GEL Foundation Basics of Switching: Category: Student Guide

RICLCGEN042
Proprietary & Confidential

GEL Foundation
Basics of Switching
Course Code. Course ID.50263182 Rev. 0
Category : Student Guide
RICLCGEN042
Revision Detail Approved By Checked
By
Revised
By
Revision Date Rev
No
Issue
No.
Comments
RELEASED FOR TRAINING Rev dt : 19/09/2005 Release Dt : 19/05/2005
Module
Name
Course ID - 50263182
GEL Foundation-Basics of Switching
Course
Code
Prepared
by
AV Reviewed
by
AV Approved
by
PNT
ORIGINAL APPROVED
RIC-Learning Centre
ISO 9001 2000 Certified
D-block, 1
st
Floor, Wing 6, DAKC
Navi-Mumbai 400709, India
Best Suited for L1/L2/L3/L4 /Others (specify) Issue No : 01 Rev No : 00
Course code Volume : Version/ Issue :
Date :
Vendor
Category
Vendor courseware detail : Vendor :
This document contains valuable trade secrets and confidential information belonging to
Reliance Infocomm and its suppliers. The aforementioned shall not be disclosed to any
person, organization, or entity, unless such disclosure is subject to the provisions of a written
non-disclosure and proprietary rights agreement, or intellectual property license agreement,
approved by Reliance Infocomm. The distribution of this document does not grant any license
or rights, in whole or in part, to its content, the product(s), the technology(ies), or intellectual
property, described herein.
Disclaimer
THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING TECHNOLOGY OR
PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT
NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS
DOCUMENT ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS.
IN NO EVENT SHALL RELIANCE INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES,
INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF RELIANCE
INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.
Reference Documents:
Sl. No. Vendor, Vendor Doc. Title, Vendor Doc. No., Rev. etc.
GEL Foundation-Basics of Switching 50263182 rev0 1
Introduction
Participant
introductions.
Name.
Location (city).
How long in the
telecommunications
industry?
Expectations.
Participants introduction helps the class in general to know about each other in a
learning group. A trainer get to know about the expectations & knowledge level of
participants. Content delivery is planned accordingly, so that participants gets the
maximum.
Training Objective
After attending this training program the
participants will have an overall idea of
Switching in telecommunication.
Switch architecture
AXE 10, 5ESS.
Different telecom network.
Telecom services.
Intelligent Network.
Centralized operation
& maintenance.
Overview to Reliance network.
This module of learning program is designed for Graduate Engineer Learner. Out of
many modules in chain, this module talks about basics of switching and signaling in
general. It also discusses about Reliance network implementation of switching and
signaling. This is purely a theoretical classroom training, no hands-on is envisaged.
Pre-requisite to this module is basic understanding on telecommunication.
Pre-requisite to this training module is basic knowledge of telecommunication.
Switching fundamental along with Reliance implementation in general will be
discussed in this module.
Concept about switching, its architecture, network applications, services, O&M etc
is discussed in this module.
1. Switching in Telecommunication
A switch is core elements in telecommunication network. It is used to connect end
points and facilitates in data exchange through it. This chapter is designed to build
concept about switching system & its architecture. It helps distinguishing different
types of switching system, based on its architecture.
Building blocks of a switching systems are explained. Two types of switching
techniques are discussed. Switch realization using Time switch & Space switch is
explained.
Speech digitization and its advantages are also discussed.
What is a Switch?
A switch is a means to connect an input
to an output.
and the process is known as switching.
switch
input
output
A switch has ports on input side as well as on output side. It also has a control input
by which switch path is closed or opened. Once switch path is closed, input port gets
connected to output port. This path helps passing on information from input side to
output side. If subscribers are connected to these points then it represents that their
speech is getting transmitted by this switch connection.
Closing & opening of switch is controlled by a processor. In an exchanges we can
assume to have a big array of such switches so as to cater to lot of subscribers
speech simultaneously. Depending on digit dialed, a calling subscriber, connected at
certain input port is connected to required called subscriber at output port side by
the controller.
Analogy With an Electrical Switch
An electric switch connects load of fans,
lights etc with the power source.
In this example, electrical power & appliances are like subscribers in an exchange.
Information which is transmitted is electrical power which is analogous to speech or
data in an exchange.
Program
Switch-on the fan, when it is required.
Switch-on a light when it is dark.
CONDITIONS, LOGICS, PROGRAMS
In a manual operation, we can decide the switching action, based on our need. But
in an automatic operation all logic & conditions are coded in form of a software
which runs on a processor.
A Processor
Operator
of an
electric switch
Processor
of a
telecom switch
switch
input output
switch
input output
A controller or a processor in an automated scenario is doing the function of an
operator in a manual case.
Key Concepts: Switching
Network without switching
Requires n(n-1)/2 transmission links
15 independent links would be required
in this example to allow calling between
users
Network with a switch
Requires n transmission links
Only 6 independent links would be
required when a central switch is used
Switch
Switch not only reduces transmission cost but also reduces the complexity of
connecting subscribers. Here subscribers have complete control on information flow
to a subscriber.
Similar concept is further extended to route subscribers traffic to long distance
exchanges by taking calls through exchanges arranged in tandem.
Manual Exchange
1. CALLING PARTY OFF HOOK-
LAMP ON-
2. VERIFICATION OF ELIGIBILITY-
QUERY FOR CALLED PARTY
INFORMATION
3. CALLED PARTY INFORMATION-
ANALYSIS BY THE OPERATOR-
4. VERIFICATION OF CALLED PARTY
STATUS-
5. RING TO CALLED PARTY IF FREE-
6. CALLED PARTY ANSWER-
CONNECTION
7. EITHER PARTY ON HOOK-
LAMP OFF-
8. RECAPITULATION OF THE LINK-
DISCONNECTION
ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING
MANUAL BOARD
MAGNETO
RINGER
LAMPS
KEYS
CORDS
In a manual exchange, an operator used to control the call setup, supervision &
release. Switch board is used to connect subscribers & supervise their activity.
Exchange Model
COMPARED TO
MANUAL
EXCHANGES WE
CAN SAY
* HARDWARE=
CHORDS,
LAMPS, EYES,
HANDS, ETC.
* SOFTWARE=
BRAIN,
REASONING,
JUDGEMENT,
ETC.
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
CONTROL
SWITCHING HARDWARE
An exchange can be modeled into two main parts viz. Switching & Control. Each
sub-system may consists of hardware and software.
Elements of an Exchange
Subscriber
Interface
Switch
Control Subsystem
Subscriber
Interface
Terminal
Main elements of an exchange are
Subscriber interface. Subscribers are connected to switch through this
interface. A subscriber interface sends control call information to control
subsystem over a non-proprietary (standard) signaling interface e.g V5.2. In
Reliance Network, DLCs (Digital Loop Carriers) are making this subscriber
interface. We may have it from switch vendor too.
Switch. This provides a mean to connect two subscribers to exchange
information.
Control subsystem. This is analogous to an operator in an manual exchange.
In modern day exchanges, exchange personnel control the exchange from
this subsystem through an operator console or a computer terminal.
Fixed Access Network Architecture
RT
BA ring
(SDH +GE)
BA
DBC
MCN
MAN
MAN
MA ring
(SDH +RPR)
POI
S - MA ring
(SDH +RPR)
PMP & BTS
CDMA BTS
BAN
NBB
6 or 4
ducts
4 ducts
Media Convergence Node (MCN) - this is a main access node to the Reliance
National backbone network, which links the cities of India.
Main Access Ring (MA) - this is the fibre optic ring that links the MCN to the
various parts of the city.
Main Access Node (MAN) - provides a concentration point for telecom traffic,
which is then routed to its destination.
Building Access Ring (BA) - the last mile rings, which connect the targeted
buildings to the MAN.
Targeted buildings - the customer buildings which have been identified by the
marketing team as the buildings which shall be provided with wireline connectivity
in order to serve its broadband as well as narrowband requirements.
Building Aggregate Node (BAN) provides concentration point for telecom traffic
of building access rings.
CORE METRO NETWORK : carries high capacity traffic between the MCN, the
MANs and the POIs
BUILDING ACCESS NETWORK : for the SDH/Ethernet based building access
layer, the Building Access network consists of building access rings connecting the
Building Nodes (BN)
Access Network
Supports current and future services.
State of the art systems.
Backbone in on SDH/DWDM.
Network growth without service
degradation.
Improved network availability.
Efficient operation and maintenance.
Access network facilitates connecting subscribers to switch.
Modern Telecommunication
By telecommunication we mean all
processes that render it possible to
transfer voice, data and picture with the
help of some forms of electronic
systems.
Today with modern exchange, we not only support voice through a switch but data
also. Data may be picture, streaming video, computer data or whatever.
Stored Program Controlled
Stored Programs are Controlled by the
processor to perform switching.
Digital exchanges are called SPC exchanges. They are controlled by software stored
in memories of processors.
The programs contain the actual intelligence. The processors perform the control
functions by executing the switching jobs.
The processors work in real time.
Speech Digitization
Filter Quantiser
-1
Decoder
Input V
Output V
Tx
Rx
Sampler Quantiser Encoder Anti-aliasing filter
Speech digitization helps eliminating noise & signal attenuation problem. Certain
other advantages are inherited by way of digitization e.g. once an exchange is
capable to carry a digital signal so any sort of digital signal can be carried through
it. In other words a digital exchange can carry data, and data may in turn have
speech or video or computer data etc. So it has become possible to support lot of
services through a digital exchange.
Steps of speech digitization
Anti-aliasing. Speech spectrum is limited from 300Hz to 3400Hz.
Sampling. This process takes in discrete analog signal at regular interval of
125us.
Quantiser. It puts the sampled signal in defined 256 levels.
Encoder. It generates 8 bits digital data based on quantised signal level.
At the receiver reverse process is followed to get the analog signal back.
Sampling
Time domain Frequency domain
) ( ) ( ) ( t x t x t x
s
=
) ( ) ( ) ( f X f X f X
s
=

| ) ( | f X
) (t x
| ) ( | f X
| ) ( | f X
s
) (t x
s
) (t x
Sampling is nothing but multiplication of two signals.
LP filter
Nyquist rate
aliasing
Aliasing effect
Aliasing arises out of sampling process.
Sampling theorem: A band limited signal
with no spectral components beyond f
m
,
can be uniquely determined by values
sampled at uniform intervals of
The sampling rate, F
s
= 1/ T
s
= 2f
m
is called Nyquist rate.
Sampling
process
Analog
signal
Pulse amplitude
modulated (PAM) signal
Sampling Theorem
T
s
1/2f
m
Nyquist rate of sampling helps recovering base-band signal.
Quantization
Amplitude quantizing: Mapping samples of a
continuous amplitude waveform to a finite set of
amplitudes.
In
Out
Q
u
a
n
t
i
z
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
Average quantization noise power
Signal peak power
Signal power to average
quantization noise power
Quantization is a process of making an analog signal discrete in amplitude.
t
Ts: sampling time
x(nTs): sampled values
xq(nTs): quantized values
boundaries
Quant. levels
111 3.1867
110 2.2762
101 1.3657
100 0.4552
011 -0.4552
010 -1.3657
001 -2.2762
000 -3.1867
PCM
codeword
110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011
PCM sequence
amplitude
x(t)
Quantization Example
Quantization Error
Quantizing error: The difference between the input
and output of a quantizer
) ( ) ( ) ( t x t x t e =
+
) (t x ) ( t x
) ( ) (
) (
t x t x
t e
=
AGC
x
) (x q y =
Qauntizer
Process of quantizing noise
) (t x ) ( t x
) (t e
Model of quantizing noise
During quantization, error so introduced must be as low as possible and here comes
the standards.
Quantization Error
Quantizing error:
Granular or linear errors happen for inputs within
the dynamic range of quantizer
Saturation errors happen for inputs outside the
dynamic range of quantizer
Saturation errors are larger than linear errors
Saturation errors can be avoided by proper tuning of AGC
Quantization noise variance:
2
Sat
2
Lin
2 2 2
) ( ) ( } )] ( {[ + = = =

dx x p x e x q x
q
E
l l
L
l
l
q x p
q
) (
12
2
1 2 /
0
2
2
Lin
=
= Uniform q.
12
2
2
Lin
q
=
Uniform and Non-uniform Quantization
Uniform (linear) quantizing:
No assumption about amplitude statistics and correlation
properties of the input.
Not using the user-related specifications
Robust to small changes in input statistic by not finely tuned to a
specific set of input parameters
Simply implemented
Application of linear quantizer:
Signal processing, graphic and display applications, process
control applications
Non-uniform quantizing:
Using the input statistics to tune quantizer parameters
Larger SNR than uniform quantizing with same number of levels
Non-uniform intervals in the dynamic range with same quantization
noise variance
Application of non-uniform quantizer:
Commonly used for speech
Non-uniform Quantization
It is done by uniformly quantizing the compressed signal.
At the receiver, an inverse compression characteristic,
called expansion is employed to avoid signal distortion.
compression+expansion companding
) (t y
) (t x
) ( t y ) ( t x
x
) (x C y =
x
y
Compress Qauntize
Channel
Expand
Transmitter Receiver
A law and u-law follow non uniform quantization.
Proprietary & Confidential 1. Switching in Telecommunication
In India we follow this standard.
Time slot has
8 bits of data
Frame Structure E1
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS15 TS16 TS17 TS18 TS30 TS31
TS0 : Used for Frame Synchronization.
TS1 to TS15 : Carries Speech Samples.
TS16 : Used for carrying Signaling Information.
TS17 to TS31 : Carries Speech Samples.
One E1 Frame lasting for 125 microseconds.
E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format devised by the ITU-T and
given the name by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication
Administration (CEPT). European & certain non-European countries use the E1
system.
It's the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format, which is mainly
used in North America, Canada & Japan.
The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can
carry 32 channels of 64 Kbps each.
The channels divided by Time Division Multiplexing.
E1 Vs T1
Common Characteristics E1 and T1
a Sampling frequency 8KHz
b Number of sample per telephone signal
c Length of PCM frame
d No. of bits in each word
e Telephone channel bit rate
Differing Characteristics E1 T1
a Encoding / decoding A-law

-law
b Number of timeslots 32 24
c Word length 3.9
sec 5.2
sec
d Bit rate of TDM signal 2.048MHz 1.544MHz
Line Coding
HDB3 line coding is used in India.
Time Switch and Space Switch
6
6
7 7
7
7
8
8
8 8
9
9
9 9
Time
switch
Space
switch
The two principles of digital switching are
Time Switching. Time switching is based on time division multiplexing
(TDM) of pulse code modulation (PCM) timeslots. Timeslot carries speech /
data / signaling / miscellaneous information. While passing through a time
switch, incoming timeslots may be switched to any outgoing timeslot.
Space Switching. A space switch distributes timeslots from incoming PCMs
to respective timeslots on outgoing PCMs.
Basic Time Switch Operation
A E
B F
B B
C G
D H
D B C D B A A C
A
B
C
D
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Analog
to digital
Digital to
analog
Control
Store
Speech
Store
Example showing timeslot switching in a Time switch. Subscribers A to D are
getting connected to subscribers E to H through Time switch.
T-S-T Switch Concept
1
2
3
1
2
3
SM-1
SM-2
SM-3
CM-1
CM-2
CM-3
SM-1
SM-2
SM-3
CM-1
CM-2
CM-3
CM-1 CM-2 CM-3
1
2
3
32
1
2
3
32
1
2
3
32
INPUT TIME SWITCH
OUTPUT TIME SWITCH
SPACE SWITCH
In practice, switching is realized in stages. This arrangement reduces hardware &
overcomes the problem of speed limitation of digital devices (ICs).
Common example of a switch architecture is Time-Space-Time switching stages. So
a speech path through switch traverse through all the stages of T-S-T.
Now a day, with the advent of fast devices, switching fabric is realized in single
Time stage.
Switching in General
Circuit switching
Packet switching
A-
subscriber
B-
subscriber
The International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standard sector
(ITU-T) states that the main function of switching is to establish, on demand, a
connection from a desired inlet to a desired outlet.
There are two general types of switching.
Circuit Switching. Circuit switching means that the public switched
telephone network allocates circuits or dedicated path between A- subscriber
and B- subscriber for the whole duration of a call.
Packet Switching. Packet switching techniques is widely used in data
networks for data packets switching. It is a form of time division
multiplexing on demand to share transmission media. Transmission is only
requested when sufficient data to fill a packet is available at the transmitter.
At other times the transmission media may be used to transmit packets
between other resources and destinations.
Control System
Processor capacity
False
Several switching
parts with
some centralized
functions
Centralized
Hierarchical Non-hierarchical
Genuine
Several independent
switching parts
Distributed
Multi-
processor
Single
processor
Multi-
processor
Single
processor
There are mainly two types of Control system in switching system.
Common Control. Which is centralized control system.
Distributed Control. Control intelligence in distributed in switching
subsystem.
Processor Hierarchy in Common Control System
Switching part
RP RP RP
Central processor
Above switching system has a centralized control system. Processors are connected
in a hierarchy and working in master & slave fashion. Only one master with many
slave regional processors (RP).
Example of Common Control System
GSS
RP4
RP
APT dev
IOG 20
RP4
CP
RPH-S RPH-P
DLMUX
RP4
APT dev
Generic device
magazine
DL2
DL_IO
Generic device
magazine or
BYB 202 equipment
DLMUX
DL2 DL2 DL3 DL3
RPB-S
RPB-P
AXE 10
Acronym
AXE 10 : Name of Ericsson product for Switching system.
APT : Switching units in AXE.
APT dev : Switching devices.
DLMUX : Digital stream multiplexer & de-multiplexer.
GDM : Generic device magazine is a shelf in AXE.
RP, RP4 : Regional processors.
GSS : Group switch subsystem.
RPB-P/S : Regional processor bus parallel / serial.
RPH-P/S : Regional processor handler parallel / serial.
CP : Central processor.
IOG20 : Input output group to connect peripheral.
Control subsystem provides the real-time processing capacity required by the
communications applications. The man-machine communication between
operational personnel and the AXE system is also handled through it. It consists of
Central Processor & many Regional Processors.
Switching fabric is T-S-T. In AXE a Time Switch Module ( TSM ) terminates 16
PCM links (512 MUPs) and a Space Switch Module ( SPM ) interconnects 32
TSMs. Multiple point (MUP) is a logical port on Group Switch to terminate a
timeslot on a PCM. Maximum group switch size can grow up to 128K timeslots.
Regional processors directly control the switching hardware.
Example of Distributed Control System
PU
TSI
TSI
PS
PS
NLI
TMS
SMP
SMP
DMI
MMP
MSC
TMS
DMI
MMP
MSC
NLI
AP
AP
SM CM
AM
5ESS
Acronym
PU : Peripheral unit.
SM : Switching module.
TSI : Time slot interchanger.
PS : Packet switch.
NLI : Network link interface.
SMP : Switching module processor.
CM : Communication module.
TMS : Time multiplex switch.
DMI : Dual message interface.
MMP : Module message processor.
MSC : Message switch.
AM : Administrative module.
AP : AM processor.
5ESS is an example of distributed control subsystem. Each subsystem has
processors in it. Switching fabric is T-S-T.
Example of a Local Call
1
OFF HOOK SIGNAL (SEIZURE)
IDENTIFICATION OF CALLING SUBSCRIBER
ALLOCATION OF STORAGE FOR ADDRESS
DIGITS & CONNECTION OF COMMON EQPT.
DIAL TONE
ADDRESS DIGITS
DIGIT ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF CALLED
PARTY EQUIPMENT
SWITCH PATH SET-UP
ANSWER SIGNAL
(OFF HOOK)
DISCONNECT RING BACK TONE & RINGING
CURRENT, CLOSE THE SWITCH PATH
SUPERVISION
CONVERSATION
CONVERSATION
RING BACK TONE RINGING CURRENT
EXCHANGE (LOCAL) CALLED SUBSCRIBER CALLING SUBSCRIBER
DISCONNECT EQUIPMENT FORWARD CLEAR SIGNAL
(ON HOOK)
BACKWARD CLEAR SIGNAL
(ON HOOK)
2
3
4 5
6 7
8
9
Simplified call flow diagram for two subscribers connected to a local exchange.
2. Different Telecom Network
Present day telecom network consists of many networks. Each network is optimized
for its specific service.
Present Telecom Field
Technology
providers
Operators / Service providers
U
s
e
r
s
U
s
e
r
s
U
s
e
r
s
U
s
e
r
s
Deregulation of the market has resulted in the entry of new players, both network
and service providers are competing with the established operators.
Major developments in the standardization field have resulted in increased
competition between manufactures with a resultant reduction in costs to network
operators and end users.
Why Telecom Network?
Seamless connectivity to any
subscriber.
Calls need to be routed from one user
location to another location.
It necessitates interconnectivity of all
the switches.
Subscriber call can be routed to any destination. To support this routing, it
necessitates to interconnect all the exchanges.
Transmission systems are used for interconnectivity of exchanges. Switching
systems and transmission system facilitates reaching a call to a distant locations.
Network Model
Transport
Switching
Services
Operations support
Network structure is a layered one. Specific functions are handled in a network to
make overall system very efficient. Nodes in a network will do specialized job /
network functions. We may say that telecom network consists of many networks,
not just one.
Present Day Telecom Network
FIRST AUTOMATIC
COMMUNICATION
NETWORK
DIGITIZATION
OF SUBSCRIBER
SERVICES ARE LOCATED
CENTRALY
PROVIDES SUBSCRIBER
MOBILITY
SUPPORTS ADVANCED
SIGNALLING
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDES FACILITIES LIKE
LEASED LINES AND PABX
PROVIDES INTERNET
ACCESS
Business &
communication
Centrex & VPN
Internet
ISDN
Narrow / Wide/
Broadband
PSTN
Intelligent
Network
PLMN
GSM/DAMPS/PDC/
NMT/TACS/AMPS
SS No. 7
Data
Network
VoD traffic e.g. VoIP, VoATM
Today communications network support voice, data, Internet and multimedia
traffic.This gives rise to different networks like Data Network, Internet, Intelligent
Network.
Subscribers are demanding new services, increased mobility and higher bandwidth
in the access network. Operators are linking together to form global companies
providing worldwide customized services.
Subscriber mobility is now a key feature of communications. This advance has been
made possible by the successful implementation of cellular systems, such as the
GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA, cdmaONE/IS95B/CDMA2000 1X/3X, the digital
advanced mobile phone system (D-AMPS) and the personal digital cellular (PDC).
Telephone Network Hierarchy
Primary Center
Local Exchange
Secondary Center
Telephone network elements are connected to each other in an hierarchy. This
hierarchy help reducing backhaul media need and complexity in routing calls.
Examples of nodes in switch hierarchy are Local Switch, TAX / Tandem Switch,
National Gateways, International Gateways.
Key Concepts: Hierarchy
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch Switch
Switch
Mumbai Delhi London
International Long Distance
National Long Distance
An example is shown where calls are routed through switch hierarchy. National long
distance calls are carried to a national level gateway. From there it is passed to
another destined national gateway then to a local exchange through hierarchy.
Similar is the case of international calls. Here it traverses through international
gateways.
Classification of Switch
Voice switches are classified.
Class 5.
Access / Local.
Class 4.
Tandem / TAX.
Class of a switch
A ranking, assigned to each switching center in a communications network,
determined by the switching functions, interrelationships with other offices, and
transmission requirements.
Class 5 switches provide telecommunication services using TDM (Time Division
Multiplex) technology from basic dial-tone to advanced voice services and data
network access to subscribers within a defined locality or local loop. Class 5
switches are deployed at a central office (CO) by service providers for both local
and long distance telephony services, vs. the Class 4 switches are only for long
distance and trunking services.
Network Synchronization
A generic concept that depicts the way
of distributing a common time and/or
frequency to all elements in a network.
Clock
Bits in outgoing timeslot
Read frequency = fb Write frequency = fa
Figure 2.25
Why Network Synchronization
Digital networks support a wide variety of
connections for which digital transmission
impairments and other performance
parameters need to be controlled.
If proper control is not exercised, then under
certain circumstances, digital transmission
impairments cause unacceptable service
degradations.
Networks need to be configured to a level of
transmission quality consistent with the needs
of different services (voice and non-voice).
Digital transmission impairments (e.g. bit errors, jitter and wander, transmission
delay, availability, slip, etc.).
Concept of Timing Signal
Synchronization
The clock's stability is characterized by two parameters: jitter and wander. Jitter
refers to the fast phase variations and wander to the slow ones. Phase variations with
a frequency content above 10 Hz are considered jitter, while those with a frequency
below 10 Hz are referred to as wander. Wander is the main culprit when it comes to
incorrect synchronization. If one looks at a jittery signal without wander on an
oscilloscope, the pulse edges are perceived as being fuzzy and "broadened". If one
looks at a signal with a lot of wander but without jitter, then one perceives a "sharp"
clock signal, which gradually "sways" to and fro, as illustrated in Figure.
Definitions Related to Clock Equipments
Clock
An equipment that provides a timing signal.
Primary reference clock (PRC)
A reference frequency standard that provides a
reference frequency signal.
Slave clock
A clock whose timing output is phase-locked to a
reference timing signal received from a higher
quality clock.
A PRC (Primary reference clock) in telecom network provides a reference clock.
Cesium atomic clocks provides accurate reference clock source.
The Primary reference clock (PRC) is the main reference clock for the network. It
should be very stable, accurate, and should have high availability by way of
equipment duplication and redundancy, as it is the source of all timing for the
network, and all timings are traceable to that.
The Primary reference clock is known as a Stratum 1
The Primary reference clock should have a frequency accuracy better than 1 part in
10
11
Primary reference sources for synchronization of the network considered in the
Reliance network are:
1. Cesium Beam Oscillators (CBO)
2. GPS based systems with Rubidium oscillators
Definitions Related to Clock
Modes of Operation
Free running mode.
Holdover mode.
Locked mode.
Free running mode: An operating condition of a clock, the output signal of which is
strongly influenced by the oscillating element and not controlled by servo phase-
locking techniques. In this mode the clock has never had a network reference input,
or the clock has lost external reference and has no access to stored data, that could
be acquired from a previously connected external reference.
Holdover mode: An operating condition of a clock which has lost its controlling
reference input and is using stored data, acquired while in locked operation, to
control its output. The stored data are used to control phase and frequency
variations, allowing the locked condition to be reproduced within specifications.
Holdover begins when the clock output no longer reflects the influence of a
connected external reference, or transition from it. Holdover terminates when the
output of the clock reverts to locked mode condition.
Locked mode: An operating condition of a slave clock in which the output signal is
controlled by an external input reference such that the clock's output signal has the
same long-term average frequency as the input reference, and the time error
function between output and input is bounded. Locked mode is the expected mode
of operation of a slave clock.
Synchronization Methods
No synchronization.
Plesiochronous.
Master and slave.
Mutual single ended.
Asynchronous mode: A mode where clocks are intended to operate in free running
mode.
Plesiochronous mode: A mode where the essential characteristic of time scales or
signals such that their corresponding significant instants occur at nominally the
same rate, any variation in rate being constrained within specified limits.
Master slave mode: A mode where a designated master clock is used as a frequency
standard which is disseminated to all other clocks which are slaved to the master
clock.
Mutually synchronized mode: A mode where all clocks exert a degree of control on
each other.
Plesiochronous Synchronization
Each node uses extremely stable
Cesium clock.
Used in international gateways.
Any other source?
The International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standard Sector
(ITU-T) standard, specifies that international connections are to work
plesiochronically with a slip rate, which is less than one slip in 70 days during
normal operating conditions. This means that an international exchange must have
access to a clock reference with a very reliable clock rate, and with an inaccuracy of
less than 1 part in 10
11
.
Master and Slave Synchronization
Used in local networks.
Redundancy aspects!
Master exchange has a clock (RCM)
with long-term stability
Slave exchanges are adjusted to
the incoming frequency
Master
RCM
CLM
Slave CLM Slave CLM
The clock is distributed in the network with the data signals and regenerated in the
network's nodes in "slave clocks". This clock regeneration is never completely
perfect; rather, each regenerated clock will have variations in frequency and phase.
The more nodes passed "en route", the less stable the clock will be.
Mutual Single Ended Synchronization
Figure 2.27
2
CLM
CLM
CLM
B
A
C
FA
F + A FB
FB
FC
F = C
FC
All clocks are
of equal quality
Frequency in the exchanges
according to average of
incoming frequencies
Used in national transit exchange.
To avoid the whole system to be unstable, a sink frequency is distributed in the
network.
It is sensitive to distance and temperature.
3. Telecom Services
Different telecom services are defined to be supported by telecom switches. Once
provisioned, it can be provided to subscribers.
Telecom Services
Bearer services.
Teleservices.
Supplementary
services.
3. Telecom Services
Bearer services
Bearer services are telecommunication services providing the capability of
transmission of signals between access points (called user-network interfaces in
ISDN). The bearer services describe what the network can offer (e.g. speech, data
and fax).
Teleservices
Teleservices are telecommunication services including terminal equipment
functions, that provide communication between users according to protocols
established by agreement between network operators. The teleservices are user end-
to-end services (e.g. emergency call and short message service).
Supplementary services
Supplementary Services modify or supplement a basic telecommunication service.
Consequently, they cannot be offered to a customer as a stand alone service. They
must be offered together or in association with a basic telecommunication service.
The same supplementary service may be applicable to a number of
telecommunication services. Most supplementary services are directly inherited
from a fixed network, with minor modifications (when needed) to adapt to mobility
(cellular network). Examples of supplementary services are calling line
identification and call waiting.
Bearer Services
Circuit mode bearer services.
Packet mode bearer services.
3. Telecom Services
These bearer service categories are typically characterized by the provision of user
information over one type of channel and signaling over another type of channel.
Packet mode bearer services involve packet handling functions.
Teleservices
Speech.
Fax.
3. Telecom Services
Normal speech is supported in it and Group 3 fax services are supported.
Supplementary Services
CLIP, CLIR, CLOP, CLOR.
CFU, CFB etc.
CW, Hold.
3. Telecom Services
These services supplements normal teleservices.
Wire-line Services
Bearer Services, POTS, ISDN-BRA, ISDN-
PRI etc.
based on the use of Digital Loop Carrier (DLC).
Private Leased Line Services.
supported by the DLC working as a Multi-Service
platform and by the SDH transport.
Shared Data Services.
supported by the Ethernet access.
3. Telecom Services
Many services are supported on switch handling wire-line subscribers.
Wire-line Services
CENTREX
DEDICATED INTERNET ACCESS
DIAL-UP INTERNET ACCESS
PBX TRUNKS
ISDN BRI / PRI
VIDEO CONFERENCING
LEASED LINES
POTS
IN
3. Telecom Services
What Is a Centrex?
Virtual PABX in an exchange.
Centrex is a number of subscribers
defined in a group with an access to
business group numbering plan.
These subscribers are directly
connected to serving local exchange.
Centrex subscribers can call within
group using extension numbers.
3. Telecom Services
Size and number of Centrex in a switch is configurable.
1
Extension Numbering
BGC
Extension number Switch Network number
(022) 3031201
(022) 3031202
(022) 3031203
(022) 3031204
(022) 3031200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1200
3. Telecom Services
Extensions have dual numbering.
Centrex Services
Centrex in an emulation of a PABX,
offering services to customers from the
Public Exchange.
Service provided from switch.
Customer need not own a PABX.
All PABX features can be provided.
3. Telecom Services
4. Intelligent Network
Intelligent Network is the place where services are kept and managed. This
separates service layer from switching functions. So all the exchanges can access it
for services. It reduces time to launch a new service & operational cost while
managing services.
Intelligent Network
The Intelligent Network (IN) is overlaid on the
existing telephone network.
This network is organized so that telephone
calls received by the IN are interrupted to
query a database in order to determine what
to do with the call. The call can then be re-
routed based on a number of predefined
conditions such as time of day or day of the
week. Alternatively, an announcement can be
played or information can be collected from
the caller.
Advantages of IN
Introduction of new services.
Additional network traffic.
Higher call completion rates.
New services
New services can be managed centrally in an IN node. It gives service providers the
flexibility to introduce, configure & manage services at one point only. Previously
they had to change exchange software at each node.
Additional network traffic
IN services stimulate the use of the telephone network for new applications. This
results in an increase in the number of telephone calls made.
Higher call completion rates
IN services target calls to destinations where they are most likely to be answered.
The result is an increase in the number of telephone calls for which revenue is
collected.
Advantages to Service Providers
Flexible and rapid deployment of new
services.
Wide range of services.
New tariffed features.
IN gives service providers the flexibility to create, customize and/or deploy new
services rapidly.
IN supports a wide range of advanced services, for example Calling Card,
Televoting.
Advantages to Users
Flexible charging.
Call queuing.
Flexibility in who maintains the
database.
Due to the flexible charging capabilities of IN the service subscriber can choose who
pays for a call:
the calling party
the called party
the service subscriber
a combination of all three
IN has the ability to queue calls within the IN network. This allows the service
subscriber to save personnel costs by queuing calls to a small number of personnel.
IN allows the service subscriber to maintain their own data in the IN database, as
well as allowing the service provider to maintain the database for the service
subscriber. If the service subscribers data is dynamic it is difficult for the service
provider to keep up with all the changes in the database so it is better for the service
subscriber to maintain the database.
IN Call Example
In a country-wide advertising campaign an insurance company is giving a 10%
discount to new customers. The company tells everybody to dial 0800-123123 and
sign up as a customer.
The insurance company has requested this telephone number from the service
provider. The network provider has to translate the 0800-number to the actual
telephone number of the insurance company (022-4566543).
In Figure, an example is given of a person who calls the insurance company. The
call is divided into the following stages:
1. The calling subscriber dials 0800-123123.
2. The call is routed through the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and
sent to an exchange where more is known about this 0800-number. This exchange is
the Service Switching Point (SSP).
3. The SSP exchange recognizes the call as an IN call and queries the SCP for more
information.
4. The SCP responds by sending re-routing information (022-4566543) to the SSP.
5. After receiving this data the SSP connects the calling subscriber to the new
received number using the PSTN.
6. The PSTN connects the call to the Private Branch Exchange (PBX) of the
insurance company. The actual call is connected from the PSTN to the SSP and
back again.
Basic call state in service switching point.
5. Centralized Operation & Maintenance
Operation & Maintenance activities are essential activities to configure & adapt
network changes in network nodes, so as to be competitive in market.
Operation and Maintenance
Operation and maintenance is the
classical term for control and
supervision of telecommunication
network.
Purpose of O&M
To provide customers the services they
demand in a way that creates the
greatest possible customer satisfaction.
To enable the operators to provide the
services at the lowest possible cost.
Time to effect changes in the nodes must be very small.
Operation & Maintenance
Modern communication networks are
becoming increasingly complex.
Efficient maintenance & management of
these network has become a priority!
Market requirements has forced
operator to go for a centralized control
from distributed control.
Management of control of network elements would be easy from a central point.
Why Centralized O&M
Modern computer system facilitates remote access
and control of network element.
Desire to reduce the cost of maintenance.
Requirement to collect and analyze network statistics
to check the quality and performance of the entire
network.
Requirement to implement new advance customized
services efficiently.
Network operator can implement its own security
requirements.
Centralized O&M helps saving operational cost (OPEX).
Improves O&M efficiency.
Improves network quality.
Gives better picture of network for improvement & growth.
Operational Activities
Operational involves all those activities
necessary to adapt the individual nodes to
the continuously changing demands of the
network.
Most operational activities are initiated by
work orders or service orders which arise
from the network operators or subscribers
demand.
Operational tasks may be assigned to
different offices by a network operator.
Exchange configuration, subscriber addition etc is handled.
Maintenance Activities
Maintenance activities are essentially
the prevention, detection, localization
and correction of faults.
Faults are detected automatically by the
supervision and diagnostics system and
an alarm is then issued.
Faults can also be reported by the
users.
Fault handling.
O&M
Sales and
Customer
Care
OSS
EWC Operations
Network and
Product
Planning
Finance and Admin
OSS
To an operator, O&M activity is part of network developmental cycle, where
network extension, expansion are regular phenomena. O&M plays an important role
in integration, supporting & improving services.
6. Reliance Network
Geography Division
Country
Circle 1 Circle 2 Circle N
LDCA LDCA
SDCA SDCA
6. Reliance Network
LDCA Long Distance Calling Area
SDCA Short Distance Calling Area
Whole country is divided into LDCA and SDCA, for charging functions.In the
initial phase 138 LDCAs located in 17 telecom circles were covered.
S. No. Switch Location State
1 Hyderabad AP
2 Patna Bihar
3 Delhi Delhi
4 Ahmedabad Gujarat
5 Ambala Haryana
6 Bangalore Karnataka
7 Ernakulam Kerala
8 Mumbai Mumbai
9 Nagpur Rest of Maharashtra
10 Bhopal MP
11 Cuttack Orissa
12 Jallandhar Punjab
13 Jaipur Rajasthan
14 Chennai TN
15 Lucknow UP(E)
16 Agra UP(W)
17 Calcutta WB
Reliance Access Network
H o st # 1 (Ac t iv e) H o st # 2 (S t an d by ) S LT S LT L AN S wit c h L AN S wit c h
H o st # 1 (A ct i v e) H os t # 2 (S t an db y) SL T SL T LA N S wit c h LA N S wit c h
H o st # 1 (A ct i ve ) H os t # 2 (S t a n db y) SL T SL T L AN S wit c h L AN S wit c h
C o m m o n M GC H os t H o st # 1 (A cti v e ) Ho s t #2 ( S ta n d b y) S L T S L T LA N S w it ch LA N S w it ch
H ost # 1 (A ct i ve) H o st # 2 ( St a nd by ) S LT S LT L A N S w i t ch L A N S w i t ch
Customer Demarc
Reliance Backbone
Core Network
MCN
MCN
MCN
MCN
MCN
MCN
PoI
PoI
CLE
MAN
MAN
MAN
CLE
STM 1
STM 16
STM 16
Intl.
Gwy
STM 16
Intl.
Gwy
Remote Dial-in
(to access RAS
servers)
PSTN
Internet
MAN: Main Access Node
MCN: Media Convergence
Node
CLE: Customer Location
Equipment
PoI: Point of Interconnect
CPE
6. Reliance Network
CPEs get terminated in CLE. One example of CLE is DLC (Digital Loop Carrier)
The DLCs are interconnected in a ring configuration called Building Access Ring
(BAR) covering a number of buildings or a locality. Each BAR is interconnected by
a Metro Access Ring ( MAR ). Main Access Nodes ( MAN ) interconnects MARs.
MCNs connect Reliance Backbone Network.
The backbone network have core rings and collector rings. It also connects
international gateways.
The POIs serve as a point of interconnect to other PSTNs (Public Switched
Telephone Network).
Call Flow - Landline
Backbone
network
DLC
CPE
Copper
CPE Copper
Digital Loop Carrier
Media Convergence Nodes
Integrated Local cum Transit Switch
Call Flow Path
Small City/ Town : C1
A - Reliance
Calling Customer
B - Reliance
Called Customer
Small City/ Town : C2
Core City
RIC
ILT
MCN
8
1
OFC Ring
MCN
C1
MCN
C2
2
3
4
5
6
7
DLC
6. Reliance Network
The above is an example of fixed line subscriber call flow. An ILT in a circle, is
handling local calls coming in through an access network.
Fixed Access Network Architecture
RT
BA ring
(SDH +GE)
BA
DBC
MCN
MAN
MAN
MA ring
(SDH +RPR)
POI
S - MA ring
(SDH +RPR)
PMP & BTS
CDMA BTS
BAN
NBB
6 or 4
ducts
4 ducts
6. Reliance Network
Media Convergence Node (MCN) - this is a main access node to the Reliance
National backbone network, which links the cities of India.
Main Access Ring (MA) - this is the fibre optic ring that links the MCN to the
various parts of the city.
Main Access Node (MAN) - provides a concentration point for telecom traffic,
which is then routed to its destination.
Building Access Ring (BA) - the last mile rings, which connect the targeted
buildings to the MAN.
Targeted buildings - the customer buildings which have been identified by the
marketing team as the buildings which shall be provided with wireline connectivity
in order to serve its broadband as well as narrowband requirements.
Building Aggregate Node (BAN) provides concentration point for telecom traffic
of building access rings.
ILT Network
MSC
MSC
Circle X
Country
Adjuncts
(SMSc, VMS, )
Call center
P
O
I
ILT
GMSC
MSC
MSC
Circle Y
P
O
I
ILT
GMSC
6. Reliance Network
ILT carry calls from one LDCA to another. It also provides connectivity to adjunct
systems e.g. SMSc, VMS, IN etc.
Point of interconnect to other operators in a circle is from ILT.
AXE switches are also put at International gateways.
International Gateways
Delhi.
Kolkata.
Chennai.
Ernakulam.
Mumbai.
6. Reliance Network
Reliances Voice Network consists of 21 ILT switches.
Signaling Connectivity
M1
F1 K1
H1
K2
H2
M2
Old
MSC, ILT, VMS,
SMSC
North-West Region South East Region
F2
Old
MSC, ILT, VMS,
SMSC
New
MSC, ILT,
SMSC, Verint
New
MSC, ILT,
SMSC, Verint
6. Reliance Network
Signaling network has a pair of Signaling Transfer Points at four locations. These
locations are Mumbai, Faridabad, Calcutta, & Hyderabad. All other Signaling Points
are directly connected to it for signaling exchange. Mumbai & Faridabad STPs
forms a pair to load share. They are backup STP to all others. Same is true for
Calcutta & Hyderabad STPs.
National Numbering Plan
NNP was reviewed in 2003 to cater for.
Induction of many new telecom services.
Opening of telecom sector to private
players.
Basic NLD and ILD network was opened
for competition.
Many cellular service providers.
6. Reliance Network
Main Objectives of NNP2003
Planned in conformity with relevant and
applicable ITU-I standards.
Supports effective competition by fair
access to numbering plan.
Reserves numbering capacity to meet
future needs.
Standardizes number length.
6. Reliance Network
Salient Feature of NNP2003
National Significant Number (NSN) is 10
digits both for basic & cellular.
Levels 0, 1, 7, 8 and 9 shall not be used as
first digit for telephone exchange codes in
basic services.
Carrier Access Code (CAC) for NLD and ILD
has been defined as 10.
All the service providers shall use 100, 101
and 102 for Police, Fire and Ambulance
services respectively.
6. Reliance Network
Reliance Numbering Plan
Reliance as an operator has been assigned
separate number series.
National significant number as 10 digits long
with 2,3 & 4 digits STD codes.
For wired services (fixed line, FWP/FWT).
Level 3.
For cellular services (RIM).
Level 93.
Exception is Special service calls starting with 1.
E.g. 100, 101, 102.
6. Reliance Network
In the new scheme "10" digits National Significance Number (NSN) are followed.
All the operators are given different number series to work with.
BSNL Series
"2" is prefixed to the existing fixed subscriber telephone number in all SDCAs to
achieve the desired NSN length of "10" digits e.g. the subscriber number will be
2xxxxxxx, 2xxxxxx & 2xxxxx in SDCAs having 2,3, & 4 digit STD Codes
respectively.
94 is assigned for cellular services.
There is no change in numbering scheme of level 1 such as emergency, public
utility services as well as special services like 100,102,180,197,1090, 1091 etc.
Reliance Series
Reliance has been allotted 3 level for its fixed lines & 93 for mobile numbers.
Others
Other BSP / CSP too were either assigned independent number series or they share a
series for each service.
RT CT SDH MCN
City X
MCN
City 1
RIC ILT
City 1
MCN
City 2
RIC ILT
City 2
RT CT SDH
RIC Backbone
MCN
City Y
RIC
Calling Customer
City X
RIC
Called Customer
City Y
RT - Remote DLC Terminal MCN - Media Convergence Node Building Access Ring
CT - Central Office Terminal ILT - Integrated Local cum Tandem Switch Main Access Ring
Call Routing Reliance to
Reliance Subscriber
6. Reliance Network
TAX
POI
SDH
MCN
Mumbai
MUMBAI
RIC ILT
DELHI
RIC ILT
RT CT SDH
RIC Backbone
MCN
Delhi
MTNL
LEX
MTNL
Local Tandem
MTNL
L1 TAX
MTNL
Calling Customer
Mumbai
RIC
Called Customer
Delhi
LEX
POI
SDH
RT
CT
SDH
RIC Called Customer
Mumbai
BSNL (or MTNL) Customer
To/from Reliance Customer
6. Reliance Network

GEL Foundation Basics of Switching: Category: Student Guide

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEL Foundation Basics of Switching: Category: Student Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RICLCGEN042

Proprietary & Confidential

You might also like