Engineering considerations,

calculation procedures and formula

Index :
Chapter 1 THERMAL FADE MAR!" CALC#LAT!$"
Thermal fade margin for BER 10-3 and 10-6:
wv oxi TOT TX f
a a a THR P a
6 , 3 6 , 3
(1.1)
where:
a
f3,6
[dB] Thermal Fade Margin 10
-3
and 10
-6
P
TX
[dBm] Transmit power P
nom!
"
T#$
3,6
[dBm] Threshold 10
-3
and 10
-6
a
T%T
[dB] Total atten&ation
a
o'i
[dB] %'igen a(sorption )li*e Pathloss+
a
w,
[dB] -ater ,apor a(sorption )li*e Pathloss+
* In cae of a!"oma"ic #ower con"rol ($T%&)' %T()%max' i.e. "he maxim!m #h*ical #ower which
can differ from "he nominal #ower of "he "ranmi""er.
The "o"al a""en!a"ion i de"ermined a follow:
(1.+)
a
0
.a
FT%T
.a
/T%T
-)0
TX
.0
$X
+ -itho&t repeater )1!1!1+

a
0
.a
01
.a
01
.a
FT%T
.a
/T%T
-)0
TX
.0
$X
.0
$
+ -ith passi,e repeater
with mirror
)1!1!1+

a
T%T
'
a
T%T1
.a
T%T1
-ith passi,e repeater
(a2* to (a2*
)1!1!3+
1
antennas ""

a
T%T1
.a
T%T1
-0
a
-ith a2ti,e repeater
with gain""
)1!1!3+

"" a
T%T1
4a
T%T1
2al2&lated a22ording to )1!1!1+
,here:
a
0
, a
01
, a
01
[dB] Free spa2e loss ) 1!3+
a
FT%T
[dB] Total feeder atten&ation )1!3+
a
/T%T
[dB] Total additional atten&ation )1!5+
0
TX
, 0
$X
[dB] /ntenna gain TX and $X side
0
$
[dB] 0ain of the mirror
0
a
[dB] 6ffe2ti,e gain of the a2ti,e repeater
-"andard form!la for free #ace lo .e"ween io"ro#ic radia"or:
d f a
10 10 0
log 20 log 20 4 . 92 + +
(1.3)
where:
d [*m] #op length
f [0#7] $adio (and 2enter fre8&en29
2
0
[m:s] ;elo2it9 of light
To"al feeder a""en!a"ion i calc!la"ed a:
2
2
100
1
1
100
100 100
FfixSt
St
F
F
St
FfixSt
F
F FTOT
a
a
l a
a
l a + + +

(1./)
where:
lF [m] Feeder length
a
F100
[dB] Feeder atten&ation per 100 m length
a
Ffi'
[dB] Fi'ed feeder atten&ation
The "o"al addi"ional a""en!a"ion i de"ermined a follow:
a
$T0T
)a
$T(
1a
$R(
1a
$2
(1.3)
where:
a
/TX,$X
[dB] Bran2hing loss, filter loss, other loss
a
/F
[dB] /dditional atten&ation (9 o(str&2tion )<3:3+
1
Chapter % #"A&A!L!'!L!T( CALC#LAT!$" D#E T$ RA!"
%)1 * Calculation in alternate pattern configuration
The non-a4aila.ili"* d!e "o rain de#end on "he a4aila.le fade margin and "he rain in"eni"* area.
Thi calc!la"ion "ar" wi"h "he ex#ec"ed occ!rrence of "he a""en!a"ion a" 0.01 5 ($
0'01
) of "ime.
$
0'01
)R*d
eff
(+.1)
where:
/
0,01
[dB] /dditional atten&ation at 0!01= of the time 2a&sed (9
rain!

$
[dB:*m]
>pe2ifi2 atten&ation depending on rain rate and
polarisation! )1!1+
?
eff
[*m]
6ffe2ti,e path length for rain )1!3+
The effec"i4e ho# leng"h and "he #ecific a""en!a"ion are calc!la"ed a follow:

01 . 0
R
R

(li6e %a"hlo) (+.+)
d
d
d d
ef

+ 1
0
/
(+.3)
3
( ) d R
0 0 01
35 0 015 exp .
.
where:
d [*m] #op length
d
0
[*m] $eferen2e length

[1] @oeffi2ient

[1] @oeffi2ient
$
0,01
[mm:h] $ain rate in 0!01= of an9 9ear )for $
0,01
A100 mm:h &se
the ,al&e 100 mm:h in pla2e of $
0,01
+

'

<

+
+
) , ( 30 07 . 0
) 4 . 2 (
) , ( 30 12 . 0
) log 139 . 0 855 . 0 (
01 . 0
) log 043 . 0 546 . 0 (
01 . 0
10
10
S N LAT p
A
a
S N LAT p
A
a
r
r
p
r
fDEG
p
r
fDEG
where:
p
r
[=] Bon a,aila(ilit9 d&e to rain for an9 9ear
a
f?60
[dB] Flat fading margin ) 1!5+
a
f7E8
)af -T9R
7E8
(+.3)
where:
af [dB] Thermal fade margin )1!1+
T#$
?60
[dB] Threshold degradation d&e to interferen2e
The "ime #ercen"age (#r) i calcola"ed in (+.6) "ranforming "he form!la (+./)
(+.6)

'

<

+
S) (N, 30 Lat 10
S) (N, 30 Lat 10
139 . 0 2
07 . 0
log 139 . 0 4 855 . 0 855 . 0
043 . 0 2
12 . 0
log 043 . 0 4 546 . 0 546 . 0
01 . 0
10
2
1 .
10
2
A
a
A
a
r
fDEG
o o
fDEG
p
:o"e : The calc!la"ion of "he non-a4aila.ili"* d!e "o rain ho!ld no" .e !ed for
non-a4aila.ili"ie maller "han 10-35 ( ) 3 min!"e #er *ear). 2or de"ail ee IT;-R Rec. 330-<.
2orm!la for "he calc!la"ion of "he non-a4aila.ili"* d!e "o rain in "he wor" mon"h (Rec. IT;-R
%.</1):
3 . 0 *
15 . 1
r rw
p p
where:
prw [=] non-a,aila(ilit9 (9 rain in the worst month
3
%)% * Calculation in co*channel configuration +see also chapter ,-
If co-channel i !ed' "he de#olari=a"ion d!e "o rain m!" .e "a6en in"o acco!n"> in"ene rain go4ern
"he red!c"ion in (%7 o.er4ed for mall #ercen"age of "ime. 2ollowing i "he "e# .* "e#
#roced!re.
-"e# 1:
(%7
R$I:
);(f)-?(f)log10af
7E8
(+.@)
,here:
;(f));
0
130log10 f (;
0
)13 dB)
?(f))1+.< f
0!1C
for fA89=B +0 89=
?(f))++.6 for fA89=B C +0 89=
af
7E8
2la" fade margin (+.3)
-"e# +:
(+.<)

'

+ + +
+

'

+ +

,
_

+

,
_

+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

XPIC
XPIC NO
I
C
XPIF XPD XPIF XPD XPIF XPD
XPD
XPD XPD XPD
coch
RAIN GTX GRX
xpi
RAIN GRX GTX
10 10 10
10
10
10 10 10
10
0
10 10 10 10 log 10
2 10 10 10 log 10
The +dB gain in cae of co-channel - o#era"ion wi"ho!" (%I& come from "he no" 8a!ian
#ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar ignal.
In cae of (%I& "he a.o4e men"ioned non 8a!ian #ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar ignal i
incl!ded in "he (%I&-gain.
,here:
D
2o2h
[dBm] Dnterfering power generated (9 the 2rosspolar signal
XP?
$/DB
[dB] $ain depolari7ation )1!E+
XP?
'pi
[dB] @rosspolar dis2rimination of the XPD@ F itself )from
data(ase+
XPDF [dB] Dmpro,ement of the XPD@ )from data(ase+
XP?
0
[dB] Man&fa2t&rerGs
g&aranteed minim&m
XP?
-"e# 3:
&
0
DI
coch
i iner"ed in eE!a"ion (+.F)

,
_

+

10 10 0
0
inter
0
10 10 log 10
coch
I
C
I
C
TOT
I
C
(+.F)
where:
@
0
:D
inter
[dB] @arrier to interferen2e ratio generating threshold
degradation T#$
?60
5
-"e# /:
&alc!la"e new "hrehold degrada"ion d!e "o &
0
DI
T0T

,
_

,
_

10
10
0
10 1 log 10
TOT
I
C
N
C
DEGTOT
THR
(+.10)
where:
@:B [dB] @riti2al 2arrier to noise ratio at sele2ted B6$
-"e# 3:
The "hrehold degrada"ion calc!la"ed in (+.10) i !ed "o o."ain "he new fla" fade margin:
af
7E8T0T
)af -T9R
7E8T0T
(+.11)
where:
af [dB] Thermal fade margin )1!1+
T#$
?60T%T
[dB] Threshold degradation )1!10+
Chapter . $#TAE /RED!CT!$" FLAT FAD!"
-"e# 1 :
The calc!la"ion of "he #ercen"age of o!"age "ime in "he wor" mon"h d!e "o m!l"i#a"h "ar" wi"h "he
following form!la:
100 * 10 *
10
0
fDEG
a
w
P p

A5B (3.1)
wi"h:
pw [=] Per2entage of time that the fade depth e'2eeds the fade
margin af in the worst month
P0 [1] ?eep fade o22&rren2e fa2tor
af
?60
[dB] Flat fade margin degradated (9 interferen2e
0cc!rrence fac"or %0:
( )
4 . 1
89 . 0 6 . 3
0
1

+
p
f Kd P
(3.+)
6
where:
< 0eo2limati2 fa2tor )$e2! DTH-$ P!530-I+
d Path length in *m
f Fre8&en29 in 0#7
J
p
Path in2lination in milliradians
-"e# +:
In cae of cochannel config!ra"ion' "he effec" of m!l"i#a"h #ro#aga"ion and "he cro-#olari=a"ion
#a""ern of "he an"enna go4ern "he red!c"ion in (%7 occ!rring for mall #ercen"age of "ime. The
effec" of "hi #henomenon i "o degrade "he "hrehold. To com#!"e "hi degrada"ion "he following
#roced!re ho!ld .e !ed.
&om#!"e:

'

>
+

35 40
35 5
0
G
G G
XPD
XPD XPD
XPD
where (%7
8
i "he man!fac"!rerG g!aran"eed minim!m (%7 a" .oreigh" for .o"h "he "rami""ing
and recei4ing an"enna (from an"ennaG da"a.ae).
E4al!a"e m!l"i#a"h ac"i4i"* fac"or:
75 . 0
0
) ( 2 . 0
1
P

(3.3)
where %0 i "he occ!rrence fac"or (3.+)
&om#!"e:

,
_

0
10
log 10
P
!
"
XP

(3./)
where:

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

antennas tras!it t"o 10 * 4 exp 3 . 0 1
antenna tras!it one 7 . 0
2
6

t
XP
#
!
st [m] ;erti2al separation (etween antennas
K [m] -a,elength
7eri4e "he #arame"er &:
&)(%7
0
1H (3.3)
&om#!"e "he "hrehold degrada"ion d!e "o (%7 red!c"ion:
(3.6)
E

'

+ + +
+

'

+ +

,
_

,
_

+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

XPIC
XPIC NO
I
C
XPIF a C
XPIF XPD XPIF XPD
XPD
a C
XPD XPD
coch
DEGf
GTX GRX
xpi
fDEG
GRX GTX
10
10 10
10
10
10
10 10
10
0
10 10 10 10 log 10
2 10 10 10 log 10
The +dB gain in cae of co-channel - o#era"ion wi"ho!" (%I& come from "he non 8a!ian
#ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar.
In cae of (%I& "he a.o4e men"ioned non 8a!ian #ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar ignal i
incl!ded in "he (%I&-gain.
,here:
D
2o2h
[dBm] Dnterfering power generated (9 the 2rosspolar signal
@ [dB] /simptoti2 XP? ,al&e )1!6+
XP?
'pi
[dB] @rosspolar dis2rimination of the XPD@ F itself )from
data(ase+
XPDF [dB] Dmpro,ement of the XPD@ )from data(ase+
XP?
0
[dB] Man&fa2t&rerGs
g&aranteed minim&m
XP? )from antennasG
data(ase+
af
?60
[dB] Thermal fade margin
degradated (9
interferen2es from other
trasmitters
-"e# 3:
&
0
DI
coch
i iner"ed in eE!a"ion (3.@)

,
_

+

10 10 0
0
inter
0
10 10 log 10
coch
I
C
I
C
TOT
I
C
(3.@)
where:
@
0
:D
inter
[dB] @arrier to interferen2e ratio generating threshold
degradation T#$
?60
-"e# /:
&alc!la"e "hrehold degrada"ion d!e "o &DI
T0T
.

,
_

,
_

10
10
0 0
10 1 log 10
TOT
I
C
N
C
DEGTOT
THR
(3.<)
I
,here:
@
0
:B [dB] @riti2al 2arrier to noise ratio at sele2ted B6$
-"e# 3:
&alc!la"e "he #ercen"age of "ime #w fade de#"h exceed margin.
(3.F)
af
?60
af-T#$
?60T%T
[dB] ?egradated flat fade margin

100 * 10 *
10 #
0
fDEG
a
w
P p

A5B (3.10)
Chapter 0 * $#TAE /RED!CT!$" * 1ELECT!&E FAD!"
The o!"age #ro.a.ili"* i here defined a "he #ro.a.ili"* "ha" BER exceed a gi4en "hrehold.
-elec"i4e o!"age #ro.a.ili"* i com#!"ed "ar"ing from:
( )
( )
2 2
3
2
2
10 * 1
2

,
_

+

r
$ N
#
% % &
P
where:
20
10 1
1
N
'
N
%

20
10 1
$
'
$
%


C
)0.@*7D30

1
)0./F*7D30
B
B
[dB] Bon minim&m phase signat&re depth
B
M
[dB] Minim&m phase signat&re depth
- [M#7] >ignat&re width
[1] Minim&m phase to non minim&m phase e,ents ratio
)t9pi2al ,al&e 1+
M&ltipath a2ti,it9 fa2tor )3!3+

r
[ns] $eferen2e dela9 )t9pi2al ,al&e 6!3ns+
[ns] Mean ,al&e of the e2ho dela9 time

1
[ns
1
] >tandard de,iation of dela9 time
? [*m] Path length
Chapter 2 * D!&ER1!T( !M/R$&EME"T
There are e4eral di4eri"* "echniE!e (#ace di4eri"*' freE!enc* di4eri"*I) each one gi4ing an
im#ro4emen" "o "he lin6 #erformance.
The o!"age #ro.a.ili"* of "he #ro"ec"ed ho# re!l" in:
%
d
(a))%
(a)D
I
,here:
P
d)a+
[1] %&tage pro(a(ilit9 in di,ersit9 2onfig&ration
P
)a+
[1] %&tage pro(a(ilit9 in &nprote2ted 2onfig&ration
a [dB] Fade margin
D [1] Dmpro,ement d&e to di,ersit9
10
2)1 * 1pace di3ersit4
-"e# 1:
&alc!la"e "he non-elec"i4e im#ro4emen":
( ) [ ]
( ) 10 #
04 . 1
0
48 . 0 12 . 0 87 . 0 4
10 10 34 . 3 exp 1
co(% fDEG
I G a
)#
P d f S I
+


(3.1)
where:
P0 [1] ?eep fade o22&rren2e fa2tor
L0 [dB] M01-01M differen2e of antenna gain
af
?60
[dB] Flat fade margin
> [m] ;erti2al separation )2entre to 2entre+ of re2ei,ing
antenna
f [0#7] Fre8&en29
d [*m] Path length
D
2om(
[dB] 0ain of &sed 2om(iner )from data(ase+
-"e# +:
&alc!la"e "he E!are of "he non-elec"i4e correla"ion coefficien"' 6
n
' from:

)# )#
)#
P I
!

1
2
(3.+)
where:
Dns [1] Bon-sele2ti,e impro,ement )5!1+
Pns [1] Pro(a(ilit9 of non-sele2ti,e o&tage
N [1] M&ltipath a2ti,it9 fa2tor )3!3+
-"e# 3:
&alc!la"e "he E!are of "he elec"i4e correla"ion coefficien"' 6' from:
( )
( )
( )

'

>
<

0.9628 r $or 1 3957 . 0 1
9628 . 0 r 0.5 $or 1 195 . 0 1
0.5 r $or 8238 . 0
"
5136 . 0
"
1 log 13 . 0 109 . 0
"
2 10
w
r
w #
r
r !
w
(3.3)
where: (3./)
( )
( )

'

>

26 . 0 % $or 1 6921 . 0 1
26 . 0 % $or 1 9746 . 0 1
2
ns
034 . 1
2
2
ns
170 . 2
2
)#
)#
w
!
!
r
-"e# /:
&alc!la"e "he non-elec"i4e o!"age #ro.a.ili"*' %dn' from:
11
%dn)%
n
DI
n
(3.3)
,here %
n
)#wD100 i "he non-#ro"ec"ed o!"age #ro.a.ili"* (3.1).
-"e# 3:
&alc!la"e "he elec"i4e o!"age #ro.a.ili"*' %
d
' from:
( )
( )
2
2
1
#
#
co(% #
d#
!
L P
P

(3.6)
where % i "he non #ro"ec"ed o!"age #ro.a.ili"* and J
com.
i "he igna"!re red!c"ion fac"or (from
da"a.ae).
-"e# 6:
&alc!la"e "he "o"al o!"age #ro.a.ili"*' %d' a follow:
%d)(%
dn
0!E5
1%
d
0!E5
)
1!33
(3.@)
:.B. : %d i "he #ro.a.ili"* and no" "he #ercen"age of "ime.
2)% Fre5uenc4 di3ersit4
The me"hod gi4en i a##lica.le "o a 111 *"em. Em#lo* "he ame #roced!re a for #ace di4eri"*'
.!" in -"e# 1 !e:
10 #
10
80
fDEG
a
)#
f
f
fd
I

,
_

(3.<)
where:
Lf [0#7] Fre8&en29 separation )if LfA0!5 &se 0!5+
f [0#7] @arrrier fre8&en29
af
?60
[dB] Flat fade margin
In :11 config!ra"ion an eE!i4alen" channel #acing i !ed:
...
3
2
2
1
+

+


N N
N
N f
f
*
(3.F)
,here Lf i "he minim!m di"ance from "he c!rren" channel and "he #ro"ec"ion one.
2). 1pace and fre5uenc4 di3ersit4
-"e# 1:
&alc!la"e "he non elec"i4e im#ro4emen".
11
:on-elec"i4e im#ro4emen" i "he !m of "he "wo im#ro4emen":
In)I
n'
1I
n'f
(3.10)
,here:
D
ns,s
[1] Bon sele2ti,e impro,ement d&e to spa2e di,ersit9
D
ns,f
[1] Bon sele2ti,e impro,ement d&e to fre8&en29 di,ersit9
-"e# +:
&alc!la"e "he E!are of "he non elec"i4e correla"ion coefficien"' 6
n:
6
n
)6
n'
*6
n'f
(3.11)
where:
*
ns,s
Bon sele2ti,e 2orrelation 2oeffi2ient 2omp&ted for spa2e
di,ersit9
*
ns,f
Bon sele2ti,e 2orrelation 2oefi2ient 2omp&ted for fre8&en29
di,ersit9
-elec"i4e im#ro4emen" i com#!"ed following "he #ace di4eri"* #roced!re "ar"ing wi"h "he 4al!e
of "he non elec"i4e correla"ion coefficien" calc!la"ed in (3.11).
2)0 * H46rid di3ersit4
9*.rid di4eri"* i a #ar"ic!lar "hree an"enna config!ra"ion !ed in"ead of "he !!al fo!r an"enna
config!ra"ion "o ol4e #ar"ic!lar ho# where "he #ace di4eri"* i conidered necear*' .!" no"
eno!gh #ace i a4aila.le in one "a"ion "o in"all f!ll #ace di4eri"*.
Thi config!ra"ion i a##lica.le "o 111 config!ra"ion onl*.
The ame #roced!re of "he f!ll #ace and freE!enc* di4eri"* ho!ld .e !ed> "he onl* difference i
"ha" no com.iner i !ed and "herefore "he com.iner im#ro4emen" i no" a##lica.le (I
com.
)0 and
J
com.
)1 in (3.1) and (3.6)). The com#!"ed im#ro4emen" will .e !ed in .o"h R( "a"ion.
Chapter , #T!L!7AT!$" $F THE C$*CHA""EL
C$"F!#RAT!$" !" C$"E1TED RAD!$ "ET8$R91
,)1 * !ntroduction
&o-&hannel config!ra"ion' i.e. "he "ranmiion of differen" ignal !ing onl* one freE!enc* and
"wo #olari=a"ion' i a conolida"ed "echniE!e !ed ince more "han "en *ear wi"ho!" maKor
#ro.lem.
Thi #ar"ic!lar config!ra"ion wa in"rod!ced in order "o do!.le "he efficienc* of 9igh &a#aci"*
7igi"al Radio Jin6 !ed in Tr!n6 :e"wor6.
To co!n"erac" "he (%7 degrada"ion ca!ed .* "he m!l"i#a"h ac"i4i"*' a #ecial de4ice named (%I&
13
(&ro %olari=a"ion In"erference &anceller) wa de4elo#ed and in"rod!ced in"o "he R( eE!i#men".
(%I& i an eE!ali=er a.le "o reco4er #ar"iall* "he (%7 degrada"ion allowing an o#era"ion in
m!l"i#a"h condi"ion wi"h onl* mall degrada"ion.
The o#ening of new .and ("he o called Lmillime"ric .andM) ha #ro4ided new #ec"r!m "o ol4e
"he #reen"l* main cenario of Radio !"ili=a"ion' "ha" i "he dene local ne"wor6 o#era"ing mainl* a"
lowDmedi!m ca#aci"*.
$ a ma""er of fac" "he #ec"r!m i a limi"ed reo!rce and "he n!m.er of "he new 0#era"or "oge"her
wi"h "he increae of "he reE!ired ca#aci"* i leading "o !"ili=a"ion of "he millime"ric .and differen"
from "he "radi"ional one.
The high ca#aci"* (-TN1) i now freE!en"l* !ed alo in "hee local ne"wor6 and ome"ime i" i
reE!ired a &o-&hannel arrangemen" in order "o ol4e #ar"ic!lar #ro.lem of nodal conge"ion or
ne"wor6 .o""lenec6.
-ince "he #reen"l* a4aila.le eE!i#men" o#era"ing a" "hee freE!encie (.o"h lowDmedi!m and high
ca#aci"*) do no" ma6e #ro4iion for "he !e of an* (%I& de4ice' "he degrada"ion in"rod!ced .* "he
(%7 (&ro %olari=a"ion 7eco!#ling) de#olari=a"ion m!" .e "a6en in"o acco!n".
,)% * Mechanisms of :/D degradation
Bo"h clear air and rain cenario in"rod!ce (%7 degrada"ion. The mechanim are differen"' .!"
"he re!l" can .e een a "hrehold degrada"ion' exac"l* li6e "he effec" of in"er and in"ra *"em
in"erference.
-ince "he "wo cenario will infl!ence differen" #erformance "r!c"!re' a defined in "he rele4an"
IT; Recommenda"ion' i" i .e""er "o examine e#ara"el* mechanim and effec".
6.+.1 O &lear air condi"ion
The ignal recei4ed !nder m!l"i#a"h condi"ion can .e a##roxima"ed a "he com.ina"ion among "he
main ignal and 4ario! ignal origina"ed .* "he reflec"ion of "he main ignal i"elf o4er
a"mo#heric la*er. The reflec"ed ignal' en"ering in "he R( an"enna no" #erfec"l* on "he axi of
"he main lo.e' .!" hif"ed in angle according "o "he #oi"ion of "he la*er re#oni.le of "heir
#reence' will crea"e com#onen" on "he o"her #olari=a"ion.
I" wa mea!red "ha" .o"h
9ori=on"al and ?er"ical main
ignal !ffer
im!l"aneo!l* of
fla" a""en!a"ion (e4en if
of differen" magni"!de)' whil"
"he cro #olari=ed
com#onen" remain con"an".
Tha" lead "o a decreaing of
"he &DI following a /3P
lo#e a in "he following
fig!re.

13
,here "he fading de#"h can .e o."ained .* !."rac"ing "he 4al!e hown on ( axi from "he nominal
R( #ower and "he reid!al (%7 (&DI) i hown on "he Q one.
2or exam#le' conidering a nominal R( 4al!e of a.o!" O 33 dBm' a fading of 33 dB will .ring "o an
R( #ower of O @0 dBm wi"h a &DI red!ced "o a.o!" 10D13 dB.
The ma"hema"ical model o."ained from 4ario! "e" "a6e in"o acco!n" "hi .eha4ior "ar"ing from
"he nominal charac"eri"ic of "he an"enna.
The calc!la"ion #roced!re i hown hereaf"er.
6.+.1.1 - &alc!la"ion #roced!re
In cae of cochannel config!ra"ion' "he effec" of m!l"i#a"h #ro#aga"ion and "he cro-#olari=a"ion
#a""ern of "he an"enna go4ern "he red!c"ion in (%7 occ!rring for mall #ercen"age of "ime. The
effec" of "hi #henomenon i "o degrade "he "hrehold. To com#!"e "hi degrada"ion "he following
#roced!re (in line wi"h "he #roced!re recommended .* IT;-R %.330) ho!ld .e !ed.
-"e# 1 :
&om#!"e (%7
0
:

'

>
+

35 40
35 5
0
G
G G
XPD
XPD XPD
XPD
where (%7
8
i "he man!fac"!rerG g!aran"eed minim!m (%7 a" .oreigh" for .o"h "he "rami""ing
and recei4ing an"enna (from an"enna ca"alog!e).
-"e# + :
E4al!a"e m!l"i#a"h ac"i4i"* fac"or:
75 . 0
0
) ( 2 . 0
1
P

where %0 i "he occ!rrence fac"or
&om#!"e:

,
_

0
10
log 10
P
!
"
XP

where:
15

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

antennas tras!it t"o 10 * 4 exp 3 . 0 1
antenna tras!it one 7 . 0
2
6

t
XP
#
!
st [m] ;erti2al separation (etween antennas
[m] -a,elength
7eri4e "he a*m#"o"ic 4al!e of (%7 L#arame"er &M :
&)(%701H
-"e# 3 :
&om#!"e "he "hrehold degrada"ion d!e "o (%7 red!c"ion:

'

+ + +
+

'

+ +

,
_

,
_

+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

XPIC
XPIC NO
I
C
XPIF a C
XPIF XPD XPIF XPD
XPD
a C
XPD XPD
coch
DEGf
GTX GRX
xpi
fDEG
GRX GTX
10
10 10
10
10
10
10 10
10
0
10 10 10 10 log 10
2 10 10 10 log 10
The +dB gain in cae of co-channel - o#era"ion wi"ho!" (%I& come from "he no" 8a!ian
#ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar ignal.
In cae of (%I& "he effec" of "he a.o4e men"ioned non 8a!ian #ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering
cro#olar ignal i incl!ded in "he (%I&-gain. ((%I2)
,here:
D
2o2h
[dBm] Dnterfering power generated (9 the 2rosspolar signal
@ [dB] /simptoti2 XP? ,al&e
XP?
'pi
[dB] @rosspolar dis2rimination of the XPD@ F itself )from
data(ase+
XPDF [dB] Dmpro,ement of the XPD@ )from data(ase+
XP?
0
[dB] Man&fa2t&rerGs
g&aranteed minim&m
XP? )from antennasG
data(ase+
af
?60
[dB] Thermal fade margin
degradated (9
interferen2es from other
trasmitters
&
0
DI
coch
i iner"ed in eE!a"ion
16

,
_

+

10 10 0
0
inter
0
10 10 log 10
coch
I
C
I
C
TOT
I
C
where:
@
0
:D
inter
[dB] @arrier to interferen2e ratio generating threshold
degradation T#$
?60
The 4al!e of "he degraded "hrehold T9R
7E8
re!l" from "he in"erference "!d* carried o!" "a6ing
in"o acco!n" "he o4erall in"erference i"!a"ion of "he ne"wor6.
-"e# / :
&alc!la"e "hrehold degrada"ion d!e "o &DI
T0T.

,
_

,
_

10
10
0 0
10 1 log 10
TOT
I
C
N
C
DEGTOT
THR
,here:
@
0
:B [dB] @riti2al 2arrier to noise ratio at sele2ted B6$

I" i clear' from "he a.o4e #roced!re' "ha" "he degrada"ion in"rod!ced .* "he &o-&hannel o#era"ion
i "rea"ed exac"l* a an* o"her degrada"ion origina"ed .* ex"ernal in"erference. The o4erall effec"
will .e a red!c"ion of "he maxim!m ho# leng"h' ince' in a.ence of (%I& de4ice' "he degrada"ion
can a!me 4er* high 4al!e.
7!e "o "he hea4* degrada"ion in"rod!ced .* &o-&hannel o#era"ion wi"ho!" (%I&' "he effec" of "he
elec"i4e #ar" of "he fading can .e reaona.l* neglec"ed.
6.+.+ - Rainfall condi"ion
In"ene rainfall' in addi"ion "o "he well-6nown #henomenon of a""en!a"ion' in"rod!ce degrada"ion
d!e "o (%7 red!c"ion.
The reaon of !ch an (%7 de#olari=a"ion lie in "he a*mme"r* of "he rain dro# ro"a"ing "he "wo
#olari=a"ion d!e "o reflec"ion and ca""ering "he wa4e energ* on "he dro# !rface.
The effec" of "he (%7 red!c"ion i exac"l* "he ame of "he red!c"ion ca!ed .* m!l"i#a"h and "he
o."ained 2ade Nargin degrada"ion will decreae "he $4aila.ili"* of "he radio lin6.
The calc!la"ion #roced!re i in #rinci#le imilar "o "ha" followed "o an"ici#a"e "he effec" of "he
m!l"i#a"h.
The (%7' red!ced .* "he in"ene rain' ac" li6e an in"ernal &DI and will .e added "o "he &DI 4al!e
calc!la"ed conidering "he whole in"erference cenario. There i a f!r"her com#lica"ion d!e "o "he
fac" "ha" "he "wo #olari=a"ion re#ond in a differen" wa* !nder hea4* rain condi"ion. I" deri4e "ha"
"he calc!la"ed &DI m!" .e red!ced of "he differen"ial fading ind!ced .* "he rain on "he "wo
#olari=a"ion.
1E
To o."ain "he !na4aila.ili"* degraded .* "he co-channel o#era"ion' "he 9 #olari=a"ion i conidered
a main ignal in order "o calc!la"e "he wor" cae. (Thi will .e "he limi"ing fac"or for "he ho#
dimenioning)
$no"her #ro.lem i ca!ed .* "he 4aria"ion of "he in"erference con"ri.!"ion 4er! "he 4aria"ion of
"he main ignal. In "he #re4io! cae (ro"a"ion d!e "o m!l"i#a"h reflec"ion) "he 4al!e of &DI i
4aria.le following "he /3 degree law decri.ed .efore> con4erel* "he ro"a"ion ca!ed .* rain
follow a E!ai-con"an" &DI law.
I" deri4e "ha" an i"era"i4e calc!la"ion i needed in order "o a##roach "he ac"!al 4al!e of "he reid!al
2ade Nargin.

6.+.+.1 - &alc!la"ion #roced!re
If co-channel i !ed' "he de#olari=a"ion d!e "o rain m!" .e "a6en in"o acco!n"> in"ene rain
go4ern "he red!c"ion in (%7 o.er4ed for mall #ercen"age of "ime. 2ollowing i "he "e# .* "e#
#roced!re.
-"e# 1 :
&alc!la"e "he reid!al (%7 degraded .* a rainfall re#oni.le of an a""en!a"ion eE!al "o "he
a4aila.le 2ade Nargin
(%7
R$I:
);(f)-?(f)log10af
,here:
;(f));0130log10 f (;0)13 dB)
?(f))1+.< f0.1F for fA89=BR+0 89=
?(f))++.6 for fA89=BC+0 89=
af 2la" fade margin
Thi 4al!e m!" .e red!ced .* "he differen"ial fading ca!ed .* "he rain on "he "wo #olari=a"ion.
To calc!la"e "hi 4al!e "he #roced!re i :
&alc!la"e "he !na4aila.ili"* in 9 %ol. from "he a4aila.le 2ade Nargin
B* re4ering "he form!la (ee &ha#"er + - L&alc!la"ion of ;na4aila.ili"* d!e "o rainM)' calc!la"e "he
fading ex#ec"ed for "he ame "ime on "he ? %ol.
The difference (? %ol. will .e le effec"ed "han 9 %ol.) will .e !."rac"ed from "he (%7rain
calc!la"ed a.o4e "o com#!"e "he effec"i4e (%7rain.
-"e# + :
&alc!la"e "he &DI ra"io of "he (%7 com#onen" red!ced .* "he rainfall

'

+ + +
+

'

+ +

,
_

+

,
_

+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

XPIC
XPIC NO
I
C
XPIF XPD XPIF XPD XPIF XPD
XPD
XPD XPD XPD
coch
RAIN GTX GRX
xpi
RAIN GRX GTX
10 10 10
10
10
10 10 10
10
0
10 10 10 10 log 10
2 10 10 10 log 10
The +dB gain in cae of co-channel - o#era"ion wi"ho!" (%I& come from "he no" 8a!ian
1I
#ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering cro#olar ignal.
In cae of (%I&' "he effec" of "he a.o4e men"ioned non 8a!ian #ro#er"ie of "he in"erfering
cro#olar ignal i incl!ded in "he (%I&-gain.
,here:
D
2o2h
[dBm] Dnterfering power generated (9 the 2rosspolar signal
XP?
$/DB
[dB] $ain depolari7ation
XP?
'pi
[dB] @rosspolar dis2rimination of the XPD@ F itself )from
data(ase+
XPDF [dB] Dmpro,ement of the XPD@ )from data(ase+
XP?
0
[dB] Man&fa2t&rerGs
g&aranteed minim&m
XP?
-"e# 3 :
The noie ca!ed .* "he co-channel in"erference and .* ex"ernal in"erference (if an*) m!" .e
added "o "he "hermal one in order "o o."ain "he 4al!e of -D: degraded .* "he com.ina"ion of "he
in"ernal (cochannel) and "he ex"ernal in"erference.

,
_

+ +

10 10 10
.
. int .
0 0
10 10 10 log 10
xt coch
I
C
I
C
N
S
D+
N
S
where:
@
0
:D
e't!inter
[dB] @arrier to interferen2e ratio 2a&sed (9 e'ternal
interferen2es!
The 4al!e of "he o."ained -D: will .e' of co!re' wore "han "he "hermal 4al!e and "he
corre#onding 4al!e of BER will .e coneE!en"l* higher "han "he o.Kec"i4e.
To main"ain "he BER o.Kec"i4e i" i necear* "o increae "he recei4ed le4el a" lea" of "he
difference .e"ween "he calc!la"ed -D:deg. and "he original one.
Thi difference will ha4e a direc" infl!ence on "he 2ade Nargin' which will .e degraded
coneE!en"l*.
Therefore a new calc!la"ion "e# i necear*' where :
The reid!al (%7 m!" .e recalc!la"ed a #er "e# 1) !ing "he new fade Nargin. The (%7 4al!e
will re!l" in a higher 4al!e
Recalc!la"e "he &DI
coch
a #er "e# +)
&alc!la"e "he new 4al!e of &DI ex".in". Thi calc!la"ion i necear* .eca!e "he le4el of ex"ernal
in"erference are conidered coner4a"i4el* fixed. The new &DI ex".in". will .e "he !m of "he
#re4io! one #l! "he increae of "he recei4ed ignal calc!la"ed .efore.
Recalc!la"e "he -D: deg. and re#ea" "he loo# !n"il "he -D: reach a 4al!e cloe "o "he wan"ed one ("he
o.Kec"i4e -D: corre#onding "o "he reE!ired BER)
6.3 - &oncl!ion
B* follo4ing "he a.o4e #roced!re' "he following fig!re can .e calc!la"ed :
%erformance of a gi4en ho# in no in"erference condi"ion' !nder ex"ernal in"erference and in cae
1C
of co-channel o#era"ion .o"h in L!na4aila.ili"*M and in LE!ali"*M cenario.
The maxim!m ho# leng"h "o remain inide a gi4en H!ali"* and ;na4aila.ili"* 0.Kec"i4e
$ i" i clear from "he re!l"' "he co-channel o#era"ion wi"ho!" an* (%I& de4ice red!ce
drama"icall* "he relia.ili"* of a radio lin6 e#eciall* a" low freE!enc* (e.g.@ 89=)' where m!l"i#a"h
i "he dominan" ca!e of im#airmen".
I" m!" .e no"ed "ha" "he me"hod !ed "o an"ici#a"e "he (%7 red!c"ion .o"h in clear air and in
rainfall condi"ion come from "a"i"ical conidera"ion and' mainl* "he rain #roced!re' i .aed on
4er* 4aria.le #henomena. I" i "herefore highl* recommended "o "a6e a##ro#ria"e margin d!ring
"he defini"ion of "he maxim!m #oi.le leng"h.
Chapter ; !"TERFERE"CE CALC#LAT!$" /R$CED#RE
In cae of a well engineered Radio :e"wor6 (i.e. a.ence of high-low 4iola"ion)' "hree main "*#e of
in"erference mechanim can .e indi4id!a"ed :
:o" correla"ed in"erference
%ar"iall* correla"ed in"erference
&orrela"ed in"erference
The "!d* of "he "hree i"em follow differen" #roced!re and !ef!l im#lifica"ion are !!all*
#oi.le.
;)1 * "ot correlated interferences
Thi fir" cae re#reen" "he normal in"erference cae and ha##en when "he fading ac"i4i"* on "he
,an"ed ho# (&) i no" correla"ed wi"h "he In"erfering one (I).
:ormall* "hi cae rela"e "o wan"ed ignal following differen" ho# in re#ec" "o "he in"erfering
one' .!" can .e a##lied alo "o ignal following "he ame #a"h .!" Ldi"an"M in "erm of #ro.a.ili"*
of fading im!l"anei"* (i.e. & and I 4er* far in freE!enc*).
10
7!e "o "he #h*ical charac"eri"ic of "he 4er* dee# fading conidered in "he m!l"i#a"h anal*i' a
reali"ic a!m#"ion i "o conider "ha" onl* one fading exi" a" in"an" "
0
in "he area and'
coner4a"i4el*' ini" on "he wan"ed ho#' whil" "he in"erfering one o#era"e a" f!ll #ower.
Thi cenario i normall* conidered in an* in"erference calc!la"ion #roced!re and re#reen" "he
mo" common ca!e of "hrehold degrada"ion.
I" i normal #rac"ice no" "o conider in "he calc!la"ion "he in"erference ca!ed .* a channel 4er* far
in freE!enc* ince "he :27 #ro"ec"ion a!me !ch an high 4al!e d!e "o "he re#one of "he R(
fil"er ("o"al elec"i4i"*) "ha" "he in"erference le4el i !!all* negligi.le.
:ormall* "he :27 a" "wo or "hree channel di"ance i o high "o allow no" "o conider "he cae.
In concl!ion onl* "he #a"iall* !ncorrela"ed in"erference m!" .e "a6en in"o acco!n"' re!l"ing in a
fir" im#lifica"ion of "he #roced!re.
In cae of o#era"ion wi"h Radio -*"em ha4ing "he $T%& f!nc"ion' "he ac"i4a"ion of "he f!nc"ion
#ermi" "o highl* red!ce "he effec" of "he in"erference.
-ince "he a!m#"ion i "o ha4e "he dee# fading on "he wan"ed ho# and no fading on "he in"erfering
one' "he T( am#lifier of "he ,an"ed ho# are in high #ower condi"ion' whil" "he one of "he
in"erfering ho# o#era"e a" low #ower' in"rod!cing an im#ro4emen" in "erm of &DI eE!al "o "he $T%&
range.
$ f!r"her conidera"ion m!" .e done "a6ing in"o acco!n" "he ca!e of fading.
I" i well 6nown "ha" .o"h clear air #henomena and a"mo#heric #reci#i"a"ion can lead "o o!"age
#eriod. The fading de#"h ind!ced .* m!l"i#a"h and rain can re!l" in "he ame amo!n" of
a""en!a"ion' .!" "he "ime d!ra"ion and "he #a"ial ex"enion of "he #henomena are 4er* differen".
N!l"i#a"h #rod!ce 4er* dee# fading 4er* hor" in "ime and wi"h 4er* high #a"ial decorrela"ion
whil" rain i alo ca!e of dee# fading .!" wi"h differen" "ime 4aria.ili"* and ex"ended o4er wide
io-a""en!a"ion area (few 6m).
Therefore "he a.o4e conidera"ion on "he in"erference mechanim' 4alid for clear air en4ironmen"'
m!" .e re4ied in cae of o#era"ion a" freE!encie where "he rain #henomena are no longer
negligi.le.

$
B
C
7
$
,an"ed
In"erference,
or
$ B
,an"ed ) 2
1

In"erfer. ) 2
+
CCC 2
1
11
The claic in"erference cae co!ld .e "rea"ed exac"l* a in "he clear air condi"ion. 0f co!re .*
red!cing "he angle .e"ween "he "wo direc"ion lead "o a gra* area where "he no" correla"ed
coner4a"i4e a##roach .ecome "oo m!ch coner4a"i4e ( ince a dee# rain area ex"end o4er ome
E!are 6m and "herefore .o"h wan"ed and in"erference ignal !ffer of "he ame a""en!a"ion).
Re!l" from 4ario! field "rial are ma6ing "he .ae of a f!"!re recommended #roced!re' .!"
#reen"l* relia.le me"hod "o "a6e in"o acco!n" "he im#ro4emen" effec" of "he rain ind!ced
correla"ion do no" exi".
$ reaona.le #roced!re i "o follow "he coner4a"i4e calc!la"ion and "o K!dge cae .* cae'
e4en"!all* .* forcing from o!"ide o"her fig!re in"ead of "he re!l" coming from "he a!"oma"ic
in"erference calc!la"ion #roced!re.
&on4erel* "he econd cae of in"erference (i.e. "he effec" of an in"erfering channel far from "he
wan"ed one) i 4er* clear : "he in"erference doe no" exi" a" all ince "he rain #henomenon co4er a
.and !!all* wider "han "he freE!enc* .and !ed and all "he channel !ffer of "he ame a""en!a"ion.
;)% * /artiall4 correlated interferences
,hen ,an"ed and In"erfering ignal follow "he ame ro!"e' differen" degree of correla"ion can .e
indi4id!a"ed.
The correla"ion fac"or can 4ar* from 1 when .o"h ignal o#era"e on "he ame freE!enc* and "he
an"enna in B and & are a" "he ame ele4a"ion "o o"her 4al!e de#enden" on freE!enc* di"ance and
ele4a"ion.
$
B
7
$
,an"ed
In"erference,
B
or
$
B
C
7
$
,an"ed
In"erference,
,an"ed ) 2
1

In"erfer. ) 2
+
C 2
1
B
7G
11
There are .aicall* "hree differen" a##roache "o conider "hi "*#e of in"erference when "he
m!l"i#a"h #henomenon i conidered.
1. &oner4a"i4e a##roach O "he in"erference i "rea"ed exac"l* a "he cae a)
+. 0#"imi"ic a##roach O The in"erference i no" conidered a" all
3. Reali"ic a##roach O The in"erference i conidered a "he cae a)' .!" a cer"ain L#ro"ec"ionM
i ar.i"raril* added "o "he in"erference.
The i"em 3) ho!ld .e logicall* #referred' .!" "he defini"ion of "he L#ro"ec"ionM E!an"i"* (10 dB or
more or ome"hing ele S) i no" eail* achie4a.le ince no da"a are a4aila.le from "he li"era"!re.
In an* cae an* a!"oma"ic #roced!re ho!ld a##l* "hi fig!re onl* "o "he in"erference o#era"ing on
"he ame freE!enc* of "he wan"ed ignal and onl* when "he heigh" of "he "wo Tx an"enna (B and &)
are a##roxima"el* "he ame.
2or "hi reaon "he a##roach 1) (coner4a"i4e a##roach) ho!ld .e choen.
In cae of a!"oma"ic calc!la"ion' #ar"ic!lar a""en"ion ho!ld .e #aid "o "he re!l". If "hi in"erference
go4ern "he degrada"ion of "he "hrehold' a cae .* cae deciion "o conider or no" "he cae i
reE!ired.

To "hi famil* of #ar"iall* correla"ed in"erference .elong alo "he effec" of a non-adKacen" channel
#aced "wo or "hree channel o#era"ing on "he ame ho# of "he wan"ed ignal. $gain' a in "he
#re4io! #oin"' "he 4al!e of :27 i normall* !fficien"l* high "o allow "he im#lifica"ion "o no"
conider "he cae.
,hen a"mo#heric #henomena li6e rain are conidered' "he a.o4e im#lifica"ion i no longer 4alid
and a differen" a##roach ho!ld .e ad4ia.le.
There are no reaon "o follow "he coner4a"i4e a##roach' ince rain normall* ex"end o4er an area
of few 6m.
C
,an"ed ) 2
1

In"erfer. ) 2
+
C 2
1 $
$
B
C
7
$
,an"ed
In"erference,
,an"ed ) 2
1

In"erfer. ) 2
+
C 2
1 $ B
or
13
2or !re In"erference and ,an"ed ignal !ffer im!l"aneo!l* of "he ame amo!n" of a""en!a"ion.
Therefore "o follow "he !ncorrela"ed a##roach can lead "o o4er coner4a"i4e re!l" wi"ho!" an*
#h*ical K!"ifica"ion.
$n a!"oma"ic #roced!re ho!ld .e a.le "o recogni=e "hee cae and no" "o conider "hem when rain
calc!la"ion #roced!re i in #rogre.
;). * Full4 correlated interferences
2ollowing "he a.o4e "a"emen"' %oin" c) ho!ld .e regarded a a #ar"ic!lar cae of #oin" .) and "he
a.o4e conidera"ion are 4alid.
$c"!all* one i"!a"ion i differen" from "he a.o4e . I" i "he cae of in"erference ca!ed .* "he ame
channel in differen" #olari=a"ion or "he adKacen" channel in "he ame or in "he cro #olari=a"ion on
"he ame radio ho#.
I" wa #ro4en "ha" "he correla"ion i almo" com#le"e and "herefore ano"her im#lifica"ion i
#ermi""ed.
@.3.1 - &o-channel in"erference
Bo"h ignal ex#erience "he ame a""en!a"ion .!" "he (%7 4al!e degrade according "o "he de#"h of
"he #henomenon.
The red!c"ion of (%7' following well-6nown law' in"rod!ce an in"erference and a coneE!en"
"hrehold degrada"ion. Thi worening ho!ld .e conidered "oge"her wi"h o"her degrada"ion
ca!ed .* in"erference "o com#!"e "he o4erall degrada"ion.
@.3.+ - $dKacen" channel in"erference
The di"ance of "he adKacen" channel (normall* /0 N9= max.) i no" eno!gh "o com#le"el* de-
correla"e "he fading on .o"h channel. The a##lica"ion of "he form!la "o calc!la"e "he im#ro4emen"
d!e "o a freE!enc* di4eri"* config!ra"ion wi"h L2)/0 N9= lead "o a correla"ion fac"or !!all*
higher "han 0.FF.
&onidering alo a normal 4al!e of :27 a" "he adKacen" channel ( aro!nd +0D30 dB)' I" will .e
reaona.le no" "o conider "hi cae of in"erference.
;)0 * Conclusion
The effec" of an* adKacen" channel in "he ame radio ho# of "he wan"ed one can .e neglec"ed.
The effec" of "he co-channel ignal on "he o##oi"e #olari=a"ion m!" .e "a6en in"o acco!n"
following "he #roced!re Lcochannel in"erferenceM
The effec" of #!re !n-correla"ed in"erference (cae a) m!" .e conidered following "he "radi"ional
#roced!re
13
The effec" of L!n-correla"ed "*#eM in"erference in rain en4ironmen" m!" .e conidered in
#rinci#le following "he "radi"ional #roced!re. %ar"ic!lar cae (e.g. low angle .e"ween direc"ion)
m!" .e conidered cae .* cae.
The effec" of #ar"iall* correla"ed in"erference will .e conidered coner4a"i4el* li6e "he !n-
correla"ed one in m!l"i#a"h en4ironmen"' whil" will .e neglec"ed in non clear air i"!a"ion.

Chapter < C$"1!DERAT!$"1 $" A"TE""A D!AMETER A"D
T(/E T$ 'E #1ED D#R!" RAD!$ H$/ E"!"EER!"
<)1 * Ma=imum antenna diameter
7!ring "he #roce of Radio 9o# engineering' "he increae of "he an"enna diame"er re#reen" one
of "he mo" effec"i4e wa* "o increae "he 2la" 2ade Nargin.
-ince $n"enna &a"alog!e incl!de a grea" 4arie"* of diame"er' i" co!ld a##ear "ha" a com#le"e
freedom exi" in "he choice of "he diame"er.
$ a ma""er of fac" o"her limi"ing fac"or are #reen" and "hee fac"or are #rac"ical one' rela"ed "o
"he in"alla"ion and "he o#era"ion of "he Radio *"em.
Thee fac"or are mainl* :
$.ol!"e dimenion' weigh" and "ower re"ric"ion
$iming o#era"ion
Effec" of 4aria"ion of "he refrac"i4e index (T 4aria"ion).
The fir" #oin" (%oin" a) i "raigh"forward. The i"!a"ion .ecome wore in cae of !"ili=a"ion of an
exi"ing "ower' .!" i" i e4iden" "ha" higher diame"er will lead "o economic and "r!c"!re con"rain"
alo in cae of new con"r!c"ion.
%oin" .) reE!ire ome dee#er anal*i.
The aiming o#era"ion i "he mo" im#or"an" and eni"i4e ac"i4i"* "o .e carried o!" .efore "he
15
.ringing in"o er4ice of "he radio ho#. 7e#ending on an"enna diame"er' freE!enc* and #a"h leng"h'
"hi o#era"ion co!ld .ecome 4er* com#lica"ed' reE!iring "ime and #ar"ic!lar 6ill.
The #ro.lem i "ha" "he main lo.e of "he #ara.olic an"enna i narrow and' mainl* o4er long ho#'
"he alignmen" co!ld re#reen" a c!m.erome ac"i4i"*' ince mall a#er"!re mean diffic!l" ini"ial
aiming and' of co!re' no refinemen" are #oi.le if "he recei4ed ignal i o!"ide "he eni.ili"* of
"he ado#"ed in"r!men"a"ion.
The dimenion of "he main lo.e (normall* defined a "he 3 dB a#er"!re O 9%B,) de#end on "he
diame"er and on "he freE!enc* in an in4ere corre#ondence.
In "he a""ached Ta.le 1 "he 9%B, i hown a f!nc"ion of .o"h #arame"er.
I" i clear "ha" 7iame"er ha no" an La.ol!"eM meaning' in "erm of lo.e a#er"!re. $ rela"i4el* mall
an"enna o#era"ing a" high freE!encie co!ld ex#erience more aiming #ro.lem "han a .ig an"enna
o#era"ing a" lower freE!encie.
8enerall* #ea6ing all "he com.ina"ion diam. 4 freE. leading "o 9%B, cloe "o 0.3 degree
ho!ld .e a4oided.
0nl* in-field ac"i4i"* can #ro4ide "he necear* eni"i4i"* "o "he #ro.lem. %eo#le who ha4e #aed
da* "r*ing "o align / m an"enna a" < 89= on long ho# d!ring fading ac"i4i"* #eriod will ne4er
#lan rela"i4el* hor" ho# (13D+0 6m) a" 13 89= wi"h 3 m an"enna (corre#onding "o a.o!" <m a" <
89= U)' whil" *o!ng engineer co!ld foc! onl* "o "he a.ol!"e dimenion of "he an"enna forge""ing
all "he rela"ed conidera"ion U
16
Fre5uenc4 3s) Diameter
0!00
10!00
10!00
30!00
30!00
Diameter +m-
F
r
e
5
u
e
n
c
4

+

H
>
-
#PB- 0!5 degrees
#PB- 0!6 degrees
Fre5uenc4 3s) Diameter
0!00
10!00
10!00
30!00
30!00
Diameter +m-
F
r
e
5
u
e
n
c
4

+

H
>
-
#PB- 0!5 degrees
#PB- 0!6 degrees
1E

%oin" c) - 7efoc!ing

%)?? 5!E5 5!1E 3!31 3!35 1!EC 1!5C 1!10
0)?? 1!IE 1!5C 1!15 1!E1 1!30 1!1C 1!10
2)?? 1!30 1!0E 1!E1 1!3I 1!11 1!03 0!II
,)?? 1!C1 1!E1 1!33 1!15 0!C3 0!I6 0!E3
;)?? 1!63 1!3I 1!13 0!CI 0!I0 0!E3 0!63
<)?? 1!33 1!1C 1!0I 0!I6 0!E0 0!65 0!55
1?)?? 1!E1 1!15 1!03 0!I6 0!6C 0!56 0!51 0!33
11)?? 1!5E 1!03 0!C3 0!EI 0!63 0!51 0!3E 0!30
1.)?? 1!65 1!33 0!II 0!I0 0!66 0!53 0!33 0!30 0!33
10)?? 1!36 1!13 0!I1 0!E3 0!61 0!3C 0!30 0!3E 0!31
12)?? 3!60 1!30 1!15 0!EE 0!6C 0!5E 0!36 0!3E 0!33 0!1C
1<)?? 3!I3 1!C1 0!C6 0!63 0!5E 0!3I 0!3I 0!31 0!1C 0!13
%.)?? 3!50 3!00 1!50 0!E5 0!50 0!35 0!3E 0!30 0!13 0!11 0!1C
%,)?? 3!CI 1!65 1!33 0!66 0!33 0!30 0!33 0!1E 0!11 0!10 0!1E
%@)?? 3!5E 1!3I 1!1C 0!5C 0!30 0!36 0!30 0!13 0!1C 0!1I 0!15
.1)?? 3!33 1!11 1!11 0!56 0!3E 0!33 0!1I 0!11 0!1I 0!1E 0!13
.<)?? 1!E1 1!I1 0!C1 0!35 0!30 0!1E 0!13 0!1I 0!15 0!13 0!11
?)%? ?).? ?),? 1)%? 1)<? %)?? %)0? .)?? H>
Fre5)
Half poAer 6eam Aidth +H/'8- 3alues 3s diameter and fre5uenc4
Attenuation +d'- B .)?? ")') B The calculated angle is the full aperture, not the semi*angle
.);? 0)?? 0);?
Antenna diameter +meters-
1I
7!ring normal #ro#aga"ion condi"ion' "he 4al!e of 6 4arie aro!nd "he median 4al!e of /D3.
Thi 4aria"ion i normall* limi"ed "o 4al!e aro!nd 0.< a minim!m and 4al!e higher' .!" cloe "o
/D3 (e.g. 6 )3). ;nder #ar"ic!lar circ!m"ance "hi 4aria"ion co!ld ex"end "o "he limi" conidered
a "he minim!m and maxim!m one inide "he o called Lnormal #ro#aga"ion condi"ionM' "ha" i 6
) +D3 a minim!m and 6 ) infini"e a maxim!m.
T can a!me alo 4al!e o!"ide "he a.o4e men"ioned range' .!" "hi #oi.ili"* i limi"ed "o
#ar"ic!lar ho# in ex"reme clima"e and' in an* cae' i no" co4ered .* an* warran"* of E!ali"* and
a4aila.ili"* ince #er"ain "o "he Lanomalo! #ro#aga"ionM region.
:e4er"hele "he ri6 "o ha4e 4al!e o!"ide "ha" range exi"' e4en if limi"ed "o 4er* low
#ercen"age of "ime.
I" can .e a!med "ha"' #re!ma.l*' "he ini"ial aiming o#era"ion i carried o!" !nder normal
#ro#aga"ion condi"ion' in da* ligh" and no" in ex"reme clima"ic i"!a"ion. I" deri4e "ha" normall*
"he an"enna i in"alled d!ring 6 ) /D3 i"!a"ion.
The diagram .elow how "he #oi.le 4aria"ion of "he arri4al angle for differen" 6 condi"ion
referred "o "he 6 ) /D3 4al!e.
0
5
10
15
10
15
30
0 50 100 150
path length +Cm-
d
e
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g

+
D
-
* 1:3
* 0!I
* 3
* inf!
I" i e4iden" "ha" #ro.lem co!ld arie onl* in "he cae of 4er* long ho#' o#era"ing coneE!en"l* a"
rela"i4el* low freE!encie. -#ea6ing a.o!" hor" radio connec"ion a" high freE!enc*' defoc!ing
!nli6el* can .e een a a limi"ing fac"or.
<)% * Antenna t4pes +E-
1
Nan* "*#e of an"enna are normall* incl!de in an* ca"alog!e. The an"enna familie' di4ided .*
freE!enc* and diame"er' can .e !mmari=ed a follow :
-"andard "*#e
1 & Note 1 ' (ara)oli* t+pes onl+ are *onsi,ere,. -*t.all+ ot/er t+pes (e.g. /orn re$le*tor or s/ell ) exist, ).t t/eir .se
is li!ite, to parti*.lar *ases an, *annot )e *onsi,ere, in a general paper.
1C
Im#ro4ed %erformance
9igh %erformance
-!#er 9igh %erformance
9igh (%7
7!al Band an"enna
The fir" "*#e' charac"eri=ed .* #oor #erformance exce#" for mall angle' i normall* no" !i"a.le
for !age in ne"wor6 where "he freE!enc* re#e"i"ion i reE!ired. The fron" "o .ac6 #ro"ec"ion i
limi"ed and "he degrada"ion d!e "o "he in"ra*"em in"erference are generall* no" acce#"a.le. If "he
radio *"em i o#era"ing in a conge"ed area' wi"h "he ame .and hared wi"h o"her 0#era"or'
#o"en"ial high ri6 of !n#redic"a.le in"erference co!ld a##ear. Thi "*#e of an"enna can .e !ed in
remo"e radio "a"ion onl* and "herefore i" !e i no" recommended.
Im#ro4ed %erformance an"enna (named I#er or 2ocal #lane or imilar) re#reen" an e4ol!"ion
"oward high E!ali"* clae.
The* are deri4ed from "he "andard "*#e wi"h "he addi"ion of a me"allic ring. Thi ring (hro!d)
im#ro4e "he fron" "o .ac6 ra"io (.* elimina"ing "he rie of "he diagram a" 1<0V "i#*cal of "he
"andard "*#e) and increae alo "he #ro"ec"ion aro!nd F0V.
The re!l" i a good an"enna' !a.le in digi"al ne"wor6 when "he ex#ec"ed e4ol!"ion i limi"ed and
when "he in"erference cenario i fa4ora.le.
The co" a4ing i le "han +0 5 in re#ec" of "he higher cla L9igh %erformanceM.
&onidering "ha" an"enna re#reen" le "han 10 5 of "he co" of a #roKec"' "he !"ili=a"ion of I%ER
cla (conidering alo f!r"her dico!n" !!all* a##lied "o an"enna) can lead "o a a4ing of aro!nd
15 of "he "o"al amo!n" of a #!re eE!i#men"1an"enna con"rac".
Thi red!c"ion co!ld .ecome negligi.le in cae of "!rn-6e* con"rac" where "he im#ac" of ci4il wor6
i #redominan". 2!r"hermore "he fron"al loading on "he "ower of an"enna wi"ho!" radome (li6e "he
I%ER "*#e) i aro!nd 30 5 higher "han an 9% one.
Ta6ing in"o acco!n" all "hee conidera"ion' I" i !gge"ed "o !e' in #rinci#le' for "he high
ca#aci"* ne"wor6' "he higher E!ali"* cla onl*.
&la &) O 9igh %erformance an"enna O i "he .e" a4aila.le an"enna inide "he famil* of "he
LnormalM an"enna.
The com#le"e hro!d wi"h a.or.ing ma"erial' "he #ecial feeder and "he #reence of radome
g!aran"ee high #erformance ex"ended o4er "he "o"al life of "he an"enna and a red!ced loading on
"he "ower.
The radia"ion #a""ern #ermi" "o ol4e #rac"icall* all "he in"erference cae' "he (%7 #ro"ec"ion on
"he axi i high eno!gh "o o#era"e in co-channel config!ra"ion wi"h red!ced degrada"ion and "he
gain i eE!i4alen" "o "he o"her "*#e.
I" m!" .e no"ed "ha" "he in"egra"ed or emi-in"egra"ed an"enna ( for .o"h %79 and -79
connec"ion) .elong excl!i4el* "o "he 9% famil*.
To ol4e #ecial ne"wor6 cae' o"her clae of an"enna are a4aila.le.
In #ar"ic!lar -79 9igh ca#aci"* ne"wor6' wi"h 4er* "ringen" E!ali"* o.Kec"i4e and "he !e of "he
co-channel config!ra"ion' I" i of"en reE!ired "he high (%7 an"enna cla' charac"eri=ed .* a high
4al!e of (%7 deco!#ling (/0 dB again" "he "andard 3+ dB).
&ri"ical ang!lar i"!a"ion in nodal "a"ion can .e ol4ed .* !ing ano"her "*#e of high E!ali"*
an"enna' i.e. "he o called ;9( or -9% "*#e.
Bo"h cae m!" .e een a #ecial cae and canno" .e !ed a defa!l" ol!"ion d!ring "he
30
engineering #roce.
$ far a "he 4ario! -!##lier i concerned' an"enna .elonging "o "he ame cla are almo"
eE!i4alen" #ea6ing a.o!" "he elec"rical #erformance.
&hoice among -!##lier normall* i dri4en .* o"her fac"or "han elec"rical charac"eri"ic' i.e. "he
#oli"ic of dico!n"' geogra#hic area re"ric"ion e"c. and "herefore will .e no" anali=ed in "hi con"e".
In "he following #ic"!re differen" clae are com#ared :
-"andard "*#e (%J)
I%ER "*#e (2%)
9igh %erformance (9%)
-!#er 9igh %erformance (;9()
The 3m O 6J 89= cae i hown' .!" "he ame .eha4io!r i a##lica.le "o o"her cae "oo.
Chapter @ <%, /ARAMETER1 CALC#LAT!$"1
31
The #roced!re "o calc!la"e "he L8<+6M #arame"er i ex#lained in $nnex + of Rec. 330-<.
$ recommended #roced!re ( ac"i4a"ed in %a"hlo if "he o#"ion L8<+6M ha .een choen in"ead of
BER 10-3 or 10-6) ho!ld .e "he following :
@)1 * /arameter 1E1R
2ollowing "he defini"ion of -E- a hown in Rec. 8<+6' i" i necear* "o com#!"e a BER
-E-
le4el
deri4ed from "he !!al eE!i#men" #arame"er alread* con"ained in "he 7a"aBae.
Thi new reference will .e !ed for all "he calc!la"ion rele4an" "o -79 eE!i#men"' "o whom "he
defini"ion of L.loc6M i a##lica.le.
7a"aBae ho!ld con"ain (.eide "he !!al i"em) :
%arame"er a1 (e.g. +0 or 30 according "o "he correc"ion algori"hm !ed)
:!m.er of .i"D.loc6 ( e.g.1FF/0 in cae of -TN1)
%roced!re :
&om#!"e "he BER
-E-
4al!e from :
BER
-E-
) 0./3< x a1 D :. of .i"D.loc6
&om#!"e "he Threhold a" BER
-E-
.* in"er#ola"ing .e"ween 10
-3
and 10
-6
2ollow "he o!"age calc!la"ion #roced!re (in"erference calc!la"ion' "hermal fade margin calc!la"ion'
degraded 2.N' o!"age calc!la"ion' im#ro4emen"' if an*' e"c. and o."ain "he o!"age #ro.a.ili"* %
-E-R
.
In cae of %79 eE!i#men" "he 4al!e of BER 10
-3
m!" .e !ed in"ead. Therefore a new i"em 3)
m!" exi" in "he 7a"aBae :
&ode (1'+ or a'. e"c.) defining an* ingle eE!i#men" a -79 or %79.
In "he f!"!re f!r"her code co!ld .e !ed "o indi4id!a"e new familie of Radio' if necear*.
@)% * /arameter ''ER
Re#ea" #oin" c) a.o4e "ar"ing from "he Threhold a" RBER. I" i no" necear* "o re#ea" "he
in"erference #roced!re' ince "he degrada"ion remain !nchanged if "he !ncorrela"ed in"erference
are #redominan" ( a #er "he maKori"* of cae)' and o."ain "he o!"age #ro.a.ili"* %
RBER
.
Therefore new i"em ho!ld .e added "o "he 7a"aBae :
Reid!al BER ( e.g. 10
-11
)
Threhold a" "he RBER
-igna"!re am#li"!de in dB a" RBER
-igna"!re wid"h in N9= a" RBER
%arame"er a+ (e.g. 10)
%arame"er a3 (e.g. 3)
31
&alc!la"e "he 4al!e m' i.e. "he lo#e of "he BER di"ri.!"ion c!r4e a :
( ) ( )
( )
SESR R'ER
SES
P P
'ER R'ER
(
10 10
10 10
log ) ( log
log log

&alc!la"e "he BBER a :

( )
3
#
2
1
1 8 . 2 a
R'ER N
( a
a
P ''ER
%loc! %it#
SESR
+

To "hi 4al!e' ca!ed .* m!l"i#a"h #henomena' "he con"ri.!"e d!e "o rain ho!ld .e added.
The calc!la"ion #roced!re i "he following :
&om#!"e "he o!"age d!e "o rain a #er "he normal #roced!re a" BER-E-
Re#ea" "he ame #roced!re a" BERRBER
Tranform "he $nn!al 0!"age %ro.a.ili"* calc!la"ed a.o4e in"o wor" mon"h #ro.a.ili"ie .*
following "he #roced!re recommended in IT; Rec. % </1
$##l* form!la .) and c)
0f co!re "he BBER #arame"er i a##lica.le onl* "o -79 eE!i#men". :o eE!i4alen" #arame"er
ha4e .een defined for %79 *"em. Therefore a L:o" $##lica.leM warning ho!ld a##ear for %79
Radio.
@). * /arameter E1R
The #roced!re follow fai"hf!ll* "he BBER #roced!re wi"h "he exce#"ion of "he final form!la'
which .ecome :
3
#
a
R'ER )N
) P ESR
%loc! %it# (
SESR
+
where m i "he 4al!e calc!la"ed a" #oin" .) .efore and n i a new #arame"er L.loc6Dec.M "o .e
added "o "he 7a"aBae
:!m.er of Bloc6Decond LnM (<000 in -TN1 #a"h "*#e)
;nli6e "he BBER #arame"er' E-R i a##lica.le alo "o "he %79 world. The #roced!re i 4alid wi"h
%
-E-R
eE!al "o %BER10
-3
33