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P =
1
0
0.1X(1 X)dX =
1
0
0.1X
2
+ 0.1X
dX = 0.0167
Since the thermal conductivity is linearly related to the porosity, the average porosity
can be used, so that the average thermal conductivity is:
k = k
o
1
P
=
E
o
1 1.9P + 0.9P
2
o
(1 P)
The plot is as shown below in dimensionless form.
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the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction ,storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamond: Structure, General Properties, and Applications 98
E/E
o
/
o
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Porosity (%)
SYNTHESIS, DESIGN AND PROJECTS
8.45 Make a list of the ceramic parts that you can nd around your house or in
your car. Give reasons why those parts are made of ceramics.
By the student. Some examples are: Bathroom xtures: they will not discolor or corrode
in normal use, are hard enough to resist the abrasive action of cleaning powders, and are
relatively inexpensive. Coee mugs: their smooth nish makes them easy to clean, are
corrosion resistant, and are inexpensive. Light-xture components: electric insulators
and resistant to heat. Spark plugs: thermal and electrical insulation and corrosion
resistance.
8.46 Assume that you are working in technical sales and are fully familiar with all
the advantages and limitations of ceramics. Which of the markets tradition-
ally using nonceramic materials do you think ceramics can penetrate? What
would you like to talk about to your potential customers during your sales
visits? What questions do you think they may ask you about ceramics?
By the student. There are a number of acceptable answers to this question, and students
should not be restricted to the answer given here. Applications that require high hot
strength and wear and corrosion resistance in components such as car engines. Benecial
features of properties should be pointed out, along with recent trends in the improvement
of properties. All the advantages that ceramics have over the current material should
also be pointed out. Questions concerning the brittleness and low toughness would also
be raised, as well as questions concerning the consistency of the quality of ceramic parts,
particularly as their size and shape complexity increases.
8.47 Describe applications in which a ceramic material with a near-zero coecient
of thermal expansion would be desirable.
By the student. A ceramic material with a near-zero coecient of thermal expansion
will have a lower tendency of thermal cracking when exposed to temperature gradi-
ents. This property would be useful in applications where the ceramic would be cycled
through temperature ranges, as with space shuttle tiles and cutting tools in machining,
particularly in interrupted cutting operations such as milling.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from
the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction ,storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to : Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamond: Structure, General Properties, and Applications 99
8.48 The modulus of elasticity of ceramics is typically maintained at elevated
temperatures. What engineering applications could benet from this char-
acteristic?
By the student. Note that by retaining their high stiness at elevated temperatures,
dimensional accuracy can be maintained. Some examples are bearings, cutting tools,
turbine blades, machine-tool components, and electronics. The student is encouraged to
expand on this answer.
8.49 List and discuss the factors that you would take into account when replacing
a metal component with a ceramic component in a specic product.
By the student. Note, for example, that the main limitations of ceramics are low tensile
strength and low toughness. The application of the metal component that would be
replaced should, therefore, not require high tensile strength or high impact resistance.
8.50 Obtain some data from the technical literature in the Bibliography of this
chapter, and show quantitatively the eects of temperature on the strength
and the modulus of elasticity of several ceramics. Comment on how the
shape of these curves diers from those for metals.
By the student. The general trend that will be seen is that such properties as strength
and stiness do not change as drastically as in metals (see, for example, Fig. 22.1 on
p. 592).
8.51 Conduct a literature search and write a brief paper summarizing the prop-
erties and potential applications of graphene.
By the student. Graphene is a single sheet of graphite, and it has been suggested that
it has many properties, especially in MEMS and microelectronics.
8.52 It was noted in Section 8.4.1 that there are several basic types of glasses
available. Make a survey of the technical literature and prepare a table for
these glasses, indicating various mechanical, physical, and optical properties.
By the student. A large variety of answers are possible. For example, the following table
is given in Schey, J., Introduction to Manufacturing Processes, 3d ed., p. 500, based on
data from D.C. Boyd and D.A. Thompson:
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from
the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction ,storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamond: Structure, General Properties, and Applications 100
Property Corning glass works code number and type
7940 E glass 7740 1720 0800 8871 8830
fused boro- alumino- soda-lime- potash- boro-
silica silicate silicate silica lead silicate
Composition, wt%
SiO
2
99.9 54 81 62 73 42 65
B
2
O
3
10 13 5 23
Al
2
O
3
14 2 17 1 5
Na
2
O 4 1 17 2 7
K
2
O 6
Li
2
O 1
CaO 17.5 8 5
MgO 4.5 7 4
PbO 49
Viscosity,
at
C
10
14.5
(hard) 956 507 510 667 473 350 460
10
13
(anneal pt.) 1084 657 560 712 514 385 501
10
7.6
(soft) 1580 846 821 915 695 525 708
10
4
(working) 1252 1202 1005 785 1042
Coecient 55 60 33 42 92 102 49.5
of thermal
expansion,
10
7
/
C
8.53 Ceramic pistons are being considered for high-speed combustion engines.
List the benets and concerns that you would have regarding this application.
By the student. Ceramic pistons would be advantageous in that they would have a
high strength and potentially low wear. In addition, the inertial forces associated with
a ceramic piston would be much lower than for a metal one, and the need for cooling
the piston becomes less imperative. The main drawbacks are that the ceramic could
excessively wear the cylinder liner; with three-body wear, any ceramic wear particles
could cause severely damage in the engine. Also, the low fracture toughness of the
ceramic may cause catastrophic failure of the engine.
8.54 It has been noted that the strength of brittle materials (such as ceramics and
glasses) is very sensitive to surface defects, such as scratches (known as notch
sensitivity). Obtain several pieces of these materials, scratch them, and test
them by carefully clamping them in a vise and bending them. Comment on
your observations.
By the student. Note that special care must be taken in performing these experiments,
and eye protection and the like are necessary. This experiment can be performed using a
glass cutter to make a deep and sharp scratch on the glass. It can be demonstrated that
glass, with such a scratch, can be easily broken with bare hands (using work gloves). Note
also the direction of the bending moment with respect o the direction of the scratch. As
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from
the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction ,storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to : Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamond: Structure, General Properties, and Applications 101
a comparison, even a highly heat-treated aluminum plate will not be nearly as weakened
when a similar scratch is made on its surface.
8.55 Electric space heaters for home use commonly utilize a ceramic lament as
the heating element. List the required properties for this lament, explain
why a ceramic is a suitable material, and perform an Internet search to
determine the specic ceramic material actually utilized in this application.
This is an open-ended problem, and students should be encouraged to obtain their own
solutions with as specic of answers as possible. Some of the mechanical properties
required for the lament are:
High melting point
Sucient rigidity so that it does not deect in its retainer.
Sucient strength to withstand thermal strains.
Low coecient of thermal expansion so that excessive stresses or deections do not
occur during operation.
There are many types of ceramics used in such heaters, such as aluminisilicates of various
types.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from
the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction ,storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to : Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.