ME 2204 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

CLASS: III SEM BRANCH:

MECHANICAL
QUESTION BANK
1. INTRODUCTION 12
Units & Dimensions. Properties of fluids Specific gr!it"# specific $eig%t# !iscosit"#
compressi&ilit"# !pour pressure nd gs l$s cpillrit" nd surfce tension. 'lo$
c%rcteristics( concepts of s"stem nd control !olume. )ppliction of control !olume
to continuit" e*ution# energ" e*ution# momentum e*ution nd moment of momentum
e*ution.
P)RT + )
1. Define f!i"#.
Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape
of its own, but confirms to the shape of the containing vessel.
2. $%&' &(e '%e )(*)e('ie# *f i"e& f!i"+
Ideal fluids have following properties
i) It is incompressible
ii) It has zero viscosity
iii) Shear force is zero
,. $%&' &(e '%e )(*)e('ie# *f (e& f!i"+
Real fluids have following properties
i) It is compressible
ii) They are viscous in nature
iii) Shear force eists always in such fluids.
4. Define "en#i'- &n" #)e.ifi. /ei0%'.
!ensity is defined as mass per unit volume "#g$m%)
Specific weight is defined as weight possessed per unit volume "&$m%)
1. Define S)e.ifi. 2*!3e &n" S)e.ifi. 4(&2i'-.
Specific volume is defined as volume of fluid occupied by unit mass "m%$#g)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific weight of
standard fluid.
5. Define S!(f&.e 'en#i*n &n" C&)i&(i'-.
Surface tension is due to the force of cohesion between the li'uid particles at the free
surface.
(apillary is a phenomenon of rise or fall of li'uid surface relative to the ad)acent general
level of li'uid.
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6. Define 7i#.*#i'-.
It is defined as the property of a li'uid due to which it offers resistance to the movement
of one layer of li'uid over another ad)acent layer.
8. Define 9ine3&'i. 2i#.*#i'-.
It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. "m*$sec)
:. Define Re&'i2e *( S)e.ifi. 2i#.*#i'-.
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity of fluid to dynamic viscosity of water at
+,-(.
10. Define C*3)(e##i;ii'-.
It is the property by virtue of which fluids undergoes a change in volume under the action
of eternal pressure.
11. Define Ne/'*n<# &/ *f 7i#.*#i'-.
.ccording to &ewton/s law of viscosity the shear force F acting between two layers of
fluid is proportional to the difference in their velocities du and area . of the plate and
inversely proportional to the distance between them.
12. $%&' i# .*%e#i*n &n" &"%e#i*n in f!i"#+
(ohesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of the same li'uid.
.dhesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of two different li'uids
or between the molecules of the li'uid and molecules of the solid boundary surface.
1,. S'&'e 3*3en'!3 *f 3*3en'!3 e=!&'i*n+
It states that the resulting tor'ue acting on a rotating fluid is e'ual to the rate of change
of moment of momentum
14. $%&' i# 3*3en'!3 e=!&'i*n+
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle It
states that, the net force acting on a fluid mass is e'ual to the change in momentum of
flow per unit time in that direction.
P)RT ,
1. The space between two large inclined parallel planes is 6mm and is filled with a fluid. The
planes are inclined at 30 to the horizontal. A small thin square plate of 100 mm side slides
freely down parallel and midway between the inclined planes with a constant elocity of 3 m!s
due to its weight of "#. $etermine the iscosity of the fluid.
The ertical force of " # due to the weight of the plate can be resoled along and perpendicular
to the inclined plane. The force along the inclined plane is equal to the drag force on both sides
of the plane due to the iscosity of the oil.
%orce due to the weight of the sliding plane along the direction of motion & " sin 30 & 1
'iscous force( % & )A * "+ * , * )du!dy+ )both sides of plate+. -ubstituting the alues(
1 & , * .)0.1 * 0.1 * "+/ * .)3 0 0+!6! )" * 1000+1/
-oling for iscosity( , & 0.02 #s!m
"
or 0.2 3oise
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". The elocity of the fluid filling a hollow cylinder of radius 0.1 m aries as u & 10 .1 )r!0.1+"/
m!s along the radius r. The iscosity of the fluid is 0.014 #s!m". %or " m length of the cylinder(
determine the shear stress and shear force oer cylindrical layers of fluid at r & 0 )centre line+(
0.0"( 0.05( 0.06 0.04 and 0.1 m )wall surface.+
-hear stress & , )du!dy+ or , )du!dr+( u & 10 .1 0 )r!0.1+"/ m!s
du!dr & 10 )0 "r!0.1"+ & 0 "000 r
The 0 e sign indicates that the force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of elocity( u.
-hear stress & 0.014 * "000 r & 36 r#!m
"
-hear force oer " m length & shear stress * area oer "m & 36r * "6r7 & 8" 6r
"
* " & 155 6r
"
3. 9hat is the effect of temperature on 'iscosity:
9hen temperature increases the distance between molecules increases and the
cohesie force decreases. -o( iscosity of liquids decrease when temperature increases.
;n the case of gases( the contribution to iscosity is more due to momentum transfer. As
temperature increases( more molecules cross oer with higher momentum differences.
<ence( in the case of gases( iscosity increases with temperature.
5. $etermine the power required to run a 300 mm dia shaft at 500 rpm in =ournals with
uniform oil thic>ness of 1 mm. Two bearings of 300 mm width are used to support the
shaft.
The dynamic iscosity of oil is 0.03 3as. )3as & )#!m
"
+ * s+.
-hear stress on the shaft surface & ? & , )du!dy+ & , )u!y+
u & 6 $#!60 & 6 * 0.3 * 500!60 & 6."4 m!s
? & 0.03 @)6."4 0 0+! 0.0011 & 144.5 #!m
"
-urface area of the two bearings( A & " 6 $7
%orce on shaft surface & ? * A & 144.5 * )" * 6 * 0.3 * 0.3+ & 106.6 #
Torque & 106.6 * 0.12 & 12.AA2 #m
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3ower required & " 6 #T!60 & " * 6 * 500 * 12.AA2!60 & 680 9.
2. A small thin plane surface is pulled through the liquid filled space between two large
horizontal planes in the parallel direction. -how that the force required will be minimum
if the plate is located midway between the planes.
7et the elocity of the small plane be u( and the distance between the large planes be h.
7et the small plane be located at a distance of y from the bottom plane. Assume linear
ariation of elocity and unit area. Befer %ig.
'elocity gradient on the bottom surface & u!y
'elocity gradient on the top surface & u!)h 0 y+(
Considering unit area(
%orce on the bottom surface & , * )u!y+( %orce on the top surface & , * u!)h 0 y+
Total force to pull the plane & , * u * @)1!y+ D .1!)h 0 y+/1 ...)A+
To obtain the condition for minimisation of the force the ariation of force with respect
to y should be zero( or d%!dy & 0( $ifferentiating the eEpression A(
d%!dy & , * u @)01!y"+ D .1!)h 0 y+"/1( Fquating to zero
y
"
& )h 0 y+
"
or y & h!"
or the plane should be located at the mid gap position for the force to be minimum.
6.
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8.


4.
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A.
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10.
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11.
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1".

UNIT II FLO$ THROU4 CIRCULAR CONDUITS 12
L&3in&( f*/ '%*!0% .i(.!&( .*n"!i'# &n" .i(.!&( &nn!i. B*!n"&(- &-e( .*n.e)'#.
B*!n"&(- &-e( '%i.9ne##. H-"(&!i. &n" ene(0- 0(&"ien'. D&(.- > $ei#;&.% e=!&i'i*n.
F(i.'i*n f&.'*( &n" M**"- "i&0(&3. C*33e(.i& )i)e#. Min*( *##e#. F*/ '%*!0% )i)e# in
#e(ie# &n" in )&(&e.
?ART > A
1. Men'i*n '%e 0ene(& .%&(&.'e(i#'i.# *f &3in&( f*/.
0 There is a shear stress between fluid layers
0 1&o slip/ at the boundary
0 The flow is rotational
0 There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear
2. $%&' i# H&0en )*i#e!ie<# f*(3!&+
2342+ $ pg 5 h f 5 %+ 678 $ 9g!+
The epression is #nown as :agen poiseuille formula.
;here 2342+ $ 9g 5 8oss of pressure head 7 5 .verage velocity
6 5 (oefficient of viscosity ! 5 !iameter of pipe
8 5 8ength of pipe
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,. $%&' &(e '%e f&.'*(# inf!en.in0 '%e f(i.'i*n& *## in )i)e f*/+
Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is
i. 2roportional to vn where v varies from 3.< to +.,.
ii. 2roportional to the density of fluid.
iii. 2roportional to the area of surface in contact.
iv. Independent of pressure.
v. !epend on the nature of the surface in contact.
4. $%&' i# '%e e@)(e##i*n f*( %e&" *## "!e '* f(i.'i*n in D&(.- f*(3!&+
hf 5 =f8>
+
$ +g!
;here
f 5 (oefficient of friction in pipe 8 5 8ength of the pipe
! 5 !iameter of pipe > 5 velocity of the fluid
1. $%&' "* -*! !n"e(#'&n" ;- '%e 'e(3# &A 3&B*( ene(0- *##e#C ;A 3in*( ene(0- *##e#
?a)or energy losses@ 4
This loss due to friction and it is calculated by !arcy weis bach formula and chezy/s
formula.
?inor energy losses@4
This is due to
i. Sudden epansion in pipe. ii. Sudden contraction in pipe.
iii. Aend in pipe. iv. !ue to obstruction in pipe .
5. 4i2e &n e@)(e##i*n f*( *## *f %e&" "!e '* #!""en en&(0e3en' *f '%e )i)e:
he 5 ">34>+)+ $+g
;here
he 5 8oss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe .
>3 5 >elocity of flow at section 343
>+ 5 >elocity of flow at section +4+
6. 4i2e &n e@)(e##i*n f*( *## *f %e&" "!e '* #!""en .*n'(&.'i*n:
hc 5,.< >+$+g
here,
c 5 8oss of head due to sudden contraction.
> 5 >elocity at outlet of pipe.
8. 4i2e &n e@)(e##i*n f*( *## *f %e&" &' '%e en'(&n.e *f '%e )i)e:
hi 5,.<>+$+g
;here,
hi 5 8oss of head at entrance of pipe.
> 5 >elocity of li'uid at inlet and outlet of the pipe.
:. Define '%e 'e(3# &A H-"(&!i. 0(&"ien' ine DH4LEC ;A T*'& Ene(0- ine DTELE
&A H-"(&!i. 0(&"ien' ine:
:ydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head
and datum head of a flowing fluid in apipe with respect the reference line.
;A T*'& ene(0- ine:
Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum
head and #inetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference
line.
10. $%&' i# #-)*n + $%e(e i' i# !#e":
Sypon is along bend pipe which is used to transfer li'uid from a reservoir at a higher
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elevation to another reservoir at a lower level.
7ses of sypon @ 4
3. To carry water from one reservoir to another reservoir separated by a hill ridge.
+. To empty a channel not provided with any outlet sluice.
11. $%&' &(e '%e ;&#i. e"!.&'i*n# '* #*2e '%e )(*;e3# in f*/ '%(*!0% ;(&n.%e" )i)e#+
i. (ontinuity e'uation.
ii. Aernoulli/s formula.
iii. !arcy weisbach e'uation.
12. $%&' i# D!)!i'<# e=!&'i*n+
83$d3<B8+$d+< B8%$d%< 5 8 $ d<
;here
83, d3 5 8ength and diameter of the pipe 3
8+, d+ 5 8ength and diameter of the pipe +
8%, d% 5 8ength and diameter of the pipe %
?ART - B
1.
".
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3.
5.
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The total flow is "5(000 l!min. $etermine the flow in each pipe and also the leel
difference between the reseroirs.
7et the flows be designated as G
1
( G
"
( G
3
Then G1 D G" D G3 & "5000!)60 * 1000+ & 0.5 m
3
!s
Considering pipe 1 as base

2.
6.
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7.
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UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS :
Di3en#i*n &n" !ni'#: B!.9in0%&3<# F '%e*(e3. Di#.!##i*n *n "i3en#i*ne## )&(&3e'e(#.
M*"e# &n" #i3ii'!"e. A))i.&'i*n# *f "i3en#i*ne## )&(&3e'e(#.
?ART-A
1. $%&' &(e '%e '-)e# *f f!i" f*/+
Steady C unsteady fluid flow
7niform C &on4uniform flow
Dne dimensional, two4dimensional C three4dimensional flows
Rotational C Irrotational flow
2. N&3e '%e "iffe(en' f*(.e# )(e#en' in f!i" f*/
Inertia force
>iscous force
Surface tension force
Eravity force
,. $%en in & f!i" .*n#i"e(e" #'e&"-+
In steady flow, various characteristics of following fluids such as velocity, pressure,
density, temperature etc at a point do not change with time. So it is called steady flow.
4. 4i2e '%e E!e(<# e=!&'i*n *f 3*'i*n+
"dp$p)BgdzBvdv5,
1. $%&' &(e '%e &##!3)'i*n# 3&"e in "e(i2in0 Be(n*!iie<# e=!&'i*n+
3.The fluid is ideal
+.The flow is steady.
%.The flow is incompressible.
=.The flow is irrotational.
5. $%&' i# ;e(n*!iie<# e=!&'i*n f*( (e& f!i"+
"p3$pg)B"v3+$+g)Bz35"p+$pg)B"v++$+g)Bz+Bhl
where hl is the loss of energy "p$pg)42ressure energy. "v+$+g)5Finetic energy.
z4!atum energy.
6. S'&'e '%e &))i.&'i*n *f Be(n*!iie<# e=!&'i*n +
It has the application on the following measuring devices.
3.Drifice meter.
+.>enturimeter.
%.2itot tube.
8. S'&'e '%e 3e'%*"# *f "i3en#i*n& &n&-#i#.
3. Rayleigh/s method
+. Auc#ingham/s G theorem
:. S'&'e B!.9in0%&3<# G '%e*(e3
It states that if there are 1n/ variables in a dimensionally homogeneous e'uation and if
these variables contain 1m/ fundamental dimensions "?,8,T), then they are grouped into
"n4m), dimensionless independent G4terms.
10. S'&'e '%e i3i'&'i*n# *f "i3en#i*n& &n&-#i#.
3. !imensional analysis does not give any due regarding the selection of variables.
+.The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis.
%.The values of coefficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by
eperiments or from mathematical analysis.
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11. Define Si3ii'!"e
Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and
prototype.
12. S'&'e F(*!"e<# 3*"e &/
Dnly Eravitational force is more predominant force. The law states 1The Froude/s
number is same for both model and prototype/.
?ART-B
1.
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2.
3.
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5.
2.
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6.
8.
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8.
9.
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10.
UNIT I7 ROTO DYNAMIC MACHINES 15
H*3**0!# !ni'#. S)e.ifi. #)ee". Ee3en'&(- .&#.&"e '%e*(-. T%e*(- *f '!(;* 3&.%ine#.
E!e(<# e=!&'i*n. H-"(&!i. effi.ien.-. 7e*.i'- .*3)*nen'# &' '%e en'(- &n" e@i' *f '%e
(*'*(. 7e*.i'- '(i&n0e f*( #in0e #'&0e (&"i& f*/ &n" &@i& f*/ 3&.%ine#. Cen'(if!0&
)!3)#C '!(;ine#C )e(f*(3&n.e .!(2e# f*( )!3)# &n" '!(;ine#.
?ART-A
1. Define %-"(&!i. 3&.%ine#.
:ydraulic machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
2. 4i2e e@&3)e f*( & */ %e&"C 3e"i!3 %e&" &n" %i0% %e&" '!(;ine.
8ow head turbine H Faplan turbine
?edium head turbine H ?odern Francis turbine
:igh head turbine H 2elton wheel
,. $%&' i# i3)!#e '!(;ine+ 4i2e e@&3)e.
In impulse turbine all the energy converted into #inetic energy. From these the turbine
will develop high #inetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine. Iample@
2elton turbine
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4. $%&' i# (e&.'i*n '!(;ine+ 4i2e e@&3)e.
In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and #inetic energies. :ere
portion of potential energy is converted into #inetic energy before entering into the
turbine.
Iample@ Francis and Faplan turbine.
1. $%&' i# &@i& f*/ '!(;ine+
In aial flow turbine water flows parallel to the ais of the turbine shaft.
Iample@ Faplan turbine
5. $%&' i# 3i@e" f*/ '!(;ine+
In mied flow water enters the blades radially and comes out aially, parallel to the
turbine shaft. Iample@ ?odern Francis turbine.
6. $%&' i# '%e f!n.'i*n *f #)e&( &n" n*HHe+
The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into #inetic energy. Thus the nozzle
delivers high speed )et. To regulate the water flow through the nozzle and to obtain a
good )et of water spear or nozzle is arranged.
8. Define 0(*## %e&" &n" ne' *( effe.'i2e %e&".
Eross :ead@ The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir
and the level at the tailstoc#.
Iffective :ead@ The head available at the inlet of the turbine.
:. Define %-"(&!i. effi.ien.-.
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the
water )et.
10. Define 3e.%&ni.& effi.ien.-.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power
developed by the turbine runner.
11. Define 2*!3e'(i. effi.ien.-.
It is defied as the volume of water actually stri#ing the buc#ets to the total water
supplied by the )et.
12. Define *2e( & effi.ien.-.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power available
from the water )et.
?ART-B
1. At a location for a hydroelectric plant, the head available (net) was 335 m. The
power availability with an overall efficiency of 86 was 155!! "#. The $nit is
proposed to r$n at 5!! rpm. Ass$me %v & !.'8, ( & !.)6, *lade velocity
coefficient is !.'. +f the b$c"et o$tlet an,le proposed is 165- chec" for the validity
of the ass$med efficiency.
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.. The /et velocity in a pelton t$rbine is 65 m0s. The peripheral velocity of the r$nner
is .5 m0s. The /et is deflected by 16!- by the b$c"et. 1etermine the power
developed and hydra$lic efficiency of the t$rbine for a flow rate of !.' m
3
0s. The
blade friction coefficient is !.'.
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3. A 2elton t$rbine is to prod$ce 15 3# $nder a head of )8! m when r$nnin, at
5!! rpm. +f 10d & 1!, determine the n$mber of /ets re4$ired.
). The o$ter diameter of a 5rancis r$nner is 1.) m. The flow velocity at inlet is '.5
m0s. The absol$te velocity at the e6it is 7 m0s. The speed of operation is )3!
rpm. The power developed is 1...5 3#, with a flow rate of 1. m30s. Total head
is 115 m. 5or shoc"less entry determine the an,le of the inlet ,$ide vane. Also
find the absol$te velocity at entrance, the r$nner blade an,le at inlet and the loss
of head in the $nit. Ass$me 8ero whirl at e6it. Also fl$id the specific speed.
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5. A 5rancis t$rbine wor"s $nder a head of 1.! m. The o$ter diameter and width
are . m and !.16 m. The inner diameter and width are 1.. m and !..7 m. The
flow velocity at inlet is 8.1 m0s. The whirl velocity at o$tlet is 8ero. The o$tlet
blade an,le is 16-. Ass$me 9
:
& '!. 1etermine, power, speed and blade an,le
at inlet and ,$ide blade an,le.
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6. +n an inward flow reaction t$rbine the wor"in, head is 1! m. The ,$ide vane
o$tlet an,le is .!-. The blade inlet an,le is 1.!-. 1etermine the hydra$lic
efficiency ass$min, 8ero whirl at e6it and constant flow velocity. Ass$me no
losses other than at e6it.
7. A ;aplan t$rbine plant develops 3!!! "# $nder a head of 1! m. #hile r$nnin,
at 6..5 rpm. The dischar,e is 35! m30s. The tip diameter of the r$nner is 7.5 m
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and the h$b to tip ratio is !.)3. %alc$late the specific speed, t$rbine efficiency,
the speed ratio and flow ratio.
8. A ;aplan t$rbine delivers 3! 3# and r$ns at 175 rpm. <verall efficiency is 85
and hydra$lic efficiency is '1. The tip diameter 5 m and the h$b diameter is .
m. determine the head and the blade an,les at the mid radi$s. The flow rate is
1)! m
3
0s.
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'. A ;aplan t$rbine delivers 1! 3# $nder a head of .5 m. The h$b and tip
diameters are 1.. m and 3 m. :ydra$lic and overall efficiencies are !.'! and
!.85. +f both velocity trian,les are ri,ht an,led trian,les, determine the speed,
,$ide blade o$tlet an,le and blade o$tlet an,le.
1!. =6plain abo$t pelton wheel, 5rancis and ;aplan t$rbines
PELTON TURBINE
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The rotor or r$nner consists of a circ$lar disc, fi6ed on s$itable shaft, made of cast or
for,ed steel. *$c"ets are fi6ed on the periphery of the disc. The spacin, of the b$c"ets
is decided by the r$nner diameter and /et diameter and is ,enerally more than 15 in
n$mber. These b$c"ets in small si8es may be cast inte,ral with the r$nner. +n lar,er
si8es it is bolted to the r$nner disc. The b$c"ets are also made of special materials and
the s$rfaces are well polished. A view of a b$c"et is shown in fi,. with relative
dimensions indicated in the fi,$re. <ri,inally spherical b$c"ets were $sed and pelton
modified the b$c"ets to the present shape. +t is formed in the shape of two half
ellipsoids with a splilter connectin, the two. A c$t is made in the lip to facilitate all the
water in the /et to $sef$lly impin,e on the b$c"ets. This avoids interference of the
incomin, b$c"et on the /et impin,in, on the previo$s b$c"et.
Francis Turbines
The main components are (i) The spiral casin, (ii) >$ide vanes (iii) ?$nner (iv) 1raft
t$be and (v) >overnor mechanism. 3ost of the machines are of vertical shaft
arran,ement while some smaller $nits are of hori8ontal shaft type.
The spiral casin, s$rro$nds the r$nner completely. +ts area of cross section decreases
,rad$ally aro$nd the circ$mference. This leads to $niform distrib$tion of water all alon,
the circ$mference of the r$nner. #ater from the penstoc" pipes enters the spiral casin,
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and is distrib$ted $niformly to the ,$ide blades placed on the periphery of a circle. The
casin, sho$ld be stron, eno$,h to withstand the hi,h press$re.
kaplan Turbine
The pop$lar a6ial flow t$rbines are the ;aplan t$rbine and propeller t$rbine. +n
propeller t$rbine the blades are fi6ed. +n the ;aplan t$rbines the blades are mo$nted in
the boss in bearin,s and the blades are rotated accordin, to the flow conditions by a
servomechanism maintainin, constant speed. +n this way a constant efficiency is
achieved in these t$rbines. The system is costly and where constant load conditions
prevail, the simpler propeller t$rbines are installed.
There are many locations where lar,e flows are available at low head. +n s$ch a
case the specific speed increases to a hi,her val$e. +n s$ch sit$ations a6ial flow
t$rbines are ,ainf$lly employed. A sectional view of a "aplan t$rbines in shown in fi,.
These t$rbines are s$ited for head in the ran,e 5 @ 8! m and specific speeds in the
ran,e 35! to '!!. The water from s$pply pipes enters the spiral casin, as in the case of
5rancis t$rbine. >$ide blades direct the water into the chamber above the blades at the
proper direction. The speed ,overnor in this case acts on the ,$ide blades and rotates
them as per load re4$irements. The flow rate is chan,ed witho$t any chan,e in head.
The water directed by the ,$ide blades enters the r$nner which has m$ch fewer blades
(3 to 1!) than the 5rancis t$rbine. The blades are also rotated by the ,overnor to
chan,e the inlet blade an,le as per the flow direction from the ,$ide blades, so that
entry is witho$t shoc". As the head is low, many times the draft t$be may have to be
elbow type. The important dimensions are the diameter and the boss diameter which
will vary with the chosen speed. At lower specific speeds the boss diameter may be
hi,her.
11. =6plain the wor"in, of centrif$,al p$mp with neat s"etch.
2rincipleA #hen a certain mass of fl$id is rotated by an e6ternal so$rce, it is
thrown away from the central a6is of rotation and a centrif$,al head is impressed
which enables it to rise to a hi,her level.
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1.. The followin, details refer to a centrif$,al p$mp. <$ter diameter A 3! cm. =ye
diameter A 15 cm. *lade an,le at inlet A 3!-. *lade an,le at o$tlet A .5-. Bpeed
1)5! rpm. The flow velocity remains constant. The whirl at inlet is 8ero.
Determine the work done per k. +f the manometric efficiency is 8.,
determine the workin head. +f width at o$tlet is . cm, determine the power

o
& 76.
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13. The dimensionless specific speed of a centrif$,al p$mp is !.!6. Btatic head is 3!
m. 5low rate is 5! l0s. The s$ction and delivery pipes are each of 15 cm
diameter. The friction factor is !.!.. Total len,th is 55 m other losses e4$al )
times the velocity head in the pipe. The vanes are forward c$rved at 1.!-. The
width is one tenth of the diameter. There is a 6 red$ction in flow area d$e to
the blade thic"ness. The manometric efficiency is 8!. 1etermine the impeller
diameter.
1). A centrif$,al p$mp r$nnin, at '!! rpm has an impeller diameter of 5!! mm and
eye diameter of .!! mm. The blade an,le at o$tlet is 35- with the tan,ent.
1etermine ass$min, 8ero whirl at inlet, the inlet blade an,le. Also calc$late the
absol$te velocity at o$tlet and its an,le with the tan,ent. The flow velocity is
constant at 3 m0s. Also calc$late the manometric head.
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UNIT ! PO"ITI!E DI"PL#$E%ENT %#$&INE" ''
Recriprocatin pumps( Indicator diarams( )ork sa*ed b+ air *essels, Rotor+ pumps,
$lassi-ication, )orkin and per-ormance cur*es,
P#RT.#
', )hat is meant b+ Pump/
+t is defined as the hydra$lic machine in which converts the mechanical ener,y into hydra$lic
ener,y, which is mainly in the form of press$re ener,y.
0, %ention main components o- $entri-ual pump,
%asin,
+mpeller
B$ction pipe, strainer C 5oot valve
1elivery pipe C 1elivery valve
1, )hat is the slip in reciprocatin pump/
Blip is the difference between the theoretical dischar,e and act$al dischar,e of the p$mp.
Blip& DthEDact.
2, )hat is meant b+ Primin/
The delivery valve is closed and the s$ction pipe, casin, and portion of the delivery pipe $p to
delivery valve are completely filled with the li4$id so that no air poc"et is left. This is called as
primin,.
3, )hat is the main parts o- reciprocatin pump/
A cylinder with a piston, 2iston rod, connectin, rod and a cran".
B$ction pipe, 1elivery pipe.
B$ction valve and
- ,, -
1elivery valve.
4, &ow will +ou classi-+ the reciprocatin pump/
The reciprocatin, p$mp may be classified as,
1. Accordin, to the water in contact with one side or both sides of the piston.
.. Accordin, to the n$mber of cylinders provided.
%lassification accordin, to the contact of water is
(1) Bin,le actin, (.) 1o$ble actin,.
Accordin, to the n$mber of cylinders provided they are classified as,
1. Bin,le %ylinder p$mp.
.. 1o$ble cylinder p$mp.
3. Triple cylinder p$mp.
5, De-ine %echanical e--icienc+,
+t is defined as the ratio of the power act$ally delivered by the impeller to the power s$pplied
to the shaft.
6, De-ine o*erall e--icienc+,
+t is the ratio of power o$tp$t of the p$mp to the power inp$t to the p$mp.
7, De-ine speed ratio( -low ratio,
"peed ratio8 +t is the ratio of peripheral speed at o$tlet to the theoretical velocity of /et
correspondin, to manometric head.
Flow ratio8 +t is the ratio of the velocity of flow at e6it to the theoretical velocity of /et
correspondin, to manometric head.
'9, %ention main components o- Reciprocatin pump,
2iton or 2l$n,er
B$ction and delivery pipe
%ran" and %onnectin, rod
'', De-ine "lip o- reciprocatin pump, )hen the neati*e slip does occur/
The difference between the theoretical dischar,e and act$al dischar,e is called slip of the
p$mp.
*$t in sometimes act$al dischar,e may be hi,her then theoretical dischar,e, in s$ch a case
coefficient of dischar,e is ,reater then $nity and the slip will be ne,ative called as ne,ative
slip.
'0, )h+ neati*e slip occurs in reciprocatin pump/
+f act$al dischar,e is more than the theoretical dischar,e the slip of the p$mp will be ne,ative.
Fe,ative slip occ$rs only when delivery pipe is short, B$ction pipe is lon, and p$mp is r$nnin,
at hi,h speed.
'1, )hat is indicator diaram/
+ndicator dia,ram is nothin, b$t a ,raph plotted between the press$re head in the cylinder and
the distance traveled by the piston from inner dead center for one complete revol$tion of the
cran".
'2, )hat is meant b+ $a*itations/
+t is defined phenomenon of formation of vapor b$bbles of a flowin, li4$id in a re,ion where
the press$re of the li4$id falls below its vapor press$re and the s$dden collapsin, of theses
vapor b$bbles in a re,ion of hi,h press$re.
'3, )hat are rotar+ pumps/
?otary p$mps resemble li"e a centrif$,al p$mps in appearance. *$t the wor"in, method
differs. Gniform dischar,e and positive displacement can be obtained by $sin, these rotary
p$mpsH +t has the combined advanta,es of both centrif$,al and reciprocatin, p$mps.
'4, )hat is an air *essel/
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An air vessel is a closed chamber containin, compressed air in the top portion and li4$id at the
bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an openin, thro$,h which the li4$id
may flow into the vessel or o$t of the vessel.
'5, )hat is the purpose o- an air *essel -itted in the pump/
1. To obtain a contin$o$s s$pply of li4$id at a $niform rate.
.. To save a considerable amo$nt of wor" in overcomin, the frictional resistance in the s$ction
and delivery pipes, and
3. To r$n the p$mp at a hi,h speed witho$t separation.
'6, )hat is the relation between )ork done o- a Pump and #rea o- Indicator Diaram/
#or" done by the p$mp is 2roportional to the area of the +ndicator dia,ram.
'7, )hat is the work sa*ed b+ -ittin a air *essel in a sinle actin( double actin pump/
#or" saved by fittin, air vessels in a sin,le actin, p$mp is 8).87,
+n a do$ble actin, p$mp the wor" saved is 3'...
P#RT.B
1. A sin,le actin, reciprocatin, p$mp has a bore of .!! mm and a stro"e of 35! mm and
r$ns at )5 rpm. The s$ction head is 8 m and the delivery head is .! m. 1etermine the
theoretical dischar,e of water and power re4$ired. +f slip is 1!, what is the act$al flow rateI
.. A do$ble actin, reciprocatin, p$mp has a bore of 15! mm and stro"e of .5! mm
and r$ns at 35 rpm. The piston rod diameter is .! mm. The s$ction head is 6.5 m and
the delivery head is 1).5 m. The dischar,e of water was ).7 l0s. 1etermine the slip and
the power re4$ired.
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3. +n a sin,le actin, reciprocatin, p$mp with pl$n,er diameter of 1.! mm and
stro"e of 18! mm r$nnin, at 6! rpm, an air vessel is fi6ed at the same level as the
p$mp at a distance of 3 m. The diameter of the delivery pipe is '! mm and the len,th is
.5 m. 5riction factor is !.!.. 1etermine the red$ction in acceleratin, head and the
friction head d$e to the fittin, of air vessel.
- ,5 -
). +n a reciprocatin, p$mp deliverin, water the bore is 1) cm and the stro"e is .1 cm.
The s$ction lift is ) m and delivery head is 1. m. The s$ction and delivery pipe are
both 1! cm diameter, len,th of pipes are ' m s$ction and .) m delivery. 5riction
factor is !.!15. 1etermine the theoretical power re4$ired. Blip is 8 percent. The
p$mp speed is 36 rpm.
- ,6 -
5. The bore and stro"e of a sin,le actin, reciprocatin, water p$mp are .! cm and
3! cm. The s$ction pipe is of 15 cm diameter and 1! m lon,. The delivery pipe is 1.
cm diameter and .8 m lon,. The p$mp is driven at 3. rpm. 1etermine the
acceleration heads and the friction head, f & !.!.. B"etch the indicator dia,ram. The
s$ction and delivery heads from atmosphere are ) m and 16 m respectively.
- ,8 -
6. A sin,le actin, reciprocatin, of p$mp handles water. The bore and stro"e of the $nit
are .! cm and 3! cm. The s$ction pipe diameter is 1. cm and len,th is 8 m. The
delivery pipe diameter is 1. cm and len,th is .) m. f & !.!.. The speed of operation
is 3. rpm. 1etermine the friction power with and witho$t air vessels.
- ,: -
7. =6plain abo$t ?eciprocatin, p$mps
1ia,ramatic view of sin,le actin, reciprocatin, p$mp
The action is similar to that of reciprocatin, en,ines. As the cran" moves
o$twards, the piston moves o$t creatin, s$ction in the cylinder. 1$e to the s$ction
water0fl$id is drawn into the cylinder thro$,h the inlet valve. The delivery valve will be
- 40 -
closed d$rin, this o$tward stro"e. 1$rin, the ret$rn stro"e as the fl$id is incompressible
press$re will developed immediately which opens the delivery valve and closes the inlet
valve. 1$rin, the ret$rn stro"e fl$id will be p$shed o$t of the cylinder a,ainst the
delivery side press$re. The f$nctions of the air vessels will be disc$ssed in a later
section. The vol$me delivered per stro"e will be the prod$ct of the piston area and the
stro"e len,th. +n a sin,le actin, type of p$mp there will be only one delivery stro"e per
revol$tion. B$ction ta"es place d$rin, half revol$tion and delivery ta"es place d$rin,
the other half. As the piston speed is not $niform (cran" speed is $niform) the dischar,e
will vary with the position of the cran".
1ia,ramatic view of a do$ble action p$mp
+n this case the piston cannot be connected directly with the connectin, rod. A ,land
and pac"in, and piston rod and crossEhead and ,$ide are additional components.
There will be nearly do$ble the dischar,e per revol$tion as compared to sin,le actin,
p$mp. #hen one side of the piston is $nder s$ction the other side will be deliverin, the
fl$id $nder press$re. As can be noted, the constr$ction is more comple6.
8. =6plain abo$t rotary positive displacement p$mps
:ear Pump
These are $sed more often for oil p$mpin,. >ear p$mps consist of two identical matin,
,ears in a casin, as shown in fi,. The ,ears rotate as indicated in the s"etch. <il is
trapped in the space between the ,ear teeth and the casin,. The oil is then carried from
the lower press$re or atmospheric press$re and is delivered at the press$re side. The
two sides are sealed by the meshin, teeth in the middle. The ma6im$m press$re that
can be developed depends on the clearance and viscosity of the oil. The operation is
fairly simple. <ne of the ,ear is the drivin, ,ear directly co$pled to an electric motor or
other type of drives. These p$mps sho$ld be filled with oil before startin,. The s"etch
shows an e6ternal ,ear p$mp. There is also another type of ,ear p$mp called internal
- 41 -
,ear p$mp. This is a little more compact b$t the constr$ction is more comple6 and
involved and hence $sed in special cases where space is a premi$m.
Lobe Pump
This type is also pop$larly $sed with oil. The dia,ramatic s"etch of a lobe p$mp is
shown in fi,.. This is a three lobed p$mp. Two lobe p$mps is also possible. The ,ear
teeth are replaced by lobes. Two lobes are arran,ed in a casin,. As the rotor rotates, oil
is trapped in the space between the lobe and the casin, and is carried to the press$re
side. :elical lobes alon, the a6is are $sed for smooth operation. <il has to be filled
before startin, the p$mp. Jobe types of compressors are also in $se. The constant
contact between the lobes ma"es a lea" ti,ht /oint preventin, oil lea"a,e from the
press$re side. The ma6im$m press$re of operation is controlled by the bac" lea"a,e
thro$,h the clearance. This type of p$mp has a hi,her capacity compared to the ,ear
p$mp.
!ane Pump
This is another pop$lar type not only for oil b$t also for ,ases. A rotor is eccentrically
placed in the casin, as shown in fi,. The rotor carries slidin, vanes in slots alon, the
len,th. Bprin,s control the movement of the vanes and "eep them pressed on the
casin,. <il is trapped between the vanes and the casin,. As the rotor rotates the
trapped oil is carried to the press$re side. The ma6im$m operatin, press$re is
controlled by the bac" lea"a,e.
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%E 0092 FLUID %E$&#NI$" #ND %#$&INER; 1 ' 9 2
(%ommon to Aerona$tical, 3echanical, A$tomobile C 2rod$ction)
<*K=%T+L=B
a. The st$dent is introd$ced to the mechanics of fl$ids thro$,h a thoro$,h
$nderstandin, of the properties of the fl$ids. The dynamics of fl$ids is introd$ced
thro$,h the control vol$me approach which ,ives an inte,rated $nder standin, of the
transport of mass, moment$m and ener,y.
b. The applications of the conservation laws to flow tho$,h pipes and hydra$lics machines
are st$died
UNIT I INTRODU$TION '0
Gnits C 1imensions. 2roperties of fl$ids @ Bpecific ,ravity, specific wei,ht, viscosity,
compressibility, vapo$r press$re and ,as laws @ capillarity and s$rface tension. 5low
characteristicsA concepts of system and control vol$me. Application of control vol$me to
contin$ity e4$iation, ener,y e4$ation, moment$m e4$ation and moment of moment$m
e4$ation.
UNIT II FLO) T&ROU: $IR$UL#R $ONDUIT" '0
Jaminar flow tho$,h circ$lar cond$its and circ$lar ann$li. *o$ndary layer concepts. *o$ndary
layer thic"ness. :ydra$lic and ener,y ,radient. 1arcy @ #eisbach e4$aition. 5riction factor and
3oody dia,ram. %ommercial pipes. 3inor losses. 5low tho$,h pipes in series and in parallel.
UNIT III DI%EN"ION#L #N#L;"I" 7
1imension and $nitsA *$c"in,hamMs N theorem. 1isc$ssion on dimensionless parameters.
3odels and similit$de. Applications of dimensionless parameters.
UNIT I! ROTO D;N#%I$ %#$&INE" '4
:omolo,$s $nits. Bpecific speed. =lementary cascade theory. Theory of t$rbo machines.
=$lerMs e4$ation. :ydra$lic efficiency. Lelocity components at the entry and e6it of the rotor.
Lelocity trian,le for sin,le sta,e radial flow and a6ial flow machines. %entrif$,al p$mps,
t$rbines, performance c$rves for p$mps and t$rbines.
UNIT ! PO"ITI!E DI"PL#$E%ENT %#$&INE" ''
?ecriprocatin, p$mps, +ndicator dia,rams, #or" saved by air vessels. ?otory p$mps.
%lassification. #or"in, and performance c$rves.
TOT#L 849 PERIOD"
T=OT *<<;BA
1. Btreeter. L. J., and #ylie, =.*., 5l$id 3echanics, 3c>raw :ill, 1'83.
.. ?atha"rishnan. =, 5l$id 3echanics, 2rentice :all of +ndia (++ =d.), .!!7.
?=5=?=F%=BA
1. ?amamritham. B, 5l$id 3echanics, :ydra$lics and 5l$id 3achines, 1hanpat ?ai C
Bons, 1elhi, 1'88.
.. ;$mar. ;.J., =n,ineerin, 5l$id 3echanics (L++ =d.) =$rasia 2$blishin, :o$se (2) Jtd.,
Few 1elhi, 1''5.
3. *ansal, ?.;., 5l$id 3echanics and :ydra$lics 3achines, Ja6mi 2$blications (2) Jtd.,
Few 1elhi.
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