Thermal Properties

Thermal Properties
How does a material respond to heat?
How do ceramics, metals, and polymers rank
in terms of their thermal properties?
Recall
Conduction Convection Radiation
heat flow
through
SOLIDS
Recall
Conduction Convection Radiation
EM waves, if
absorbed, can
cause a material
to heat up
Conduction Convection Radiation
How do we prevent
the heating up of
materials that are
always exposed to
radiation?
Recall
Diagram of the spectrum a LED lamp (blue), a CFL (green) and an Incandescent
(purple) superimposed the solar spectrum (yellow). Note that the energy used by
each lamp is at least the area underneath its curve.
http://www.except.nl/en/#.en.articles.92-led-artificial-light-guide
Recall
- Must be designed to reflect a wide range of EM waves
http://www.except.nl/en/#.en.articles.92-led-artificial-light-guide
3 % UV
44 % Visible Light
53% IR
Recall
- Must be designed to reflect a wide range of EM waves
- Does the color matter?
For the reflection of VISIBLE LIGHT
3 % UV
44 % Visible Light
53% IR
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
y558aoplZSc/UQ8LVLlR4XI/AAAAAAAAAEs/o_yeSgT9oEs/s320/IMG_3388.JPG
- Must be designed to reflect a wide range of EM waves
- Does the color matter?
For the reflection of VISIBLE LIGHT
- must be very good reflectors of InfraRed waves
3 % UV
44 % Visible Light
53% IR
http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sb/Aug-
2004/colored_materials.jpg
) T T (
L
L L
initial final
initial
initial final
=

Thermal Property: Thermal Expansion

Materials change size when heated.
coefficient of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/C)
T
init
T
final
L
final
L
init
Increase in dimension
occurs due to an
increase in bond
length
Thermal Property: Thermal Expansion
Will a material expand uniformly in all directions?
IT DEPENDS ON THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Some materials have - in one dimension and -
+ in others.
BIMETALLIC STRIPS
A strip formed of two
dissimilar metals with
different temperature
coefficients of
expansion welded
together
Thermal Expansion: Application
Thermal Expansion: Application
What about ceramics?
Expansion joints
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint
Thermal Expansion: Application
Heatwave in Melbourne (2009)
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/4360255/Heatwave-in-
Melbourne-plays-havoc-with-the-Australian-Open.html
Thermal Expansion: Application
Sagging of electrical lines
http://www.hydroone.com/OurCommitment/Environment/Pages/Vegetation.aspx
Thermal Expansion: Application
Do all materials expand when heated?
Near freezing temperatures, water will contract when
heated, then expand again after reaching 4
o
C
Source: Conceptual Physics (9
th
edition) by Paul Hewitt
Thermal Expansion: Application
http://biology200.gsu.edu/houghton/2107%20%2713/lecture15.html
Thermal Expansion: Application
Ponds and lakes freeze only on top
Source: Conceptual Physics (9
th
edition) by Paul Hewitt
Thermal Expansion: Application
Consider Composite Assemblies
Thermal Expansion: Application


generally decrease
with increasing
bond energy
Polypropylene 145-180
Polyethylene 106-198
Polystyrene 90-150
Teflon 126-216
Polymers
at room Temp.
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 13.5
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
) 7.6
Soda-lime glass 9
Silica (cryst. SiO
2
) 0.4
Metals
Aluminum 23.6
Steel 12
Tungsten 4.5
Gold 14.2

(10
-6
/K)
Material
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.
Thermal Property: Thermal Expansion
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb thermal energy from the
external surrounding
The energy required to increase the temperature of the
material.
Specific heat
- represents the heat capacity per unit mass
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb thermal energy from the
external surrounding
The energy required to increase the temperature of the
material.
heat capacity
(J/mol-C)
energy input (J/mol)
temperature change (K)
dT
dQ
C =
A lot of heat to produce a
temperature change
High heat
capacity
Low heat
capacity
Little amount of heat to produce a
temperature change
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
Which will take more time to heat up?
Assuming equal sources of heat and equal masses of material
A lot of heat to produce a
temperature change
High heat
capacity
Low heat
capacity
Little amount of heat to produce a
temperature change
Which will take more time to cool down?
Assuming equal sources of heat and equal masses of material
- Crust: ~1590 J/kg-C
- Filling: ~ 4100 J/kg-C
http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/product_nutrition.dessertstreats.108.apple-pie.html
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
Which has a bigger heat capacity?
How is thermal energy stored?
as atomic vibrations (Phonons )
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
For Non-magnetic insulators
How is thermal energy stored?
By movement of Conduction Electrons in metals
& semiconductors.
The magnetic ordering in magnetic materials
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
https://www.brisbanehotairballooning.com.au/faqs/exam-help/140-sea-land-breezes.html
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
https://www.brisbanehotairballooning.com.au/faqs/exam-help/140-sea-land-breezes.html
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

c
p
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.
Polymers
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polystyrene
Teflon
c
p
(J/kg-K)
at room T
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO)
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
)
Glass
Metals
Aluminum
Steel
Tungsten
Gold
1925
1850
1170
1050
900
486
138
128
material
940
775
840
Thermal Property: Heat Capacity
Specific heat
Thermal Property: Thermal Conductivity
Chair Parts Test
The metal feels cold and the wood feels warm.
Metal is a good conductor and conducts the heat away from
your hands, so it feels cold.
Wood is not a good conductor and does not conduct the heat
away from your hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels
warmer than the metal.
dx
dT
k q =
Definition: The ability of a material to conduct heat.
Quantitative:
temperature
gradient
thermal conductivity (J/m-K-s)
heat flux
(J/m
2
-s)
T
2
> T
1
T
1
x
1
x
2
heat flux
Thermal Property: Thermal Conductivity
Fouriers Law
Thermal Conduction a consequence of the kinetic
behavior of matter
Hot end
Cold end
heat
Molecules at the hot end of a rod vibrate faster and faster as the
temperature increases. When these molecules collide with their less
energetic neighbors, some kinetic energy is transferred to them. Through
such molecular collisions, energy travels down the rod.
Thermal Property: Thermal Conductivity
Heat flows through material, atoms dont!
In an insulator:
adjacent atoms jiggle one another
atoms do work, yielding microscopic exchanges of
energy (typically slow)
In a conductor,
mobile electrons carry heat
heat flows quickly, over long distances via mobile
electrons
Thermal Property: Thermal Conductivity
How do jackets keep you warm?
http://flyinstyledaily.blogspot.com/2011/06/animo-la-salle-100-years-of-la-sallian.html
Air is a good
insulator!
Take note
that it is heat
that flows,
not cold
Thermal Conductivity: Application
Charlie forgot to take the chicken out of the freezer last night!
Will his plan to defrost the chicken in time for lunch work?
Thermal Conductivity: Application
http://www.swanshurst.org/documents/none/22199__2._heat_loss_and_insulation_v2.0.ppt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg
Heat Sinks
Thermal Conductivity: Application
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

k
Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50
Polystyrene 0.13
Teflon 0.25
By vibration/
rotation of chain
molecules
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
) 39
Soda-lime glass 1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO
2
) 1.4
By vibration of
atoms
Metals
Aluminum 247
Steel 52
Tungsten 178
Gold 315
By vibration of
atoms and
motion of
electrons
k (W/m-K) Energy Transfer Material
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.
Thermal Property: Thermal Conductivity
Space Shuttle Orbiter
Silica tiles (400-1260C):
--large scale application --microstructure:
Fig. 19.2W, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.2W adapted from L.J.
Korb, C.A. Morant, R.M. Calland, and C.S. Thatcher, "The
Shuttle Orbiter Thermal Protection System", Ceramic
Bulletin, No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 1189.)
Fig. 19.3W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 19.3W courtesy the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.)
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 219.4W courtesy
Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics
Systems, Sunnyvale, CA.)
reinf C-C
(1650C)
Re-entry T
Distribution
silica tiles
(400-1260C)
nylon felt, silicon rubber
coating (400C)
~90% porosity!
Si fibers
bonded to one
another during
heat treatment.
100m
Chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 23, Callister 5e
(courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.)
Thermal Protection System
Thermal Protection System
References
Callister, William Jr. (2005) Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction (7thEd.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Askeland, Donald R. and Phule, PradeepP., (2006) The Science and
Engineering of Materials , Thomson
http://www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~bengu/chem201/FinalCourseNotes/ch19+
erman.ppt
Unviersity Physics by Young and Freedman
Thermal Properties. PowerPoint Presentation by Michelle Natividad
(2009)
Lecture 3 Thermal Properties. PowerPoint Presentation by Shaira Narido
(2013)
Thermal. PowerPoint Presentation by Ronald De los Reyes (2008)
http://education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/states_of_matter.ppt
http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~alpay/Courses/MSE%204001/Thermal%20Pr
operties.ppt
For SCIMATP Term 3 AY 2014-2015
GBC