Tutorial No.

1

1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na
+
and Cl

ions haveelectron
structures that are identical to which two inert gases?

Solution:
The Na+ ion is just a sodium atom (configuration: 2.8.1) that has lost one electron; therefore, it has
an electron configuration the same as neon (configuration: 2.8) (Refer to periodic table, text book
Figure 2.6).

The Cl

ion is a chlorine atom (configuration: 2.8.7) that has acquired one extra electron; therefore,
it has an electron configuration the same as argon (configuration: 2.8.8).

2. Explain why hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride
(HCl) (19.4 vs. -85 C), even though HF has a lower molecular weight.

Solution:
The intermolecular bonding for HF is hydrogen, whereas for HCl, the intermolecular bonding is
van der Waals. Since the hydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals, HF will have a higher
boiling temperature.

3. Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compounds:TiO
2
,
ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl
2
.

Solution:
The percent ionic character is a function of the electron negativities of the ions X
A
and X
B
according to text book Equation 2.10. The electronegativities of the elements are found in text
book Figure 2.7.

For TiO
2
, X
Ti
= 1.5 and X
O
= 3.5, and therefore,



For ZnTe, X
Zn
= 1.6 and X
Te
= 2.1, and therefore,






For CsCl, X
Cs
= 0.7 and X
Cl
= 3.0, and therefore,



For InSb, X
In
= 1.7 and X
Sb
= 1.9, and therefore,



For MgCl
2
, X
Mg
= 1.2 and X
Cl
= 3.0, and therefore,



4. Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327C(600
K). Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.52 eV/atom.

Solution:
In order to compute the fraction of atom sites that are vacant in lead at 600 K, we mustemploy text
book Equation 4.1. As stated in the problem, Q
v
= 0.52 eV/atom. Thus,



= 4.3 x 10
-5

5. Atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most common valence are tabulated in
the following table for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii
areindicated.




Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:
(a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility
(b) A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility
(c) An interstitial solid solution

Solution:
For complete substitutional solubility the following criteria must be met:
i) The difference in atomic radii between Cu and the other element (R%) must be less than
15%.
ii) The crystal structures must be the same.
iii) Theelectronegativities must be similar.
iv) Thevalencesshould be the same, or nearly the same.

Below are tabulated, for the various elements, these criteria.


(a) Ni, Pd, and Pt meet all of the criteria and thus form substitutional solid solutions having
completesolubility. At elevated temperatures Co and Fe experience allotropic transformations to
the FCCcrystal structure, and thus display complete solid solubility at these temperatures.

(b) Ag, Al, Co, Cr, Fe, and Zn form substitutional solid solutions of incomplete solubility. All these
metals have either BCC or HCP crystal structures, and/or the difference between their atomic radii
andthat for Cu are greater than 15%, and/or have a valence different than 2+.

(c) C, H, and O form interstitial solid solutions. These elements have atomic radii that are
significantlysmaller than the atomic radius of Cu.

6. Calculate the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that contains 218.0 kg titanium, 15 kgof
aluminum, and 10 kg of vanadium.

Solution:
The concentration, in weight percent, of an element in an alloy may be computed using amodified
form of text book Equation 4.3. For this alloy, the concentration of titanium (C
Ti
) is just






Similarly, for aluminum



And for vanadium



7. Calculate the unit cell edge length for an 85 wt% Fe15 wt% V alloy. All of the vanadium is
insolid solution, and, at room temperature the crystal structure for this alloy is BCC.

Solution:
It is necessary to employ text book Equation 3.5 (chapter 3); in this expressiondensity and atomic
weight will be averages for the alloy, that is


As the unit cell is cubic, then V
C
= a
3
, hence:


And solving this equation for the unit cell edge length, leads to


Expressions for A
ave
and
ave
are found in text book Equation 4.11a and text book Equation
4.10a, respectively, which,when incorporated into the above expression yields




Since the crystal structure is BCC, the value of n in the above expression is 2 atoms per unitcell.
The atomic weights for Fe and V are 55.85 and 50.94 g/mol, respectively (refer to periodic table
text book Figure 2.6), whereasthe densities for the Fe and V are 7.87 g/cm
3
and 6.10 g/cm
3
(from
the front section of the text book).Substitution of these, as well as the concentration values
stipulated in the problem statement, into theabove equation gives



8. For a solid solution consisting of two elements (designated as 1 and 2), sometimes it is desirable to
determine the number of atoms per cubic centimeter of one element in a solid solution, N
1
, given
the concentration of that element specified in weight percent, C
1
. This computation ispossible using
the following expression:



Where
N
A
= Avogadros number

1
and
2
= densities of the two elements
A
1
= the atomic weight of element 1

Derive the above mentioned equation using text book Equation 4.2 and expressions contained in
text book Section 4.4.

Solution:
This problem asks that we derive the above mentioned equation, using other equations given in the
chapter.The concentration of component 1 in atom percent (C
1
) is just 100C
1
whereC
1
is the atom
fractionof component 1. Furthermore, C
1
is defined as C
1
= N
1
/N where N
1
and N are, respectively,
thenumber of atoms of component 1 and total number of atoms per cubic centimeter. Thus, from
theabove discussion the following holds:



Substitution into this expression of the appropriate form of N from text book Equation 4.2 yields




And, finally, substitution into this equation expressions forC
1
(text book Equation 4.6a),
ave

(text book Equation 4.10a), A
ave
(text book Equation 4.11a), and realizing that C
2
= (100 - C
1
),
and after some algebraic manipulation weobtain the desired expression:



9. For an ASTM grain size of 8, approximately how many grains would there be per square centimeter at:
(a) a magnification of 100,
(b) without any magnification?

Solution:
(a) To compute the number of grains per square centimeter for anASTM grain size of 8 at a
magnification of 100. N intext book Equation 4.16:



(b) It is also necessary to compute the value of N for no magnification. In order to solve
thisproblem it is necessary to use text book Equation 4.17:


whereN
M
= the number of grains per square centimeter at magnification M, and n is the ASTM
grainsize number. Without any magnification, M in the above equation is 1, and therefore,

1
(

)
2
= 19.83 grains/cm
2

N

1
= 198300 grains/cm
2



10. Cite the relative Burgers vectordislocation line orientations for edge, screw, and
mixeddislocations.

Solution:
The Burgers vector and dislocation line are perpendicular for edge dislocations, parallel for screw
dislocations, and neither perpendicular nor parallel for mixed dislocations.