Alexandria University

Faculty of Engineering
Automatic Control
Basic control Actions and
Industrial Automatic
Controllers
By:
Ahmed Mohammed Kamel
Sec:
!o: "#$
Introduction
An automatic controller compares
the actual value of the plant output
with the reference input(desired
value) , determines the deviation
,and produces a control signal that
will reduce the deviation to zero or
to a small value. The manner in the
automatic controller produces the
signal is called the control action
Classification of industrial analog
controllers
1. Two-position or on-off controllers
2. Proportional controllers
3. Integral controllers
4. Proportional - plus Integral controllers
5. Proportional - plus -derivative controllers
6. Proportional - plus Integral - plus -derivative
controllers .

Most industrial analog controllers use electricit or
pressuri!ed fluid suc" as oil or air as power sources .
#nalog controllers $a%e also classified according to
t"e &ind of power e$ploed in t"e operation 'suc" as
pneu$atic ' "draulic 'or electronic controllers .
T"e &ind of controller to use $ust %e decided %ased
on t"e nature of t"e plant and t"e operation
condition ' including suc" consideration as safet '
cost 'availa%ilit 'relia%ilit ' accurac ' weig"t 'and
si!e.
Automatic controller ,actuator ,and sensor :
T"e controller detects t"e actuating error signal w"ic"
is usuall at a ver low power level ' and a$plifies it
to a sufficientl "ig" level .
T"e actuator is a power device t"at produces t"e input
to t"e plant according to t"e control signal so t"at t"e
output signal will approac" t"e reference input signal .
T"e sensor or t"e $easuring ele$ent is a device t"at
converts t"e output varia%le into anot"er suita%le
varia%le 'suc" as a displace$ent 'pressure or voltage
t"at can %e used to co$pare t"e output to t"e reference
input signal . T"is ele$ent is in t"e pat" of t"e
feed%ac& of t"e closed loop sste$ .

Pneumatic controllers :

(i$pl it is a controller t"at its wor&ing fluid is gas or speciall air
Kind of Pneumatic controllers :
1 )o!!le flapper a$plifier *
T"e power source is air and it convert t"e s$all
c"ange in position into large c"ange in t"e %ac& pressure
in t"e no!!le +Proportional controller .
2 Pneu$atic relas *
It is t"e second stage after nozzle flapper amplifier .
3 Pneu$atic Proportional controllers *
T"ere are two $ean tpes one called t"e force-distance and
t"e force-%alance .T"e %asic principle of operation does not
differ fro$ force-distance and t"e force-%alance %ut force-
%alance "as advantage t"at it eli$inate $an $ec"anical
lin&ages and pivot ,oints 't"ere% reducing t"e effects of friction
.
Hydraulic controller :
T"e widespread use of "draulic circuitr in $ac"ine tool
application' aircraft control sste$s' and si$ilar operations
occur of suc" factors as positiveness 'accurac '
fle-i%ilit '"ig" "orsepower to weig"t ratio 'fast starting
'stopping and reversal wit" s$oot"ness and precision ' and
si$plicit of operations.
Attention :
Particular attention is necessar to ensure t"at t"e
"draulic sste$ is sta%le and satisfactor under all
operation conditions . (ince viscosit of "draulic fluid
can greatl affect t"e da$ping and friction effects of t"e
"draulic circuits' sta%ilit tests $ust %e carried out at t"e
"ig"est possi%le operating te$perature .
)ote t"at $ost of "draulic sste$ are nonlinear so we
need to lineari!e it .

Kinds of hydraulic controllers
a. .draulic Proportional controllers .
%. .draulic Integral controllers .
c. .draulic Proportional - plus Integral controllers
figure /a0 .
d. .draulic Proportional - plus -derivative controllers
figure /%0.
a
%