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THE INFLUENCE OF STRONTI

PROPERTIES OF Z
Aleksandar Vencl
1
, Ilija Bobi
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade 35,
Serbia; avencl@mas.bg.ac.rs; vucetic_filip90@yahoo.com
2
Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovia Alasa 12
Belgrade, Serbia; ilijab@vinca.rs
3
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoeva 12, 11000
Belgrade, Serbia; biljanabobic@gmail.com
4
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Technical University
1156 Sofia, Bulgaria; kandeva@tu




Abstract
The zinc-aluminium based casting alloy ZA
materials for sleeves of plain bearings. It
However, one of the major disadvantages is its dimensional instability over a period of time
(ageing). To overcome this, the copper in the alloy may be replaced by silicon. Coarsening of the
silicon particles is controlled by suitable additions of strontium. The influence of the strontium
addition on friction and wear properties in boundary lubricated conditions was done on block
disc tribometer. The tests were carried
content (0 wt. %, 0.03 wt. % and 0.05 wt. %), and, for the purpose of comparison, for standard ZA
27 alloy. Tests have confirmed that the wear rate of zinc
the standard ZA-27, and have shown that the strontium addition lowers that rate additionally, with
the slight increase of the coefficient of friction.

Keywords: Zn-Al alloys, strontium addition, sliding, boundary lubrication, friction, wear.


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INFLUENCE OF STRONTIUM ADDITION ON THE TRIBOLOGICA
PROPERTIES OF Zn25Al3Si ALLOY IN BOUNDARY LU
CONDITION


, Ilija Bobi
2
, Filip Vueti
1
, Biljana Bobi
3
, Mara Kandeva

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade 35,
Serbia; avencl@mas.bg.ac.rs; vucetic_filip90@yahoo.com
Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovia Alasa 12
Belgrade, Serbia; ilijab@vinca.rs
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoeva 12, 11000
Belgrade, Serbia; biljanabobic@gmail.com
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Technical University Sofia, Boulevard Kliment
1156 Sofia, Bulgaria; kandeva@tu-sofia.bg
Original scientific paper / Izvorni znanstveni rad
aluminium based casting alloy ZA-27 is well-established alloy and is frequently used
materials for sleeves of plain bearings. It has good physical, mechanical and tribological properties.
However, one of the major disadvantages is its dimensional instability over a period of time
(ageing). To overcome this, the copper in the alloy may be replaced by silicon. Coarsening of the
on particles is controlled by suitable additions of strontium. The influence of the strontium
addition on friction and wear properties in boundary lubricated conditions was done on block
disc tribometer. The tests were carried-out for three Zn25Al3Si alloys with variable strontium
content (0 wt. %, 0.03 wt. % and 0.05 wt. %), and, for the purpose of comparison, for standard ZA
27 alloy. Tests have confirmed that the wear rate of zinc-aluminium alloys with silicon is lower than
e shown that the strontium addition lowers that rate additionally, with
the slight increase of the coefficient of friction.
Al alloys, strontium addition, sliding, boundary lubrication, friction, wear.

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609
N ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL
ALLOY IN BOUNDARY LUBRICATED
, Mara Kandeva
4

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade 35,
Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovia Alasa 12-14, 11001
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoeva 12, 11000
Sofia, Boulevard Kliment Ohridski 8,
Original scientific paper / Izvorni znanstveni rad
established alloy and is frequently used
has good physical, mechanical and tribological properties.
However, one of the major disadvantages is its dimensional instability over a period of time
(ageing). To overcome this, the copper in the alloy may be replaced by silicon. Coarsening of the
on particles is controlled by suitable additions of strontium. The influence of the strontium
addition on friction and wear properties in boundary lubricated conditions was done on block-on-
loys with variable strontium
content (0 wt. %, 0.03 wt. % and 0.05 wt. %), and, for the purpose of comparison, for standard ZA-
aluminium alloys with silicon is lower than
e shown that the strontium addition lowers that rate additionally, with
Al alloys, strontium addition, sliding, boundary lubrication, friction, wear.

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INTRODUCTION

Zinc-aluminium (ZA) alloys are zinc alloys with high aluminium content (8 to 28 wt. %). They have
been used for decades to produce castings for various applications [1]. The alloy with 25 to 27 wt.
% Al (ZA-27 alloy) is characterized by the highest strength and the lowest densit
conventional ZA alloys. In addition, this alloy is distinguished with excellent casting properties and
easy machining, as well as with good tribological properties and high corrosion resistance in
natural atmospheres [1,2]. Due to the high strengt
making sliding bearings intended for high load/low speed applications [3].
The main disadvantages of ZA-27 alloy are porosity (due to the wide temperature range between
liquidus and solidus temperatures), de
80 C [1,2] and dimensional instability caused by the presence of copper in the alloy [4]. In order to
improve the dimensional stability of ZA
[5]. Produced Zn-Al-Si alloys were shown to possess higher dimensional stability and more
favourable tribological characteristics compared to the standard ZA27 alloy. However, Zn
alloys with silicon content above 2 wt. % have shown an increase
deterioration of mechanical properties of these alloys [5].

Properties of aluminium-silicon alloys were improved due to the modification with strontium [6,7],
which brought about strontium addition in the ZA

The aim of this work was to make a set Zn25Al alloys with 3 wt. % of silicon and different content of
strontium (0, 0.03 and 0.05 wt. %), and to examine basic tribological properties of these alloys.


EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Materials

Four sets of specimens were used for testing; one was fabricated from the commercial ZA
for the purpose of comparison, and the other three were: Zn25Al3Si alloy, Zn25Al3Si
and Zn25Al3Si-0.05Sr alloy. Technically pure zinc and aluminium were used to obtain the
Zn25Al1Si alloys, with the addition of master alloys Al7Si and Al18Si for achieving the desired
content of silicon. Strontium was added in the alloys using the master alloy Al10Sr. The alloys were
melted in the laboratory electric resistance furnace. The molten alloys (570 C) were poured in the
steel moulds preheated to 200 C. Immediately before pouring the melts were intensively mixed by
hand. Prismatic castings with dimensions 120 x 30 x 20 mm
mechanical and tribological examinations were obtained via machining of the castings. The casting
procedure was the same for all specimens and materials.

Structural investigations were carried out using optical micro
6 mm). The samples were ground using silicon carbide papers of progressively fine grades (P80,
P360 and P600 grit) and then polished using a polishing cloth and polishing paste with Al
particles. Etching of the samples was performed in a water solution of HNO
microstructures are shown in Figure 1. The microstructure of the conventional ZA
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HDMT Hrvatsko drutvo za materijale i tribologiju
oys are zinc alloys with high aluminium content (8 to 28 wt. %). They have
been used for decades to produce castings for various applications [1]. The alloy with 25 to 27 wt.
27 alloy) is characterized by the highest strength and the lowest densit
conventional ZA alloys. In addition, this alloy is distinguished with excellent casting properties and
easy machining, as well as with good tribological properties and high corrosion resistance in
natural atmospheres [1,2]. Due to the high strength and good wear resistance the alloy is used for
making sliding bearings intended for high load/low speed applications [3].
27 alloy are porosity (due to the wide temperature range between
liquidus and solidus temperatures), deterioration of mechanical properties at temperatures above
80 C [1,2] and dimensional instability caused by the presence of copper in the alloy [4]. In order to
improve the dimensional stability of ZA-27 alloy, copper in the alloy has been replaced with s
Si alloys were shown to possess higher dimensional stability and more
favourable tribological characteristics compared to the standard ZA27 alloy. However, Zn
alloys with silicon content above 2 wt. % have shown an increase in porosity, which resulted in the
deterioration of mechanical properties of these alloys [5].
silicon alloys were improved due to the modification with strontium [6,7],
which brought about strontium addition in the ZA-27 alloy containing silicon instead of copper [8].
The aim of this work was to make a set Zn25Al alloys with 3 wt. % of silicon and different content of
strontium (0, 0.03 and 0.05 wt. %), and to examine basic tribological properties of these alloys.
Four sets of specimens were used for testing; one was fabricated from the commercial ZA
for the purpose of comparison, and the other three were: Zn25Al3Si alloy, Zn25Al3Si
Technically pure zinc and aluminium were used to obtain the
Zn25Al1Si alloys, with the addition of master alloys Al7Si and Al18Si for achieving the desired
content of silicon. Strontium was added in the alloys using the master alloy Al10Sr. The alloys were
melted in the laboratory electric resistance furnace. The molten alloys (570 C) were poured in the
steel moulds preheated to 200 C. Immediately before pouring the melts were intensively mixed by
hand. Prismatic castings with dimensions 120 x 30 x 20 mm were obtained. Samples for structural,
mechanical and tribological examinations were obtained via machining of the castings. The casting
procedure was the same for all specimens and materials.
Structural investigations were carried out using optical microscopy on plate-like samples (15 15
6 mm). The samples were ground using silicon carbide papers of progressively fine grades (P80,
P360 and P600 grit) and then polished using a polishing cloth and polishing paste with Al
ples was performed in a water solution of HNO3 (9 vol. %). The
microstructures are shown in Figure 1. The microstructure of the conventional ZA
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610
oys are zinc alloys with high aluminium content (8 to 28 wt. %). They have
been used for decades to produce castings for various applications [1]. The alloy with 25 to 27 wt.
27 alloy) is characterized by the highest strength and the lowest density of all
conventional ZA alloys. In addition, this alloy is distinguished with excellent casting properties and
easy machining, as well as with good tribological properties and high corrosion resistance in
h and good wear resistance the alloy is used for
27 alloy are porosity (due to the wide temperature range between
terioration of mechanical properties at temperatures above
80 C [1,2] and dimensional instability caused by the presence of copper in the alloy [4]. In order to
27 alloy, copper in the alloy has been replaced with silicon
Si alloys were shown to possess higher dimensional stability and more
favourable tribological characteristics compared to the standard ZA27 alloy. However, Zn-Al-Si
in porosity, which resulted in the
silicon alloys were improved due to the modification with strontium [6,7],
containing silicon instead of copper [8].
The aim of this work was to make a set Zn25Al alloys with 3 wt. % of silicon and different content of
strontium (0, 0.03 and 0.05 wt. %), and to examine basic tribological properties of these alloys.
Four sets of specimens were used for testing; one was fabricated from the commercial ZA-27 alloy,
for the purpose of comparison, and the other three were: Zn25Al3Si alloy, Zn25Al3Si-0.03Sr alloy
Technically pure zinc and aluminium were used to obtain the
Zn25Al1Si alloys, with the addition of master alloys Al7Si and Al18Si for achieving the desired
content of silicon. Strontium was added in the alloys using the master alloy Al10Sr. The alloys were
melted in the laboratory electric resistance furnace. The molten alloys (570 C) were poured in the
steel moulds preheated to 200 C. Immediately before pouring the melts were intensively mixed by
were obtained. Samples for structural,
mechanical and tribological examinations were obtained via machining of the castings. The casting
like samples (15 15
6 mm). The samples were ground using silicon carbide papers of progressively fine grades (P80,
P360 and P600 grit) and then polished using a polishing cloth and polishing paste with Al2O3
(9 vol. %). The
microstructures are shown in Figure 1. The microstructure of the conventional ZA-27 alloy is

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dendritic (Figure 1a). Dendrites are complex and consist of the core rich in aluminium ( phase)
and the periphery (a mixture of and phase). The phase (containing about 93 wt. % zinc [9]) is
located between the dendrites, as indicated in Figure 1a. The solidification rate of the alloy has a
large impact on the structure of dendrites and porosity of
achieved at higher solidification rates, although with increase in the alloy porosity. In this work
casting of the conventional ZA-27 alloy was carried
achieve a favourable relationship between the fineness of structure and porosity.


Figure 1. Microstructures of tested materials: (a) ZA
0.03Sr alloy and (d) Zn25Al1Si

Microstructures of Zn25Al3Si alloy
Zn25Al3Si-0.05Sr) are shown in Figures 1b
alloy has resulted with some reduction in the fraction of phase, as well as with finer dendritic
structure, comparing with the conventional ZA
experiments where Si content was 1 wt. % [10]. However, the shape and size of silicon particles have
changed when its content is increased from 1 to 3 wt. %.
(Figure 1b), and are much larger than the individual micro
0.03 wt. % strontium in Zn25Al3Si alloy, the morphology of silicon particles have changed. Silicon
particles in the form of nodules are uniformly distributed in the structure of Zn25Al3Si
(Figure 1c). Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
improvement of their distribution in the structure of the alloy has been
strontium was added in the Zn25Al3Si alloy (Figure 1d).

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dendritic (Figure 1a). Dendrites are complex and consist of the core rich in aluminium ( phase)
the periphery (a mixture of and phase). The phase (containing about 93 wt. % zinc [9]) is
located between the dendrites, as indicated in Figure 1a. The solidification rate of the alloy has a
large impact on the structure of dendrites and porosity of the alloy. A fine dendritic structure is
achieved at higher solidification rates, although with increase in the alloy porosity. In this work
27 alloy was carried-out in the preheated steel moulds, in order to
rable relationship between the fineness of structure and porosity.


Figure 1. Microstructures of tested materials: (a) ZA-27 alloy, (b) Zn25Al3Si alloy, (c) Zn25Al3Si
0.03Sr alloy and (d) Zn25Al1Si-0.05Sr alloy
Microstructures of Zn25Al3Si alloy and alloys modified with strontium (Zn25Al3Si
0.05Sr) are shown in Figures 1b-d, respectively. The addition of silicon in the Zn25Al3Si
alloy has resulted with some reduction in the fraction of phase, as well as with finer dendritic
structure, comparing with the conventional ZA-27 alloy. This is in accordance with some previous
experiments where Si content was 1 wt. % [10]. However, the shape and size of silicon particles have
changed when its content is increased from 1 to 3 wt. %. Silicon particles are in the shape of plates
(Figure 1b), and are much larger than the individual micro-constituents in the structure. By adding
0.03 wt. % strontium in Zn25Al3Si alloy, the morphology of silicon particles have changed. Silicon
the form of nodules are uniformly distributed in the structure of Zn25Al3Si
(Figure 1c). Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
improvement of their distribution in the structure of the alloy has been noticed, when 0.05 wt. %
strontium was added in the Zn25Al3Si alloy (Figure 1d).
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611
dendritic (Figure 1a). Dendrites are complex and consist of the core rich in aluminium ( phase)
the periphery (a mixture of and phase). The phase (containing about 93 wt. % zinc [9]) is
located between the dendrites, as indicated in Figure 1a. The solidification rate of the alloy has a
the alloy. A fine dendritic structure is
achieved at higher solidification rates, although with increase in the alloy porosity. In this work
out in the preheated steel moulds, in order to
rable relationship between the fineness of structure and porosity.


27 alloy, (b) Zn25Al3Si alloy, (c) Zn25Al3Si-
and alloys modified with strontium (Zn25Al3Si-0.03Sr and
d, respectively. The addition of silicon in the Zn25Al3Si
alloy has resulted with some reduction in the fraction of phase, as well as with finer dendritic
27 alloy. This is in accordance with some previous
experiments where Si content was 1 wt. % [10]. However, the shape and size of silicon particles have
Silicon particles are in the shape of plates
constituents in the structure. By adding
0.03 wt. % strontium in Zn25Al3Si alloy, the morphology of silicon particles have changed. Silicon
the form of nodules are uniformly distributed in the structure of Zn25Al3Si-0.03Sr alloy
(Figure 1c). Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
noticed, when 0.05 wt. %

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Hardness of tested materials was measured five times at different locations on each sample, and the
averaged values are given in Table 1. The measured hardness of the ZA
with the value prescribed in the standard [11]. Hardness of Zn25Al3Si alloy reached the hardness of
ZA-27 alloy. Zn25Al3Si alloy with 0.03 wt. % strontium is characterized by the highest hardness
value. The increase in hardness with
morphology of the silicon particles and their distribution in the alloy structure. The increase in
strontium content to 0.05 wt. % resulted with a certain decrease in hardness. It can be assume
that 0.05 wt. % strontium is the limiting value and that further increase of strontium content would
have an adverse effect on the hardness of the alloy.

Table 1. Hardness of the zinc-aluminium alloys (average values)

Alloy designation
Zn25Al3Si
Zn25Al3Si

Tribological testing

Tribological tests were carried out on the block
conditions, in ambient air at room temperature (
presented in Figure 2a. Rectangular blocks of tested materials having 6 mm width and 16 mm
length were used as wear test samples. Disc (hereafter referred to as counter body) of 44 mm
diameter and 10 mm thickness was made
by revolving of the disc which was sunk into oil container (Figure 2a). Lubricant was mineral
engine oil (SAE 15W-40, ACEA E3). Lubricant temperature during the tests was more or less
constant (at the end of test it was


Figure 2. Tribological testing: (a) schematic diagram of the block

Before and after testing, both the block and the counter body were degreased and cleaned with
benzene. Wear scars on pins were measured in accordance with ASTM G77 [12] with accuracy of
0.05 mm, after each test to calculate the volume loss
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Hardness of tested materials was measured five times at different locations on each sample, and the
averaged values are given in Table 1. The measured hardness of the ZA-27 alloy is in accordance
with the value prescribed in the standard [11]. Hardness of Zn25Al3Si alloy reached the hardness of
27 alloy. Zn25Al3Si alloy with 0.03 wt. % strontium is characterized by the highest hardness
value. The increase in hardness with addition of strontium can be explained by its influence on the
morphology of the silicon particles and their distribution in the alloy structure. The increase in
strontium content to 0.05 wt. % resulted with a certain decrease in hardness. It can be assume
that 0.05 wt. % strontium is the limiting value and that further increase of strontium content would
have an adverse effect on the hardness of the alloy.
aluminium alloys (average values)
Alloy designation Hardness HV5
ZA-27 119.0
Zn25Al3Si 119.2
Zn25Al3Si-0.03Sr 125.7
Zn25Al3Si-0.05Sr 114.0
Tribological tests were carried out on the block-on-disc tribometer under lubricated sliding
conditions, in ambient air at room temperature ( 28 C). A schematic diagram of tribometer is
presented in Figure 2a. Rectangular blocks of tested materials having 6 mm width and 16 mm
length were used as wear test samples. Disc (hereafter referred to as counter body) of 44 mm
diameter and 10 mm thickness was made of steel C60E (46 to 48 HRC). Lubrication was provided
by revolving of the disc which was sunk into oil container (Figure 2a). Lubricant was mineral
40, ACEA E3). Lubricant temperature during the tests was more or less
end of test it was 31 C).

Figure 2. Tribological testing: (a) schematic diagram of the block-on-disc tribometer and (b) block
wear scar measurements
Before and after testing, both the block and the counter body were degreased and cleaned with
nzene. Wear scars on pins were measured in accordance with ASTM G77 [12] with accuracy of
0.05 mm, after each test to calculate the volume loss V (Figure 2b). The values of oil temperature,
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612
Hardness of tested materials was measured five times at different locations on each sample, and the
alloy is in accordance
with the value prescribed in the standard [11]. Hardness of Zn25Al3Si alloy reached the hardness of
27 alloy. Zn25Al3Si alloy with 0.03 wt. % strontium is characterized by the highest hardness
addition of strontium can be explained by its influence on the
morphology of the silicon particles and their distribution in the alloy structure. The increase in
strontium content to 0.05 wt. % resulted with a certain decrease in hardness. It can be assumed
that 0.05 wt. % strontium is the limiting value and that further increase of strontium content would
disc tribometer under lubricated sliding
schematic diagram of tribometer is
presented in Figure 2a. Rectangular blocks of tested materials having 6 mm width and 16 mm
length were used as wear test samples. Disc (hereafter referred to as counter body) of 44 mm
of steel C60E (46 to 48 HRC). Lubrication was provided
by revolving of the disc which was sunk into oil container (Figure 2a). Lubricant was mineral
40, ACEA E3). Lubricant temperature during the tests was more or less

disc tribometer and (b) block
Before and after testing, both the block and the counter body were degreased and cleaned with
nzene. Wear scars on pins were measured in accordance with ASTM G77 [12] with accuracy of
(Figure 2b). The values of oil temperature,

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friction coefficient, normal and friction force were monitored du
acquisition system stored in the PC. Tests were carried out at selected test conditions: sliding speed
of 0.5 m/s, sliding distance of 1000 m and normal load of 100 N. Calculated pressure at the end of
tests was app. 5 MPa for ZA-27 alloy and app. 11 MPa for the other alloys. After testing, worn
surfaces of blocks were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM).


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tribological investigation of these materials was just an initial one, with preliminar
some more experiments to be done to completely understand its tribological behaviour. In order to
achieve a higher confidence level in evaluating test results, three to five replicate tests were run for
all the tested materials. The values of

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f

f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

Figure 3. Steady

The obtained values of the coefficient of friction (0.06 to 0.08) suggest that the sliding was
performed in boundary lubrication regime (app. values for the boundary lubrication are from 0.05
to 0.15 [13,14]). The hardness of the materials (Table 1) did not have noticeable influence on
friction values, since the test was not performed in dry sliding
coefficient of friction for ZA-27 alloy is in accordance with the data from literature, obtained for the
permanent mould casted ZA-27 alloy under somewhat similar conditions [15].

The Zn25Al3Si alloy shows the lowest values o
copper with silicon did not lowers the values of the coefficient of friction significantly (comparing to
the conventional ZA-27 alloy). Generally all materials show similar values of the coefficient of
On the other hand, addition of strontium has negative effect on the coefficient of friction, i.e. with
increase of Sr content coefficient of friction also increase. For the addition of 0.05 wt. % Sr coefficient
of friction is even higher than for
coefficient of friction on Sr content in Zn25Al1Si alloy was obtained in some previous experiments
[10].

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HDMT Hrvatsko drutvo za materijale i tribologiju
friction coefficient, normal and friction force were monitored during the test and through data
acquisition system stored in the PC. Tests were carried out at selected test conditions: sliding speed
of 0.5 m/s, sliding distance of 1000 m and normal load of 100 N. Calculated pressure at the end of
27 alloy and app. 11 MPa for the other alloys. After testing, worn
surfaces of blocks were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Tribological investigation of these materials was just an initial one, with preliminar
some more experiments to be done to completely understand its tribological behaviour. In order to
achieve a higher confidence level in evaluating test results, three to five replicate tests were run for
all the tested materials. The values of the coefficient of friction are presented in Figure 3.
0.061
0.073
0.078
0.069
ZA-27
Zn25Al
3Si-0.05Sr
Zn25Al
3Si-0.03Sr
Zn25Al
3Si
Material

Figure 3. Steady-state averaged values of the coefficient of friction
The obtained values of the coefficient of friction (0.06 to 0.08) suggest that the sliding was
performed in boundary lubrication regime (app. values for the boundary lubrication are from 0.05
to 0.15 [13,14]). The hardness of the materials (Table 1) did not have noticeable influence on
friction values, since the test was not performed in dry sliding conditions. The value of the
27 alloy is in accordance with the data from literature, obtained for the
27 alloy under somewhat similar conditions [15].
The Zn25Al3Si alloy shows the lowest values of the coefficient of friction, but the replacement of
copper with silicon did not lowers the values of the coefficient of friction significantly (comparing to
27 alloy). Generally all materials show similar values of the coefficient of
On the other hand, addition of strontium has negative effect on the coefficient of friction, i.e. with
increase of Sr content coefficient of friction also increase. For the addition of 0.05 wt. % Sr coefficient
of friction is even higher than for the conventional ZA-27 alloy. The same dependence of the
coefficient of friction on Sr content in Zn25Al1Si alloy was obtained in some previous experiments
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613
ring the test and through data
acquisition system stored in the PC. Tests were carried out at selected test conditions: sliding speed
of 0.5 m/s, sliding distance of 1000 m and normal load of 100 N. Calculated pressure at the end of
27 alloy and app. 11 MPa for the other alloys. After testing, worn
Tribological investigation of these materials was just an initial one, with preliminary results and
some more experiments to be done to completely understand its tribological behaviour. In order to
achieve a higher confidence level in evaluating test results, three to five replicate tests were run for
the coefficient of friction are presented in Figure 3.

state averaged values of the coefficient of friction
The obtained values of the coefficient of friction (0.06 to 0.08) suggest that the sliding was
performed in boundary lubrication regime (app. values for the boundary lubrication are from 0.05
to 0.15 [13,14]). The hardness of the materials (Table 1) did not have noticeable influence on
conditions. The value of the
27 alloy is in accordance with the data from literature, obtained for the
27 alloy under somewhat similar conditions [15].
f the coefficient of friction, but the replacement of
copper with silicon did not lowers the values of the coefficient of friction significantly (comparing to
27 alloy). Generally all materials show similar values of the coefficient of friction.
On the other hand, addition of strontium has negative effect on the coefficient of friction, i.e. with
increase of Sr content coefficient of friction also increase. For the addition of 0.05 wt. % Sr coefficient
27 alloy. The same dependence of the
coefficient of friction on Sr content in Zn25Al1Si alloy was obtained in some previous experiments

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The dominant wear mechanism, according to the SEM analysis (which is not presented in this
paper), is a combination of adhesion and abrasion. Adhesive wear occur in highly
lubricated sliding contacts, and was noticed at all sliding pairs. Abrasive wear was mostly
pronounced at ZA-27 alloy, and this is the reason why this material s
resistance (highest wear rate). Risdon et al. [15] tested differently obtained ZA
on-disc tribometer with slightly different geometry, i.e. the test specimens were blocks conformed
to fit the ring geometry. The norma
hydraulic oil (ISO VG 68) and lubricant temperature was 50 C. Nevertheless the wear rate for the
permanent mould casted ZA-27 alloy was app. between 5.2 10
corresponds to the value obtained in this study, which was 1.41 10
process was not tracked during the tests, hence, the results in Figure 4 present total wear rates.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
13
14
15
16
17
W
e
a
r

r
a
t
e

x

1
0

4
,

m
m
3
/
m

Figure 4. Total wear rates for the tested mat

The wear rate of ZA-27 alloy was more than one order of magnitude higher than the rest of tested
materials (Figure 4), which suggests that the addition of Si instead of Cu in conventional ZA
significantly improves its wear resistance.

Similar dependence was obtained by Savaskan and Murphy [16], who tested several Zn25Al based
alloys with silicon and copper addition. The alloys were produced by gravity casting in the
preheated (250 C) steel mould. The testing conditions were as follows:
(with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 329 N (7.1 MPa); sliding speed of 1.73 m/s
and motor oil (SAE 30) as a lubricant. The authors showed that the as
2.7 wt. % Si wear resistance was
higher than the same alloy containing 3.1 wt. % Cu. It is interesting to note that the wear rates of
these two alloys were unproportional to its hardness, i.e. Zn25Al
resistance despite the fact that its hardness (81.6 HRF) were lower than the hardness of Zn25Al
3.1Cu alloy (93.7 HRF). Similar to this, in this study the hardness did not show significant influence
on the wear rate, since the values of hardness fo

In the study conducted by Jian et al. [8] alloys containing Si instead of Cu also showed wear
resistance one order of magnitude higher than the alloy containing Cu. All tested materials (Zn27Al,
Zn27Al-2Si, Zn27Al-2Si-0.05Sr and Zn27Al
disk tribometer (with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 8 MPa; sliding speed of
0.21 m/s and grease as a lubricant. The authors also showed that the modification
additionally improves the wear resistance by reducing the silicon particle size. The alloy containing
MATRIB 2014
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Vela Luka, 26 - 28 June 2014
HDMT Hrvatsko drutvo za materijale i tribologiju
The dominant wear mechanism, according to the SEM analysis (which is not presented in this
aper), is a combination of adhesion and abrasion. Adhesive wear occur in highly
lubricated sliding contacts, and was noticed at all sliding pairs. Abrasive wear was mostly
27 alloy, and this is the reason why this material showed the worse wear
resistance (highest wear rate). Risdon et al. [15] tested differently obtained ZA
disc tribometer with slightly different geometry, i.e. the test specimens were blocks conformed
to fit the ring geometry. The normal load was 6.9 MPa; sliding speed 0.15 m/s; lubricant was
hydraulic oil (ISO VG 68) and lubricant temperature was 50 C. Nevertheless the wear rate for the
27 alloy was app. between 5.2 10
4
and 1.7 10
s to the value obtained in this study, which was 1.41 10
3
mm
3
/m (Figure 4). Wear
process was not tracked during the tests, hence, the results in Figure 4 present total wear rates.
1.12
0.64
0.89
14.41
ZA-27
Zn25Al
3Si-0.05Sr
Zn25Al
3Si-0.03Sr
Zn25Al
3Si
Material
Figure 4. Total wear rates for the tested materials
27 alloy was more than one order of magnitude higher than the rest of tested
materials (Figure 4), which suggests that the addition of Si instead of Cu in conventional ZA
significantly improves its wear resistance.
Similar dependence was obtained by Savaskan and Murphy [16], who tested several Zn25Al based
alloys with silicon and copper addition. The alloys were produced by gravity casting in the
preheated (250 C) steel mould. The testing conditions were as follows: block
(with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 329 N (7.1 MPa); sliding speed of 1.73 m/s
and motor oil (SAE 30) as a lubricant. The authors showed that the as-cast Zn25Al alloy containing
2.7 wt. % Si wear resistance was 4.5 to 12 times (after 1495 km and after 150 km sliding distance)
higher than the same alloy containing 3.1 wt. % Cu. It is interesting to note that the wear rates of
these two alloys were unproportional to its hardness, i.e. Zn25Al-2.7Si alloy showed high
resistance despite the fact that its hardness (81.6 HRF) were lower than the hardness of Zn25Al
3.1Cu alloy (93.7 HRF). Similar to this, in this study the hardness did not show significant influence
on the wear rate, since the values of hardness for all materials were very similar (Table 1).
In the study conducted by Jian et al. [8] alloys containing Si instead of Cu also showed wear
resistance one order of magnitude higher than the alloy containing Cu. All tested materials (Zn27Al,
0.05Sr and Zn27Al-2Si-0.5Sr alloy) were sand casted. They used block
disk tribometer (with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 8 MPa; sliding speed of
0.21 m/s and grease as a lubricant. The authors also showed that the modification
additionally improves the wear resistance by reducing the silicon particle size. The alloy containing
International conference on materials, tribology, recycling
4
614
The dominant wear mechanism, according to the SEM analysis (which is not presented in this
aper), is a combination of adhesion and abrasion. Adhesive wear occur in highly-loaded, poorly
lubricated sliding contacts, and was noticed at all sliding pairs. Abrasive wear was mostly
howed the worse wear
resistance (highest wear rate). Risdon et al. [15] tested differently obtained ZA-27 alloys on block-
disc tribometer with slightly different geometry, i.e. the test specimens were blocks conformed
l load was 6.9 MPa; sliding speed 0.15 m/s; lubricant was
hydraulic oil (ISO VG 68) and lubricant temperature was 50 C. Nevertheless the wear rate for the
and 1.7 10
3
mm
3
/m. This
/m (Figure 4). Wear
process was not tracked during the tests, hence, the results in Figure 4 present total wear rates.

27 alloy was more than one order of magnitude higher than the rest of tested
materials (Figure 4), which suggests that the addition of Si instead of Cu in conventional ZA-27 alloy
Similar dependence was obtained by Savaskan and Murphy [16], who tested several Zn25Al based
alloys with silicon and copper addition. The alloys were produced by gravity casting in the
block-on-disk tribometer
(with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 329 N (7.1 MPa); sliding speed of 1.73 m/s
cast Zn25Al alloy containing
4.5 to 12 times (after 1495 km and after 150 km sliding distance)
higher than the same alloy containing 3.1 wt. % Cu. It is interesting to note that the wear rates of
2.7Si alloy showed higher wear
resistance despite the fact that its hardness (81.6 HRF) were lower than the hardness of Zn25Al-
3.1Cu alloy (93.7 HRF). Similar to this, in this study the hardness did not show significant influence
r all materials were very similar (Table 1).
In the study conducted by Jian et al. [8] alloys containing Si instead of Cu also showed wear
resistance one order of magnitude higher than the alloy containing Cu. All tested materials (Zn27Al,
0.5Sr alloy) were sand casted. They used block-on-
disk tribometer (with conformed geometry of the block); normal load of 8 MPa; sliding speed of
0.21 m/s and grease as a lubricant. The authors also showed that the modification with strontium
additionally improves the wear resistance by reducing the silicon particle size. The alloy containing

International conference on materials, tribology, recycling


0.05 % Sr showed the highest wear resistance. At the same time the alloy containing 0.5 % Sr
showed wear resistance lower than the alloy t
suggesting that over modification with Sr is possible situation. Nevertheless, with further testing,
by continuously increasing normal load from 4 to 18 MPa, the influence of strontium addition on
wear rate becomes lower and insignificant.

The differences in wear rates between tested materials containing Si are not too high (Figure 4). One
of the reasons could be the sufficiently high applied normal load in this study (at the end of test for
these materials it were app. 11 MPa), so the full effect of strontium could not be seen clearly. Similar
dependence of strontium addition on wear rate at higher normal load was, as previously noticed,
observed by Jian et al. [8]. No matter what the addition of strontium did
in the case of 0.03 wt. % Sr it was almost twice lower. The fact that the addition of 0.03 wt.% Sr
decreased wear rate more than addition of 0.05 wt.% Sr suggest existence of the optimum value of Sr,
which in this case was 0.03 wt. %. In addition this material showed the highest hardness (Table 1).

In a previous study [10] the authors investigated the influence of strontium addition on the wear
rate of Zn25Al-1Si alloy. By comparing these results with the results obtained in th
be noticed that the wear rates were higher with Zn25
the same strontium wt. %. In addition strontium wt. % in alloy that showed highest wear resistance
was different. All this suggest that an
be determined for each particular combination, in order to get the best wear behaviour.


CONCLUSION

The microstructure of the Zn25Al3Si alloy was improved with addition of strontium. The add
strontium (0.03 wt. %) changed the shape of silicon particles from plates to nodules and makes its
distribution more uniform. Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
improvement of their distribution in the
addition from 0.03 to 0.05 wt. %.

The hardness of the alloys containing silicon instead copper were very similar, and for alloy
containing 0.03 wt. % Sr the hardness was even higher than the Z

Tribological tests have confirmed that the replacement of copper with silicon in the ZA
gave greatly improved wear resistance (more than one order of magnitude), while the coefficient of
friction value was slightly lower. Strontium mo
resistance additionally, with the slight increase of the coefficient of friction. The highest wear
resistance showed alloy Zn25Al3Si
this alloy.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work has been performed as a part of activities within the projects TR 34028 and TR 35021.
These projects are supported by the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development, whose financial help is g
were also within the frame of the International Faculty Agreement of Cooperation between the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Belgrade and the Faculty of Industrial
Technology at the Technical University of Sofia and within the CEEPUS III Network: CIII



MATRIB 2014
International conference on materials, tribology, recycling
Vela Luka, 26 - 28 June 2014
HDMT Hrvatsko drutvo za materijale i tribologiju
0.05 % Sr showed the highest wear resistance. At the same time the alloy containing 0.5 % Sr
showed wear resistance lower than the alloy that was not modified with Sr (Zn27
suggesting that over modification with Sr is possible situation. Nevertheless, with further testing,
by continuously increasing normal load from 4 to 18 MPa, the influence of strontium addition on
comes lower and insignificant.
The differences in wear rates between tested materials containing Si are not too high (Figure 4). One
of the reasons could be the sufficiently high applied normal load in this study (at the end of test for
were app. 11 MPa), so the full effect of strontium could not be seen clearly. Similar
dependence of strontium addition on wear rate at higher normal load was, as previously noticed,
observed by Jian et al. [8]. No matter what the addition of strontium did decrease the wear rate, and
in the case of 0.03 wt. % Sr it was almost twice lower. The fact that the addition of 0.03 wt.% Sr
decreased wear rate more than addition of 0.05 wt.% Sr suggest existence of the optimum value of Sr,
wt. %. In addition this material showed the highest hardness (Table 1).
In a previous study [10] the authors investigated the influence of strontium addition on the wear
1Si alloy. By comparing these results with the results obtained in th
be noticed that the wear rates were higher with Zn25-1Si alloy than with Zn25
the same strontium wt. %. In addition strontium wt. % in alloy that showed highest wear resistance
was different. All this suggest that an optimal content of Si, as well as, optimal content of Sr should
be determined for each particular combination, in order to get the best wear behaviour.
The microstructure of the Zn25Al3Si alloy was improved with addition of strontium. The add
strontium (0.03 wt. %) changed the shape of silicon particles from plates to nodules and makes its
distribution more uniform. Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
improvement of their distribution in the structure of the alloy were obtained by increase of strontium
addition from 0.03 to 0.05 wt. %.
The hardness of the alloys containing silicon instead copper were very similar, and for alloy
containing 0.03 wt. % Sr the hardness was even higher than the ZA-27 alloy.
Tribological tests have confirmed that the replacement of copper with silicon in the ZA
gave greatly improved wear resistance (more than one order of magnitude), while the coefficient of
friction value was slightly lower. Strontium modification of Zn25Al3Si alloy improved wear
resistance additionally, with the slight increase of the coefficient of friction. The highest wear
resistance showed alloy Zn25Al3Si-0.03Sr, which suggest that 0.03 wt. % Sr is an optimal value for
This work has been performed as a part of activities within the projects TR 34028 and TR 35021.
These projects are supported by the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development, whose financial help is gratefully acknowledged. These investigations
were also within the frame of the International Faculty Agreement of Cooperation between the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Belgrade and the Faculty of Industrial
cal University of Sofia and within the CEEPUS III Network: CIII
International conference on materials, tribology, recycling
4
615
0.05 % Sr showed the highest wear resistance. At the same time the alloy containing 0.5 % Sr
hat was not modified with Sr (Zn27-2Si alloy),
suggesting that over modification with Sr is possible situation. Nevertheless, with further testing,
by continuously increasing normal load from 4 to 18 MPa, the influence of strontium addition on
The differences in wear rates between tested materials containing Si are not too high (Figure 4). One
of the reasons could be the sufficiently high applied normal load in this study (at the end of test for
were app. 11 MPa), so the full effect of strontium could not be seen clearly. Similar
dependence of strontium addition on wear rate at higher normal load was, as previously noticed,
decrease the wear rate, and
in the case of 0.03 wt. % Sr it was almost twice lower. The fact that the addition of 0.03 wt.% Sr
decreased wear rate more than addition of 0.05 wt.% Sr suggest existence of the optimum value of Sr,
wt. %. In addition this material showed the highest hardness (Table 1).
In a previous study [10] the authors investigated the influence of strontium addition on the wear
1Si alloy. By comparing these results with the results obtained in this study it could
1Si alloy than with Zn25-3Si alloy containing
the same strontium wt. %. In addition strontium wt. % in alloy that showed highest wear resistance
optimal content of Si, as well as, optimal content of Sr should
be determined for each particular combination, in order to get the best wear behaviour.
The microstructure of the Zn25Al3Si alloy was improved with addition of strontium. The addition of
strontium (0.03 wt. %) changed the shape of silicon particles from plates to nodules and makes its
distribution more uniform. Further reduction in size of silicon particles, rounding of the particles and an
structure of the alloy were obtained by increase of strontium
The hardness of the alloys containing silicon instead copper were very similar, and for alloy

Tribological tests have confirmed that the replacement of copper with silicon in the ZA-27 alloy
gave greatly improved wear resistance (more than one order of magnitude), while the coefficient of
dification of Zn25Al3Si alloy improved wear
resistance additionally, with the slight increase of the coefficient of friction. The highest wear
0.03Sr, which suggest that 0.03 wt. % Sr is an optimal value for
This work has been performed as a part of activities within the projects TR 34028 and TR 35021.
These projects are supported by the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Education, Science and
ratefully acknowledged. These investigations
were also within the frame of the International Faculty Agreement of Cooperation between the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Belgrade and the Faculty of Industrial
cal University of Sofia and within the CEEPUS III Network: CIII-BG-0703.

International conference on materials, tribology, recycling


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[2] E. Gervais, R.J. Barnhurst, C.A. Loong, An analysis of
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[3] M. Babic, R. Ninkovic, A. Rac, Sliding wear behavior of Zn
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MATRIB 2014
International conference on materials, tribology, recycling
Vela Luka, 26 - 28 June 2014
HDMT Hrvatsko drutvo za materijale i tribologiju
E.J. Kubel Jr., Expanding horizons for ZA alloys, Advanced Materials & Processes, 132 (1987)
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of Metals (JOM), 37 (1985) 11, 43-47.
M. Babic, R. Ninkovic, A. Rac, Sliding wear behavior of Zn-Al alloys in conditions of boundary
lubrication, The Annals of University Dunrea de Jos of Galai, Fascicle VI
B.K. Prasad, A.H. Yegneswaran, A.K. Patwardhan, Characterization of the wear response of a
based alloy vis--vis a conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze at a
high sliding speed, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27 (1996) 11, 3513
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conditions, Practical Metallography, 24 (1987) 5, 204-221.
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Q.G. Wang, Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of alum
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Technical Paper 860064, (1986).
T. Savaskan, S. Murphy, Mechanical properties and lubricated wear of Zn
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International conference on materials, tribology, recycling
4
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E.J. Kubel Jr., Expanding horizons for ZA alloys, Advanced Materials & Processes, 132 (1987)
selected properties of ZA alloys, Journal
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based alloy and a bearing bronze at a
Materials Transactions A, 27 (1996) 11, 3513-3523.
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Si alloys at different strontium levels, Metallurgical and Materials
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