the development of leadership, motivation, and management theories? The influx of people to areas with industries aimed at mass production (Industrial revolution). Efficient production was the impetus What disciplines were the first to study leadership theories? Sociologists and psychologists. Motivational theories were developed primarily by ____________. Psychologists __________ theories were attempts to explain how nonmanagement employees sustained behaviors to accomplish goals or how leaders and/or environmental factors influenced worker productivity. Motivational _________ theory encompasses how work is organized, planned, changed, and how production quotas are determined. Management Who has contributed to the development of Management theories? Managers, psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists. The Great Man theory is another name for _______ theories. Trait ________ theories assert that leaders have certain physical and emotional characteristics that are crucial to inspire others to achieve a common goal. Trait Group and Exchange theories are the same thing as ______ theory. Style The Managerial Grid Instrument is useful to measure __________. Style _________ theories focus on what leaders do in relational and contextual terms. Essentially, how they interact to influence positive outcomes. Style _______ theories assert that leadership effectiveness depends on the task, their interpersonal skills and the favorableness of the work situation. Situational-Contingency The Contingency Model, Normative Decision Making Model and the Path Goal theory are all forms of the __________ theories. Situational-Contingency theories What three factors are critical in the Situational-Contingency theories? -degree of trust and respect between leaders and followers -clarity of goals and complexity of task -power of the leader to reward behavior and exert influence What two contingent variables did Path- Goal theory add to the Situational- Contingency theory? In addition to the already identified variables of degree and trust and respect between the leaders and followers, clarity of goals/complexity of the task and whether the leader was able to reward workers and exert influence, the Path-Goal theory adds the personal characteristics of the followers and the environmental demands as additional contingencies. What gave rise to transformational theories? Globalization and other factors towards the end of the millenium caused organizations to have to fundamentally reestablish themselves. ___________ leadership refers to a process whereby the leader attends to the needs and motives of followers so that the interaction raises each to high levels of motivation and morality. Leader serves as a role model. Transformational What theorist developed a hierarchy of motivation based on human needs? Maslow The concept that safety and security needs will override an employee's creativity and inventiveness is an example of the _____________ theory. Hierarchy of Needs Trait, Style, Situational-Contingency and Transformational theories are all examples of __________ theories. Leadership Trait, Style, Situational-Contingency and Transformational theories are all examples of __________ theories. Leadership Hierarchy of Needs, Two-Factor, Expectancy and OB Modification theories are all examples of __________ theories. Motivational Hygiene and motivating factors promote Two-Factor job enrichment by creating satisfaction is the crux of the ________ theory. Working conditions, salary, status, and security are examples of hygiene or motivator factors? Hygiene (Two Factor Theory) Achievement, recognition, and work satisfaction are examples of hygiene or motivator factors? Motivator (Two factor theory) Individuals' perceived needs influence their behavior. Motivated behavior is increased if a person perceives a positive relationship between good performance and outcomes/rewards is the tenets of the ____________ theory. Expectancy This theory is an operant approach to organizational behavior and follows an ABC model... OB Modification Theory (Organizational Behavior) What is the ABC Model? The OB Modification theory uses the ABC Performance Analysis Model. A= antecedent analysis of clear expectations and baseline data collection. B=behavioral analysis and determination. C=consequence analysis, including reinforcement strategies. A leader who uses positive reinforcement to motivate followers to repeat (+) behaviors in the workplace and motivates the staff to avoid negative situations that cause discomfort, he is exercising the concepts of the _________ theory. OB Modification Theorist? Trait Theory Stogdill Theorist? Style Theory Shartle, Stogdill, & Likert Theorist? Contingency Model Fiedler (Situational-Contingency theory) Theorist? Normative Decision Making Model Vroom and Yetton (Situational Contingency Theory) Theorist? Path-Goal Theory House and Mitchell (Situational Contingency theory) Theorist? Trasformational theory Bass, Bennus, Nanus, Tichy, Devanna Theorist? Hierarchy of Needs Maslow Theorist? Two-Factor Herzberg Theorist? Expectancy Theory Vroom Theorist? OB Modification theory Luthans (builds on Skinner's work) Complexity theory is arising from what Physical sciences and social sciences disciplines? __________ science promotes the idea that the world is full of systems that interact and adapt through relationships. Complexity In _________ theory, decision making is distributed among all people involved in an organization without regard to a hierarchy and decisions make sense within the framework of interactions. Complexity According to complexity theory, what does leaderhip require? An engaged interaction with an event and the people in it WHat are the 5 ways complexity science encourages individuials to lead, manage and follow? It encourages development of networks, encourages nonhierarchial, "bottom-up" interaction among workers, wncourages leadership tag development, focuses on emergence and systematic thinking. A _________ is any related group with common involvementin an area of focus or concern. Network ______ is the term for the philosophic, patient-centered, and values driven characteristics that gives an organization its personality. Tag "Attractors" is another name for _______. Tags What is an example of an organizational tag? One facility's practice may be similar to another's, but the emphasis on caring (the tag) drives performance as opposed to cost effectiveness (another tag). _________ is the term for how individuals in positions of responsibility engage with and discover, through active organizational involvement, those networks that are best suited to respond to problems in creative, surprising, and artful ways. Emergence. "Contructive rather than constraining" What are the principles of the systems thinking theory? Thinking of the Big Picture Balancing short term and long term objectives Recognizing the Dynamic, Complex, and Interdependent Nature of systems Recognizing measurable vs. non-measurable data Recognizing that patients are connected to families, which are connected to communities and cultures, which are connected to health care, etc. is what part of the Systems of Thinking theory? Recognizing the Dynamic, Comples and Interdependent Nature of Systems What are Gardner's 10 tasks of leadership? 1. Envisioning Goals 2. Affirming goals 3. Motivating 4. Managing (Planning/setting priorities, organizing and institution building, keeping the system functioning, setting agendas and making decisions, and exercising political judgment) 5. Achieving workable unity 6. Developing trust 7. Explaining 8. Serving as symbol 9. Representing the group 10. Renewing In general and from Gardner's theory, how do Behaviors differ between Clinical, Managerial and Executive positions? Clinical-focused on a single individual/family Managerial-focused on a specific aggregate/assisting staff to achieve goals within an organizational perspective Executive-focused on a community health and organizational preparation ________ is the ability to assess the current reality, determine and specify a desired end point state and then strategize to reduce the tension between the two states in a positive manner. Visioning _______ tension is positive, and _________ tension is negative. Creative tension is positive Emotional tension is negative ________ are the inner forces that give purpose, direction, and precedence to life priorities. Values _________ is tapping into what we value and reinforcing those factors to achieve growth and movement toward the vision. Motivation _________ is the key component of a team. Trust What is required for the art of communication? (8) 1. Know what info needs to be shared 2. Know who will receive the info, info that represents self interest must be presented 3. Provide opportunity for feedback/dialogue 4. Know that too much info can paralyze the listener and divert energy away from key responsibilities 5. Be willing to repeat info in different ways and at different times, keep it simple 6. Values behind a change should be explained 7. Acknowledge loss and provide opportunities for communication 8. Be sensitive to non-ve ___________ is a preferred method for dialogue and feedback because it affords immediate feedback and offers opportunity to clarify information. Face to face communication Serving as a __________ reflects unity and Symbol collective identity. ___________ is considered an energy expending task, whereas __________ is considered an energy-producing task. Problem-solving is energy expending, vision- setting is energy producing Celebrating individual accomplishments is a method of _________, leading to positive trends in spirit and purpose. Renewing As part of _______, leaders must be proponents of self-care behaviors like eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep and exercise and other wellness oriented activities to maintain a good perspective and energy level. Renewing What are the 4 guiding principles of conflict resolution? Put the focus on the interests Build in loop- backs to negotiation Build in consultation before and feedback after the negotiations Provide necessary motivation, skills and resources What is a loop back related to negotiations? Allowing an avenue to return to negotiations. Ex: Allowing for a cooling off period before reconvening after a failed negotiation session, or reviewing the consequences of failure to arrive at an agreed resolution Meeting with staff after a conflict to learn from the situation and to prevent it in the future is an example of what principle of conflict resolution? Allowing for feedback after negotiations (3rd principle) A _________ specifies the desired sequence of steps that have been designed to achieve clinical standardization. Process of Care Managers maintain __________ of clinical system functioning. the spirit What are Bleich's 9 tasks of management? 1. Identify the systems and processes over which the manager has responsibility and accountability 2. Verify minimum and optimum standards/specifications for staff to achieve 3. Validate the knowledge, skills, and abilities of available staff, capitalize on strengths, and stregthen areas in need of development 4. Devise and communication a big picture plan for the division of work 5. Eliminate barriers/obstacles to work effectiveness 6. Measure the equity of workload and use data to s What are Bleich's 9 tasks of Followership? 1. They are individually accountable while working within the context of an organization, doesn't change work to benefit self, including taking short cuts 2. Honors the standards and specifications required to deliver acceptable care/service 3. Offers knowledge, skills and abilities to accomplish task at hand 4. Collaborates willingly with leaders and managers, avoids passive-aggressive or nonassertive responses to work assignment 5. Includes datat collection as part of daily work activ __________ leadership is the ability to elicit a vision from people and inspire am empower those people to do what it takes to bring the vision to reality. Enlightened What are the 8 characteristics of effective leaders Covey identified ? -Continually engaging themselves in lifelong learning -Service oriented, concerned with the common good -Radiate positive energy -They believe in other people -lead balanced lives - See life as an adventure -they are synergistic - they engage themselves in self-renewal How is a manager and a leader intrinsically different? A manager is a designate, appointed role. Result of instruction A leader is an abilities role, can be taught, but is usually the result of personal experiences What three qualities do followers need from their leaders? Direction, trust and hope Why is nurse leadership vital? Nurses depend on their leaders to set goals for the future and the pace to achieve them. The public depends on them to move consumery advocacy agendas forward. What are the top 5 things followers desire from their leaders? Respect, control of decisions that most affect them, Rewards and recognition, balance of life, and professional development The traditional boss image is an example of ________ leadership. Transactional In _________ leadership, employees understand that there is a superior who makes decisions with little or no input from subordinates. Transactional How do transactional leaders move followers? Offering rewards for desired work, monitoring work performance and correcting when there's a problem and waiting until a problem occurs and dealing with it retrospectively. A _______ leader is more likely to opt for Transactional status quo and is found in more stable work environments. A ________ leader is one who seeks and welcomes input from followers as goals are formulated and decisions are made. Transformational What are the five key practices of transformational leadership? 1. challenging the process, challenging how things have been done in the past and looking for new solutions to old problems 2. inspiring shared vision, bringing people together towards one shared goal that all accept as achievable and acceptable 3. Enabling others to act, including empowering people to believe that they make a difference and their extra effort will have rewards 4. Modeling by taking an active role in the work of change 5. Encouraging, paying attention to those personal What type of leadership seems best suited to nursing practice? Transformational What are the barriers to leadership? False assumptions and Time Constraints Believing that having the title Chief Executive Officer denotes good leadership is an example of what barrier to leadership? False Assumptions What are the 6 leadership (skills) development tasks? Select a mentor Lead by example Accept responsibility Share the rewards Have a clear vision Be willing to grow Experience can be another word for... Learning from failure What is the focus of transgenerational leadership? Building acceptance and understanding between emerging workforces (the new generation) and the older generation of workers. What has the emerging workforce identified as what they want in a leader? Note: Emerging workforce = born 1965 and on Someone who: -is receptive to people -a team player -honest -a good communicator - approachable -knowledgeable -motivating -as a good attitude -has good people skills What factors are necessary for the emergent workforce to be happy in the follower role? -be able to retain balance in their lives -have information and input into the decisions that affect them -see some benefit from the activity How do the entrenched workforce (Baby Boomers/1946-1965) view work life? They believe in the power of collective action, tend to mistrust authority, are comfortable with the process of getting to a goal, tolerant/dependent on meetings and discussions. What characteristics do entrenched workers -be motivational -honest -approachable - desire from a leader? competent -knowledgable Differences from emergent: -professional -supportive -high integrity What are the five rules of leaders to survive and thrive as leaders? Maintain balance Generate self-motivation Build self-confidence Listen to constituents Maintain a positive attitude How can leaders maintain balance? Effective time management, control communication (simple, fast, and accessible without tying them down), set priorities and keep control of them, attend to matters as they arise, handling a question or piece of mail once and only one at a time, and focusing on the task at hand. Performing an honest self-appraisal on a regular basis and working to feel good about a job are ways a leader must work at __________. Self-confidence How does a staff nurse exhibit leadership? Develops ideas on how to improve patient safety, future improvements, increase workplace satisfaction for nurses on their team In what ways can a staff nurse develop leadership skills? Through employment opportunities, professional opportunities, clinical opportunities and/or at facilities like Magnet facilities that encourage skills development. How can a nurse manager serve as a leader? Developing with staff nurses a shared vision of the preferred future, inclusion of staff in decision making, inspire staff nurses to make changes in the workplace to make it more satisfying How does a nurse executive demonstrate leadership? Develops an environment for staff nurses and managers to have optimal input into organizational decision-making, creates a shared vision of the future, empowering others How can nursing students serve as leaders? Participating in student organizations, learning how to deal with conflict/difficult people, selecting mentors What is the best and most important step to becoming a leader within the nursing profession in the US? Join a professional organization What is the major impact of professional specialty organizations like the Oncology Nursing Society or AORN? The sharing and dissemination of information, discussion of mutual clinical or role concerns, and education regarding the latest advances in the field. What organizations provide assistance to nurses who want to run for political offices? The American Nurses Associations Political Action Committee (PAC) and the state constituents member association PACs. What elected leadership positions can nurses hold on a local level? Members of school boards, city councils, and community boards. What elected leadership positions can nurses hold on a state level? Serving on the state legislature, state board of nursing, state board of health. What elected leadership position can nurses hold on a national level? US Congress, federal boards and commissions (Senate is a possibility, but no nurse has successfully been appointed to the Senate to date). What is the measure of success for a leader? If the group succeeds, the leader succeeds What is role theory? A collection of concepts and a variety of hypothetical formulations that predict how actors will perform their given role, or under what circumstances certain types of behaviors can be expected. What are the 5 basic functions of a manager? 1. Establishing objectives and goals for each area and communicating them to the people responsible for attaining them. 2. Organizing and analyzing activities, decisions, and relations needed and divide them into reasonable tasks. 3. Motivating and communicating with people responsible for various jobs through teamwork. 4. Analyzing, appraising, and interpreting performance and communicating the meanings of measurement tools and their results to staff and superiors. 5. Developin Managers develop efforts that focus on __________. The individual. Their aim is to enable the person to develop their abilities and strengths to the fullest to achieve excellence. How do managers address complex issues? By planning, budgeting, and setting target goals. Goals are met by organizing, staffing, controlling and solving problems. What three factors have been identified as factors that produced joy for nurses while working? Work that represented progress, work that provided connections with other people, and work where competence was required. What internal factors blend with work- related factors to produce joy? Self-esteem, beliefs, attitudes, values and competence. What theory has been identified as possibly the most significant theory to nursing from the 21st century? Quantum Theory ________ theory elucidates the complexity and unpredictability of events. Quantum What are the 10 factors that depict the 1. Portability of health care leads to shorter direction that health care is going according to Porter-OGrady? recovery periods following less invasive techniques 2. The more fluid medical care models discharge patients quicker, but the education of nurses still adheres to learning practices that require longer patient stays 3. The shift from inpatient to speedy outpatient services is increasing 4. Shorter care stays shift the aftercare from health provider to care- recipient and significant others. 5. Payment models previously never questioned are now s What are the 5 dimensions of a courageous follower? Courage to assume responsibility, courage to serve, courage to challenge, courage to participate in transformation, and the courage to leave by separating from a leader or group. How can a manager support a follower in their attainment of courage? Demonstrate trust in their individual autonomy, advocate for the service role, pose dilemmas to encourage behavior, design opportunities to develop transformational abilities and risk separation. What is the nurse managers role related to research? Serving as a participant in research and that of being an interpreter of research. Incorporate findings into evidence based care and identify areas of potential research. Why should nurse managers consider mentoring an important role? -to train successors -boosts staff self- confidence -helps staff gain professional satisfaction -assists staff in present work and career development Why is knowledge of the organizational culture of a hospital important? Nurses who work in positive organizational environments feel respected Day to day management challenges for a nurse manager include balancing what three sources of demand? Upper management requests, consumer demands and staff needs Nurses employed in the ______ department of a hospital are considered at high risk for violence. Emergency How can a nurse manager provide 'special attention' to nurses working in areas considered high risk for violence? Ensuring they get adequate on the job training, conflict resolution/management training, crisis management and education on how to handle highly agitated/armed people Why is it important for a nurse manager to ensure nurses working in high-risk environments get adequate training to deal with protective techniques? Manages can be at increased risk for non- adherence to state/federal employee selection (negligent hiring) What are the 5 management practices that have been identified (by the IOM) as 1. managing the change process actively 2. balancing the tension between efficiency and effective when instituting change and achieving patient safety in high-risk organizations? reliability 3. creating a learning environment 4. creating and sustaining trust 5. involving the workers in the redesign and workflow decision making What are the two IOM reports a nurse manager should be familiar with? Keeping Patients Safe and Crossing the Quality Chasm/A New Health Care System for the 21st Century What 6 improvement aims were identified for lower-performing health care sytems? -safety in patient practices that help rather than hinder patient care -providing effective patient care grounded in scientific knowledge and eliminating services with no benefit -provide patient centered care that ensures the patient values the clinical decisions -addressing efficiency, including avoidance of energy waste (not just supply waste) -providing timely care -providing equitable care What two sets of skills does a nurse manager need in order to address staff issues with members of upper management? -know who the power sources are and develop a strategy to present information to them - ability to pressure power sources for change implementation How can a nurse manager lend stability to staff in times of change? Consistently follow the core values even if the approach to achievng them changes. Reflect the mission, vision and purpose of the organization Why is an understanding of business principles important for nurse managers? They can become conduits for managin safe, effective, affordable care (and wisely manage resources) What are the keys to effective case management? Coordination of care with identified timeframes for accomplishing appropriate outcomes What are the three critical resources a nurse manager must be able to plan for and allocate? Personnel, finances and technologic access What organization has developed quality indicators for nurse managers to use to assess their units? The ANA. They developed the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) What is the Nursing Licensure Compact? It allows a nurse to have a single licensure that is recognized by compact states (those that participate) allowing greater mobility across states What are the three major responsibilities of a nurse manager? -Maintaining relationships with those above themselves, peers and staff for whom they are accountable -Professionalism -Management of resources What type of law governs the nurse actions Common law, guided by each state and duties allowable by the profession? ______ law is guided by principles rather than rules and regulations and consists of broad and comprehensive principles based on justice and reason. Common What is the most important piece of nursing legislation? The state nurse practice acts T/F Nursing state boards cannot grant exceptions, waivers, or expand practice acts outside of the Nursing Practice Act's specific provisions. True What guides the nursing educational and examination requirements, grants licensure and defines functions of nursing in each category of nursing? The Nurse Practice Acts What are the main purposes of a state board of nursing? -ensure enforcement of the nurse practice acts - protect the public through licensure The _________ ensures individual state actions against a nurse's license is recorded and enforced in all states in which the nurse holds a license. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) For a nurse who holds a license in one state but is able to work in another state due to compact agreements, which Nurse Practice Acts govern that nurse's actions? The state in which she/he is practicing _______ denotes conduct that is lacking in car and typically concerns nonprofessionals. Negligence Professional negligence is also referred to as... Malpractice A deviation from the standard of care a reasonable person would deliver is called... Negligence A failure of a person with professional education and skills to act in a reasonable and prudent manner is called... Malpractice What is omission as it relates to negligence/malpractice? The failure to do something the reasonable, prudent person would have done. Acting in a way that causes injury to a patient is called... Commission T/F Malpractice and negligence both refer to acts that result in nonintentional injury to a patient. True What are the six elements required to meet 1. A duty is owed to the patient 2. There is a the definition of Malpractice? breach of the duty owed 3. There was foreseeability 4. There was causation 5. There was an injury 6. There were damages How are the standards of care r/t the duty owed to a patient, established? By reviewing: -The institutions policies and procedures -the job description -practitioner's education and skills -ANA standards -JCAHO standards -state standards What is the nurse manager's responsibility r/t standards of care? -ensuring that the standards established by a facility are adhered to -educate and train staff regarding new standards of care -ensure new standards are followed The concept that certain events can/will result in certain results is called... Foreseeability-knowing that failure to do something may result in harm What are common areas concerning foreseeability? Medication errors, patient falls, failure to adhere to physician orders The concept that a patient came to harm as a direct result of a nurse's action/inaction is called... Causation T/F Injury, as it related to cases of malpractice, can be physical, psychological or transient. False, only physical injury is considered an element for malpractice. In order to prove damages, a patient must show ______harm before the courts will allow a finding of liability. Financial How can a nurse manager ensure that all of his/her employees meet the standards of care? -performing/reviewing all performance reviews for evidence they are met -reviewing patient charts randomly to ensure documentation standards are met -inquiring employees regarding standards and where they can be accessed within the facility _______ liability refers to each person's responsibility and accountability for their own actions/ommissions. Personal Vicarious liability/substituted liability refer to the _________ doctrine which makes employers accountable for the actions of their employees. Respondeat Superior (let the master answer) T/F In states that allow vicarious/substituted liability, only the facility where the nurse works, not the nurse can be sued. False What is indemnification? The ability of a facility to sue a nurse whose negligence caused the facility to pay damages to a patient. _________ holds that an institution has the responsibility and accountability to maintain an environment that ensures quality healthcare delivery for patients. Corporate liability What are some examples of areas of corporate liability? Negligent hiring/firing issues Failure to maintain safety in the physical environment Lack of competent, qualified and adequate staff How do nurse managers protect their facility from corporate liability? -by ensuring staff remains competent and qualified -ensuring their staff has current licensure -reporting incompetent, illegal or unethical practices -determining employment How are nurse managers exposed to the possibility of malpractice? -Failure to assign, delegate, and supervise within standard of nursing practice -Failure to orient, educate and evaluate new and existing employees -Failure to warn potential employers of staff incompetencies or impairment -failure to provide adequate staffing, failure to ensure qualifications of a float nurse or ensuring temporary agency nurses are qualified A transfer or authority from one individual to another to perform some type of work or task is called... Delegation T/F Once delegated, the accountability for a task falls upon the person who assumed the task. False ________ is the transfer of a task and the accountability related to that task from one person to another. Assignment How often should nurse managers evaluate the competency of their employees to provide competent care? Daily What is the nurse manager's responsibility if an issue has been identified with a staff member? -promptly respond to any allegation, regardless of the source (patient or co-workers) of incompetent or questionable care -recommend options for correcting the situation -Follow up on options/recommendations (evaluate) What are things a future employer should be told of in order not to be liable for a failure to warn? -Suspected addictions -Violent behavior - incompetency What must occur in order for 'qualified privilege' to be in effect? The individual must list the nurse manager or institution as a reference Communications made in good faith between individuals/entities with a 'need to Qualified privilege know' is called... T/F A patient must suffer an injury directly related to lack of nursing personnel and not to incompetent or inappropriate staff actions in order for a nurse manager to be held liable for insufficient staff. True What measures can a nurse manager take when short-staffing is a concern? -approve overtime to ensure adequate coverage -reassign personnel -restrict new admissions to the area -notify the COO when understaffing endangers patient welfare How can a nurse manager minimize malpractice risks presented by the use of float staff? -assess their expertise, patient-care delivery systems, and patient-care requirements -match the nurse's home unit and float unit by skills required -cross train nurses between several units _________ refers to liability that is assumed by a facility when employing a nurse from a staffing agency that is assumed by the patient to be a hospital employee. Apparent Agency What are a nurse manager's responsibilities r/t use of temporary nurses? -consider their skills, competencies and knowledge when assigning them to tasks - supervise their actions -report incompentency to the agency -send an incompetent worker home or reassign them to other duties in other areas When using agency or temporary personnel, what things can a nurse manager do to ensure the temp is adequatel acclimated to their current work environment? -conduct brief orientation regarding institutional policies and procedures -advise them where resource materials are located - advise them of documentation procedures - assign a resource person/mentor to them ________ is a system that monitors licensure status in all states and US territories for discipline issues, competency ratings and renewals. ELVIS (Electionic License Verification System) What exactly is informed consent? The authorization by a patient or patient representative to do something to a patient based on legal capacity, voluntary action and comprehension. What are the three criteria that must be met in order for informed consent to be valid? The patient must have legal capacity to authorize (legal capacity), voluntarily give consent (voluntary action), and be able to comprehend what they are agreeing to. What types of minors are nurses permitted to get informed consent from? Emancipated minors, minors seekin treatment for substance abuse or communicable disease, and pregnant minors Which criteria for informed consent is the most difficult to ascertain? Comprehension When a nurse signs as a witness to informed consent, what does the signature mean? Only that she/he has witnessed a voluntary patient signature on the form What are the basic pieces of information that should be communicated in order to truly have informed consent? -explanation of the treatment and expected results -description of risks involved -benefits that are likely from the procedure -options aside from the treatment, including no treatment period -name of who will be performing treatment -statement that the patient can withdraw consent at any time What are the 8 elements of informed consent related to participation in a research study? 1. A statement that indicates the study involves research, the purposes of the research, the duration of their participation, procedures to be followed, and identification of experimental procedures 2. Risks/discomforts related to the study 3. Benefits to self or others from research 4. Alternate procedures/treatment available 5. Extent of confidentiality provided 6. Compensation, treatment options if needed, what they consist of, and how to get them and contact info for more informat What additional information, aside from that needed for informed consent, should a study participant be provided? (6) 1. Any personal costs that may be incurred 2. Potential for foreseeable risks 3. Rights to withdraw with no questions asked and no additional incentives 4. Any consequences of premature withdrawal 5. Statement that significant findings will be disclosed 6. Number of subjects for the study T/F Exculpatory wording is acceptable in an informed consent document as long as the information is gone over and initialed by the participant. False T/F With the advent of HIPAA, medical record information can be used without patient notification and approval as long as there is no way to link the patient back to the record. True (this is called de-identification) What demographic factors are not removed in the deindentification process? 3-digit zip code, gender and age T/F In medical records that are used in research, if the individual is 98, his/her age is recorded as 90. True What two criteria must be met in order for a waiver to forego authorization requirements to view medical records is granted? -the use/disclosure of PHI involves minimal risk to personal privacy -the research cannot be done practically without the waiver Which individuals are at risk for not being able to understand discharge instructions, medication labels, consent forms, or diagnosis/treatment options? Those for whom English is not a first language, are unable to read at a level over 2nd grade, or who have vision or cognitive impairments What is protected under the legal definition of privacy? -a patient's picture or name won't be used for the institution's benefit -the institution has no right to intrude on a patient's seclusion or affairs -the institution can't publish information r/t the patient that presents them in a false light -public disclosure of private facts is prohibited T/F If a patient is reviewing his/her medical record, the nurse manager should explain only those entries a patient questions. True T/F A patient never has the right to an original medical record, only copies of that record. True, the original medical record is considered a business document and belongs to the hospital/organization T/F An incident report should be referenced in medical record if a legal issue arises so the hospital staff can readily locate it. False, an incident report should never be referenced in the medical record What is the goal of risk management? To identify potential hazards and eliminate them before an injury occurs What are the three steps in the EEOC's processing of an employment discrimination complaint? Investigation-is the complaint valid Conciliation-can the parties reach an agreement? Litigation-complaining party is given authorization to sue What did the 1963 Equal Pay Act do? Made it illegal to pay different wages based on gender What did the Age Discrimination Act do? Made it illegal to discriminate against older adults (40 and up)and eliminated mandatory retirement T/F The Americans with Disabilities Act mandates that if two qualified applicants apply for the same job and one of them is disabled, the disabled applicant should be given preference. False. It mandate that people with disabilities not be disqualified from consideration of the job just because of their disability T/F Affirmative Action takes steps to enhance the employment opportunities of Veterans with disabilities and Veterans of the Vietnam War. True When is unequal pay permissable in the workplace? When it is based on merit, seniority, incentive systems...essentially, anything other than gender, race, sexual preference, etc. Which governmental legislation requires isolation procedures, placarding areas containing ionizing radiation, proper grounding of electrical equipment, protective storage of flammable and combustible liquids, and gloving of all personnel when handling body fluids? Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act (OSHA) What are the eligibility requirements for FMLA? -must have worked at least 12 months -must have worked at least 1250 hours in the proceeding 12 months -must give 30 days notice (like for pregnancy)/as much notice as practical in emergency situations T/F Under FMLA, an employee is granted unpaid leave for up to 12 weeks without having to utilize vacation time, sick days, or personal leave benefits first. False...they have to use up all paid time off first in that 12 week period. Whatever weeks remain without paid leave to account for it becomes unpaid time off What are public policy exceptions to the Employment at Will doctrine? An employer cannot fire an employee for: - serving on a jury -whistle-blowing -filing a workers comp claim What conditions must be present for a valid employer retailiation lawsuit (whistleblowing)? -the whistleblower must have disclosed or threatened to disclose an allegation to the state dept. of regulation -allegation must have been about a violation by the organization -the employee must have notified the organization of the problem in writing and allowed enough time for it to be corrected -the employee must have suffered from a retaliatory action from the organization T/F An employee handbook outlining the disciplinary process/progressive discipline must be followed before a person can be fired. True, this is an exception to the employment at will doctrine _________ is the joining together of employees for the purpose of strengthening the ability to influence an employer and improve working conditions. Collective bargaining/labor relations Which Act provides and protects Collective Bargaining? What organization oversees collective bargaining? The National Labor Relations Act provides/protects The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) oversees T/F In collective bargaining, a 'management group' and a 'labor group' are formed for bargaining purposes. Both groups are protected under the National Labor Relations Act. False, only the labor group has protection T/F In ethics, there are no right or wrong answers. True (there are better and worse answers) T/F Ethics are considered an internal concept, not a legally based one. True What are the eight principles that should be considered when making a decision based on ethics? Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Veracity, Justice, Pateralism, Fidelity, and respect for others Which ethical principle is directly related to informed consent? Autonomy What ethical principle underlies progressive discipline in the workplace? Autonomy (the employee takes responsibility for improvement to maintain their job) Accentuating an employee's strengths rather than their weaknesses is an example of what ethical principle? Beneficence A nurse manager encouraging an employee to seek more challenging and satisfying clinical experiences is an example of what ethical principle? Beneficence Providing positive direction during an evaluation for an employee to correct work issues is an example of what principle? Nomaleficence (beating them down with their errors instead of strategizing to correct them could potentially do harm) T/F To work within the ethical principle of Justice, selecting a nurse to go to a conference should be based on who is next on the list, not based on senority or overall performance. False, overall performance should be the deciding factor (Justice, not Fairness) A nurse manager assisting an employee in deciding a major career move or plan is an example of what ethical principle? Paternalism _________ allows one person to make decisions for another when he/she does not have sufficient data to make the decision on their own. Paternalism What is the ultimate purpose of a code of ethics? It is a public expression of a profession's duties and obligations to the population it serves Where should a nurse look to first when facing an ethical issue? The Code of Ethics for Nurses published by the ANA As far as the nursing code of ethics is concerned, what is the first and foremost obligation? Patients, whether as individual, families, groups or communities comes first (including their safety) What disciplines should be involved in an ethical committee? Nurses, physicians, clergy, clinical social workers, mutritional experts, pharmacists, administrative personnel and legal experts The ethics committee model that facilitates decision making for competent clients is called the... Autonomy model The ethics committee model that uses 'substituted judgment' to make decisions based on what the patient would want if they were capable of making the issue known is called... The patient benefit model The ethics committee model that makes decisions based on broad social issues and is accountable to the overall institution is called... The social justice model T/F Legal mandates dictated by court decisions take precendent over ethical issues. True (look at abortion...) Problem solving and decision making both require _________. Critical thinking _______ is a purposeful and goal-directed effort that uses a systematic process to choose among options. Decision making __________ is a process that is considered the gap between 'what is' and 'what should be.' Problem solving What are the phases of the decision making process? Defining Objectives Generating Options Identifying advantages/disadvantages of the options Rankng the options Selecting the best option for the objective Implementing the option Evaluating the outcome A manager who makes decisions independent of the input or participation of others has a ________ style of decision making. Autocratic A manager that involves the appropriate personnel in their decision making process has a ________ style of decision making. Democratic/participative Decision making situations that are covered by agency policies, standard procedures or analytical tools use what decision making theory model? Normative/prescriptive Which decision making model should be used when the options available are known and predictable? Normative/predictive This decision making model is used when the data is subjective, nonroutine and Descriptive or behavioral nonstructured. The options or the outcomes are unknown. Gathering more data, using past experiences, using creative thinking or following a group process are all components of decision making using the ________ model. Descriptive/behavioral The decision making model that provides the most expedient, conservative response that minimally meets the objective is called... The satisficing model The decision making process that selects the most ideal solution to a problem, but takes longer is called... The Optimizing model When is autocratic style decision making appropriate? When more rapi decision making is needed like in a crisis situation, and when groups appreciate/respond to this style When is a democratic/participative decision making style appropriate? -when a conflict is likely to occur -when the problem is unstructured -when the manager doesn't have the knowledge/skills to solve the problem _________ decision making styles work when staff members can work independently and are committed to the job and organization. Laissez Faire What are the drawbacks to an autocratic/authoritative decision making style? It encourages dependency May result in higher turnover, less motivation, less creativity and increased dissatisfaction What are the drawbacks to a democratic/participative decision making style? It takes longer and may decrease efficiency What are the drawbacks to Laissez Faire decision making style? The group may flounder if no one can emerge to give the group direction when needed Physical and emotional state, philosophy, biases, values, interests, experiences, knowledge and attitudes are all examples of ________ factors that can influence decision making. Internal Environmental conditions, time and resources are examples of _______ factors that influence decision making. External "We've always done it this way" is an example of an internal or external factor in decision making? External What are the two primary criteria for effective decision making? -The decision must be of high quality, defined as achieving the goals, objectives and outcomes. -Those who implement it, must accept it When are higher-quality decisions more likely to occur? When groups are involved in the decision making process as opposed to an individual What are the drawbacks to using a small group for decision making? -fewer options will be generated and fewer points of view expressed What are the drawbacks to using a large group for decision making? May lack structure, consensus is more difficult to achieve What characteristic of individuals within a group tend to decrease effectiveness of a decision making process? Authoritarian, aggressive or self-oriented What are the major advantages of group decision making? -Quality outcomes are more likely when different skills, knowledge sets, and views are involved -Participation, especially of follower, facilitates "buy in" to the solution -Consensus is easier to achieve What are the disadvantges of "Majority Rule" in group decision making? -may only partially achieve goals/objectives - group leaders in the minority may not support the majority decision -Members may support the formal leader even if they don't agree with the decision for fear of reprisal -Members may form coalitions to block majority votes What are the disadvantages to group decision making? -requires time -not appropriate in crisis situations -dominant personality types influence passive members -Defending positions may waste time and cause loss of the primary objective -group harmony may be the unspoken goal, resulting in no active discussion or creative thinking What are killer phrases? Phrases that are inflammatory and shut down a creative thinking process. Examples: "That will never work." "We tried that before." "It's not in the budget." The __________ is a strategy that facilitates brainstorming by having all group members present but not communicating with one another as they write ideas for solutions down. Each member selects one idea to share to the group. Discussion is then open. Privately, members assign priority to the ideas and the highest by majority is implemented. Nominal Group Technique What are the advantages of the Nominal -allows equal participation -minimizes Group Technique? influence of dominant personalities What are the disadvantages to the Nominal group technique? -time consuming -requires advanced prep - requires the group comes together physically The purpose of _______ is to explore issues and generate information and involves groups meeting face to face and discussing issues. Focus Groups What are the advantages of focus groups? Participants can validate/disagree with ideas, yields a lot of information What are the disadvantages of focus groups? Issues revolving around group dynamics, getting everyone togehter, time involved The _______ technique involves sysematically collecting and summarizing opinions and judgmens from respondents such as expert panalists, through interviews, surveys or questionnaires. The opinions are constantly fed back to them to offer more refined opinions. The goal is to reach a consensus. Delphi technique What are the benefits of the Delphi technique? -ability to involve large numbers of respondents -no need for assembly -little time committment on the part of the participant - saves time by eliminating digression seen in meetings -avoids negative verbal/nonverbal behavior What are the disadvantages to the Delphi technique? -lower sense of accoplishment/involvement What are the most common quantitative tools used for decision making? Decision grids and payoff tables ______ facilitate the visualization of the options under consideration in a decison making process. They allow comparison of the options using common criteria selected by the decision makers. Decision grids _______ are a decision making tool that requires a cost-vs-benefit relationship of the options to solve a problem and the probabilities of certain outcomes using the current and historical information available. Payoff tables ________ is when a conscious decision is made to do nothing in order for the individuals involved in a problem to arrive at their own solution. Purposeful inaction What is the most common reason for failure Inproper identifcation of the problem/issue to solve a problem? What are the four M's under which work problems commonly fall? Manpower, Methods, Machines and Materials What type of diagram is useful in categorizing the potential causes of a problem? Fishbone/cause and effect diagram In a fishbone diagram, what does the head, large bones and small bones represent? The head is the effect of the problem, the big bones are major categories of causes and the little bones are issues that contribute to the main causes.
Question Excerpt From Nursing research practice test Q.1) A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing practice would demonstrate which of the following research roles?
A. Consumer B. Primary investigator C. Collaborator D. Producer Q.2) Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?
A. Case study approach to research B. Data collection and analysis C. Framework and model development D. Quasi-experimental study design Q.3) Which of the following historical events had a major impact on the funding for nursing research?
A. Development of local, national, and international nursing research conferences by Sigma Theta Tau B. Initiation of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research C. Formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research D. Development of a Nursing Research Council as part of the American Nurses Association Q.4) An example of inductive reasoning is:
A. reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient B. reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients C. using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient D. using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Q.5) Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because they:
A. are easy to implement. B. require few resources. C. are both process oriented. D. balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge. Q.6) Which of the following types of research involve at least some control by the researcher to implement the study treatment?
A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Quasi-experimental D. Experimental Q.7) In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory setting?
A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Quasiexperimental D. Experimental Q.8) Benner (1984) emphasizes the importance of acquiring clinical knowledge and expertise through:
A. Professional experience B. Personal experience C. Academic experience Q.9) What category of research is suggested by the following research question?
"Does telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients' compliance with their medication regimens?"
A. Applied research B. Basic research
C. descriptive research D. phenomenological research Q.10) A researcher investigates the effect of frequency of position change on healing of decubitus ulcers. The study would be described as:
A. applied research B. basic research C. descriptive research D. phenomenological research Q.11) Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which setting?
A. Controlled B. Laboratory C. Natural D. Simulated Q.12) A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling method to decrease the likelihood of bias in the study sample. This strategy was used to implement:
A. manipulation B. control C. data collection D. experimental research Q.13) Which of the following definitions best describes rigor in quantitative research?
A. Time frame in which the research takes place B. Degree of aggressiveness used in acquiring the data C. Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology D. Process used to synthesize findings to form conclusions from a study Q.14) A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke victims. The researcher designs a study where data collection takes place in the caregiver's home. This would be an example of which type of research setting?
A. Natural, field B. Highly controlled, field C. Partially controlled, laboratory D. Highly controlled, laboratory Q.15) Problem identification in the research process would be equivalent to which step in the nursing process?
A. Goal identification B. Data interpretation C. Identifying solutions D. Nursing diagnosis Q.16) The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research process?
A. Outcomes B. Design C. Implementation D. Goal identification Q.17) The research process differs from the nursing process on which of the following?
A. Identifies new information B. involves abstract, critical thinking C. has a broader focus D. utilizes complex thinking Q.18) Which of the following would identify the specific aim or goal of the study based on the identified problem?
A. Purpose B. Literature review C. Methodology D. Assumptions Q.19) Research subjects in a study of quality of life (QOL) in liver transplant recipients were asked to complete a questionnaire about their experiences following transplantation. Which of the following would be a likely assumption the researcher made in relation to this study?
A. Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire. B. Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL. C. All liver transplant recipients invited to participate in the study will complete a questionnaire D. QOL is an important issue to liver transplant recipients. Q.20) Before implementing a large, multisite research investigation, a researcher conducts a smaller study of the planned study to identify any problematic areas. This smaller study is known as a(n):
A. abstract B. exploratory design C. pilot study D. proposal Q.21) The researcher uses which portion of the research report to capture the reader's attention?
Q.22) The sentence "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health beliefs and breast self-examination" would most likely be found in which section of a research report?
Q.23) The initial and one of the most significant steps in conducting the research process is:
A. defining the research variables. B. identifying the research problem. C. stating the research purpose. D. determining the feasibility of the study. Q.24) The purpose statement should identify the study variable(s) and what other key aspect of the study?
A. Design B. measurement tools C. population D. statistics Q.25) One important source for identification of a research problem would be:
A. nursing practice B. research textbook C. nursing code of ethics D. practice guidelines Q.26) In the literature report of a study on quality of life, the researcher describes two previous investigations suggesting that spirituality is related to quality of life. This information suggests the current study is significant because it:
A. influences theology. B. builds on previous research. C. challenges existing theory. D. addresses multidisciplinary concerns. Q.27) Feasibility is determined by examining which of the following?
A. Researcher's credibility B. Significance of research problem C. Availability of subjects D. Previous studies Q.28) In a research proposal, the investigator notes that written permission has been obtained from three local hospitals to access patients for the proposed study. This is an example of what aspect of a study?
A. Reliability B. Methodology C. Ethics D. Feasibility Q.29) A research hypothesis:
A. predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study B. defines the theoretical framework for the study C. identifies the source of the problem under study D. clarifies the concepts used in the study Q.30) The statement "This study explores the experience of caregiving by adult daughters of parents with Alzheimer disease" is an example of which of the following?
A. Objective B. Question C. Simple hypothesis D. Complex hypothesis Q.31) What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Normal saline flush with heparin is more effective than normal saline flush alone in maintaining patency of an intermittent intravenous site."
A. Simple, research B. Complex, nondirectional C. Complex, causal D. Simple, directional Q.32) What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
A. Complex, directional hypothesis B. Simple, associative hypothesis C. Simple, nondirectional hypothesis D. Complex, null hypothesis Q.33) What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Low-fat diet is related to lower total cholesterol and higher HDL (high-density lipoprotein)."
A. Complex, directional, causal B. Complex, directional, associative C. Simple, nondirectional, research D. Simple, directional, causal Q.34) The dependent variable is:
A. a stimulus or activity that is varied by the researcher. B. the quality, property, or characteristic identified in the problem C. a characteristic or element of the human subjects involved in the study D. the response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand Q.35) Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis:
"Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
A. Relaxation therapy B. Complaints of pain C. Pain medication use D. Music therapy Q.36) Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support."
Question: "Request for analgesics" is the:
A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. attribute variable D. extraneous variable Q.37) Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support."
Question: "Perception of pain" is the:
A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. attribute variable. D. extraneous variable Q.38) Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support."
Question: "Type of support" is
A. independent variable. B. dependent variable C. attribute variable D. extraneous variable Q.39) Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support."
This hypothesis is
A. simple, directional, research B. complex, nondirectional, null C. complex, directional, research D. simple, nondirectional, statistical Q.40) The statement below is an example of which of the following?
"In this study, pain is reflected as a score between 0 and 10 on the Post-operative Pain Rating Scale."
A. Problem statement B. Conceptual definition C. Associative hypothesis D. Operational definition Q.41) In which section of the research report might the problem statement be located?
A. Literature review B. Methods C. Results D. Implications Q.42) The literature review section of a research report might include a summary of which of the following?
A. Empirical literature B. Funding sources C. Proposed methods and design D. Description of study sample Q.43) Which of the following represents a primary source?
A. The results of a computer search related to the primary topic of interest B. A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study C. A published summary of the relevant research in a primary care area D. A thesaurus that identifies key words to use in a computer search Q.44) At what point is the literature review conducted in a qualitative investigation?
A. Prior to study implementation B. During study implementation C. After study completion D. Depends on the type of study Q.45) Which of the following types of information is consistently covered in a quantitative literature review?
A. Descriptions of effective clinical outcomes B. Anecdotal opinions of expert researchers C. Approaches used to investigate similar problems D. Clinical impressions of related phenomena Q.46) The primary purpose for reviewing relevant literature is to:
A. select the research design. B. delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem C. interpret previous research findings D. develop conceptual and operational definitions of variables Q.47) A crucial resource for researchers conducting a literature review would be:
A. a secondary source. B. an academic library. C. lay literature D. a research mentor Q.48) Which numbers are even
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6 E. 7 Q.49) Which of the following indexes would provide the largest number of relevant nursing sources?
A. International Nursing Index B. Nursing Studies Index C. Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature D. Index Medicus Q.50) A critical aspect of beginning a database search for relevant literature on a topic of interest involves identifying:
A. reference management software B. electronic journals C. keywords D. existing knowledge Q.52) What is the arrow pointing to?
A. Aorta B. Scalene muscles C. Diaphraghm D. Left lung Q.53) One advantage of an integrative review of research is that:
A. previous research findings have been synthesized. B. multidisciplinary literature has been filtered out. C. emphasis is placed on what is not known. D. statistical analyses of the summarized research are conducted. Q.54) A study framework reflects the:
A. blueprint for the study B. specific plan for data collection C. data analysis strategy D. researcher's "theory" or idea about the study Q.55) A researcher theorizes that walking three times per week will minimize the likelihood of premature labor in at-risk pregnant women. The researcher initiates a research program to test this theory. This research study is attempting to validate what aspect of theory?
A. Development B. Explanation C. Prediction D. Strategies for controlling outcomes Q.56) Which of the following is true about theoretical frameworks used in research?
A. Theories offer precise guidance in all situations. B. Theories prove how concepts are related to one another. C. Theories represent ultimate truth and are congruent with reality. D. Theories are constructed by people and are tentative in nature. Q.57) "Abstract" is defined in research as:
A. particular and realistic B. not well-defined and general C. well-defined and precise D. concrete and specific Q.58) Which of the following is true about the relationship between a study framework and the hypotheses?
A. The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other. B. The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the framework is. C. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need to have a framework. D. Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated framework. Q.59) The framework and conceptual map for a study:
A. are always included in the study report. B. are usually clearly identified in the report. C. often must be inferred by the reader from the text of the report. D. should be referred to only at the end of the study. Q.60) Which of the following represents the most concrete term?
A. Variable B. Concept C. Framework D. Construct Q.61) Conceptual definitions are important because:
A. the meanings of terms may differ depending on the study framework. B. they tell others how the concept will be measured in the study. C. they provide a dictionary definition that can be understood by everyone D. they suggest how to precisely measure the variables of interest Q.62) In the research report, a theoretical statement:
A. will always be clearly identified B. should only be discussed in the framework section C. may be implied D. can be omitted if variables are not yet well defined Q.63) Which relationship diagram below best represents the following hypothesis?
"Conventional gauze dressings cause fewer skin changes in wound sites than do hydrocolloid or hydroactive dressings."
A. Gauze dressing ----------> skin changes B. Type of dressing ---------> skin changes C. Type of dressing <---------> wound site D. Gauze dressing <--------- wound site Q.64)
Which of the following responses best describes the relational statement that is diagrammed below?
Pain perception <------- (+) --------> Anxiety
A. Increased perception of pain causes anxiety. B. Anxiety causes increased pain perception. C. Pain perception and anxiety are positively related to one another D. Pain perception and anxiety are inversely related.