Earthquake Resistance Design

University of Engineering and Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan
CE-409: Introduction to Structural Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering
MOD!E ":
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN PLANNING &
CONSTRUCTION
Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan & Prof. Dr. Mohammad
Javed
drakhtarnaeem@nwfpuet.edu.pk mjaved@nwfpuet.edu.pk

CE-409: MODULE 2 ( Fall 2013)
What is Risk ?
2
Disaster
An event causing widespread human or material
losses which exceeds the ability of the affected
community to cope using its own resources
Risk?
Seismic Risk
Seismic risk directly depends upon Seismic Hazard, Seismic
Vulnerability, and Exposure of elements at risk.
For the purpose of simplicity we will discuss only first two
parameters
Risk
4
Seismic Risk
Seismic hazard depend on the eoloy of site and, therefore,
cannot be controlled.
Seismic vulnerability belon to structures and can ,therefore,
be reduced by appropriate desin and construction
Seismic Risk can be minimized by reducing seismic
vulnerability of structures
5
!
The seismic risk keeps increasing
"he current buildin stock is constantly enlared by the
addition of new buildins, many with sinificant, or e#en
excessi#e, earth$uake #ulnerability. "his is abo#e all due to
the fact that for new buildins, the basic principles of
earth$uake resistant desin and also the earth$uake
specifications of the buildin codes, are often not followed.
The reason is either unawareness, convenience or
intentional ignorance
%s a result, the earth$uake risk continues to increase
unnecessarily.
&
Urgent Actions Needed
"he precedin remarks clearly illustrate that there is a lare
deficit in the structural measures for seismic protection in many
parts of the world.
'ew buildins must be desined to be reasonably earth$uake
resistant to pre#ent the constant addition of new #ulnerable
structures to a buildin stock that is already seriously threatened.
(our course ) *ntroduction to Structural dynamics and
earth$uake Enineerin+ aims at con#eyin the fundamental
knowlede to the ,i#il Enineers reardin seismic resistant desin
and construction of structures
Some of the basic considerations for
seismic design
8
Effect of relative stiffness on lateral forces
distribution
"he lateral force is distributed -at a particular story le#el. in
proportion to the relati#e stiffness of the resistin members.
"he applied forces are )attracted to+ and concentrated at the
stiffer elements of the buildin.
"hus the enineer must calculate the stiffness of the resistin
elements to ascertain the forces that they must accommodate.
*f two elements -two frames, walls, braces, or any combination.
are forced to deflect the same amount, and if one is stiffer, that one
will take more of the load.
9
"he e#aluation of relati#e riidities is a necessary part of most
seismic analysis problems in order to determine the relati#e
distribution of the total horizontal force to the #arious resistin
elements.
%n important aspect of this concept in relation to column lateral
stiffness is illustrated in fiure .
Effect of relative stiffness on forces distribution
10
*n the fiure the columns ha#e the same cross/section, but the
short column is half the lenth of the lon one.
Effect of relative stiffness on forces distribution
11
450 lb
0athematically, the stiffness of a
column #aries approximately as the
cube of its lenth. "herefore, the
short column will be eiht times
stiffer -1
2
. instead of twice as stiff
and will be sub3ect to eiht times the
horizontal load of the lon column.
Stress is concentrated in the short
column, while the lon column is
sub3ect to nominal forces.
H!ssignment " #$odule %& H!"$%
"0 k
"0 ft
"5 ft
'ig "
"0 k
"0 ft
"5 ft
( ft
'ig %
4raw S.F.4 and 5.0.4 of i#en frames. %ssume6
7. E*8 ,onstant in all cases
1. 5eams are infinitely stiff in flexure. i.e. beam9column 3oints act as
fixed supports
13
H!ssignment " #$odule %& H!"$%
"0 k
"0 ft
"5 ft
( ft
'ig )
"00 ftk
,alculate 5endin 0oment at all the supports of i#en frame.
%ssume #*+&
column
, #*+&
beam
- %. where E* for both beams are same
Torsional Forces
"he center of mass, or center of gravity, of an ob3ect is the point
at which it could be exactly balanced without any rotation resultin.
*f the mass -or weiht. of a buildin is uniformly distributed -in
plan., the result is that the plan:s geometric center #centroid& will
coincide with the center of mass.
*n a buildin, the main lateral force is contributed by the weiht of
the floors, walls, and roof, and this force is exerted throuh the center
of mass, usually the eometric center of the floor -in plan..
*f the mass within a floor is uniformly distributed, then the resultant
force of the horizontal acceleration of all its particles is exerted
throuh the floor:s eometric center
14
Torsional forces
15
Torsional Forces
Centre o# mass and rigidity
Centre o# rigidity
Torsional Forces

"orsional forces are created in a buildin by a lack of balance between the location of the resistin elements and the arranement of the buildin mass.
Enineers refer to this as eccentricity between the center of
mass and the center of rigidity, .R #or centre of stiffness&,
which makes a buildin sub3ected to round motion rotate around
its center of riidity, creatin torsion 9 a twistin action in plan,
which results in undesirable and possibly danerous concentrations
of stress
16
*n a buildin in which the mass is approximately e#enly
distributed in plan -typical of a symmetrical buildin with uniform
floor, wall and column masses. the ideal arranement is that the
earth$uake resistant elements should be symmetrically placed, in
all directions
*n practice, some deree of torsion is always present, and the
buildin code makes pro#ision for this.
17
Torsional Forces
Effect of shear walls arrangement on the
torsional resistance of buildings
*ffect of shear walls arrangement on torsional resistance #the same total
length of longitudinal wall is distributed in a different way for each layout.
18
;reatest torsional resistance is obtained by concentratin the
lonitudinal walls at the comers of the buildin, as in Fi. a. "he
center of riidity is at the center of the plan -from symmetry. and
the lonitudinal walls, bein placed as distant as possible from this
center, produce the reatest torsional resistance.
%lthouh the position of the centre of riidity of the
symmetrical arranement in Fi. b remains at the center of the
plan, the lonitudinal walls are not entirely placed at the
extremities thus resultin in a reduced torsional resistance
19
5ecause of lack of symmetry about one axis in Fi. c, the center
of riidity will mo#e slihtly off centroidal axis and lateral forces
will ha#e an increased torsional effect due to this offset of the center
of riidity. %lso the distances from the center of riidity of the
flaned sections created with lonitudinal walls ha#e been reduced,
thus reducin the torsional resistance.
%lthouh the arranement of walls in Fi. d is symmetrical, the
lonitudinal walls ha#e been mo#ed close to the center of riidity
and the sections produced ha#e a reatly reduced influence on the
torsional resistance of the total arranement.
20

% #ery poor arranement of lonitudinal walls is shown in Fi. e.
Here they are clustered toward one comer, displacin the center of
riidity a lare distance from the center of the plan and reatly
increasin the torsional effects of the lateral loads. *n addition, the
lonitudinal walls are at a short distance from the center of riidity
and therefore contribute less to the o#erall torsional resistance.
21
Non structural components
For many decades, seismic buildin codes focused exclusi#ely on the
structure of the buildin<that is, the system of columns, beams, walls,
and diaphrams that pro#ides resistance aainst earth$uake forces.
%lthouh this focus remains dominant for ob#ious reasons,
experience in more recent earth$uakes has shown that damae to
nonstructural components is also of reat concern.
*n most modern buildins, the nonstructural components account for
!= to >= percent of the #alue of the buildin -fiure on next slide.. 0ost
nonstructural components are fraile -compared to the buildin
structure., easily damaed, and costly to repair or replace
22
Structure #left&, nonstructural com/onents and systems #right&
23
"he nonstructural elements -such as parapet walls, furniture
#ideo 7 start at ?6== ,
#ideo 1
. if not properly anchored can impose serious threat to human li#es.
,ollapse of boundary walls and parapet walls were the cause of a sinificant
number of fatalities durin 1==@ Aashmir earth$uake.
"he nonstructural components or systems may modify the structural
response in ways detrimental to the safety of the buildin.
Examples are the placin of hea#y nonstructural partitions in locations that
result in se#ere torsion and stress concentration, or the placement of
nonstructural partitions between columns in such a way as to produce a short
column condition
-#ideo start at 76==.
. "his can lead to column failure, distortion, and
further nonstructural damae.
Failure of the fire protection system, because of damae to the sprinkler
system, may lea#e the buildin #ulnerable to post9earth$uake fires caused by
electrical or as system damae.
24
Some common mistakes resulting in
reduced seismic resistance of structures
Four serious configurations
conditions
25
Four serious configurations conditions
Four confiuration conditions -two #ertical and two in plan.
that oriinate in the architectural desin and that ha#e the
potential to seriously impact seismic performance are6
7.Soft and weak stories
1.4iscontinuous shear walls
2.Variations in perimeter strenth and stiffness
?.Re9entrant corners
26
Soft and Weak Stories
"he most prominent of the problems caused by se#ere stress
concentration is that of the )soft+ story. "he term has commonly been
applied to buildins whose round9le#el story is less stiff than those
abo#e.
"he buildin code distinuishes between )soft+ and )weak+ stories.
Soft stories are less stiff, or more flexible, than the story abo#eB weak
stories ha#e less strenth.
% soft or weak story at any heiht creates a problem, but since the
cumulati#e loads are reatest towards the base of the buildin, a
discontinuity between the first and second floor tends to result in the
most serious condition .
27
Soft-storey effect
"he most prominent of the problems caused by se#ere stress
concentration is that of the )soft+ story.
The soft first story failure mechanism
28
0ower story columns were colla/sed
in a hotel at 1alakot, %005 2ashmir
earth3uake
Avoid soft-storey ground floors!
29
4ermanent /lastic deformation in the ground
floor of a building under construction Soft
story effect almost /rovoked a colla/se
#'riaul, +taly "567&
Avoid soft-storey Upper floors!
*ntermediate story columns are
completely collapsed
1agh, %005 2ashmir earth3uake
30
2obe, 8a/an "555
Solutions
!dd columns
!dd bracing
!dd e9ternal buttresses
31
Solutions
This a/artment house a//ears to have a soft first story #'igure !&, but the
lateral force:resisting system is a strong internal shear wall bo9, in which the
shear walls act as /arty walls between the dwelling units #'igure 1&
32
'ig !
'ig 1
Avoid discontinuous Shear Walls
Chen shear walls form the main lateral resistant elements of a
structure, and there is not a continuous load path throuh the walls
from roof to foundation, the result can be serious o#erstressin at
the points of discontinuity. "his discontinuous shear wall condition
represents a special, but common, case of the )soft+ first9story
problem.
"he discontinuous shear wall is a fundamental desin
contradiction6 the purpose of a shear wall is to collect diaphram
loads at each floor and transmit them as directly and efficiently as
possible to the foundation. "o interrupt this load path is undesirable.
33
0ong section, ;live <iew Hos/ital =ote that the shear walls sto/ at the third
floor
.ross section, ;live <iew hos/ital, showing the second:floor /laza and the
discontinuous shear wall
34
;live <iew hos/ital, San 'ernando earth3uake, "56", showing the
e9treme deformation of the columns above the /laza level
35
"he solution to the problem of the discontinuous shear wall is to
eliminate the shear walls.
*f the decision is made to use shear walls, then their presence
must be reconized from the beinnin of schematic desin, and
their size and location made the sub3ect of careful architectural and
enineerin coordination early.
Solutions
36
"his problem may occur in buildins whose confiuration is
eometrically reular and symmetrical, but nonetheless irreular
for seismic desin purposes.
% buildinDs seismic beha#ior is stronly influenced by the
nature of the perimeter desin. *f there is wide #ariation in
strenth and stiffness around the perimeter, the center of mass will
not coincide with the center of resistance, and torsional forces will
tend to cause the buildin to rotate around the center of resistance.
Variations in Perimeter Strength &
Stiffness
37
0eft, the building after the
earth3uake Right, ty/ical
floor /lan showing the
.enter of $ass #.$&,
.enter of Resistance #.R&,
and *ccentricity #e& along
the two a9es
"he fiure shows an apartment house in ViEa del 0ar, ,hile, followin the
earth$uake of 7F>@. "he apartment, desined with open frontae, had only
three apartments per floor, with the ser#ice areas and ele#ator concentrated
to the rear and surrounded by reinforced concrete walls that pro#ided the
seismic resistance. "he lack of balance in resistance was such that the
buildin rotated around its center of resistance, tilted sharply, and nearly
collapsed. "he buildin was subse$uently demolished.
Stiffness
38
Stiffness % common instance of an unbalanced perimeter is that of open9front
desin in buildins, such as fire stations and motor maintenance shops in
which it is necessary to pro#ide lare doors for the passae of #ehicles.
>nbalanced /erimeter resistance? storefronts and @wedgesA
39
Centre of rigidity
Variations in Perimeter Strength and
Stiffness
Stores, indi#idually or as a roup in a shoppin mall, are often desined as
boxes with three solid sides and an open lazed front .
"he lare imbalance in perimeter strenth and stiffness results in lare
torsional forces. Gare buildins, such as department stores, that ha#e
unbalanced resistance on a number of floors to pro#ide lare window areas for
display are also common.
4enneyBs store, !nchorage, !laska, earth3uake, "574 0eft? Camage to the
store? Right? Second:floor /lan, showing unbalanced /erimeter resistance
40
Solutions
"he solution to this problem is to reduce the possibility of
torsion by endea#orin to balance the resistance around the
perimeter.
"he first stratey is to desin a frame structure of approximately
e$ual strenth and stiffness for the entire perimeter
"he opa$ue portion of the perimeter can be constructed of
nonstructural claddin, desined so that it does not affect the
seismic performance of the frame. "his can be done either by usin
lihtweiht claddin or by ensurin that hea#y materials, such as
concrete or masonry, are isolated from the frame #'igure !&
41
Solutions
% second approach is to increase the stiffness of the open facades
by addin sufficient shear walls, at or near the open face, desined to
approach the resistance pro#ided by the other walls #'igure 1&
% third solution is to use a stron moment resistin or braced frame
at the open front, which approaches the solid wall in stiffness.
42
Solutions
"he ability to do this will depend on the size of the facadesB a lon
steel frame can ne#er approach a lon concrete wall in stiffness.
"his is, howe#er, a ood solution for wood frame structures, such as
small apartment buildins, or motels with round floor arae areas,
or small store fronts, because e#en a comparati#ely lon steel frame
can be made as stiff as plywood shear walls #'igure .&
43
Re-entrant Corners
"he re9entrant corner is the common characteristic of buildin forms
that, in plan, assume the shape of an G, ", H, etc., or a combination
of these shapes
Re:entrant corner /lan forms
44
Re-entrant Corners
"here are two problems created by these shapes. "he first is that
they tend to produce differential motions between different wins of
the buildin that, because of stiff elements that tend to be located in
this reion, result in local stress concentrations at the re9entrant corner.
"he second problem of this form is torsion. Chich is caused
because the center of mass and the center of riidity in this form cannot
eometrically coincide for all possible earth$uake directions. "he result
is rotation. "he resultin forces are #ery difficult to analyze and
predict.
45
Re-entrant Corners
46
Re:entrant corner
Centre of rigidity
Cifferential deformation at the Dunction of two wings
47
48
Solutions
"here are two basic alternati#e approaches to the problem of re9
entrant9corner forms6 structurally to separate the buildin into
simpler shapes, or to tie the buildin toether more stronly with
elements positioned to pro#ide a more balanced resistance -see
fiure .. "he latter solution applies only to smaller buildins
Se/eration
Stiff resistant elements
*n case of separation buildin must be sufficiently away to ensure they
do not pound toether and damae each other in an earth$uake
49
50
Solutions
"he use of splayed rather than riht anle re9entrant corners
lessens the stress concentration
"his is analoous to the way a tapered
beam is structurally more desirable
than an abruptly notched one.
p!ayed re"entrant #orner$
Additional features (to be taken care
of) to minimize structural damages
during an earthquake
51
"he space between columns is sometimes filled in by a riid
wall, lea#in a short space for a clerestory window -a hih
windows abo#e eye le#el to brin outside liht, fresh air, or both
into the inner space..
Such a simple act of remodelin may not seem to re$uire
enineerin analysis, and a contractor may be hired to do the work6
often such work is not sub3ect to buildin department re#iews and
inspection. Serious damae has occurred to buildins in
earth$uakes because of this o#ersiht.
Avoid short columns!
52
4artial floor: height /anel infill
Start time "?00
'ailure /attern
53
inserting /ara/et walls into a frame led to a short column /henomenon ;wing to the
good confinement of the transverse reinforcement, no actual shear failure occurred,
but an e3ually dangerous sway mechanism develo/ed #'riaul, +taly "567&
54
The diagonal cracks and shear failures in the short columns of a multi:
storey car /ark almost caused colla/se #=orthridge, .alifornia "554&
55
Redundancy in the structural system permits redistribution of
internal forces in the e#ent of failure of key elements.
%fter experience in many earth$uakes and much study and
discussion, the enineerin profession has enerally concluded that
more than a sinle system is the ideal solution for successful
seismic resistance.
*f carefully selected, multiple systems can each ser#e a purposeB
one to add dampin and to limit deflection or drift, the other to
pro#ide strenth.
0ultiple systems also ser#e to protect the entire structure by
allowin failure of some elements without endanerin the total
buildin.
Provide Redundancy
56
Redundancy in the structural system permits redistribution of
internal forces in the e#ent of failure of key elements.
%fter experience in many earth$uakes and much study and
discussion, the enineerin profession has enerally concluded that
more than a sinle system is the ideal solution for successful seismic
resistance.
Provide Redundancy
57
The Hanshin *9/ressway after the "555, 2obe *arth3uake , 8a/an .olumns in
the /artially colla/sed /ortion failed due to inade3uate shear reinforcement
*9isting soil conditions and lack of redundancy aggravated the situation
Provide Redundancy
58
*f carefully selected, multiple systems can each ser#e a purposeB one
to add dampin and to limit deflection or drift, the other to pro#ide
strenth.
0ultiple systems also ser#e to protect the entire structure by allowin
failure of some elements without endanerin the total buildin.
%n informati#e sketch of a classic redundant9framin concept, with
frames on each rid line, #ersus a contemporary multiple system with
two types of framin, one for strenth, the other for dampin, is shown
in fiure on next slide.
"he current dual systems now bein de#eloped and utilized are a
sinificant impro#ement o#er the historic sinle seismic resistin
systems.
Provide Redundancy
59
Single and multi/le system conce/ts
Avoid strong beam- weak column
60
Stron beam9weak column 3oint
simulates fixed support, resultin in
larer moments at 3oint
Eround floor of an under construction
commercial /laza #$uzzafarabad,
%005&
+nade3uate la/ of longitudinal bars in a colla/sed column
0eft #!bbotabad,%005&, Right #$uzzafarabad,%005&
Provide Adequate Anchorage
61
Separate adjacent buildings by joints!
5uildin must ha#e sufficient separation to ensure they do not pound
toether and damae each other in an earth$uake. ;enerally if framed
buildins are separated by at least =.=7 H, poundin will not be a
problem. -e.. two !9metre tall buildins should be separated by !=mm..
62
Separate adjacent buildings by joints!
63
Use closely spaced transverse reinforcement with
135 hooks in structural walls and columns!
64
*ffect of confinement on the
com/ressive strength of /lain concrete
s/ecimens
F
%
, F
)
F
"
F
"
50
o
hooks o/en u/ at relatively
smaller force as com/ared to
")5
o
hooks
!@
0argely s/aced rings resulted in failure of column #due to s/alling of concrete
from rings& in a building at !bbotabad during %005 2ashmir earth3uake
.losely s/aced rings avoided colla/se of column
0eft #$uzaffarabad secretariat,%005 Right #Taiwan, "555&
66
67
Anchor free standing parapets walls &
other elements attached to the
structure!
;ut:of:/lane overturning of freely standing masonry infills in reinforced
concrete frames in $uzaffarabad during %005 2ashmir earth3uake
68
Ty/ical failure of boundary walls #left, !bbotabad& and overturning of a
slender /ara/et /revented by /ro/er bracing across the length #right, Earhi
Habibullah& %005 2ashmir earth3uake
structure!
69
Gater tanks fallen from su//orting masonry /iers due to their
tensile failure !bbotabad H $ansehra during %005 2ashmir
earth3uake Tanks, /ro/erly anchored to R. .olumns through
steel reinforcement could have avoided this situation
structure!
Various mechanisms to dissipate energy
imparted to a structure by an
earthquake
70
Response of a buildin with no base isolation is shown in Fiure a.
Chere, response of the buildin with base isolation can be simulated by Fiure
b, where the rollers mo#e durin round shakin but the buildin abo#e does
not mo#e and no force is transferred to the buildin due to shakin.
Base Isolation
#a& #b&
71
5ase isolation is carried out, mostly, by usin
i. Gaminated rubber bearin -GR5.
ii. Spherical Slidin *solation Systems
0ead:rubber bearings -GR5. are amon the fre$uently9used
types of base isolation bearins. -See fiure on next slide.
%n GR5 is made from layers of rubber sandwiched toether
with layers of steel. *n the middle of the bearin is a solid lead
Hplu.H In top and bottom, the bearin is fitted with steel
plates which are used to attach the bearin to the buildin and
foundation. "he bearin is #ery stiff and stron in the #ertical
direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.
Base Isolation
72
"he bearin is #ery stiff
and stron in the #ertical
direction, but flexible in the
horizontal direction.
a& 0aminated rubber bearing #0R1&
0ead:Rubber 1earing
Gead plu in the middle of bearin experiences the same deformation
as the rubber. Howe#er, it also enerates heat as it does so. *n other
words, the lead plu reduces, or dissi/ates, the enery of motion99
i.e., kinetic energy99by con#ertin that enery into heat
Base Isolation
73
a& 0aminated rubber bearing #0R1&
Experiments and obser#ations of base9isolated buildins in
earth$uakes ha#e been shown to reduce buildin accelerations
#ideo7,
#ideo 1
to as little as 7J? of the acceleration of comparable fixed9base
buildins, *ncrease or decrease in acceleration proportionally increases
or decreases inertial force as inertial forces are directly related to
acceleration -F
*
8 ma..
Base Isolation
74
1uilding resting directly on ground 1uilding base isolated with 0R1
#large dis/lacements and acc +n building& #lower dis/lacement and acc in building&
Gead9rubber bearins are 3ust one of a number of different types of base
isolation bearins which ha#e now been de#eloped. S/herical Sliding
+solation Systems are another type of base isolation. "he buildin is
supported by bearin pads that ha#e a cur#ed surface and low friction.
S/herical Sliding +solation 1earing
b) S/herical Sliding +solation Systems .
Base Isolation
75
76
"he force needed to mo#e the buildin upwards limits the
horizontal or lateral forces -
"ransformation of A.E into K.E L #ice #ersa. which would
otherwise cause buildin deformations.
b) S/herical Sliding +solation Systems .
Base Isolation
*t should be noted that base isolation is not suitable for tall
hih rise buildins or buildins located on soft soil.
5ase isolation is most effecti#e for short to medium rise
buildins located on hard soil.
Mnder a simple harmonic load, one can show that the main mass
can be kept completely stationary when the natural time period (of
the
attached absorber is chosen to be -or tuned to. the time period of excitation
.
4urin an earth$uake or wind , "04 will mo#e aainst the
direction of main structural #ibration and an inertia force will be
acted on the structure to reduce the response of the structure .
"04 are effecti#e in controllin wind induced excessi#e
#ibration in hih rise buildins due to one specific #alue of time
period of tuned mass. Howe#er, multiple tuned mass dampers ha#e
also been de#ised to control #ibration durin earth$uake
correspondin to important modes
Tuned Mass Damper (TMD&
77
78
H!ssignment % #$odule %& H!%$%
7. ,an we reduce the seismic risk of an existin buildin stockN
Support your answer with arument-s.
1. Chat will be your stratey as a desin enineer to a#oid soft
story effect at a floor -other than round floor. without
pro#idin any wallN
2. How you will cope, as a desin enineer, where you cannot
a#oid short columnsN
?. How you will handle a situation as a desin enineer where
you cannot chane the x9sectional dimensions of a #ery stiff
beam connected to a flexible columnN
@. Suest at least two methods of bracin the boundary walls.

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