Article Citation:

Girish Chopra, Anil K. Tyor and Seema Kumari

A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon, Haryana
(India)
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
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A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park
Gurgaon, Haryana (India)
Keywords:
Wetland, Wetland Species, Water Birds, Water Associated Birds, Sultanpur
National Park.
ABSTRACT:

The present study was conducted in Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon,
Haryana (India) from February, 2011 to January, 2013 to analyze the avian diversity
along with its status and abundance. Duri ng the study peri od, a total of 79 wetland
species belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 56 genera were identified. The order
Anseriformes was the most dominant represented by 18.9% of the total identified
wetland avian species followed by Charadriiformes (17.72%), Passeriformes (16.45%),
Ciconiiformes (15.18%) and Pelecaniformes (5.06%). The order Apodiformes and
Podicipediformes were the least represented order (1.26%) with one species each,
namely, Swift, Apus apus and Little Grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis respectively. Out of
total 79 wetland avian species, 31 were occasional species, 13 were uncommon
species, 12 were abundant species, 11 were common species and 12 were rare
species. Based on the frequency of sighting, Pied King Fisher, Ceryle rudis;
Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater, Merops leschenaultia; Cotton Pygmy Goose,
Nettapus coromandelianus; Eurasian Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia; Little-ringed
Plover, Charadrius dubius; Pheasant-Tailed Jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus were
rarely sighted wetland species.
1032-1040 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 5
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www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Girish Chopra,
Anil K. Tyor and
Seema Kumari
*













Institution:
Department of Zoology,
Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra- 136119,
Haryana (India)






Corresponding author:
Seema Kumari















Email Id:



Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0370.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 24 July 2013 Accepted: 30 July 2013 Published: 23 Aug 2013
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
INTRODUCTION
The wetlands can be defined as transitional lands
between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where the
water table is near the surface or land is covered by
shallow water (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). One of the
best functions of wetlands is that these provide the best
preferred ground for feeding, breeding, nesting, roosting
for birds as well as rearing site for their young ones
(Stewart, 2007). According to Vyas, (1992), freshwater
wetland alone support 20% of known range of
biodiversity in India Therefore, monitoring of these sites
provides valuable information about the ecological
health and status thereof, which can be a key tool for
developing awareness regarding the importance and
conservation value of wetlands. wetlands are used by
birds for the purpose of feeding, nesting and roosting and
these birds are generally classify as water birds or
popularly known as waterfowls and waders. According
to Kumar et al., (2011), bird groups like kingfishers,
raptors and some passerines are also ecologically depend
on wetlands, hence known as wetland dependent/
associated birds. These birds are the essential component
of wetland ecosystem, as they form important links in the
food web and nutrient cycles.
From time to time various ornithologists have
studied flora and fauna in various wetland ecosystems in
protected areas (Saxena, 1975; Hussain et al., 1984;
Singh and Roy, 1990; Hosetti et al., 2001; Bhat et al.,
2009; Chopra and Sharma, 2012).
Sultanpur National Park is one of the famous
wetlands in northern India. This national park is
considered as a major habitat for the cross boundary
migratory birds. Keeping in view of the conservational
values of wetland birds, systematic efforts have been
made during the present study with an objective to
prepare the exhaustive checklist of wetland and wetland
dependent/associated birds of Sultanpur National Park.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sultanpur National Park (2828 N latitude and
76 53 E longitudes) (Fig. 1) is located in a
predominantly agricultural landscape with an area of
13,727 ha and includes its core area of 143 ha of low-
lying marshes, which were notified as a bird sanctuary
Chopra et al., 2013
1033 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Fig. 1(a) Location of study site within the
map of Haryana
Fig.1(b) Diagrammatic presentation of
Sultanpur National Park
by the Haryana State Government in 1971 (Kalpavriksh,
1994). Sultanpur Lake is a seasonal lake with irregular
margins and fluctuating water level throughout the year,
being maximum water level in rainy season and winters,
and nearly dried condition during hot summer season.
Periodic fortnightly visits were conducted from
February, 2011 to January, 2013 in terrestrial and aquatic
habitats in the area in the early morning and later in the
evening to record avian species. Line transects method
(Sale and Berkmuller, 1988) and point count methods
(Blondel, et al., 1981) were used to enumerate the
population of birds species. Binoculars (Nikon 750
CF) were used to locate/identify the distant birds, Sony
handy cam models DCR-HC-42E and digital camera
Nikon L-120 model were used to take photograph of the
birds encountered. Later, the wetland populations were
identified with the help of different field guides (Ali and
Ripley, 1987; Grimmett et al., 1998 and Inskipp et al.,
1999).
Seasonal variation in avian diversity was
recorded in different seasons viz., winter, summer,
monsoon and autumn seasons. On the basis of frequency
of sighting, the observed birds were segregated following
Srinivasulu and Nagulu (2002), as Ab-abundant
(encounter rate 95 % to 100 %); Cm- common
(encounter rate 65% to 95%); Uc- uncommon (encounter
rate 40% to 60%) Oc - occasional (encounter rate 20% to
40%); and Rr- rare (encounter rate less than 20%).
Status of the birds were categorized as: RS- resident
species (found in the study area throughout the year);
WM- winter migrant species (found in the study area
only in winter season); LM- local migrant species (found
irregularly in study site but resident of India); SM-
summer migrant species (found in the study area only
during summer season) and SU- status unknown species
(not observed in any of the above mentioned categories).



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Besides being ideal indicators of the health of
wetland, the wetland birds play a significant role in
human lives culturally, socially and scientifically
(Stewart, 2007). As a wetland ecosystem, Sultanpur
National Park provided varied habitats, including forest
patch and low laying marshy areas for nesting and
feeding of various types of birds.
During the study period of two years from
February, 2011 to January, 2013, 79 wetland species
belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 57 genera were
reported from Sultanpur National Park (Table 1). These
include both water bird species and water associated bird
species; former were significantly more than latter. A
checklist of the wetland birds observed during the study
period along with their conservation status and
abundance is represented in Table 1.
Earlier studies have also revealed the existence
of significant number of wetland avian species in the
wetland area of Haryana (Harvey, 2003; Gupta and
Kaushik, 2008; Gupta et al., 2011 and Chopra and
Sharma, 2012). Harvey (2003) reported a total of 102
wetland avian species which includes 58 species
occasional and 44 species of uncommon bird in the
wetland of Sultanpur region of Gurgaon district
(Haryana). Gupta and Kaushik, (2008) reported a total of
80 wetland avian species belonged to 10 orders and 20
families in northern Haryana. Gupta and Kaushik, (2011)
reported 47 species of wetland birds belonging to 9
orders and 13 families in the wetland area of
Yamunanagar District (Haryana). Chopra and Sharma,
(2012) reported 88 wetland avian species belonging to 17
orders and 32 families in the wetland area of Panchkula
district of Haryana.
During the present study, out of total reported 79
wetland avian species, 20 (25.3%) were resident
species and 59 (74.6%) were migrant species. The
migrant species included 11 (14%) local migrants, 43
(55%) winter migrants and only 5(6%) summer migrants
Chopra et al., 2013
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1034



Chopra et al., 2013
1035 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Order Family Common name Zoological name Status Abundance
1.Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Little Grebe 1.Tachybaptus ruficollis RS Oc
2.Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant 2.Phalacrocorax niger RS Cm
Great Cormorant 3. Phalacrocorax carbo LM Oc
Indian Cormorant 4. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis RS Cm
Darter 5. Anhinga melanogaster LM Oc
3.Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Grey Heron 6. Ardea cinerea LM Uc
Purple Heron 7. Ardea purpurea RS Oc
Indian Pond Heron 8. Ardeola grayii RS Ab
Great Egret 9. Casmerodius albus LM Oc
Little Egret 10. Egretta garzetta LM Uc
Cattle Egret 11. Bubulcus ibis RS Ab
Intermediate Egret 12. Mesophoyx intermedia LM Oc
Ciconiidae
Painted Stork
Black Necked Stork
13. Mycteria leucocephala
14. Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
RS
WM
Ab
Rr
Open Billed Stork 15. Anastomus oscitans LM Uc
Threskiornithidae Black headed Ibis 16. Threskiornis melanocephalus WM Oc
Eurasian Spoonbill 17. Platalea leucorodia SM Rr
4.Anseriformes Anatidae Greylag Goose 18. Anser anser WM Ab
Bar Headed Goose 19. Anser indicus WM Ab
Spot Billed Duck 20. Anas poecilorhyncha WM Ab
Common Pochard 21. Aythya ferina WM Cm
Eurasian Wigeon 22. Anas penelope WM Ab
Tufted Pochard 23. Aythya fuligula WM Uc
Cotton Pygmy Goose 24. Nettapus coromandelianus WM Rr
Ruddy Shelduck 25. Tadorna ferruginea WM Uc
Northern Pintail 26. Anas acuta WM Oc
Mallard 27. Anas platyrhynchos WM Cm
Gadwall 28. Anas strepera WM Cm
Northern Shoveler 29. Anas clypeata WM Ab

Lesser Whistling
Duck
30.Dendrocygna javanica WM Cm
Common Teal 31. Anas crecca WM Cm
Garganey 32. Anas querquedula WM Cm
5.Falconiformes Accipitridae Black Kite 33. Milvus migrans LM Oc
Black Eagle 34. Ictinaetus malayensis LM Rr
Shikra 35. Accipiter badius RS Uc
Brahminy Kite 36. Haliastur Indus LM Oc
Black winged Kite 37. Elanus caeruleus WM Uc
Sparrow Hawk 38. Accipiter nisus WM Oc
Pied Harrier 39. Circus melanoleucos LM Oc
Table 1: Systematic position, status and abundance of wetland species in Sultanpur
National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India).
(Fig 2). The present study revealed that local migrants
such as, Great Egret (Casmerodius albus), Open Billed
Stork (Anastomus oscitans) and Pacific Reef Egret
(Egretta sacra) were observed irregularly from the study
site. Maximum numbers of migrant species were
reported in the winter season because migratory water
birds species like Bar headed Goose (Anser indicus),
Grey Leg Goose (Anser anser), Cotton Pygmy Goose
Chopra et al., 2013
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1036
6.Gruiformes Gruidae Sarus Crane 40.Grus antigone
RS
Oc
Rallidae White Breasted Waterhen 41.Amaurornis phoenicurus
WM
Oc
Common Moorhen 42.Gallinula chloropus
WM
Oc
Purple Swamphen 43.Porphyrio porphyrio
WM
Cm
Common Coot 44.Fulica atra
WM
Ab
7.Charadriiformes Charadriidae Little-ringed Plover 45.Charadrius dubius
WM
Rr
Red-wattled Lapwing 46.Vanellus indicus
RS
Ab
White-tailed Lapwing 47.Vanellus leucurus
WM
Oc
Jacanidae Pheasant-Tailed Jacana 48.Hydrophasianus chirurgus
SM
Rr
Scolopacidae Common Redshank 49.Tringa tetanus
WM
Uc
Spotted Redshank 50.Tringa erythropus
WM
Uc
Common Sandpiper 51.Actitis hypoleucos
WM
Oc
Wood Sandpiper 52.Tringa glareola
WM
Oc
Green Sandpiper 53.Tringa ochropus
WM
Oc
Marsh sandpiper 54.Tringa stagnatilis
WM
Rr
Little Stint 55.Calidris minuta
WM
Rr
Ruff 56.Philomachus pugnax
WM
Uc
Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt 57.Himantopus himantopus
RS
Ab
Black-necked Stilt 58.Himantopus mexicanus
WM
Rr
8.Apodiformes Apodidae Swift 59.Apus apus
RS
Oc
9.Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White Throated Kingfisher 60.Halcyon smyrnensis
RS
Cm
Pied Kingfisher 61.Ceryle rudis
WM
Rr
Meropidae Green Bee-eater 62.Merops orientalis
RS
Cm
Blue Cheeked Bee-eater 63.Merops persicus
R
Oc
Chestnut Headed Bee-eater 64.Merops leschenaulti
SM
Rr
Coraciidae Indian Roller 65.Coracias benghalensis
RS
Oc
Bucerotidae Indian Grey Hornbill 66.Ocyceros birostris
RS
Oc
10.Passeriformes Hirundinidae Red Rumped Swallow 67.Hirundo daurica
WM
Oc
Plain Martin 68.Riparia paludicola
RS
Oc
Oriolidae Eurasian Golden Oriole 69.Oriolus oriolus
WM
Uc
Dicruridae Black Drongo 70.Dicrurus macrocercus
RS
Ab
Muscicapidae Hodgson Bush Chat 71.Saxicola insignis
WM
Oc
Orange Headed Thrush 72.Zoothera citrina
WM
Oc
Blue-throat 73.Luscinia svecica
WM
Oc
Rusty-tailed Flycatcher 74.Muscicapa ruficauda
SM
Uc
Red -throated Flycatcher 75.Ficedula parva
SM
Oc
Motacillidae Paddy-field Pipit 76.Anthus rufulus
RS
Oc
White Wagtail 77.Motacilla alba
WM
Oc
Large -pied Wagtail 78.Motacilla maderaspatensis
WM
Uc
Yellow Wagtail 79.Motacilla flava
WM
Rr
RS = Resident species LM = local migrant species SM = summer migrant species WM = winter migrant species
Ab = abundant species Oc = occasional species Cm= common species Uc = uncommon species Rr rare species


(Nettapus coromandelianus), Gadwall (Anas strepera)
and Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Penelope) visit this place
from December to February. Minimum numbers of water
bird were observed in the month of May and June.
Wetland species adapt differently to different
water levels as the food preference of water birds
changes with fluctuation in the water level (Mukherjee,
1972). Red Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) and
Black Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) (Order-
Gruiformes) were observed at variable water levels of
the lake but other representatives of this avian order,
namely, Spotted Sandpiper (Tringa erythropus),
Common Red Shank (Tringa tetanus) and Ruff
(Philomachus pugnax) occupied the lake only in shallow
regions. Their arrival coincided with the reduction in
water level in the lake so that, they could avail the food
easily by probing into the mud. Similar observations
were made earlier on water birds of Sunderban
(Mukherjee, 1972) and Anekere wetland of Karnataka
(Bhat et al., 2009). The present study also revealed that
Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) (Order-
Ciconiformes) was observed throughout of the year even
when the water level in the lake was drastically reduced
in summer months (May and June), while another
representative of this order, i.e., Black neck Stork
(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) was sighted during the
starting of winter season when the water level in the
Sultanpur lake was elevated.
During the present study among 79 wetland
species, 12 (15%) species were abundant, 11(14%)
species were common, 31 (39%) species were
occasional, 14 (18%) species were uncommon and 11
(14%) species were rare (Fig 3). On the basis of
frequency of sighting common wetland species included
Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Indian
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), Common
Pochard (Aythya ferina), Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos),
Gadwall, (Anas strepera), Lesser Whistling Duck
(Dendrocygna javanica), Common Teal (Anas crecca),
Garganey (Anas querquedula), Purple Swamphen
(Porphyrio porphyrio) on the other hand, Grey Heron
(Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Open
Billed Stork (Anastomus oscitans), Tufted Pochard
(Aythya fuligula), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea),
Common Redshank (Tringa tetanus), Spotted Redshank
(Tringa erythropus), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) were
the uncommon wetland birds and Pied King Fisher
(Ceryle rudis), Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater (Merops
leschenaultia), Cotton Pygmy Goose (Nettapus
coromandelianus), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea
leucorodia), Little-ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius),
Pheasant-Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus)
were rarely sighted wetland species. Maximum wetland
bird species in the study area belonged to order
Chopraet al., 2013
1037 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Fig 2: Percentage composition of residential status of
wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park,
Gurgaon (India)
Fig 3: Percentage composition of abundance status
of wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park,
Gurgaon (India)
Anseriformes (15, 18.9%) followed by Charadriiformes
(14, 17.72%), Passeriformes (13, 16.45%),
Ciconiiformes (12, 15.18%), Falconiformes (7, 8.86%),
Gruiiformes (5, 6.32%) and Pelecaniformes (4, 5.06%)
while the representative of the order Apodiformes and
Podicipediformes were represented by single species, i.e,
Swift (Apus apus) and Little Grebe (Tachybaptus
ruficollis) respectively (Tables 1 and 2). All the 15
members of order Anseriformes belonged to the single
family, i.e., Anatidae constituting 18.9% of the total
wetland avian species, whereas representative of the
order Charadriiformes belonged to 4 families namely,
Charadriidae (3), Jacanidae (1), Scolopocidae (8) and
Recurvirostridae (2) consitituting 3.79%; 1.26%; 10.12%
and 2.53% respectively. The families, Bucerotidae,
Coraciidae (Order- Coraciiformes); Oriolidae, Dicruridae
(Order- Passeriformes); Apodidae (Order- Apodiformes);
Gruidae (Order- Gruiiformes) and Jacanidae (Order-
Charadriiformes) were represented by single species
(Table-2). In the terrestrial habitats, majority of the
reported avian species belonged to order Passeriformes
and representative of this order utilize grassland and
terrestrial ecosystem for feeding, breeding and roosting
purpose (Sundar, 2005; Urfi et al., 2005 Shahabuddin et
al., 2006; Sultana et al., 2007; Pande et al., 2007, Chopra
et al., 2012). However, during the present study in
Sultanpur National Park only 13 wetland avian species,
i.e., 16.45% of the total sighted wetland avian fauna
represented this order (Table 2).
During the present study most of wetland avian
species were observed near the submerged vegetation of
wetland area and utilized these vegetation for nesting,
roosting and feeding ground whereas, Painted Stork
(Mycteria leucocephala), Open Billed Stork (Anastomus
oscitans) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis
melanocephalus) were found to utilize the wetland area
for feeding purpose and trees were mainly used for
nesting and roosting by these species.

CONCLUSION
It is revealed that a total of 79 wetland species
were observed which includes 12 species of abundant
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1038
Chopra et al., 2013
Order No. of species (%) Family No. of species (%)
1.Podicipediformes (1) 1.26 % Podicipedidae (1) 1.26 %
2.Pelecaniformes (4 ) 5.06 % Phdlacrocoracidae (4) 5.06 %
3.Ciconiiformes (12) 15.18 % Ardeidae (7) 8.86 %
Ciconiidae (3) 3.79 %
Threskiornithidae (2) 2.53 %
4.Anseriformes (15) 18.90 % Anatidae (15) 18.90 %
5.Falconiformes (7) 8.86 % Accipitridae (7) 8.86 %
6.Gruiiformes (5) 6.32 % Gruidae (1) 1.26 %
Rallidae (4) 5.06 %
7.Charadriiformes (14) 17.72 % Charadriidae (3) 3.79 %
Jacanidae (1) 1.26 %
Scolopacidae (8) 10.12 %
Recurvirostridae (2) 2.53 %
8.Apodiformes (1) 1.26 % Apodidae (1) 1.26 %
9.Coraciiformes (7) 8.86 % Alcedinidae (2) 2.53 %
Meropidae (3) 3.79 %
Coraciidae (1) 1.26 %

10. Passeriformes

(13) 16.45 %
Bucerotidae
Hirundinidae
(1) 1.26 %
(2) 2.53 %
Oriolidae (1) 1.26 %
Dicruridae (1) 1.26 %
Muscicapidae (5) 6.32 %
Motacillidae (4) 5.06 %
Table 2: Per cent distribution of avian species belonging to different orders and families
category, 11 species of common category, 31 species of
occasional category, 13 species were of uncommon
category with 12 species were rare sighted wetland
species. Though, Sultanpur National Park has a rich
diversity of flora and fauna and important attracting
wetland area for Anseriformes, increased anthropogenic
factors such as habitat fragmentation and destruction,
tourism pressure and scarcity of water during the
summer season impose threats to these avian fauna.
Besides, the herds of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus),
Stray dogs and wild cattle also occasionally trampled the
chicks and eggs of water birds in this national park.
Successful conservation of the avian species will depend
on improved understanding of ecological requirements
and number of visitor birds. Further survey and intensive
studies in different seasons will be helpful in drafting
conservational strategies of the wetland in general and
wetland birds in particular.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grate full to Wildlife Department
Panchkula for giving permission to work in protected
area. The corresponding author dully acknowledges
UGC fellowship for financial support.

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