I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front
of the bank by your home.
(O’ ÉçöÀ °æéπ\ bank ´·çü¿’ ã
bike†’ -îª÷-¨»-†’)
Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I
saw the bike too. Really stunning.
(E†o éπü∆? ؈÷ îª÷-¨»†’ bike †’.
î√™« ¶«í∫’çC.
Stunning = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç íÌLÊ° (Åçü¿ç)
Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner?
(ÅüÁ-´-JüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
conversations ™ Åçõ‰ spoken form ™
(Do you) ™«çöÀN ´C-™‰Æ œ know him? ™«çöÀ
questions ¢ËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC Ç bank manager C)
Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account
with the bank. A big account,
(Ç bank ™ Fèπ◊ account Öçü¿-†’-
èπ◊çö«. °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªh-¢Ë’-Ø√?)
rate.. at, price.. for
1) ´’†ç last lesson™ 'The' E
í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊-†o-C: äéπ ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'The'
¢√ú≈™«, -´-ü∆l -
Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊– Ç ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'à-?—/
which? ņo question -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-E -ü∆-EéÀ Ææ´÷-
üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh The ¢√ú≈--L.
a) He bought a book yesterday.
E†oÅûª-úø’ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ-Ø√o-úø’. à °æ¤Ææhéπç– which
book? (éÌØ√oúø’) ÅØË question èπ◊, no
answer. So 'a book' in the sentence.
b) The book there is mine.
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç -Ø√-C. 'à °æ¤Ææhéπç/ which
book?' ÅØË question èπ◊, The book there –
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd.
2) Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÃ
ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ The ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«-
≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. The bank by your home,
the bike, the owner, the bank manager.
Ééπ\úø Oô-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ 'The' ´≤ÚhçC.
áç-ü¿’éπF?É-´-Fo èπÿú≈
´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o
Gowtham, Gambhir Éü¿l-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’
鬕öÀd.
Bank, bike, owner, bank manager v°æ≤ƒh-´-
†çû√ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰– Åçü¿’-éπE.
Pavan: Where are the books?
(Ç °æ¤-Ææh-é¬-™„-éπ\úø?)
Ravi: Can't you see? They are on the
table.
(éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿÷? Ç table O’ü¿’-Ø√o®·.)
Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen?
Ravi: There too. On the table.
(Åéπ\úË. Ç table O’üË)
Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write
(®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ paper àC?)
Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf
there.
(Ç shelf ™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†ç-ûª paper ÖçC)
Ééπ\úø The books, The table, The pen,
The shelf Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ravi, Pavan
v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o books, table, pen, shelf ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÃ
ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢Ë. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\-úøçû√ 'The' -¢√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) O’®Ω’ Q&A QJ{-éπ™ -ã v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-N’Ææ÷h...
''regular
present passive
®Ω-ùí¬ ''A lecturer is appointed by the commit-
tee"
Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo -îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. é¬F äéπ
regular
present passive
™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. Öü∆:
enterprise, the accounts will be classified on
the basis of one key factor. That key factor is
debit and credit.
Debit, Credit
á°æ¤púø÷ ïJÍí °æØË éπü∆. accounts are classified
ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’? ÆæçüË£æ«ç B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.
3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\-úø’çC)
Guide: About 300 kms to the South East
of Hyderabad. On the banks of
the Krishna.
(Hyderabad èπ◊ ØÁj®Ω’A -C-¨¡-™ ,
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 300 kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ%≠æg
äúø’f† -Öç-C)
Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry.
Where is it?
(®√ï-´’çvúÕ í∫’-Jç-* NØ√o†’.
ÅüÁ-éπ\úø -Öç-ô’ç-C?)
Guide: A little distance from
Vijayawada. It is on the
Godavari. Where are you com-
ing from?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úøèπ◊ éÌçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™. íÓü∆-´J
äúø’f†. O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-†’ç-* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the
Arabian sea are really grand. How
far is
Vijayawada
from the Bay
of Bengal?
(íÓ¢√ †’ç*.
Åéπ\úÕ ÅÍ®-Gߪ÷
Ææ´·-vü¿ -B®√-©’
-áç-ûÓ -Åç-ü¿çí¬ M. SURESAN
-Ö-Ø√o®·. Nï-ߪ’-
¢√úø Bay of Bengal †’ç*
áçûªü¿÷®Ωç?)
Guide: About 40 kms
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
To the Southeast, The Krishna, The
Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of
Bengal. Åçõ‰ †ü¿’© Ê°®Ωx´·çü¿’, Ææ-´·-vü∆-© Ê°®Ωx-
´·ç-ü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ the ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Å™«Íí Cèπ◊\©-†’
Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ (to the southeast) ¢√úøû√ç.
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
1) Ram: Ééπ\úø library áéπ\úø?
Raghu: éÌClí¬ Öûªh®Ωç -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}, áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤
A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. library éπ-E°œÆæ’hçC.
Ram: -Ç library °ü¿l-üËØ√? (Is ûÓ begin
îËߪ÷L)
Raghu: GLfçí˚ *†oüË. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ´÷vûªç ¶™„-
úø’-Ø√o®·.
2) Pranav: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\úø?
Prakash: Ææ´·vü¿B®√-EéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 40 km
ü¿÷®√† ÖçC.
Pranav: éπ%-≠æg °-ü¿l -†-üË-Ø√?
Prakash: î√-™« °ü¿l †C. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™ E 12 °ü¿l
†ü¿’™x ÅC äéπöÀ.
ANSWERS:
1) Ram: Where is the library here?
Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn
(to the) left. You see the library.
Ram: Is the library big/ a big one?
Raghu: The building is small, but the
books are many.
í¬ ™‰ü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJÍí actions †’
™ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-
text book
™
í¬ ™‰ü∆ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ïJÍí actions †’
simple future passive
™ í¬éπ
"In every business
îª÷¨»-®Ω’í¬ ¢√é¬uEo. ' ë«û√-©†’
Å稻© Çüµ∆-®Ωç-í¬ØË ´K_-éπ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’— . ÉC
2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada?
Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast.
(Ééπ\úø about = ü∆ü∆°æ¤, off =
ü¿÷®√† ÅØË prepositions ¢√úøéπç
í∫÷ú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river?
Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of
the twelve major rivers in India.






-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 49
Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much
did you buy them for?
(Ñ ´÷N’úÕ°æ-ç-úø’x ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ᙫ éÌØ√o¢˛?)
Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these
for Rs. 160/-. There was a better
variety, but the price I felt was too
high. I was not prepared to buy them
at that price.
(Dozen 80 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-© -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌ-Ø√o.-
O-öÀéÀ 160 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC. Éçûª-éπØ√o
´’ç*-®Ωéπç ÖçC. é¬F Ø√èπ◊ üµ¿®Ω ´’K
áèπ◊\´ -ÅE-°œç-*çC. Åçûª üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ éÌØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†’)
Ééπ\úø 'at' 'for' prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
îª÷ü∆lç. Rate ´·çü¿’ ã dozen üµ¿®Ó, ã éÀ™ üµ¿®Ó,
ã O’ô®Ω’ üµ¿®Ó Å®·ûË at ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Ñ Gߪ’uç éÀ™  20 ®Ω÷. -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌØ√o
I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg.
2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300
a metre.
(-Ç-¢Á’ -vúÁÆˇ -¢Á’-öÃ-J-ߪ’-™¸ O’ô®˝ 300 ®Ω÷. îÌ°æ¤p†
éÌ-†oC)
When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80
a dozen, (´’†ç dozen 80®Ω÷. v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç)
Åçõ‰, ÅC Rate. 鬕öÀd ü∆E-´·çü¿’ at. Ñ
N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç áEo °æ∞¡Ÿx éÌØ√oç,
¢Á·ûªhç üµ¿®Ω áçûª Å®·çD -ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
He bought these mangoes for Rs.200
Ñ °æç-úø’x ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.200 °öÀd-éÌ-Ø√o†’.
(ÉC price; rate é¬ü¿’, 鬕öÀd for)
Ñ •≤ƒh Gߪ’uç 1600 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC
I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-
2) éÀçC situation ™ ¢√é¬u-Eo present passive ™
Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«, perfect passive ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«?
-à-C éπÈ®é˙d?
Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided
by means of a input device like mouse, or key board"
(Input device -™„j-† éö®Ω’f, ´’¯Æˇ-©ûÓ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ü¿û√hç-¨»-Eo
"input"
Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-ú≈Eo Åçö«®Ω’). ûÁ©’í∫’ v°æ鬮Ωç ¢√éπuç-™E
'data'
Å®Ωnç îª÷ÊÆh ' éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ O’èπ◊ †’ ÅçCç-*† ûª®√y-ûË
"A computer accepts
éπü∆ ÅC Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îËC. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀ-™-
data which has been provided by means of input
device like a mouse or key board" ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a?
-ï-¢√-•’:
– Ç®˝.-á-Æˇ.-´’-Ê£«≠ˇ, ņç-ûª-°æ¤®Ωç
1) Ééπ\úø The accounts are classified
ņ--úø¢Ë’ correct, will be classified ÅØËC
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
(ÉC èπÿú≈ price, rate é¬ü¿’. Rate á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ
unit ߪ‚Eö¸ üµ¿®Ω ´÷vûª¢Ë’.)
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
Vinai: Ñ É©’x O’ ≤Òçûª-¢Ë’Ø√?
(Do ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
Vijai: Å´¤†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿-ô 11
©éπ~-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’.
Vinai: Éçöx curtains ÅFo ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç cur-
tain í∫’úøf áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’? ÅFo äéπ í∫’úøf-
´·éπ\™‰Ø√?
Vijai: Å´¤†’. O’ô®Ω’ ®Ω÷.320 v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç.
¢Á·ûªhç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
Vinai: Ñ chairs ?
Vijai: Ñ chairs, Ç sofa, Ç table ÅFo-éπ-L°œ
12000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
ANSWER:
Vinai: Do you own this house ?
Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh
two years ago.
Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How
much did you buy the curtain cloth
for? Are all of them the pieces of the
same cloth?
Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre.
We bought the whole cloth for about
Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us
about Rs.4500)
Vinai: What about these chairs?
Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa,
that (the) table - we bought all of them
together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost
us Rs.12000/-)
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Vocabulary items îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡}-úøç = go to a movie/ film/ picture.
2) ¶µï-†ç-™«çöÀN ´úÕfç-îª-úøç
serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner
3) öé’, 鬰∂‘-©-™«çöÀN ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x-éÀ-´y-úøç
offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat
(èπÿîÓ-´’E -îÁ°æp-úøç)
4) Åûª†’ coffee Éî√aúø’ é¬E ؈’ BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.
5) ØË-†ûª-EéÀ coffee É*aØ√ Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç ´©x
BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
I offered him coffee, but because he was
angry with me, he refused it/ to take it.
refuse= A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îª-úøç, ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç
6) Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-úøç = accept
ØËE-*a† 鬆’éπ Åûª†’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’
He did not accept my gift
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åûª†’ 鬆’-éπ©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jçîªúø’
(BÆæ’éÓúø’)
He doesn't (does not) accept gifts.
not accept = reject
He rejected my gift =
He did not accept my gift.
future ™ ïJÍí °æEE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
2) Which is provided ÅØËC correct. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷
ïJ-Íí-üËçöÀ..? Mouse, keyboard ™«çöÀ input
devices data †’ ÅçC-≤ƒh®·. ü∆EE computer
BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’çC. O’J-*a† sentence †’ È®çúø’í¬
Núø-íÌ-ôdçúÕ. Å°æ¤úË´’´¤-ûª’çC?
1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard pro-
vides the data.
2) The computer accepts it. É°æ¤púø’ sentence no.1
passive í¬ ´÷Ja È®çúÕç-öÀ-E éπL°œûË is provides
éπÈ®é˙d ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. äéπ ´÷ô. data,
´÷´‚-©’í¬ plural. Computer °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ ´÷vûªç
singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√®Ω’.