Ex No:

Date:

POWER SUPPLY-HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Aim:
To design a power supply using half wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.

Components Required:

S.No Components Required Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply
2 Transformer
3 Diode
4 Resistor
5 Capacitor
6 CRO
7 Bread Board
8 Connecting Wires

Theory:
Half Wave Rectifier converts an ac voltage into a pulsating d.c. voltage using only
one half of the applied ac voltage. The rectifying diode conducts during one half of the ac
cycle only.
During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the anode of the diode becomes
more positive with respect to the cathode and hence, diode conducts. For an ideal diode, the
forward voltage drop is zero. So the whole input voltage will appear across the resistor.
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the anode of the diode becomes
negative with respect to the cathode and hence, diode does not conduct. For an ideal diode,
the impedance offered by the diode is infinity. So the whole input voltage will appear across
the diode.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram with correct polarity provision given
to the circuit from the transformer.
2. The peak voltage (V
m
) is noted using CRO.
3. Corresponding efficiency () and ripple factor () are calculated and compared with
the theoretical value.





Circuit Diagram:

Without Capacitor:


With Capacitor:

Model Graph:





Theoretical Calculation
Ripple Factor
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in the
output.
Ripple Factor () =


=

Where,

= (

V
av
the average or the dc content of the voltage across the load is given by

()

()

+
=

[ ]

RMS voltage at the load resistance can be calculated as

( )+

( )()

= 1.21




Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of the dc output power to ac input power
=


=

+
*

Tabulation:

Amplitude(V) Time Period(ms)
Input Signal
Without Filter
With Filter

Practical Calculation:























Tabulation

Ripple Factor ()
Theoretical 1.21
Practical
Efficiency ()%
Theoretical 40.6
Practical




























Ex No:
Date:

POWER SUPPLY-FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Aim:
To design a power supply using full wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.

Components Required:

S.No Components Required Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply Dual (0-30)V 1
2 Transformer (9-0-9)V 1
3 Diode
4 Resistor
5 Capacitor
6 CRO (0-20)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires few

Theory:
Full Wave Rectifier converts an ac voltage into a pulsating d.c. voltage using both
half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one
half-cycle which the other diode conducts during the other half-cycle of the applied voltage.
During the positive half cycle of the input signal, anode of the diode D1 becomes
positive and at the same time the anode of the diode D2 becomes negative. Hence, diode D1
conducts and the diode D2 does not conduct. The load current flow through the diode D1 and
the voltage drop across the load will be equal to the input voltage.
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, anode of the diode D1 becomes
negative and at the same time the anode of the diode D2 becomes positive. Hence, diode D2
conducts and the diode D1 does not conduct. The load current flow through the diode D2 and
the voltage drop across the load will be equal to the input voltage.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram with correct polarity provision given
to the circuit from the transformer.
2. The peak voltage (V
m
) is noted using CRO.
3. Corresponding efficiency () and ripple factor () are calculated and compared with
the theoretical value.




Circuit Diagram:

Without Capacitor:

With Capacitor:

Model Graph:






Ripple Factor
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component
in the output.
Ripple Factor () =


=

Where,

= (

V
av
the average or the dc content of the voltage across the load is given by

()

+
=

[ ]

RMS voltage at the load resistance can be calculated as

( )+

( )()

= 0.482
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of the dc output power to ac input power
=


=

]
[

Tabulation:

Amplitude(V) Time Period(ms)
Input Signal
With Filter
Without Filter

Practical Calculation:




























Tabulation:

Ripple Factor ()
Theoretical 0.482
Practical
Efficiency ()%
Theoretical 81.2
Practical



























Ex No:
Date:
POWER SUPPLY-BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Aim:
To design a power supply using bridge wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.

Components Required:

S.No Components Required Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply Dual (0-30)V 1
2 Transformer 1
3 Diode
4 Resistor
5 Capacitor
6 CRO (0-20)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires few

Theory:
The bridge rectifier has four diodes connected to form bridge. The ac input voltage is
applied to diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between
the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 do not conduct. The conducting diodes will be in series through the load
resistance R1. So the load current flow through R1.
During the negative half cycle of the ac input voltage, the diodes D2 and D4 conduct,
whereas diodes D1 and D3 do not conduct. The conducting diodes will be in series through
the load resistance R1. So the load current flow through R1 in the same direction as the
previous half cycle. Thus the bidirectional wave is converted to unidirectional one.


Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram with correct polarity provision given
to the circuit from the transformer.
2. The peak voltage (V
m
) is noted using CRO.
3. Corresponding efficiency () and ripple factor () are calculated and compared with
the theoretical value.





Circuit Diagram:

Without Capacitor:

With Capacitor:

Model Graph:







Theoretical Calculation
Ripple Factor
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component
in the output.
Ripple Factor () =


=

Where,

= (

V
av
the average or the dc content of the voltage across the load is given by

()

+
=

[ ]

RMS voltage at the load resistance can be calculated as

( )+

( )()

= 0.482




Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of the dc output power to ac input power
=


=

]
[

Tabulation:

Amplitude(V) Time Period(ms)
Input Signal
With Filter
Without Filter

Practical Calculation:





















Tabulation

Ripple Factor ()
Theoretical 0.482
Practical
Efficiency ()%
Theoretical 81.6
Practical




























Ex No:
Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
Aim:
To obtain the V-I characteristics of Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR).
Components Required:

S.No Components Required Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply
2 SCR 2P4M
3 Resistors
4 DC Ammeter
5 DC Voltmeter
6 Bread board
7 Connecting Wires

Theory:
Silicon Controlled Rectifier is a four layer PNPN device with three terminals namely
Anode (A), Cathode (K) & Gate (G). Keeping the gate open, if the forward voltage is applied
across the SCR. It will remain in off state, but if the applied voltage exceeds break over
voltage the current flows through it. The break over voltage can be reduced if a small voltage
is applied at the gate, as the gate current increases the break over voltage decreases. Once
SCR is fired, the gate losses the control over the current through the device, in this even if the
gate is disconnected the anode current cannot be brought back to zero. To turn off an SCR
anode current should be made less than the holding current.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By keeping the gate current constant, the anode voltage is varied and corresponding
anode current is noted.
3. When the SCR is fired, then the gate current is made zero and the anode current is
reduced and at which the SCR is turned off is noted (called holding current).
4. A graph is plotted with V
AK
on X-axis and I
A
in Y-axis.



Pin Diagram:










Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:



Tabulation:



S.No
Gate Current I
G
= Gate Current I
G
= Gate Current I
G
=
Anode-
Cathode
Voltage V
AK
(V)
Anode
Current
I
A
(mA)
Anode-
Cathode
Voltage V
AK
(V)
Anode
Current
I
A
(mA)
Anode-
Cathode
Voltage V
AK
(V)
Anode
Current
I
A
(mA)























Ex No:
Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNI JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
Aim:
To obtain the characteristics of an Uni Junction Transistor.
Components required:
S.No Component Specification Quantity
1 Uni Junction Transistor 2N2646 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10) V, (0-30) V 1
3 Ammeter (0-50) mA 1
4 Resistor 1K 1
5 DC Regulated power supply (0-30) v 2
6 Bread board and patch card - As req

Theory:
UJT is a three terminal semiconductor switching device. As it has only one PN junction and
three leads, it is commonly called as Uni junction transistor. It consists of a lightly doped N-
type silicon bar with a heavily doped P-type material alloyed to its one side closer to

for
producing single PN junction. The emitter leg is drawn at an angle to the vertical and the
arrow indicates the direction of the conventional current.
Three other important parameters for the UJT are I
P
, V
V
and I
V
and are defined below:

Peak-Point Emitter Current I
p
. It is the emitter current at the peak point. It represents the
minimum current that is required to trigger the device (UJT). It is inversely proportional to
the interbase voltage V
BB
.
Valley Point Voltage V
V
The valley point voltage is the emitter voltage at the valley point.
The valley voltage increases with the increase in interbase voltage V
BB
.
Valley Point Current I
V
The valley point current is the emitter current at the valley point. It
increases with the increase in inter-base voltage V
BB
.
Special Features of UJT:
1. A stable triggering voltage (V
P
) a fixed fraction of applied inter base voltage V
BB
.
2. A very low value of triggering current.
3. A high pulse current capability.
4. A negative resistance characteristic.
5. Low cost.
The static emitter characteristic curve of UJT shows that for emitter potentials to the left
of peak point, emitter current I
E
never exceeds I
Eo
. The current I
Eo
corresponds very closely to
the reverse leakage current I
Co
of the conventional BJT. This region is called the cut-off
region. Once conduction is established at V
E
= V
P
the emitter potential V
E
starts decreasing
with the increase in emitter current I
E
. This Corresponds exactly with the decrease in
resistance R
B
for increasing current I
E
. This device, therefore, has a negative resistance region
which is stable enough to be used with a great deal of reliability in the areas of applications
listed earlier. Eventually, the valley point reaches, and any further increase in emitter current
I
E
places the device in the saturation region.

Procedure:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By adjusting the RPS,

is kept at 4V.
3. By adjusting the RPS,

is varied and

is noted.
4. The above steps are repeated for different values of

and the graph is plotted.

Device Symbol:


Pin diagram:





Circuit Diagram:




Model Graph:

Tabulation:
S.No

(V)

(mA)

(V)

(mA)

(V)

(mA)