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There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101.
[1]
Naturally occurring krypton is
made of six stable isotopes, two of which might theoretically be slightly radioactive, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by
cosmic rays in the atmosphere.
The spectral signature of krypton can be observed to have several very sharp lines. When krypton is placed into an electric discharge
tube, it emits visible light with a distinctive orange-red color.
Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter.
Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of reactions with cosmic rays that strike the atmosphere, along with some of the other isotopes
of krypton. Krypton-81 has a half-life of about 229,000 years.
Krypton-81 has been used for dating old (50,000 to 800,000 year-old) groundwater.
[2]
Krypton-85 is a radioisotope of krypton that has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of
uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors, as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much
of that krypton-85 has had time to decay. However, it is inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods
from nuclear reactors.
The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen-Scott
Station at the South Pole because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located
in the Northern Hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator.
[3]
To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with
significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland
China (PRC), Japan, India, and Pakistan. See the article on nuclear reprocessing for more information.
All of the other radioisotopes of krypton have half-lives of less than one day, except for krypton-79, which has a half-life of about
35.0 hours. This isotope decays by the emission of positrons and thus becoming bromine.
Contents
1 Table
1.1 Notes
2 References
3 External links
Table
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nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay
mode(s)
[4][n 1]
daughter
isotope(s)
[n 2]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
69
Kr 36 33 68.96518(43)# 32(10) ms
+ 69
Br 5/2-#
70
Kr 36 34 69.95526(41)# 52(17) ms
+ 70
Br 0+
71
Kr 36 35 70.94963(70) 100(3) ms

+
(94.8%)
71
Br
(5/2)-

+
, p (5.2%)
70
Se
72
Kr 36 36 71.942092(9) 17.16(18) s
+ 72
Br 0+
73
Kr 36 37 72.939289(7) 28.6(6) s

+
(99.32%)
73
Br
3/2-

+
, p (.68%)
72
Se
73m
Kr
433.66(12) keV 107(10) ns (9/2+)
74
Kr
36 38 73.9330844(22) 11.50(11) min

+ 74
Br
0+
75
Kr
36 39 74.930946(9) 4.29(17) min

+ 75
Br
5/2+
76
Kr
36 40 75.925910(4) 14.8(1) h

+ 76
Br
0+
77
Kr 36 41 76.9246700(21) 74.4(6) min
+ 77
Br 5/2+
78
Kr 36 42 77.9203648(12) Observationally Stable
[n 3]
0+ 0.00355(3)
79
Kr 36 43 78.920082(4) 35.04(10) h
+ 79
Br 1/2-
79m
Kr 129.77(5) keV 50(3) s 7/2+
80
Kr 36 44 79.9163790(16) Stable 0+ 0.02286(10)
81
Kr
[n 4]
36 45 80.9165920(21) 2.29(11)10
5
a EC
81
Br 7/2+ trace
81m
Kr
190.62(4) keV 13.10(3) s
IT (99.975%)
81
Kr
1/2-
EC (.025%)
81
Br
82
Kr 36 46 81.9134836(19) Stable 0+ 0.11593(31)
83
Kr
[n 5]
36 47 82.914136(3) Stable 9/2+ 0.11500(19)
83m1
Kr 9.4053(8) keV 154.4(11) ns 7/2+
83m2
Kr 41.5569(10) keV 1.83(2) h IT
83
Kr 1/2-
84
Kr
[n 5]
36 48 83.911507(3) Stable 0+ 0.56987(15)
84m
Kr 3236.02(18) keV 1.89(4) s 8+
85
Kr
[n 5]
36 49 84.9125273(21) 10.776(3) a
- 85
Rb 9/2+ trace
85m1
Kr 304.871(20) keV 4.480(8) h

-
(78.6%)
85
Rb
1/2-
IT (21.4%)
85
Kr
85m2
Kr 1991.8(13) keV
1.6(7) s
[1.2(+10-4) s]
(17/2+)
86
Kr
[n 6][n 5]
36 50 85.91061073(11) Observationally Stable
[n 7]
0+ 0.17279(41)
87
Kr 36 51 86.91335486(29) 76.3(5) min
- 87
Rb 5/2+
88
Kr 36 52 87.914447(14) 2.84(3) h
- 88
Rb 0+
89
Kr
36 53 88.91763(6) 3.15(4) min

- 89
Rb
3/2(+#)
90
Kr
36 54 89.919517(20) 32.32(9) s

- 90m
Rb
0+
91
Kr
36 55 90.92345(6) 8.57(4) s

- 91
Rb
5/2(+)
92
Kr 36 56 91.926156(13) 1.840(8) s

-
(99.96%)
92
Rb
0+

-
, n (.033%)
91
Rb
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93
Kr 36 57 92.93127(11) 1.286(10) s

-
(98.05%)
93
Rb
1/2+

-
, n (1.95%)
92
Rb
94
Kr 36 58 93.93436(32)# 210(4) ms

-
(94.3%)
94
Rb
0+

-
, n (5.7%)
93
Rb
95
Kr
36 59 94.93984(43)# 114(3) ms

- 95
Rb
1/2(+)
96
Kr
36 60 95.94307(54)# 80(7) ms

- 96
Rb
0+
97
Kr 36 61 96.94856(54)# 63(4) ms

- 97
Rb
3/2+#

-
, n
96
Rb
98
Kr
36 62 97.95191(64)# 46(8) ms 0+
99
Kr 36 63 98.95760(64)# 40(11) ms (3/2+)#
100
Kr 36 64 99.96114(54)#
10# ms
[>300 ns]
0+
101
Kr
[n 8]
36 65 unknown >635 ns

-
, 2n
99
Rb
unknown
-
, n
100
Rb

- 101
Rb
^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
1.
^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe) 2.
^ Believed to decay by
+

+
to
78
Se with a half-life of more than >1.110
20
years 3.
^ Used to date groundwater 4.
^
a

b

c

d
Fission product 5.
^ Formerly used to define the meter 6.
^ Believed to decay by
-

-
to
86
Sr 7.
^ New isotope. 8.
Notes
The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty
in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial
deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak
assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one
standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
^ Brookhaven National Laboratory: Meet krypton's newest isotope,
101
Kr (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=36&n=65),
discover info about krypton's newest isotope,
101
Kr, discovered in late 2011.
1.
^ N. Thonnard, L. D. MeKay, T. C. Labotka (2001). "Development of Laser-Based Resonance Ionization Techniques for 81-Kr and 85-Kr
Measurements in the Geosciences" (http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/809813-0zMCV1/native/809813.pdf). University of Tennessee,
Institute for Rare Isotope Measurements. pp. 47.
2.
^ "Resources on Isotopes" (http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/kr_iig.html). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-03-20. 3.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx 4.
Isotope masses from:
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay
properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
Isotopes of krypton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton
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Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic
weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683
/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications
/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-
weights_revised05.html).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay
properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National
Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC
Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
External links
Brookhaven National Laboratory: Krypton-101 information (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=36&n=65)
Isotopes of bromine Isotopes of krypton
Isotopes of
rubidium
Table of nuclides
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Categories: Krypton Isotopes of krypton Lists of isotopes by element
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