EE335 Transmission and Distribution

1. Why cables are not used for long distance transmission?

Cables are not used for long distance transmissions due to their large charging currents.
2. Mention the 3 main parts of the cable?
Conductor ,dielectric,sheath
3. What is the function of conductor?
Conductor provides the conducting path for the current.
.What is the purpose of insulation in a cable?
The insulation or dielectric withstands the service voltage and isolates the conductor with other
objects.
5.What is the function of sheath in a cables?
The sheath does not allow the moisture to enter and protects the cable from all external
influences like chemical or electrochemical attack,fire etc.
!.Mention the conductor materials in cables?
Copper,Aluminium
Al occupies greater space than copper for a given conductance.
Both are high electrical conductivity.
".What is the purpose of stranding of conductors?
tranding increases the resistance of the cable.!t has flexibility.
#.Define the segmental conductors.
The stranded wires which are compacted by the rollers to minimi"e the air spaces between the
individual wires are called segmented conductors.#ere the conductor si"e is reduced for a given
conductance.
$.%tate the properties of insulating materials.
!t should have high insulation resistance,high dielectric strength,good mechanical
properties,non$hygroscopic,capable of being operated at high temperatures,low thermal
resistance and low power factor.
1&.Mention the commonly used po'er cables.
!mpregnated paper,%olyvinyl chloride,polyethene
11.Mention the ad(antages of p(c o(er paper insulated cables.
&educed cost and weight,!nsulation is resistant to water,implified jointing,!ncreased flexibility 'o
plumbing re(uired.
12.%tate the merits of paper insulated cables.
#igh current carrying capacity ,long life and greater reliability
13.Where polythene cables are used?
$being non$hygroscopic used in cables for submarines and damp soil.
$ being lighter used as aerial cables for vertical installations.
1. %tate the ad(antages of polythene insulators.
They are non$hygroscopic,light in weight,low dielectric constant, low loss factor and low thermal
resistance.
15.)y 'hat materials cable sheaths are made?
)ead sheaths and Aluminium sheaths.
1!.*n 'hat 'ay +l sheaths are superior to lead sheaths?
Al sheaths are smaller in weight,high mechanical strength , greater conducyivity,cheap,easy to
manufacture and install,withstand the re(uired gas pressure without reinforcement.
1".Where ,%+ sheath is used in cables ?
Corrugated seamless aluminium sheath is used in high voltage oil filled cables and telephone lines.
1#.Why it is used?
!t is used because it is very flexible and easily by repeated bending the sheath is not distorted
and it is not damaged.!t has lesser weight and reduced thickness.
1$.Why protecti(e co(ering is done in cables?
To protect the cables from mechanical damage , corrosion and electrolytic action when laid
direct in the ground the protective covering is made.
2&.)y 'hat material protecti(e co(ering is made?
Bitumen *Bitumini"ed materials,pvc and layers of fibrous materials.
21.What is meant by ser(ing of a cable?
)ayers of fibrous material permitted with waterproof compound applied to the exterior of the
cable is called serving of a cable.
22.Why armouring is done in the cables ?
To protect the sheath from mechanical damage.
23.Why armouring is not done in single core cables?
The presence of magnetic material within the alternating magnetic field of a single core cable
produces excessive losses. #ence single core cables are left unarmoured with non$magnetic
materials like tin$bron"e or silicon$bron"e tapes or wires.
2.Why +l is used as an armour material?
!t has non$magnetic properties, high conductivity and mechanical strength.
25.What is meant by grading of cables?
The method of e(uali"ing the stress in the dielectric of the cable is called the grading of
cables.
2!.Mention the methods of cables.
Capacitance grading and intersheath grading.
2".Why the capacitance of the cable is (ery high than the capacitance of the o(erhead lines?
The distance between the conductors are small. The distance between the cores and the
earthed sheath is also small. The permittivity of the cable insulation is + to , times greater than that of
air insulation.
2#.Write the e-pression of the capacitance of a single core cable.

C-(.v - /0123
$$$$$$$$$$$ 4.m
ln/&.r3
2$.What is meant by charging current of a cable?
The capacitance of a cable determines the charging current. The charging current restricts the
use of cables on 5#6 lines. The current carrying capacity of an a.c cable is also reduced by the
charging current.

3&.Why po'er loss occurs in the dielectric of a cable?
$due to conductivity of insulation
$7ielectric hysteresis or dielectric absorption.
$!oni"ation or corona
31. Why all transmission and distribution systems are 3 phase systems?
A + phase a.c circuit using the same si"e conductors as the single phase circuit can carry three
times the power which can be carried by a 8 phase circuit and uses + conductors for the 0 phases
and one conductor for the neutral. Thus a + phase circuit is more economical than a 8 phase circuit in
terms of initial cost as well as the losses. Therefore all transmission and distribution systems are +
phase systems.
32. Why the transmission systems are mostly o(erhead systems?
Because of the cost consideration, the transmission systems are mostly overhead systems.
33.Why all o(erhead lines use +,%. conductors?
AC& conductors comprises of hard drawn aluminium wires stranded around a core of single or
multiple strand galvani"ed steel wire. They provides the necessary conductivity while the steel
provides the necessary mechanical strength. #as less corona loss. The breaking load is high and has
less weight.
3.Why transmission lines are 3 phase 3 'ire circuits 'hile distribution lines are 3 phase
'ire circuits?
A Balanced + phase circuit does not re(uire the neutral conductor, as the instantaneous sum of
the + line currents are "ero. Therefore the transmission lines and feeders are + phase + wire circuits.
The distributors are + phase 9 wire circuits because a neutral wire is necessary to supply the 8 phase
loads of domestic and commercial consumers.
35.Why o(erhead line conductors are in(ariably stranded?

They are stranded to make them flexible during erection and while in service.
3! . %tat the ad(antages of interconnected systems.
Any area fed from one generating station during overload hours can be fed from another
power station and thus reserved capacity re(uired is reduced, reliability of supply is increased and
efficiency is increased.
3". What is a ring distributor?
A ring distributor is a distributor which is arranged to form a closed circuit and is fed at one or
more than one point.
3#. %tate any t'o ad(antages of ring main system.
)ess voltage fluctuations at consumer:s terminals.)ess copper is re(uired as each part of the
ring carries less current than in radial system.
3$. Mention the disad(antages of a 3 'ire system
!n + wire system a third wire is re(uired.The safety is partially reduced.A balancer is re(uired
and therefore cost is increased.
&. What are the ad(antages of a 3 'ire dc distribution system o(er a 2 'ire dc distribution
system?
!f + wire system is used to transmit the same amount of power over the same distance with
same efficiency with same consumer voltage we re(uire ;.+80, times copper as re(uired
in 0 wire system.
1. Mention the differences bet'een 3 'ire and 3 phase 'ire distribution system?
+ phase + wire is employed for balanced loads, but + phase 9 wire is employed for
unbalanced loads.
+ phase + wire is used for transmission but + phase 9 wire is used for distribution of power
to consumers.
2. %tate /el(in0s la'.
The annual expenditure on the variable part of the transmission system should be e(ual to
the annual cost of energy wasted in the conductor used in that system.
3. %tate any t'o limitations of /el(in0s la'.
!t is difficult to estimate accurately the annual charge on the capital outlay. !t does not
give the exact economical si"e of the conductor.
. Define resistance of the transmission line.
!t is defined as the loop resistance per unit length of the line in a single phase system. !n + phase
system it is defined as the resistance per phase.
5. Define inductance of a line.
!t is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the line.!ts unit is henrys per meter.
!. Define capacitance of a line.
!t is defined as shunt capacitance between the two wires per unit line length. !ts unit is
farads per meter.
". What is s/in effect?
The steady current when flowing through the conductor ,does not distribute uniformly,
rather it has the tendency to concentrate near the surface of the conductor. This
phenomenon is called skin effect.
#. Why s/in effect is absent in dc system?
The steady current when flowing through a conductor distributes itself uniformly over the
whole cross section of the conductor.That is why skin effect is absent in dc system.
$. What is the effect of s/in effect on the resistance of the line?
7ue to skin effect the effective area of cross section of the conductor through which
current flow is reduced. #ence the resistance of the line is increased when ac current
is flowing.
5&. 1n 'hat factors the s/in effect depend?
'ature of the material, 7iameter of the wire , 4re(uency and shape of the wire.
51. Define symmetrical spacing.
!n + phase system when the line conductors are e(uidistant from each other then it is
called symmetrical spacing.
52. What is the necessity for a double circuit line?
To reduce the inductance per phase and to increase the efficiency.
53. Mention the factors go(erning the inductance of a line.
&adius of the conductor and the spacing between the conductors.
5. Define a neutral plane.
!t is a plane where electric field intensity and potential is "ero.
55. Define pro-imity effect.
The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a neighbouring
conductor gives rise to a circulating current which cause an apparent increase in the resistance of
the conductor.This phenomenon is called as proximity effect.
5!. What is the effect of pro-imity effect?
!t results in the non uniform distribution of current in the cross section, and the increase of
resistance.
5". What is a composite conductor?
A conductor which operates at high voltages and composed of 0 or more subconductors
and run electrically in parallel are called composite conductors.
5#. What is a bundle conductor?
!t is a conductor made up of 0 or more sub conductors and is used as one phase
conductors.
5$. Mention the ad(antages of using bundled conductors.
&educed reactance, reduced voltage gradient , reduced corona loss .reduced interference
!&. What is corona?
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of o"one gas in an
overhead line is called corona.
!1. Mention the factors affecting corona.
Atmosphere,conductor si"e, spacing between conductors and line voltage.
<0.Define critical disrupti(e (oltage.
!t is defined as the minimum phase voltage at which corona occrus.
!2. Define (isual critical (oltage.
!t is the minimum phase voltage at which corona appears all along the line conductors.
!3. %tate any t'o merits of corona.
&educes the effects of transients produced by surges.ystem performance is improved.
!. 2i(e the t'o demerits of corona.
The transmission efficiency is affected. Corrosion occurs.
!5. Mention the methods of reducing corona effect.
By increasing the conductor si"e and conductor spacing.
!!. Why +,%. conductors are used in lines?
!f the si"e of the conductor is larger corona effects are reduced and reduces the
proximity effect.#ence they are used in lines.
!". Define medium lines.
)ines having length between <; and 8,; km and line voltages between 0; and 8;;kv are
called medium lines.
<=.Define short lines.
)ines having lengths below <;km and voltages below 0;kv are called short lines.
<>.Mention the limitations of end condenser method.
This over estimates the effects of line capacitance.!t is assumed to be
lumped or concentrated.
?;. Mention the demerits of 34D, transmission.
5lectric power cannot be generated at high dc voltages.
The dc voltages cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at high voltages.
The dc switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations.
?8. What are the ad(antages of high (oltage ac transmission.
The power can be generated at high voltages.
The maintenance of ac substation is easy and cheaper.
?0. Mention the disad(antages of high (oltage ac transmission.
An ac line re(uires more copper than a dc line.
The construction of an ac line is more complicated than a dc transmission line.
7ue to skin effect in the ac system the effective resistance of the line is increased.
"3. Mention the limitations of using (ery high transmission (oltage.
The increased cost of insulating the conductor.
The increased cost of transformers ,switch gears and other terminal apparatus.
". Mention the terminal e5uipments necessary in 34D, system.
Converters, mercury arc valves and thyristors.
"5. Define sag of a line.
The difference in level between the points of supports and the lowest point of the
conductor is called as sag.
"!. Mention the factors that affect sag in the transmission line.
@eight of the conductor,length of the span , working tensile strength and the
temperature.
"". What is the reason for the sag in the transmission line?
@hile erecting the line , if the conductors are stretched too much between supports
then there prevails an excessive tension on the line which may break the conductor. !n order
to have safe tension in the conductor a sag in the line is allowed.
"#. Mention the methods of laying the cables.
7irect laying , draw in system and solid system
"$. Mention the ad(antages of direct laying of cables.
!t is simple and cheaper method.!t gives the best conditions for dissipating the heat
generated in the cables.
#&. %tate any 2 disad(antages of direct laying method.
)ocalisation of fault is difficult . !t cannot be used in congested areas where excavation
is inconvenient.
#1. Mention the disad(antages of pressure cables.
The cost of the pressure tube is high.
#2. Mention the types of gas pressure cables6
5xternal and internal pressure cables.
#3. What are the types of oil filled cables?
ingle core conductor channel cables , heath channel cables and + core filler space
channel.
#. What are the types of pressure cables?
Ail filled cables and gas pressure cables.
#5. What is the operating range of pressure cables?
!t is greater than << kv.
#!. What are the ad(antages of %7 cables o(er 38 type cables?
The possibility of core to core breakdown decreases to a large extent.
Bending of cables becomes easy owing to no overall lead sheath.
#". Mention the disad(antages of oil filled cables.
5xpensive , laying and maintenance of cables is (uite complicated.
##. What are the types of screened cables?
# type and ) type cables.
#$. Why the 'or/ing (oltage le(el of belted cables is limited to 22 /(?
!t is limited because beyond 00 kv tangential stresses acting along the layers of paper
insulation set up large current. This current causes local heating resulting in the risk of
breakdown insulation at any moment.
$&. 9p to 'hat (oltage range are belted cables used?
Bp to 88 kv. !n some extra ordinary cases they are used upto even 00 kv.
$1. What are the different types of cables that are generally used for 3 phase ser(ice?
Belted cable , creened cables and pressure cables.
$2. 3o' the capacitance effect is ta/en into account in a long line?
They have sufficient length and operate at voltage higher than 8;; kv the effects of
capacitance cannot be neglected.Therefore inorder to obtain reasonable accuracy in long
lines , the capacitance effects are taken.
$3. Mention the limitations of nominal T and pi methods in the line problems.
Cenerally the capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line. But
for easy calculations the capacitance is concentrated at one or two points .7ue to these
effects there are error in the calculations.
$. What are limitations of end condenser method.
There is considerable error in calculations because the distributed capacitance has
been assumed to be lumped or concentrated.
This method over estimates the effects of the line capacitance.
$5. What is end condenser method?
!t is a method used for obtaining the performance calculations of medium lines. #ere
the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving end.
$!. What is po'er circle diagram?
!t is a diagram drawm for the transmission lines network involving the generali"ed
circuit constants and the sending end and receiving end voltage.
$". What are the (oltage regulating e5uipments used in transmission system?
ynchronous motors, tap changing transformers , series and shunt capacitors
booster transformers , compound generators and induction regulator.
$#. Mention the methods used for (oltage control of lines
Tap changing auto$ transformer, booster transformer , excitation control and induction
regulator.
$$. What is sending end po'er circle diagram?
The circle drawn with sending end true and reactive power as the hori"ontal and vertical
co$ordinates are called sending end power circle diagram.
1&&. What is recei(ing end po'er circle diagram?
The circle drawn with receiving end values are called receiving end power circle diagram.
%/in Effect : ;ro-imity effect of Transmission 7ine
%/in Effect<8
Averhead line carrying the entire cross section across the current fairly constant during
calculation have been separated is taken. 7uring the direct current. The easy Conductor surface is
always higher than the current trend of systems density be. Alternating current induction of outlets,
this is called the skin effect. &esistance conductor due to skin effect and increase contrast reduce
reactance. Af 5lectrical balancing line is loss .
%/in effect and it e-planation< 8
A conductor steady 7irect Current /steady d.c.3 when the flow is balanced across the broad
cross section of the conductor. But if current conductor alternating all sure opened not have central
conductor surface. The skin effect is alternating outlets. This means that /The tendency of alternating
current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect 3.
!t depends on
A. Conductive materialsD $ conductor skin effect depends on the physical criteria.
B. @ire diameter $ the diameter increases with the increase in skin effect.
C. 4re(uencyD $ higher than the level of 4re(uency skin effects.
7. @ire si"eD $ olid conductor wire for the skin effect is less stranded.
The wire diameter E8 cm, and 4re(uency E,; #" when the skin effect is negligible. @ays to
reduce the skin effectD $. Conductor reduced diameter.. 'on$magnetic material, copper is used
instead of the Aluminum. The shape of hollow cylinders or barrels to the conductor.. tranded the
conductor .
;ro-imity effect< 8
%roximity 5ffect of a line of skin$like effects of une(ual current distribution across the wire
cross section is due to occur. kin effects are asleep, the cable is not near any other conductor. But if
both of the two parallel conductive wire that is in the Fagnetic flux between. The effect of remote half$
side flux half$side than wait in line. !f the reverse current is untapped, it increases both wire near the
currant density. An the other hand, if the remote parts of the current density unidirectional current
increases. uch an event /phenomenon3 of the %roximity 5ffect.
That depends onD $
A. Faterial conductor.
B. Conductor diameter.
C. 4re(uency
7. Conductor structure /stranded . olid3.
5. %harmability etc.
!f a line parallel to increase the fre(uency and %harmability it emerged in the %roximity 5ffect.
Conductor spacing, and for increasing its use of the %roximity 5ffect stranded reduce and eliminate
currant.