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51N
A
B
C
a
b
c
GROUNDING BANK
FIGURE 1
13 KV
230 KV
69 KV
51N
FIGURE 2
13 KV
A
B
C
a
b
c
ZIG ZAG GROUNDING BANK
230 KV
69 KV
2
Figure 3 depicts a zig-zag
grounding bank with over
current relay protection (51)
and backup ground
protection (51N). The
overcurrent relays are
designed to provide sensitive
protection to the zig-zag
grounding bank and the
backup ground relay
coordinates with the residual
ground relay (G) on all
connected 13kv feeder
breakers. However, there is
obviously some confusion when attempts are made to coordinate Zig-Zag
overcurrent relays (51) with the phase relays () on 13kv feeder breakers. This
paper attempts to clear up some of the ambiguity in setting the overcurrent
protection scheme associated
with grounding banks.
In order to analyze the
erroneous assumption that
overcurrent relays on a Zig-Zag
grounding bank (51) coordinate
with phase relays () on feeder
breakers, a low magnitude 900
ampere external phase-to-
ground fault (figure 3), is
incorrectly shown flowing
thought only one phase of the
Zig-Zag grounding bank. Figure 4 incorrectly depicts secondary current flows for a
900 ampere fault current. Note; all CTs are rated 300/5. Under these conditions a
secondary current (15 amperes) will incorrectly flow in one of the overcurrent
Overcurrent relays are commonly used to provide protection for
grounding banks
51
51N
FIGURE 3
51
51
ZIG ZAG OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
G
O
O
O
900 A
X
900 A
900 A
900 A
15 A
15 A
900 A
51
51 51
x
51N
EXTERNAL FAULT
FIGURE 4
NOTE: ALL CTS
300 / 5
15 A
0 A
0 A
ZIG ZAG GROUNDING BANK
3
relays. Again, following this line of incorrect thinking, one might conclude that the
(51) relays must be set to coordinate with the phase relays () on the 13kv feeder
breakers. This concept would seriously degrade Zig-Zag grounding bank
protection because the overcurrent
relays on feeder breakers must be set
high to carry the total load current
imposed on them.
It is not uncommon for 13kv feeder
breaker loads to exceed 1200 amperes.
Therefore, for this condition, the pickup
current of overcurrent relays (51)
associated with a zig-zag grounding
bank would have to be set above 1200 amperes. A setting of this magnitude
would make the overcurrent relays (51) ineffective to protect the Zig-Zag
grounding bank for small internal phase-to-ground faults.
Fortunately, this is not the way the system works. In actuality for any given 13kv
phase-to- ground fault, the total fault current in the neutral of the Zig-Zag
grounding bank
divides equally
between all windings.
Perhaps a simplified
way to analyze the
distribution of fault
current in a zig-zag
grounding bank is to
review the internal
connections of the
transformers inside
the zig-zag grounding
bank.
S P
Winding connections (Ratio 1/1)
S P S P
A
p
A
s
B
p
B
s
C
p
C
s
A B C
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6
13 KV
51N
A
B
C
a
b
c
ZIG ZAG GROUNDING BANK
230 KV
69 KV
A C B
a b c
4
There are three sets of two winding transformers with one-to-one ratios. Refer to
figure 5 for the transformer connections. The non-polarity side of the secondary
of the A phase
transformer (
)
is connected to
the polarity side
of the
phase
transformer. The
non-polarity side
of the secondary
of the B phase
transformer (
)
is connected to
the polarity side
of the C phase
transformer
.
In a similar
manner the non-polarity side of the C phase transformer is connected to the
polarity side of the A phase transformer (