WAVE ANALYZERS

(Working and applications)

Term paper submitted by manpreet kaur to Mr.Amandeep singh
Registration no.11101915, Roll no. B23, Section !1103
Sc"ool o# electronic department
se"e$preet%2&gmail.com
'o(ely pro#essional uni(ersity, )"ag*ara
AbstractIn this term paper e are going to deal ith a!e anal"#ers$ We are going to disc%ss on hich principle a!e anal"#ers&
are going to ork$ hat are the !ario%s t"pes o' a!e anal"#ers and hat are their applications$ (o Wa!e anal"#ers are the part o'
signal anal"sers$(o a!e anal"#ers are di''erent 'rom spectr%m anal"#ers and heterod"ne a!e anal"sers$hat are the ad!antages
and disad!antages o' !ario%s t"pes o' a!e anal"#ers$
+. +,TR-./0T+-,
e#ore coming to our main topic lets "a(e an introduction
o# signal analy1ers. T"e analysis o# any electrical
signals are used in many places as laboratories, industries,
researc" and de(elopment area etc. 2or analysis o# its many
di##erent types o# instruments can be use suc" as 3a(e
analy1ers, 4armonic analy1er, Spectrum analy1er and
,et*ork analy1er. 5ll analy1ers, measure t"e #re6uency,
properties o# t"e signals, and #or its measurement analy1ers
use di##erent tec"ni6ues
B
357! 5,5'89!RS 5s t"e name suggests *a(e analy1ers
are basically used #or determining t"e c"aracteristics o# *a(e
like #re6uency, p"ase angle, amplitude and type o# #unction. +t
is kno*n t"at periodic *a(e#orm can be represented as t"e
sum o# dc.component and a series o# sinusoidal "armonics.
5nalysis o# *a(e can be done by electrical means using a
band pass #ilter net*ork to single out t"e (arious "armonic
components. ,et*orks o# t"ese pass a narro* band o#
#re6uency and pro(ide a "ig" degree o# attenuation to all ot"er
#re6uencies. +n #act, instrument acts as a #re6uency selecti(e
(oltmeter *"ic" is tuned to #re6uency o# one signal *"ile
re$ecting all ot"er signal components.

7+!3 -2 357! 5,5'8S!R

B5S+0 357! 5,5'8S!R
+t consists o# primary detector, *"ic" is simple '0 circuit.'0
circuit is ad$usted #or resonance at t"e particular #re6uency o#
particular "armonic component. +t *ill pass only #re6uencies
to *"ic" it is tuned and re$ects all ot"er #re6uencies a number
o# tuned #ilters connected to t"e indicating de(ice t"roug" a
selected s*itc", *ould be re6uired #or a use#ul *a(e
analyser.+t pro(ides a "ig" attenuation to ot"er #re6uencies.
2ull *a(e recti#ier is used to get t"e a(erage o# input signal.
+ndicating de(ice is simple ..0 (oltmeter t"at is calibrated to
read peak (alue o# sinusoidal (oltage.
++. T8)!S -2 357! 5,5'8S!RS
A. Frequency selective wave analyzer.
T"e *a(e analy1er consists o# a (ery narro* pass:band #ilter
section *"ic" can be tuned to a particular #re6uency *it"in t"e
audible #re6uency range ;2041 to 20 <41==.
1
T"e comple> *a(e to be analy1ed is passed t"roug" an
ad$ustable attenuator *"ic" ser(es as a range multiplier and
permits a large range o# signal amplitudes to be analy1ed
*it"out loading t"e ampli#ier.
T"e output o# t"e attenuator is t"en #ed to a selecti(e ampli#ier,
*"ic" ampli#ies t"e selected #re6uency. T"e dri(er ampli#ier
applies t"e attenuated input signal to a "ig":? acti(e #ilter.
T"is "ig":? #ilter is a lo* pass #ilter *"ic" allo*s
t"e #re6uency *"ic" is selected to pass and re$ect all
ot"ers. T"e magnitude o# t"is selected #re6uency is indicated
by t"e meter and t"e #ilter section identi#ies t"e#re6uency o#
t"e component. T"e #ilter circuit consists o# a cascaded R0
resonant circuit and ampli#iers. 2or selecting t"e #re6uency
range, t"e capacitors generally used are o# t"e closed
tolerance polystyrene type and t"e resistances used are
precision potentiometers. T"e capacitors are used #or range
c"anging and t"e potentiometer is used to c"ange t"e
#re6uency *it"in t"e selected pass:band, 4ence t"is
*a(e analy1er is also called a 2re6uency selecti(e (oltmeter.
T"e entire 52 range is co(ered in decade steps by s*itc"ing
capacitors in t"e R0 section.T"e selected signal output #rom
t"e #inal ampli#ier stage is applied to t"e meter circuit and to
an unturned bu##er ampli#ier. T"e main #unction o# t"e bu##er
ampli#ier is to dri(e output de(ices, suc" as recorders or
electronics counters. T"e meter "as se(eral (oltage ranges as
*ell as decibel scales marked on it. +t is dri(en by an a(erage
reading recti#ier type detector. T"e *a(e analy1er must "a(e
e>tremely lo* input distortion, undetectable by t"e analy1er
itsel#. T"e band *idt" o# t"e instrument is (ery narro*
typically about 1@ o# t"e selecti(e band gi(en by t"e
#ollo*ing response c"aracteristics s"o*s in #ig.
B. Heterodyne wave analyser.
3a(e analysers are use#ul #or measurement in audio
#re6uency range only. 2or measurements in R2 range and
abo(e;A41 range=,an ordinary *a(e analyser cannot be
used.t"ese *a(e analysers are kno*n as "eterodyne *a(e
analysers.
+n t"is *a(e analy1er,input signal to be analysed is
"eterodyned *it" signal #rom t"e internal tunable local
oscillator in t"e mi>ure stage to produce "ig"er +2 #re6uency.
By tuning t"e local oscillator #re6uency,(arious signal
#re6uency components can be s"i#ted *it"in t"e pass band o#
+2 ampli#ier.T"e output o# +2 ampli#ier is recti#ied and applied
to meter circuit. +nstrument t"at in(ol(es principle o#
"eterodyning is "eterodyning tuned (oltmeter.
T"e input signal is "eterodyned to t"e kno*n +2 by t"e
7T7A or output meter.t"e 7T7A is calibrated by t"e means
o# signals o# kno*n amplitude.t"e #re6uency component is
identi#ied by t"e local oscillator #re6uency.local oscillator can
also be calibrated using input signals o# kno*n #re6uency.t"e
#i>ed #re6uency ampli#ier is multistage ampli#ier *"ic" can be
designed con(ieniently because o# #re6uency c"aracteristics.
2 types o# selecti(e ampli#iers.
2irst type employsa crystal #ilter and anot"er type uses
resonant circuit in *"ic" ? "as been made "ig" and is
controlled by :(e #eedback.t"e resultant signal is passed
t"roug" "ig"ly selecti(e 3:section 6uarts #ilter and its
amplitude measured on 6:meter.
+n modi#ied "eterodyne *a(e analyser attenuator pro(ides
t"e re6uired input signal #or "eterodyning in t"e #irst mi>er
2
stage, *it" t"e signal #rom local oscillator "a(ing a #re6uency
o# 30:B0 m"1. 2irst mi>er *ill produce output *"ic" is
di##erence bet*een input and oscillator signal. +2 #re6uency
is uni#ormly ampli#ied by t"e i# ampli#ier. T"e ampli#ied +2
signal is #ed to second mi>er stage, *"ere it is again
"eterodyned to produce a di##erence #re6uency or +2 o# 0
#re6uency.
T"e selected component is t"en passed to meter ampli#ier
and detector circuit t"roug" an acti(e #ilter "a(ing a controlled
band:*idt".t"e meter detector output can be read o## on a db:
calibrated scale, or may be applied to a secondary de(ice suc"
as recorder.
3a(e analy1er is operated in R2 range o# 10<41
:1%A41,*it" o(erlapping band selected by t"e #re6uency
range control o# local oscillator. T"e band*idt" *"ic" is
controlled by t"e acti(e #ilter, can be selected at 200 41,1 <41
and 3 <41.
5d(antage
T"is analy1er "as good #re6uency resolution and can
measure entire 52 #re6uency range.
+# t"ere is more noise in any part o# t"e #re6uency spectrum
t"is analy1er indicates as it can be scanned t"roug" t"e
spectrum.
+t is a "ig"ly selecti(e #ilter because *e can use 6uarts type
#ilter.
3it" t"e use o# suitable attenuator, a *ide range o# (oltage
amplitudes can be co(ered.
.isad(antage
-ccurrence o# spurious cross modulation products, setting a
lo*er limit to amplitude can be measured.
C. Resonant wave analyzer
/sing 5 series:resonant circuit consisting o# L and C is
tuned to a speci#ic "armonic #re6uency. T"is "armonic
component is trans#ormer coupled to t"e input o# an ampli#ier.
T"e output o# t"e ampli#ier is recti#ied and is applied to a
meter circuit. T"e reading on t"e meter is noted. T"e resonant
circuit is tuned to anot"er #re6uency and t"e ne>t reading is
taken and so on. T"e parallel resonant circuit consisting o# L1,
R1, and C1 pro(ides compensation #or t"e (ariation in t"e 50
resistance o# t"e series:resonant circuit and also #or t"e
(ariations in t"e ampli#ier caused o(er t"e #re6uency range o#
t"e instrument. T"e sc"ematic o# t"e instrument is s"o*n in
2ig.
.isad(antage
;+= Resolution is poor so *"en "armonics o# signal to be
analysed are (ery close,it is di##icult to distinguis" t"em.
;++=5t lo* #re6uency,(ery large (ery large (alue o# ' and 0
are re6uired *"ic" is not in practice.
+++. 45RA-,+0 357! 5,5'89!RS
.istortion analy1er measures t"e total "armonic po*er
present in t"e test *a(e rat"er t"an t"e distortion caused by
eac" component. T"e simplest met"od is to suppress t"e
#undamental #re6uency by means o# a "ig" pass #ilter *"ose
cut o## #re6uency is a little abo(e t"e #undamental #re6uency.
T"is "ig" pass allo*s only t"e "armonics to pass and t"e total
"armonic distortion can t"en be measured. -t"er types o#
"armonic distortion analy1ers based on #undamental
suppression are as #ollo*s
1. !mploying a Resonance Bridge
T"e bridge s"o*n in #ig 3.1 is balanced #or t"e #undamental
#re6uency, i.e. ' and 0 are tuned to t"e #undamental
#re6uency. T"e bridge is unbalanced #or t"e "armonics, i.e.
only "armonic po*er *ill be a(ailable at t"e output terminal
and can be measured. +# t"e #undamental #re6uency is
c"anged, t"e bridge must be balanced again. +# ' and 0 are
#i>ed components, t"en t"is met"od is suitable only *"en t"e
test *a(e "as a #i>ed #re6uency. +ndicators can be
t"ermocouples or s6uare la* 7T7As. T"is indicates t"e rms
(alue o# all "armonics. 3"en a continuous ad$ustment o# t"e
#undamental #re6uency is t"is #re6uency is desired a 3ien
3
bridge arrangement is used as s"o*n in #ig .
2. 3ienCs Bridge Aet"od
T"e bridge is balanced #or t"e #undamental #re6uency. T"e
#undamental energy is dissipated in t"e bridge circuit
elements. -nly t"e "armonic components reac" t"e output
terminals .T"e "armonic distortion output can t"en be
measured *it" a meter. 2or balance at t"e #undamental
#re6uency 01D02D0, R1DR2DR, R3D2RB.
3. Bridged T:,et*ork Aet"od
Re#erring to t"e #ig 3.3 t"e ' and 0Cs are tuned to t"e
#undamental #re6uency, and R is ad$usted to bypass
#undamental #re6uency. T"e tank circuit being tuned to t"e
#undamental #re6uency, t"e #undamental energy *ill circulate
in t"e tank and is bypassed by t"e resistance.-nly "armonic
components *ill reac" t"e output terminals and t"e distorted
output can be measured by t"e meter. T"e ? o# t"e resonant
circuit must be at least 3:5.
-ne *ay o# using a bridge T:net*ork is gi(en in 2ig. T"e
s*itc" S is #irst connected to point 5 so t"at t"e
attenuator is e>cluded and t"e bridge T:net*ork is ad$usted #or
#ull suppression o# t"e #undamental #re6uency, i.e. Ainimum
output indicates t"at t"e bridged Tnet*ork is tuned to t"e
#undamental #re6uency and t"at #undamental #re6uencies is
#ully suppressed.
+7. 5))'+05T+-,S -2 357! 5,5'89!RS
*a(e analy1ers are used #or (arious applications
suc"
;a=electrical measurements
;b= sound measurements
;c= (ibration measurements
T"e *a(e analy1ers are applied industrially in t"e #ield o#
reduction o# sound and (ibrations generated by rotating
electrical mac"ines and apparatus. T"e source o# noise and
(ibration is #irst identi#ied by *a(e analy1ers be#ore it can
be reduced or eliminated. 5 #ine spectrum analysis *it" a
*a(e analy1e s"o*s (arious discrete #re6uencies and
resonances t"at can be related to t"e motion o# mac"ines.
-nce, t"ese sources o# sound and (ibrations are detected
*it" t"e "elp o# *a(e analy1ers, *ays and means can be
#ound to eliminate t"em.
+t is used to s"o* time to #re6uency domain
con(erting ability o# t"e de(ice.
+ntermodulation distortion detection .
.etermination o# spectral impurity.
3a(e analy1ers are also used #or net*ork analysis.
/sed to measure po*er line distortion Elo* le(el
distortion.
3a(e analy1ers are also used in telemetry, #or
*eat"er #orecasting to predict t"e type o# *eat"er .*e
can also use t"is tec"ni6ue to predict t"e symptoms
o# natural disastrous.
3a(e analy1ers are also used in biomedical #ield to
analy1e t"e type o# *a(es like #or analy1ing t"e "eart
beat *"et"er "eart is *orking in proper manner or
not.
!(en !0F mac"ines are also type o# *a(e analy1ers.
)o*er le(el measurements.
+n some cases *e need po*er measurements instead
o# (oltage measurements *a(e analy1ers can be used
in po*er measurements.
Real *orld e>ample o# *a(e analy1er
1. ,o1omi ;Gapanese #or H3is"H or H4ope,H and
kno*n be#ore launc" as )lanet:B= *as planned as a
Aars:orbiting aeronomy probe, but *as unable to
B
ac"ie(e Aars orbit due to electrical #ailures.
-peration *as terminated on .ecember 31, 2003.+t
*as constructed by t"e +nstitute o# Space and
5stronautically Science, /ni(ersity o# Tokyo and
launc"ed on Guly B, 199% at 0312 GST ;1%12 /T0=
*it" an on:orbit dry mass o# 25% kg and 2%2 kg o#
propellant.,o1omi *as designed to study t"e upper
Aartian atmosp"ere and its interaction *it" t"e solar
*ind and to de(elop tec"nologies #or use in #uture
planetary missions. Speci#ically, instruments on t"e
spacecra#t *ere to measure t"e structure, composition
and dynamics o# t"e ionosp"ere, aeronomy e##ects o#
t"e solar *ind, t"e escape o# atmosp"eric
constituents, t"e intrinsic magnetic #ield, t"e
penetration o# t"e solar:*ind magnetic #ield, t"e
structure o# t"e magnetosp"ere, and dust in t"e upper
atmosp"ere and in orbit around Aars. T"e mission
*ould "a(e also returned images o# AarsI sur#ace.
,o1omi *as to be inserted into a "ig"ly eccentric
Aars orbit *it" a periareion 300 km abo(e t"e
sur#ace, an apoareion o# 15 Aars radii, and an
inclination o# 1J0 degrees *it" respect to t"e ecliptic
plane. S"ortly a#ter insertion, t"e mast and antennas
*ere to be deployed. T"e periareion *ould "a(e been
lo*ered to 150 km, t"e orbital period to about 3%.5
"ours. T"e spacecra#t *as to be spin stabili1ed at J.5
rpm *it" its spin a>is ;and t"e dis" antenna= pointed
to*ards !art". T"e periapsis portion o# t"e orbit
*ould "a(e allo*ed in:situ measurements o# t"e
t"ermosp"ere and lo*er e>osp"ere and remote
sensing o# t"e lo*er atmosp"ere and sur#ace. T"e
more distant parts o# t"e orbit *ould be #or study o#
t"e ions and neutral gas escaping #rom Aars and t"eir
interactions *it" t"e solar *ind. T"e nominal mission
*as planned #or one Aartian year ;appro>imately t*o
!art" years=. 5n e>tended mission mig"t "a(e
allo*ed operation o# t"e mission #or t"ree to #i(e
years. T"e spacecra#t *as also to point its cameras at
t"e Aartian moons )"obos and .eimos.
2. 5n 5udio 5naly1er is a test and measurement instrument
used to ob$ecti(ely 6uanti#y t"e audio per#ormance o#
electronic and electro:acoustical de(ices. 5udio 6uality
metrics co(er a *ide (ariety o# parameters, including le(el,
gain, noise, "armonic and intermodulation distortion,
#re6uency response, relati(e p"ase o# signals, interc"annel
crosstalk, and more. +n addition, many manu#acturers "a(e
re6uirements #or be"a(ior and connecti(ity o# audio de(ices
t"at re6uire speci#ic tests and con#irmations.
5udio analysis re6uires t"at t"e de(ice under test recei(e a
stimulus signal o# kno*n c"aracteristics, *it" *"ic" t"e
output signal ;response= may be compared by t"e analy1er in
order to determine di##erences e>pressed in t"e speci#ic
measurements. T"is signal may be generated or controlled by
t"e analy1er itsel# or may come #rom anot"er source ;e.g., a
recording= as long as c"aracteristics relati(e to t"e desired
measurement are de#ined.
5s test and measurement e6uipment, audio analy1ers are
re6uired to pro(ide per#ormance *ell beyond t"at o# t"e
typical de(ices under test ;./Ts=. 4ig" 6uality audio
analy1ers must demonstrate (anis"ingly lo* le(els o# noise,
distortion and inter#erence in order to be deemed trust*ort"y
by engineers and designers. 2or e>ample, *"ile a commercial
0. player can ac"ie(e a total "armonic distortion plus noise
;T4.K,= ratio o# appro>imately :9% dB at 1 k41, a "ig"
6uality audio analy1er may e>"ibit T4.K, as lo* as :115 dB
;typical per#ormance o# t"e 5udio )recision S8S:2J22=.
5udio 5naly1ers #ind use in bot" de(elopment and production
o# products. 5 design engineer *ill #ind it (ery use#ul *"en
understanding and re#ining product per#ormance, *"ile a
production engineer *ill *is" to per#orm tests to rapidly
con#irm t"at units meet speci#ications. 7ery o#ten audio
analy1ers are optimi1ed #or one o# t"ese t*o cases.
0urrent popular audio analy1er models include 5)>5%5 and
5)2J22 ;5udio )recision=, dScope +++ series ;)rism=, /%9035
;5gilent= and t"e /)) and /)7 analy1ers ;Ro"de E
Sc"*ar1=.
7. 4-3 357! 5,5'8S!RS 5R! .+22!R!,T 2R-A
45RA-,+0 .+ST-RT+-, 5,5'8S!RSL
357! 5,5'8S!R
1. T"ese are designed to
measure t"e relati(e
amplitude o# eac" "armonic
or #undamental component
separately.
2. T"ey indicate t"e
amplitude o# single
#re6uency component.
3. T"ese are tuned to
measure amplitude o# one
#re6uency component *it"in
a range o# 1041 to B0A41.
B. T"ese are also kno*n as
#re6uency selecti(e
(oltmeters, selecti(e le(el
(oltmeters, and carrier
#re6uency (oltmeters.
5. T"ese are used *it" a set
o# tuned #ilters and a
(oltmeter.
M. 3a(e analy1ers pro(ide
(ery "ig" #re6uency
resolution.
J.T"ese can be used #or
electrical measurements,
sound ,(ibration ,noise
Aeasurement in industries.
45RA-,+0 .+ST-RT+-,
5,5'8S!R
1. T"ese are designed to
measure t"e total "armonic
content present in a distorted
or comple> *a(e #orm.
2. T"ey do not indicate t"e
amplitude o# single #re6uency
component.
3.T"ese can be operated *it"
in a band o# 541 to 1 A41
#re6uency.
B. +t is general kno* as
distortion analy1er.
5. T"ese can be used along
*it" a #re6uency generator.
M. T"ey measure 6uantitati(e
"armonic distortions (ery
accurately.
J. T"ese can be used to
measure #re6uency stability
5
and spectral purity o# signal
sources.
7+. S)!0TR/A 5,5'89!RS
3a(e analy1er "elps to e(aluate t"e c"aracteristics o# a *a(e :
#re6uency, amplitude, p"ase angle, type o# #unction, etc. *"ile
a spectrum analy1er tells about (arious c"aracteristics o(er a
HspectrumH;range= o# operational #re6uencies.
5 *a(e analy1er ;+Im !nglis"= is basically a tunable (oltmeter.
0onsider it like a radio on *"ic" you tune to a #re6uency o#
interest. +nstead o# a loudspeaker, t"e output goes to a
(oltmeter. By tuning it to a desired #re6uency you can note t"e
(oltmeterIs reading and us it as a re#erence. By tuning it to a
"armonic o# t"e original #re6uency you can see "o* large it is
compared to t"e #undamental. 5 spectrum analy1er may be
considered to be a scanner ;scanning recei(er=. +t scans
continuously rat"er t"an in steps. T"e #re6uencies at *"ic" t"e
scan starts and stops can be set as desired. T"e output o# t"e
recei(er goes to a screen. T"e screen is scanned le#t to rig"t
;like an oscilloscope= and is sync"roni1ed to t"e tuning scan.
T"e recei(ed signal de#lects t"e spot. 5s t"e recei(er scans
;tunes=, t"e spot *ill be de#lected more #or strong signals t"an
it is #or *eak signals and *ill t"ere#ore trace out t"e #re6uency
distribution o# any signal recei(ed. 3"at you see is a picture
o# t"e selected part o# t"e spectrum and t"e signals *"ic" are
present *it"in it.
7++. 0-,0'/S+-,
+n t"e end *e got to kno* about t"eory, *orking and
applications o# *a(e analy1er. 4o* 3a(e analy1ersC are t"e
part o# signal analysers.4o* *a(e analy1ersC are di##erent
#rom spectrum analy1ers and "eterodyne *a(e analysers.*"at
are t"e ad(antages and disad(antages o# (arious types o# *a(e
analy1ersC.
7+++. R!2!R!,0!S
1. !lectronic instrumentation 3
rd
edition 4.S kalsi,
)ublis"ed by Tata AcFra* "ill education pri(ate limited
2. !lectronic and electrical measurements E instrumentation
12
t"
re(ised edition, G.B F/)T5 publis"ed by sandeep <umar
kataria.
3. 5 course in electronic and electrical measurements E
instrumentation by 5.< sa*"ney 200J, publis"ed by d"anapat
rai Eco. ;)= 'T..
B. "ttpNNbooks.google.co.inNbooks
5. "ttpNNmy.sa#aribooksonline.comNbookNelectrical:
engineeringNinstrumentation
M. "ttpNNen.*ikipedia.orgN*ikiN
J. "ttpNNans*ers.ya"oo.comN6uestionNinde>
%. "ttpNN***."pmemory.orgN*bOpagesN
9. ei:notes.blogspot.inN2012N03Nspectrum:analy1er."tml
10. "ttpNNscience."o*stu##*orks.comN
11. "ttpNN***.e>pertsmind.comN6uestionsN"armonic:*a(e:
analy1er
50<,-3'!.FA!,T
. + am sincerely t"ank#ul to my teac"er Ar.amandeep sing"
*"o "elped me a lot to complete my term paper and e(en + am
t"ank#ul to my #riends *"o "elped me a lot. T"roug" t"is term
paper + am able to boost up my kno*ledge.
M