KONERU LAKSHMAIAH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE,Affiliated to acharya nagarjuna
university,accredited by NBAand ISO 9001-2000 certified
Vaddeswaram,GUNTUR

Paper presentation
on

“NANOTECHNOLOGY”
*(Too small to see---Too large to ignore)

DEPARTMENT OF E.E.E

Authors

D.GOPI KRISHNA M.KASI VISWANATH

II/IV E.E.E II/IV E.E.E
Roll No: Y5EE221 Roll No: Y5EE229
EMAIL ID: mkv_0607@yahoo.com
Ph no:9290441138
 INDEX
*Abstract
*What is NANO TECHNOLOGY
*Introduction to Nano Particles
*Nanostructure and properties
#Bulk Metals and ceramics and coatings
# Chemical reactions and catalysis
*Production techniques
# Vapor Condensations
# Solid state processes
# Chemical Synthesis
# Developments in Production Techniques
*Applications
*Devices
# MEMS
# NEMS
*Some Milestones
*Conclusion
*Bibliography
 ABSTRACT

In 1959, Richard Feynman pointed out that nanometer-scale machines

could be built and operated, and that the precision inherent in molecular
construction would make it easy to build multiple identical copies. This raised
the possibility of exponential manufacturing, in which production systems
could rapidly and cheaply increase their productive capacity, which in turn
suggested the possibility of destructive runaway self-replication. Early
proposals for artificial nanomachinery focused on small self-replicating
machines, discussing their potential productivity and their potential
destructiveness if abused. In the light of controversy regarding scenarios based
on runaway replication (so-called ‘grey goo’), a review of current thinking
regarding nanotechnology-based manufacturing is in order. Nanotechnology-
based fabrication can be thoroughly non-biological and inherently safe: such
systems need have no ability to move about, use natural resources, or undergo
incremental mutation. Moreover, self-replication is unnecessary: the
development and use of highly productive systems of nanomachinery
(nanofactories) need not involve the construction of autonomous self-
replicating nanomachines. Accordingly, the construction of anything
resembling a dangerous self-replicating nanomachine can and should be
prohibited. Although advanced nanotechnologies could (with great difficulty
and little incentive) be used to build such devices, other concerns present
greater problems. Since weapon systems will be both easier to build and more
likely to draw investment, the potential for dangerous systems is best
considered in the context of military competition and arms control
What is NANO TECHNOLOGY ?

Computers reproduce information at almost no cost.

A push is well underway to invent devices that manufacture at almost no cost,
by treating atoms discretely, like computers treat bits of information. This would
allow automatic construction of consumer goods without traditional labor, like a
Xerox machine produces unlimited copies without a human retyping the original
information.
Electronics is fueled by miniaturization. Working smaller has led to the tools
capable of manipulating individual atoms like the proteins in a potato manipulate the
atoms of soil, air and water to make copies of itself.The shotgun marriage of
chemistry and engineering called "Nanotechnology" is ushering in the era of self
replicating machinery and self assembling consumer goods made from cheap raw
atoms (Drexler, Merkle paraphrased).
Nanotechnology is molecular manufacturing or, more simply, building things
one atom or molecule at a time with programmed nanoscopic robot arms. A
nanometer is one billionth of a meter (3 - 4 atoms wide). Utilizing the well understood
chemical properties of atoms and molecules (how they "stick" together),
nanotechnology proposes the construction of novel molecular devices possessing
extraordinary properties. The trick is to manipulate atoms individually and place them
exactly where needed to produce the desired structure. This ability is almost in our
grasp.
The anticipated payoff for mastering this technology is far beyond any human
accomplishment so far...
Introduction to Nanoparticles
The transition from microparticles to nanoparticles can lead to a number of
changes in physical properties. Two of the major factors in this are the increases in the
ration of surface area to volume, and size of the particle moving into the realm where
quantum effects predominate.
The increase in the surface-area-to-volume ratio, which is a gradual
progression as the particles gets smaller, leads to an increasing dominance of the
behavior of atoms on the surface of the particle over that of those in the interior of the
particle. This affects both the properties of the particle in isolation and its interaction
with other materials. High surface area is a critical factor in the performance of
catalysis and structures such as electrodes, allowing improvement in performance of
such technologies as fuel cells and batteries. The large surface area of Nano particles
also results in a lot of interactions between the intermixed materials in
nanocomposites, leading to special properties such as increased strength and/or
increased chemical/heat resistance.

Nanostructure and properties

Bulk Metals and ceramics and coatings
Metals and ceramics are generally polycrystalline, meaning that they consists
of many randomly oriented crystalline regains are grains. Reducing this sige of grains
in existing materials can have a big impact on bulk material properties. Has grain size
in a metal, for example moves into the Nano scale, an increasing proportion of the
atoms in solid are found on grain boundaries, where the behaves differently from
those not on boundaries. There behavior starts to dominates the behave of the
material. Note that the nanocrystaline material need not just be a bulk solid or surface
but can be a powder, are nanopowder, thous there is an overlap of the use of the terms
nanocrystal and nanoparticles for some material. In general though, the important
properties of nanocrystaline nanoparticles stem from there nanoparticulate nature and
will not be considered here.
Chemical reactions and catalysis
Increased reactivity is also seen in bulk nanocrystaline materials because of
increased suface area. This can be usefull with respet to direct chemical reactions or
in terms of catalytic activity stand the high oparationall temaparatures.
Nanostructured cerium ceramics have been shown to offer catalytic activation for
sulferdioxide reaction in corbon monoxide oxidation at significantly lower
temperatures than tradition versions of these catalyst, and they have also shown
greater resistance to poisoning. Some metireals only develop catalytic activity once
they become nanostructured, an example being cadmium selenoid, which is not
normally photo catalytic but becomes so when nano crystalline, and offers the ability
to ‘fix’.

Production Techniques
There is a wide variety of techniques for producing nanoparticles. These
essentially fall into three categories:
Vapor Condensations This approach is used to make metallic and metal
oxide ceramic nanoparticles .it involves evaporation of a solid metal followed by
rapid condensation to form nanosized clusters that settle in the form of a powder.
Various approaches to vaporizing clusters the metal can be used and variation of the
medium into which the vapor is released affects the nature and size of the particles.
Inert gases are used to avoid oxidation when creating metal nanoparticles, whereas a
reactive oxygen atmosphere is used to produce metaloxide ceramic nanoparticles the
main advantage of this approach is low contamination levels.
Chemical synthesis The most widely used chemical synthesis is technique
consists essentially of growing nanoparticles in a liquid medium composed of various
reactants. This is typified by the sol-gel approach and is also used to create quantum
dots. Chemical techniques are generally better than vapor condensation techniques fro
controlling the final shape of the particles. The ultimate size of the nanoparticles
might be dictated, as with vapor condensation approaches by stopping the process
when desired size is reached, or by choosing chemicals that form particles that are
stable, and stop growing, at a certain size. This can interface with one of common
uses of nanoparticles,sintering,to create surface coatings.
Solid-state process Grinding or milling can be used to create nanoparticles.
The milling marerial,milling time and atmospheric medium effect resultant
nanoparticles properties. The approach can be used to produce nanoparticles from
material that don’t readily lend themselves to the to previous techniques.
Contamination from the milling material can be an issue.
Developments in production techniques As the market for nanoparticles in
high-tech areas, such computer and the pharamaceutical industry,continues to expand,
the demand for nanoparticles with a well-defined size and/or shape in high volumes
and at low cost continues to increase. This trend is responsible for a continuous
refinement of existing manufacturing technologies and for novel development of n

Applications
Probably the two most useful ways of organizing the nanotech world are through the
technology, i.e. what is being made, and through applications, i.e. where these
products will find a home. For our concise introduction, we use a mixture:
 Tools
 Materials
 Techniques for Building Nanoscale Structures
 Electronics and Information Technology
 Life Sciences
 Power and Processes and the Environment
STMs. It is now twenty years since the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was
invented, allowing us to see atoms for the first time. The STM works by detecting
small currents flowing between the microscope tip and the sample being observed (the
current flcurrent flows because of quantum mechanical tunneling). ovel production

techniques.

Super computing:
 Molecular technology has obvious application to the storage and processing of
information. In the computer industry, the ability to shrink the size of transistors on
silicon microprocessors is already reaching the limits. Nanotechnology will be
needed to create a new generation of computer components. Molecular computers
could contain storage devices capable of storing trillions of bytes of information in a
structure the size of a sugar cube.

Moore’s Law : holding ground. Gordon Moore made a prediction in 1965 that
computer processing power, or the number of transistors on an integrated chip, would
double every 18 months. The visionary ‘Moore’s Law’, as we call it, has managed to
hold its ground to date. To sustain Moore’s Law, transistors must be scaled down to
at least 9 nanometres by around 2016, according to the Consortium of International
Semiconductor Companies. If this is achieved, future chips will have billions of
transistors.

One long-term approach to finding ways to make electronic components

smaller is to make them from single molecules. Components made from molecules
are likely to be smaller than those made using today’s integrated chip (IC) fabrication
methods, and they can potentially self-assemble, which would allow for inexpensive
manufacturing.

A single module can be used as the semi-conductor channel in a field-effect

transistor (FET) in three ways.

1. Using an electric field to change the molecule’s conductance, which is how

silicon transistors work?
2. Reversibly changing the molecule’s shape to break contact with electrodes.
3. Changing the molecule’s shape to alter its internal conductance.

Nano computer:

A nanocomputer is a computer whose fundamental components measure only

a few nanometers (less than 100 nm.) A nanometer is a billionth of a metre and spans
approximately 10 atomic diameters. Today, over 10,000 nanocomputer components
can fit in the area of a single modern microcomputer component, thereby offering
tremendous speed and density.

Atomic wires and molecular devices :

The ultimate in miniatursiation of computer circuitry would be circuit

elements made out of small assemblies of atoms or molecules (molecular electronics).
The first step on this road is to study the properties of atomic wires, which are nothing
but short chains of atoms that conduct electricity between two contacts. Researchers
have performed calculations on both metallic and covalently bonded atomic wires
connecting two metal electrodes.

Devices

MEMS. Making machines in the micro realm is something that is already well
established. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are generally constructed
using the same photolithographic techniques as silicon chips and have been made with
elements that perform the functions of most fundamental macroscale device elements
- levers, sensors, pumps, rotors, etc. MEMS already represent a $4 billion industry,
which is projected to grow to $11 billion by 2005.
NEMS. Moving to the nanoscale will present a host of new issues. For this reason,
and possibly a lack of economic drivers for making machines smaller in general
(smaller isn’t necessarily better), we shouldn't expect a vast array of products to flow
out of MEMS and the nano version, NEMS, in the near future. However, there is sure
to be a significant but modest evolution, especially in such areas as lab-on-a-chip type
technologies, and NEMS devices have potential in the telecoms industry.
Tiny Medical Devices. MEMS and NEMS hold promise in the medical field, as
little devices controlling the release of a drug, for instance, or even in the control
functions of prosthetics, such as artificial hearts. However, it should be noted that here
a passive system can perform the same function as an active one, the passive one will
normally be less expensive and more reliable
Advanced Lasers. Lasers constitute an area that is likely to be commercially
affected by nanotechnology in the near future. Quantum dots and nanoporous silicon
both offer the potential of producing tunable lasers—ones where we can choose the
wavelength of the emitted light. Classic lasers, including solid-state ones, are
dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of their components and are thus
not tunable.

Some NANOTECHNOLOGY Milestones

This list is by no means meant to represent all the important milestones, but
just a selection.
1987 - First observation of quantization of electrical conductance Groups in
Holland and the UK observe step-like variations in conductance through tiny
conducting strips, i.e. the conductance is quantized, demonstrating that
nanoelectronics is not just smaller, but different.
First single-electron transistor created Theodore A. Fulton and Gerlad J. Dolan of
Bell Laboratories construct a transistor where the current being switched consists of
the movement of a single electron.
1988 First "designer protein" created William deGrado and his group at DuPont
design a new protein from scratch, and then make it.
1989 - "IBM" written with 35 xenon atoms Using the tip of a scanning tunneling
microscope, scientists at IBM in Zurich show that individual atoms can be moved and
positioned precisely.
1991 - Carbon nanotubes discovered Sumio Iijima discovers tubes of graphite,
called nanotubes, which turn out to have extraordinary strength and interesting
electrical properties.
1993 - First nanotechnology lab in the US The US's first laboratory dedicated to
nanotechnology is created at rice university
1997 - DNA-based nano mechanical device created New York University's Nadrian
Seeman demonstrates that DNA can be used as a building block for nanoscale
mechanical devices.
1999 - Scientists create electronic molecular switch Yale scientists Mark Reed and
James M. Tour create an organic switch in a single molecule.
2000 - US launches National Nanotechnology Initiative Putting a hefty $422
million into nanotechnology research, the US government shows its recognition of the
strategic importance to the U.S. of the field. Nanotechnology starts to enter the
vocabulary of the public at large.
2001 - Nanotube logic Researchers at IBM and Delft University create the first
transistors, and then logic gates made entirely from carbon nanotubes

Conclusion
We used the word 'revolution'. Having read our description of many of the
technologies that are on the horizon, or already impacting our world, one might argue
that many don't seem particularly revolutionary in the way that computers or the
invention of electricity have been. Apart from the obvious rejoinder that early
computer manufacturers did not envision the internet, early developers of electrical
technology did not envision telephones, television or computers, and the Wright
Brothers surely didn't anticipate globalization enabled by satellite communications,
it's the breadth of impact of nanotechnology that has to be appreciated, which is
something we hope to have communicated here.
Bibliography
• Bhargava, Amit. “Nanorobots: Medicine of the future”.
• http://ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news3/main3.html.
• Freitas, Robert. “Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology: A
Mechanical
• Artificial Red Blood Cell.” Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobile.
• Segelken, Roger. “Fantastic voyage: Tiny pharmacies propelled through the
body could
• http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001535.html

• www.nanotechnology.org