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Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct

Differential quadrature nonlinear analysis of skew composite plates


based on FSDT
P. Malekzadeh a , G. Karami b,∗
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75168, Iran
b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105-5285, United States

Received 25 August 2005; received in revised form 21 December 2005; accepted 30 December 2005
Available online 28 February 2006

Abstract

A differential quadrature (DQ) nonlinear analysis of skew laminated composite plates is presented. The governing equations are based on
first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The geometrical nonlinearity is modeled using Green’s strain and von Karman assumptions. DQ
discretization rules in association with an exact coordinate transformation are simultaneously used to transform and discretize the equilibrium
equations and the related boundary conditions. The effects of skew angle, thickness-to-length ratio, aspect ratio and also the impact due to
different types of boundary conditions on the convergence and accuracy of the method are studied. The resulting solutions are compared to those
from other numerical methods to show the accuracy of the method with less computational effort. Also, numerical solutions for the large deflection
behavior of antisymmetric cross ply skew plates under different geometrical parameters and boundary conditions are presented.
c 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Nonlinear; Skew laminated plates; Differential quadrature method

1. Introduction orthotropic thin skew plates by using the Green’s functions.


Srinivasan and Boby [7] analyzed the nonlinear static behavior
Compared to small deflection analysis, nonlinear analysis of thin, isotropic rhombic plates with clamped and simply
of skew plates is quite cumbersome due to the complexity of supported edges by using a high precision conforming
the governing equations and the boundary conditions. There triangular plate bending element. Ray et al. [8] studied the large
is a very strong singularity at the obtuse vertex along with deflection of isotropic simply supported thin rhombic plates
increasing skew angle which must be dealt with properly. Most by applying the Galerkin technique and also conducted some
research on skew plate bending problems has been limited experiments to verify their results. Pica et al. [9] presented a
to small deflections theory and for isotropic materials. The finite element analysis of the geometrically nonlinear behavior
nonlinear bending behavior of isotropic skew plates has been of plates using a Mindlin formulation to show the performance
investigated by Kennedy [1] using the perturbation technique. of different types of elements for isotropic skew, circular and
Alwar and Ramachandra Rao [2,3] applied the method of elliptical plates. Recently, Duan and Mahendran [10] developed
dynamic relaxation to study the nonlinear behavior of clamped a new hybrid/mixed shell element for large deformation
isotropic and orthotropic thin skew plates. Buragohain and analysis of isotropic skew plates using oblique coordinate
Patodi [4] used a finite difference scheme with triangular systems based on FSDT.
mesh to study the large deflection behavior of thin, isotropic Differential quadrature was introduced for structural
skew plates with fully clamped and simply supported edges. analysis by Bert et al. [12] in 1988, and since then it
Srinivasan and Ramachandran [5,6] investigated the large has been employed for the analysis of various structural
deflection behavior of clamped variable thickness and also elements [13–22]. However, most of the applications of
the differential quadrature method (DQM) were concerned
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 701 231 5859; fax: +1 701 231 8913. with problems with linear differential equations. There exist
E-mail address: G.Karami@ndsu.edu (G. Karami). few applications of the DQM for nonlinear analysis of

0141-0296/$ - see front matter 


c 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.12.013
1308 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

Nomenclature Wc non-dimensional center deflection


(=w(a/2, b/2)/ h);
a plate dimension in the ξ -direction;
β fiber orientation angle;
Ai j component of extensional stiffness of laminate;
ξ(r)
ε the residual to applied force ratio;
Ai j weighting coefficient of the r th-order derivative εo convergence tolerance;
in the ξ -direction; εi j strain components;
ξ η
Ai j , Ai j weighting coefficients of the first-order deriva- εm membrane strain vector;
tive in the ξ - and η-directions, respectively; εb bending strain vector;
ξ η
Bi j , Bi j weighting coefficients of the second-order deriva- ϕx , ϕ y bending rotation about the x and y axes;
tive in the ξ - and η-directions, respectively; γi j shear strain components;
Bi j bending-extensional stiffness of laminate; γ transverse shear strain vector;
b plate dimension in the η-direction; η oblique coordinate variable;
Di j bending stiffness of laminate; θ skew angle;
Ei j Young’s modulus of lamina; σ byy non-dimensional bending stress at the center of
Gi j shear modulus of lamina; skew plate (= σbyy a 2 (1 − υ 2 )/Eh 2 );
g residual forces; σ myy non-dimensional membrane stress at the center of
h total thickness of laminate; skew plate (= σmyy a 2 (1 − υ 2 )/Eh 2 );
f load vector; υi j Poisson’s ratio of laminate;
fi load vector at load step i ; υ Poisson’s ratio of isotropic material;
KTr tangent stiffness matrix defined in Eq. (32); ξ oblique coordinate variable.
Mx x , M yy , Mx y bending moment about y- and x-axis and
twisting moment, respectively;
rectangular and circular plates, which are limited to isotropic
M x x , M yy non-dimensional bending moment about y-
and orthotropic plates. The behavior of thin, circular, isotropic
and x-axis (=Mx x a 2 /D11 h, M yy a 2/D11 h), re-
elastic plates with immovable edges has been examined by
spectively;
Striz et al. [14]. The nonlinear analysis of thin orthotropic
Nξ , Nη number of grid points in the ξ - and η-directions;
rectangular plates was studied by Bert et al. [15]. Lin et al. [16]
Nx x , N yy in-plane normal force resultant in the x- and y-
employed the generalized differential quadrature to solve
directions;
the problem of large deformation of thin isotropic plates
(Nx x )i j , (N yy )i j discretized in-plane normal force resul-
under thermal loading. Chen et al. [17] investigated the large
tant in the x and y-directions;
deflection analysis of thin orthotropic rectangular plates. Li
Nx y in-plane shear force resultant;
and Chen [18] studied the nonlinear free vibration analysis of
(Nx y )i j discretized in-plane shear force resultant;
orthotropic rectangular plates based on the higher-order shear
N x x , N yy non-dimensional in-plane normal force resul- deformation theory of Reddy.
tant in the x- and y-directions (=Nx x a 2 /D11 , This paper explores the utility of the DQM for nonlinear
N yy a 2 /D11 ), respectively; analysis of skew composite plates based on FSDT. The
n x , n y the x- and y-component of the unit normal vector nonlinear equilibrium equations and boundary conditions are
to an arbitrary edge of the plate; discretized in an oblique coordinate system using DQ rules.
q intensity of distributed transverse load; A Newton–Raphson scheme is used to solve the resulting
Q non-dimensional transverse load parameter nonlinear algebraic equations. The convergence and accuracy
(=qa 4/D11 h 4 ); of the presented algorithm are demonstrated via different
Q x , Q y transverse shear force in the x and y planes; examples. Numerical results will be obtained for several skew
R residual forces; angles, a wide range of loads, different thickness-to-length
TRN total residual norm; ratios, aspect ratios and boundary conditions. This work, an
U the degrees of freedom vector or the generalized extension to some previous works by the authors on the DQM
displacement vector; linear analysis of plate problems [19–22], is focused on the
Uir the degrees of freedom vector or the generalized geometrically nonlinear behavior of skew composite plates.
displacement vector at iteration r of the load step
i; 2. The skew plate governing equations
u, v, w displacement component in the x, y and
transverse direction of a point on mid-plane of The formulations for the nonlinear analysis of skew lam-
plate, respectively; inated composite plates based on the first-order shear defor-
(u, v, w) displacement component in the x, y and mation plate theory (FSDT) are presented. The geometrically
transverse direction of an arbitrary point (x, y, z) nonlinear theory, which includes nonlinear terms in the strains,
of plate, respectively; is considered. A skew plate composed of perfectly bonded
x, y, z the Cartesian coordinate variables; orthotropic layers of length a, width b and total thickness h
is considered (see Fig. 1).
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1309

where A, B, D and A are the membrane, membrane-bending,


bending and shear stiffness matrices of the plate,
   
A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16
A =  A12 A22 A26  , B =  B12 B22 B26  ,
A16 A26 A66 B16 B26 B66
 
D11 D12 D16
D =  D12 D22 D26  ,
D16 D26 D66
   
A55 A45 κ A κ45 A45
A= = 55 55
A45 A44 κ45 A45 κ44 A44

and
   
 Nx x   Mx x 

Qx
Fig. 1. The geometry of the skew composite plates. N = N yy , M = M yy , Q= ,
    Qy
Nx y Mx y
In the first-order shear deformation theory, the displacement
field of a laminated composite plate is expressed as [23], κi j is the shear correction factor.
u(x, y, z, t) = u(x, y, t) + zϕ (x, y, t),
x Using Eqs. (2) and (3), the equilibrium equations of an
arbitrary shaped composite plate in the rectangular coordinate
v(x, y, z, t) = v(x, y, t) + zϕ y (x, y, t), (1)
system and in terms of displacement and bending rotation
w(x, y, z, t) = w(x, y, t) components can be derived as follows [23]:
where (u, v, w) are the displacement components of an
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
arbitrary point (x, y, z) of the plate in the laminated skew plate, A11 + 2 A16
and (u, v, w) are the displacement projections on the mid-plane, ∂x 2 ∂ x∂y
and (ϕ x , ϕ y ) denote the rotations of the transverse normal about ∂ u
2 ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ A66 2 + A16 2 + (A12 + A66 ) + A26 2
the y- and x-axes, respectively. ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
Using the von Karman assumption [23], the strain  2
∂w ∂w ∂ w
components at an arbitrary point of the plates can be written + A11 + A16
∂x ∂y ∂ x 2
as follows:  
  ∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
 ∂ϕ x  + (A12 + A66 ) + 2 A16
 b  
 
 ∂y ∂ x ∂ x∂y
ε 
 ∂ x 
  2

 xx  
 

∂ϕ y ∂w ∂w ∂ w
εb = ε yy = z
b
= zκ, + A66 + A26

 b   
 ∂y 
 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2

 
εx y 
 ∂ϕ x ∂ϕ y 

 ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ y
 +  + B11 + 2B + B + B
∂y ∂x ∂x2
16
∂ x∂y
66
∂y 2
16
∂x2
  

 ∂u 1 ∂w 2   ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y
 m   + 
 + (B12 + B66 ) + B26 2 = 0 (4)
ε 
 ∂ x 2 ∂ x 
 ∂ x∂y ∂y
 xx
     2   (2)
εm = ε yy = m ∂v 1 ∂w ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
 + A16 2 + (A12 + A66 ) + A26 2
 m   
 ∂y 2 ∂y 

 ∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
γx y 
 

 ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂w  
 ∂ v
2 ∂ v
2 ∂ v2
 + + 
∂y ∂x ∂ x ∂y + A66 2 + 2 A26 + A22 2
  ∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
∂w   2

 
ϕ x + 
 ∂w ∂w ∂ w
γ ∂x + A16 + A66
γ = xz = ∂w  ∂x ∂y ∂ x 2
γ yz 
   
ϕ y +  ∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
∂y + (A12 + A66 ) + 2 A26
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂y
where εb , ε m and γ are the bending, membrane and transverse  2
shear components of strain, respectively. ∂w ∂w ∂ w
+ A26 + A22
Based on the FSDT, the force and moment resultants of the ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
plates can be expressed as ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x
     + B16 + (B 12 + B 66 ) + B 26
N A B 0 ε m  ∂x2 ∂ x∂y ∂y 2
M = BT D 0  κ (3) ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y
    + B66 + 2B26 + B22 2 = 0 (5)
Q 0 0 A γ ∂x 2 ∂ x∂y ∂y
1310 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

∂ϕ x ∂ϕ x ∂ϕ y ∂ϕ y either u n = 0 or Nnn = 0 (10)


A55 + A45 + A45 + A44
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y either u s = 0 or Nns = 0 (11)
∂ w
2 ∂ w
2 ∂ w
2
either ϕ n = 0 or Mnn = 0 (12)
+ A55 2 + 2 A45 + A44 2
∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y either ϕ s = 0 or Mns = 0 (13)
∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
+ Nx x 2 + N yy 2 + 2Nx y +q =0 (6) where
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v u n = n x u + n y v, u s = −n y u + n x v,
B11 2 + 2B16 + B66 2 + B16 2
∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y ∂x ϕ n = n x ϕ x + n y ϕ y , ϕ s = −n y ϕ x + n x ϕ y
∂ v
2 ∂ v
2 Qn = n x Q x + n y Q y ,
+ (B12 + B66 ) + B26 2
∂ x∂y ∂y Mnn = Mx x n 2x + M yy n 2y + 2Mx y n x n y ,
 2
∂w ∂w ∂ w Mns = n x n y (M yy − Mx x ) + Mx y (n 2x − n 2y ).
+ B11 + B16
∂x ∂y ∂ x 2
  The boundary condition at any edge of the plate can
∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
+ (B12 + B66) + 2B16 be considered as a combination of conditions stated by
∂y ∂ x ∂ x∂y Eqs. (9)–(13).
 2
∂w ∂w ∂ w ∂w ∂w
+ B66 + B26 − A55 − A45 3. DQ analogs of the governing equations and boundary
∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
conditions
∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ y
+ D11 + 2D 16 + D 66 + D 16
∂x2 ∂ x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x2 The DQM requires the computational domain to be
∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y rectangular and it cannot be applied directly to irregular
+ (D12 + D66 ) + D26 − A55ϕ x − A45 ϕ y = 0 domains. To apply the DQM to such problems, a coordinate
∂ x∂y ∂y 2
transformation is necessary; that is, the irregular physical
(7)
domain is transformed into a rectangular computational
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u domain. For skew composite plates with arbitrary laminate lay
B16 + (B12 + B66 ) + B26 2 up, the material points of skew plates in the physical domain
∂x 2 ∂ x∂y ∂y
can be transformed into the computational domain without any
∂ v
2 ∂ v
2 ∂ v
2
+ B66 2 + 2B26 + B22 2 approximation, using the following linear transformation rules:
∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
 2 x = ξ + (sin θ )η, y = (cos θ )η. (14)
∂w ∂w ∂ w
+ B16 + B66
∂x ∂y ∂ x 2 Employing the chain rule for the spatial derivatives and
  coordinate transformation in (14), the derivatives in the
∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
+ (B12 + B66) + 2B26 physical domain are expressed in terms of the derivatives of
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂y
 2 space variables of computational domains. Simultaneously, DQ
∂w ∂w ∂ w ∂w ∂w discretization rules (see Appendix A) can be used to discretize
+ B26 + B22 − A45 − A44
∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y the spatial derivatives in the computational domain. The results
∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x for spatial derivatives with different order are as follows:
+ D16 + (D 12 + D 66 )  
∂x2 ∂ x∂y ∂( )  ∂( )   Nξ
ξ
∂ ϕ ∂ ϕ = = A ( )m j ,
∂ x (ξi ,η j ) ∂ξ (ξi ,η j ) m=1 im
2 x 2 y
+ D26 2 + D66
∂y ∂x2  
∂ 2 ( )  ∂ 2 ( )  Nξ
∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ 2ϕ y = =
ξ
B ( )m j (15)
+ 2D26 + D22 − A45 ϕ x − A44ϕ y = 0. (8) ∂ x 2 (ξi ,η j ) ∂ξ 2 (ξi ,η j ) m=1 im
∂ x∂y ∂y 2
  
∂( )  ∂( ) ∂( ) 
Eqs. (4)–(6) represent the balance of in-plane forces in = − tan θ + sec θ
the x- and y-directions and the transverse shear forces in ∂y (ξi ,η j ) ∂ξ ∂η (ξi ,η j )
the z-direction, respectively. Eqs. (7) and (8) represent the 
Nξ 

ξ η
bending equilibrium equation about the x- and y-directions, = − tan θ Aim ( )m j + sec θ A j n ( )in (16)
respectively. Due to the anisotropic nature of the plate, these m=1 n=1
  
equations are coupled. Also, the nonlinear terms that appear in ∂ 2 ( )  ∂ 2( ) ) 
∂ 2(
= − tan θ + sec θ
the bending equilibrium equations are due to anisotropy. ∂ x∂y (ξi ,η j ) ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ ∂η (ξi ,η j )
If the normal and tangent to an arbitrary edge of the skew
plate are denoted by n and s, respectively (shown in Fig. 1), the 

ξ

Nξ 

ξ η
boundary conditions along this edge can be classified as [23] = − tan θ Bim ( )m j + sec θ Aim A j n ( )mn
m=1 m=1 n=1
either w = 0 or Qn = 0 (9) (17)
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1311
 
∂ 2 ( )  ∂ 2( ) ∂ 2( ) Eq. (6):
= tan θ − 2 sec θ tan θ
∂y 2 
(ξi ,η j ) ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ ∂η 
Nξ 

 ξ η
∂ ( ) 
2 {(s11 Aim δ j n + s12 δim A j n )ϕmn
x

+ sec2 θ
∂η2 (ξi ,η j )
m=1 n=1
ξ η y
+ (s21 Aim δ j n + s22 δim A j n )ϕmn + {[s31 + (Nx x )i j


ξ ξ
= tan2 θ Bim ( )m j − 2 sec θ tan θ − 2(Nx y )i j tan θ + (N yy )i j tan2 θ ]Bim δ j n
m=1 ξ η
+ [s32 + 2(Nx y )i j sec θ − 2(N yy )i j sec θ tan θ ] Aim A j n

Nξ 

ξ η


η η
× Aim A j n ( )mn + sec2 θ B j n ( )in (18) + [s33 + (N yy )i j sec2 θ ]δim B j n }wmn } + qi j = 0 (21)
m=1 n=1 n=1
where the in-plane resultant forces can be discretized as
where the weighting coefficients are given in Appendix A. follows:
The equilibrium equations as well as the related boundary 
Nξ 

ξ η
conditions can be discretized in the computational domain by (Nx x )i j = [(s41 Air δ j s + s42 δir A j s )u rs
r=1 s=1
using the DQ transformation rules (15)–(18). The DQ analogs ξ η ξ
of the equilibrium equations (4)–(8) become + (s43 Air δ j s + s44 δir A j s )vrs + (s45 Air δ j s
η ξ η y
Eq. (4): + s46 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (s47 Air δ j s + s48 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
 N 2

Nξ Nη 
ξ ξ η η
A11  ξ
ξ A12
(a11 Bim δ j n + a12 Aim A j n + a13 δim B j n )u mn + Air wr j +
m=1 n=1
 2 r=1
2
 2
ξ ξ η η Nξ Nη
+ (a21 Bim δ j n + a22 Aim A j n + a23δim B j n )vmn ξ η
 × − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir 
Nξ Nη
ξ η ξ
r=1 r=1
+ [(a31 Air δ j s + a32 δir A j s )Bim δ j n N 

ξ


ξ
r=1 s=1
+ A16 Air wr j  − tan θ Air wr j
ξ η ξ η ξ
+ (a33 Air δ j s + a34 δir A j s )Aim A j n + (a35 Air δ j s r=1 r=1
 


η
η η
+ a36 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs  wmn + (b11 Bim δ j n
ξ
+ sec θ A j r wir  ,
r=1
ξ η η ξ 
Nξ 

+ b12 Aim A j n + b13 δim B j n )ϕmn
x
+ (b21 Bim δ j n ξ η
 (Nx y )i j = [(s51 Air δ j s + s52 δir A j s )u rs
 r=1 s=1
ξ η η y
+ b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )ϕmn = 0. (19) ξ η ξ
 + (s53 Air δ j s + s54 δir A j s )vrs + (s55 Air δ j s
η ξ η y
+ s56 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (s57 Air δ j s + s58 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
Eq. (5): N 2
 A16 ξ
ξ A26
 Nη 
Nξ  + Air wr j +
ξ ξ η η 2 2
(a21 Bim δ j n + a22 Aim A j n + a23 δim B j n )u mn r=1
  2
m=1 n=1


ξ


η
ξ ξ η
+ (a41 Bim δ j n + a42 Aim A j n + a43δim B j n )vmn
η × − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir 
 r=1 r=1
Nξ Nη N 
ξ η ξ 
+ [(a51 Air δ j s + a52 δir A j s )Bim δ j n ξ
ξ
r=1 s=1
+ A66 Air wr j
r=1
ξ η ξ η ξ  
+ (a53 Air δ j s + a54 δir A j s )Aim A j n + (a55 Air δ j s 
Nξ 

 ξ η
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir  ,
η η
+ a56 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs  wmn r=1 r=1


Nξ 

ξ η
ξ ξ η η (N yy )i j = [(s61 Air δ j s + s62 δir A j s )u rs
+ (b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23δim B j n )ϕmn
x
 r=1 s=1
 ξ
+ (s63 Air δ j s + s64 δir
η
A j s )vrs + (s65 Air δ j s
ξ
ξ ξ η η y
+ (b31 Bim δ j n + b32 Aim A j n + b33 δim B j n )ϕmn = 0. (20)
 η
+ s66 δir A j s )ϕrs
x ξ
+ (s67 Air δ j s + s68 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
η y
1312 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

N 2
A12 ξ
A22 In the above equations the constant parameters ai j , bi j , di j ,
ξ
+ Air wr j + and si j , which depend both on the laminate stiffness and the
2 2
r=1 skew angle of the plate, are given in Appendix B; δi j represents
 2 the Kronecker delta.


ξ


η
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir  In a similar manner, the DQ analogs of the boundary
r=1 r=1 conditions can be obtained. In this paper, skew composite plates
N  with immovable simply supported edge (S) and immovable

ξ clamped edge (C) and different combinations of them will be
+ A26 Air wr j
considered. The physical conditions of these types of boundary
r=1
  conditions are as follows.


ξ


η Simply supported edge:
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir  .
r=1 r=1 w = 0, u n = 0, u s = 0, ϕ s = 0, Mnn = 0. (24)
Eq. (7): Clamped edge:

Nξ Nη  w = 0, u n = 0, u s = 0, ϕ s = 0, ϕ n = 0. (25)
ξ ξ η η
(b11 Bim δ j n + b12 Aim A j n + b13 δim B j n )u mn
m=1 n=1
 For these types of edge conditions, the boundary conditions
ξ ξ η η
at the corners of the skew plate become similar to those given
+ (b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )vmn in Eq. (25).
 The DQ analogs of the first four conditions in Eqs. (24) and
ξ η
Nξ  Nη
ξ

− s11 Aim δ j n + s12 δim A j n − [(s45 Air δ j s (25) are as follows:
r=1 s=1 wi j = 0, (u n )i j = n x u i j + n y vi j = 0,
η ξ ξ η
+ s46 δir A j s )Bim δ j n + (b41 Air δ j s + b42 δir A j s ) (u s )i j = −n y u i j + n x vi j = 0,
 y
ϕisj = −n y ϕixj + n x ϕi j = 0 (26)
ξ η ξ η η
× Aim A j n + (s57 Air δ j s + s58 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs  wmn and those of the fifth conditions become

ξ ξ η η

Nξ 

ξ η
+ (d11 Bim δ j n + d12 Aim A j n + d13 δim B j n )ϕmn
x (Mnn )i j = [(c11 Air δ j s + c12 δir A j s )u rs
 r=1 s=1
 ξ η ξ
ξ ξ η
+ (d21 Bim δ j n + d22 Aim A j n + d23 δim B j n )ϕmn
η y + (c21 Air δ j s + c22 δir A j s )vrs + (c31 Air δ j s
 η ξ η y
+ c32 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (c41 Air δ j s + c42 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
− A55ϕixj −
y
A45 ϕi j = 0. (22) N 2 
 ξ
ξ
Nξ
ξ
Eq. (8): + e11 Air wr j + e12  − tan θ Air wr j

Nξ Nη  r=1 r=1
ξ ξ η η
(b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )u mn 2 N 
 

η

ξ
m=1 n=1
+ sec θ A j r wir  + e13 Air wr j
ξ ξ η η
+ (b31 Bim δ j n + b32 Aim A j n + b33 δim B j n )vmn r=1 r=1
  


ξ


η
ξ η
− s21 Aim δ j n + s22 δim A j n − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir  = 0 (27)
r=1 r=1
y

Nξ 
Nη ϕinj = n x ϕixj + n y ϕi j = 0 (28)
ξ η ξ
− [(s45 Air δ j s + s46 δir A j s )Bim δ j n where the expressions for ci j and ei j are presented in
r=1 s=1
Appendix B.
ξ η ξ η
+ (b51 Air δ j s + b52 δir A j s )Aim A j n The discretized equilibrium equations and boundary
 conditions can be written in the vector form as
ξ η η
+ (s67 Air δ j s + s68 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs  wmn R = g − f = 0. (29)

ξ ξ η η
The components of the vectors g and f are the left and right
+ (d21 Bim δ j n + d22 Aim A j n + d23 δim B j n )ϕmn
x
parts of Eqs. (19)–(23) and (26)–(28), respectively. To solve
 the nonlinear equation (29) in a systematic manner, the vector

ξ ξ η η y of degrees of freedom or generalized displacement vector is
+ (d31 Bim δ j n + d32 Aim A j n + d33 δim B j n )ϕmn
 defined as
  x  T  y  T T
− A45ϕixj − A44 ϕi j = 0.
y
(23) U = {U } = {u}T {v}T {w}T ϕ ϕ (30)
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1313

where thin orthotropic skew plates, the results are compared with
      those of isotropic and orthotropic skew plates to validate the

 u 11   
 v11   
 w11  

 u 12   
 v12   
 w12   formulations and computer programs. Also, since exact or
{u} = .. , {v} = .. , {w} = .. , closed form solutions of nonlinear analysis of skew plates

 .   
 .   
 .   are not available yet, the results are compared with numerical

 
 
 
 
 

u Nξ Nη v Nξ Nη w Nξ Nη results of other methods. At the end, the nonlinear bending
 x   y  behaviors of antisymmetric laminated skew plates are presented
 ϕ11  
 ϕ11  

 x  
 
 
 ϕy 
by analyzing different numerical examples.
 ϕ 
12 12 The edges of the plate are numbered from 1 to 4 as shown
{ϕ } =
x
..  , {ϕ y
} = ..  .

 .  
 .  in Fig. 1. The first side is set at x = 0 and the other sides

 x 
 
 

ϕ Nξ Nη ϕ y  are numbered consecutively in a counterclockwise direction.
Nξ Nη
Without loss of generality, the same grid points along the ξ -
An incremental-iterative method should be used to solve the and η-axes are employed, namely, Nξ = Nη . In the entire
nonlinear equation (29). In the present analysis, the solution problems considered here, the individual layers are taken to
algorithms are based on the Newton–Raphson method. For this be of equal thickness and the shear correction factors are
purpose, the load vector f is applied incrementally, and for a taken to be 5/6. Based on numeric experiment, any value of
given value of the load, the Newton–Raphson iterations are to the convergence tolerance εo ≤ 1 is sufficient to obtain an
be continued until the required accuracy is reached. A brief accurate solution for the generalized displacement components
review of the solution algorithm is as follows. Suppose that at and resultant stresses. However, the accuracy of the resultant
iteration r for the load step fi+1 , the vector Ui+1
r gives the stresses can be slightly improved by using values of εo  1 and
residual forces R(Ui+1 ) = 0, then an improved value of U
r therefore a value of εo = 10−3 will be employed in all solved
is obtained by equating to zero the linearized Taylor’s series examples. The number of iterations for each load step depends
r+1
expansion of R(Ui+1 ) in the neighborhood of Ui+1
r as upon the number of grid points, the load step size and also the
value of convergence tolerance. By increasing the number of
r+1 r+1
R(Ui+1 ) = g(Ui+1
r
) + KTr (Ui+1 − Ui+1
r
) − fi+1 = 0 (31) grid points, the number of iterations per load step is decreased
to a minimum value of three. In the examples, the maximum
or
number of iterations per load step is five. Unless explicitly
r+1
Ui+1 = Ui+1
r
+ (KTr )−1 (fi+1 − g(Ui+1
r
)) (32) mentioned, the following set of mechanical properties is used
in the numerical studies:
where KTr is the tangent stiffness matrix evaluated at Ui+1
r and E 11 G 12
is given by = 40, = 0.5,
E 22 E 22
 ∂g1 ∂g1 ∂g1  G 23
...
 ∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U N  E 22
= 0.2, G 13 = G 12 , υ12 = 0.25.
  ∂g ∂g ∂g2  
 2 2 
∂g   ∂U1 ∂U2 . . . ∂U N  In all solved examples ten incremental load steps are
KT =
r
=   .
∂U U=Ur  .. .. .. ..  sufficient to obtain a converged solution; however, to find
i+1  . . . 
. 
 accurate intermediate solutions, in some cases more than ten
∂g N ∂g N ∂g N 
···  incremental load steps are used.
∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U N U=Uri+1 As a first example, the convergence and accuracy of the
results for the deflection, bending and membrane stresses at
N = 5Nξ × 5Nη is the total number of degrees of freedom the center of the skew isotropic plates are presented in Table 1.
and gi (i = 1, 2, . . . , N) are the components of vector g. At A clamped skew thin plate with relatively acute corners is
each iteration the convergence is checked using a total residual considered and the results for two different values of load
norm criteria [9], i.e., parameters are presented. Comparing the results of the present
(RT R)1/2 method with those of the lumped triangular element method
ε= < εo . (33) (LTEM) [4], it is found that the converged results are in good
(f T f )1/2
agreement with those of the LTEM [4], and also nine grid
For each load step, the strain components, the bending points in each direction are sufficient to yield results with good
moments and in-plane stresses resultants can be obtained by accuracy.
using Eqs. (2), (3), (15) and (16). To show the convergence and accuracy of the present method
for composite skew plates, the nonlinear analysis of orthotropic
4. Numerical results clamped skew plate considered by Alwar and Rao [2] is
investigated here. The material properties used are as follows:
In this section, at first the convergence trends and accuracy
E 11 G 12
of the presented algorithm are investigated through a few = 4.0, (1 − υ12 υ21 ) = 0.35, υ12 = 0.3.
examples of skew plates with large enough loads to cause E 22 E 22
significant geometric nonlinearity. Since results for nonlinear At first the convergence and accuracy of the center deflection
analysis of skew composite plates are not available except for for a skew plate with θ = 30◦ and a load parameter Q = 1,
1314 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

Table 1
Convergence and accuracy of the stress components at the center of isotropic clamped skew plates (h/a = 0.001, b/a = 1, θ = 45◦ , υ = 0.333)

Q Nξ = Nη [4]a
7 9 11 19 25
1600 Wc 0.5398 0.5277 0.5242 0.5233 0.5233 0.53
σmyy 1.112 1.638 1.634 1.619 1.619 1.63
σbyy 10.652 9.6399 9.436 9.340 9.335 9.35
3200 Wc 0.8912 0.8615 0.8553 0.8536 0.8536 0.87
σmyy 3.376 4.522 4.313 4.272 4.274 4.28
σbyy 16.846 14.772 14.533 14.376 14.366 14.44
a Data read from graph.

for which the nonlinear effects are negligible, is considered. Table 2


The results are compared with those of Alwar and Rao [2] Convergence of the center deflection (Wc × 103 ) for orthotropic clamped skew
and Iyengar and Srinivasan [11] in Table 2. It seems that plates with Q = 1 (θ = 30◦ , h/a = 0.001, b/a = 1)
the dynamic relaxation method (DRM) used by Alwar and Nξ = Nη [11] [2]
Rao [2] gives an upper bound for the deflections. Now consider 7 9 13 19 25
skew plates with the same material properties as in previous 0.4354 0.4285 0.4283 0.4283 0.4283 0.4283 0.43961
example, but with a large load parameter to cause a significant
impact due to geometric nonlinearity. The results for the Table 3
deflection, resultant bending moments about the x- and y-axes Convergence of the results for orthotropic clamped skew plates with Q = 3200
and resultant membrane forces in the x- and y-directions at the (h/a = 0.001, a/b = 1)
center of the plates are presented in Table 3. This table also θ Nξ = Nη Wc N xx N yy M xx M yy
includes the results obtained by the DRM [2].The results are
30◦ 9 0.9205 115.0 47.06 56.70 17.97
given for two different skew angles and for different numbers 13 0.9195 109.1 40.79 56.70 18.31
of grid points. Again one can see that the center deflections 19 0.9195 109.1 40.96 56.73 18.32
obtained by the DQM are slightly less than those of the DRM, 25 0.9195 109.1 40.96 56.73 18.32
but still close agreement exists between the results of the two [2]a 0.94 109.0 40.9 56.8 18.2
methods for different parameters. 45◦ 9 0.6622 62.81 34.47 48.17 22.56
13 0.6591 62.11 30.68 46.79 22.41
The convergence behaviors of the presented DQM for 19 0.6591 62.27 30.73 46.72 22.44
nonlinear analysis of [0/90] antisymmetric cross ply skew 25 0.6591 62.27 30.72 46.72 22.44
composite plates subjected to a relatively large load parameter [2]a 0.68 62.5 31.0 47.5 22.7
are considered as other examples. The results for thin clamped a Data read from graph.
antisymmetric cross-ply laminated skew plates are presented
in Table 4. For skew plates with acute corners, i.e., the case Table 4
θ = 60◦ , the non-dimensional resultant bending moment about
Convergence of the results for [0/90] antisymmetric laminated clamped skew
plates (Q = 5000, h/a = 0.001, b/a = 1)
the y-axis (M x x ) has negligible value in comparison with the
non-dimensional resultant bending moment about the x-axis θ Nξ = Nη Wc N xx N yy M xx M yy
(M yy ). It is found that in all cases nine grid points in each 30◦ 9 1.912 100.9 148.2 −17.6 42.8
direction yields accurate results for the center deflection and 11 1.919 122.6 145.1 −22.04 41.7
eleven grid points are sufficient to obtain accurate results for 19 1.915 119.7 153.6 −23.3 43.6
23 1.915 119.8 153.7 −23.4 43.6
the resultant forces and moments. The results for moderately 25 1.915 119.8 153.7 −23.4 43.6
thick antisymmetric cross-ply laminated skew plates with two 60◦ 9 0.860 22.0 96.4 −0.20 38.0
different sets of boundary conditions, i.e., SSSS and SCSC, 11 0.860 21.6 86.8 0.05 35.7
are presented in Table 5. The fast rate of convergence of the 19 0.858 23.3 87.2 −0.43 35.2
method is evident. It is found that in all cases eleven grid points 23 0.857 23.4 87.5 −0.53 35.2
25 0.857 23.4 87.6 −0.55 35.2
in each direction give accurate results for the center deflection
and thirty grid points are sufficient to obtain accurate results for
the resultant forces and moments. The convergence behavior of ε = 0.9, 0.01, 0.001 are 1.2119, 1.2105, 1.2105 and 18.0159,
the residual to applied force ratio, i.e., ε (Eq. (33)), is shown 18.0012, 18.0025, respectively.
in Table 6 for different values of convergence tolerance εo and The DQM results will be compared with the solutions of
at three different load steps. Ten load steps are used. It is a finite element method (FEM) large deformation analysis
obvious that the number of iterations per load step depends on of a skew plate here. The FEM solutions were prepared
the convergence tolerance. The maximum number of iterations using ANSYS SHELL63 type elements. A clamped isotropic
per load step is five. The non-dimensional central deflection skew plate with a skew angle of 60◦ is considered, for
and bending moment (M x x ) for the convergence tolerance which the analytical solution can also be found [24]. The
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1315

Table 5
Convergence of the results for [0/90] antisymmetric laminated skew plates (Q = 1000, h/a = 0.1, b/a = 1)

θ Nξ = Nη SSSS SCSC
Wc N xx M xx Wc N xx M xx
30◦ 11 1.258 27.6 −3.553 1.210 26.2 −3.40
13 1.258 27.7 −3.573 1.210 26.6 −3.48
17 1.258 28.1 −3.650 1.210 27.0 −3.57
23 1.258 28.1 −3.651 1.210 27.0 −3.57
60◦ 11 0.583 8.92 −0.549 0.550 9.44 −0.829
13 0.581 8.80 −0.508 0.550 9.46 −0.834
17 0.580 9.01 −0.567 0.549 9.53 −0.870
21 0.579 9.09 −0.594 0.549 9.53 −0.877
23 0.579 9.12 −0.603 0.549 9.53 −0.878

Table 6
Convergence of the residual to applied force ratio (ε) for [0/90] antisymmetric SCSC laminated skew plates (Q = 1000, h/a = 0.1, b/a = 1, θ = 30◦ ,
Nξ = Nη = 11)

Number of iteration εo = 0.9 εo = 0.01 εo = 0.001


Step 1 Step 5 Step 10 Step 1 Step 5 Step 10 Step 1 Step 5 Step 10
1 1.000 0.2500 0.1002 1.000 0.2000 0.100 1.000 0.2000 0.100
2 11.06 11.06 0.1135 0.394 11.06 0.1135 0.394
3 1.105 1.105 0.0007 0.0024 1.105 0.0007 0.0024
4 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.00083
5 0.0004 0.0004

Fig. 3. Non-dimensional center deflection of clamped [0/90] antisymmetric


Fig. 2. Comparisons between the DQM and different types of FEM and laminated skew plates (a/b = 1).
analytical solutions for an isotopic clamped skew plate with θ = 60◦ .
that for the same value of center deflection simply supported
geometrical and material properties are those used by Duan skew plates need less load with respect to clamped plates. Also,
and Mahendran [10]; a/b = 1.5, h/a = 0.01, v = 0.333. on increasing the load parameter, the geometric nonlinearity
In Fig. 2, this comparison is made by plotting the results for effects are increased significantly.
the center deflection of the plate from the FEM and DQM The influence of the number of layers (NL) and laminate
solutions. In this figure also, the results from another hybrid lay up on the center deflection of simply supported symmetric
FEM methodology by Duan and Mahendran [10], who have and antisymmetric cross ply laminated skew plates is shown in
used sixteen quadrilateral elements of equal size, are also Fig. 6. The total thickness of the plate is constant. It is found
presented. The DQM solutions have a better agreement with that on increasing the number of layers, the stiffness of the
those of the analytical solutions. antisymmetric cross ply skew plates increases; meanwhile, for
The effects of skew angle and boundary conditions on the symmetric cross ply skew plates the stiffness decreases.
the center deflection of the antisymmetric cross-ply thin and Also, for the same number of layers, symmetric skew plates
moderately thick skew plates are shown in Figs. 3–5. In each are stiffer than antisymmetric cross ply laminated plates.
case it is obvious that the degree of hardening is increased by The effects of aspect ratio on the non-dimensional center
increasing the skew angle θ . From these figures it is found deflection of CCSS [0/90] antisymmetric moderately thick
1316 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

Fig. 4. Non-dimensional center deflection of simply supported [0/90] Fig. 7. The effects of aspect ratio on the non-dimensional center deflection of
antisymmetric laminated skew plates (a/b = 1). CCSS [0/90] antisymmetric moderately thick skew plates (θ = 45◦ , h/a =
0.1).

5. Conclusions

The DQ nonlinear analysis of thin as well as moderately


thick antisymmetric laminated skew plates with different
boundary conditions was investigated. Good convergence is
presented even when only a small number of grid points are
used. The numerical results are in good agreements with those
obtained by other numerical methods reported for isotropic and
orthotropic skew plates by other researchers.
For a given lay up of the lamina, the skew angle, boundary
conditions, aspect ratio and the thickness-to-length ratio of the
plate greatly influence the deformation behaviors. The degree of
hardening increases with increase in skew angle, and decreases
with aspect ratio (b/a) and thickness-to-length ratio (h/a).
Fig. 5. Non-dimensional center deflection of CSCS [0/90] antisymmetric These studies indicate that the DQM is efficient and reliable
laminated skew plates (a/b = 1). for the nonlinear analysis of skew composite plates based on
the FSDT. Also, the utility of the DQM as an accurate and
efficient method for solving complex nonlinear problems was
better clarified.

Appendix A. DQ weighting coefficients

The basic idea of the differential quadrature method is that


the derivative of a function, with respect to a space variable at
a given sampling point, is approximated as a weighted linear
sum of the sampling points in the domain of that variable. In
order to illustrate the DQ approximation, consider a function
f (ξ, η) having its field on a rectangular domain 0 ≤ ξ ≤ a
and 0 ≤ η ≤ b. Let, in the given domain, the function values
be known or desired on a grid of sampling points. According
to the DQM, the r th derivative of a function f (ξ, η) can be
approximated as
Fig. 6. The effects of number of layers and laminate lay up on non-dimensional
center deflection of simply supported laminated skew plates (θ = 30◦ , h/a =
 

∂ r f (ξ, η)  ξ(r)
0.1, a/b = 1). = A f (ξm , η j )
∂ξ r (ξ,η)=(ξi ,η j ) m=1 im
skew plates with relatively acute corners are shown in Fig. 7.


ξ(r)
Thirty grid points are used in the numerical computations. It is = Ai j fm j
obvious that on increasing the aspect ratio (b/a), the stiffness m=1
of the plate is decreased. for i = 1, 2, . . . , Nξ and r = 1, 2, . . . , Nξ − 1. (A.1)
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1317

From this equation one can deduce that the important b12 = 2(B16 − B66 tan θ ) sec θ, b13 = B66 sec2 θ
components of DQ approximations are weighting coefficients b21 = B16 − (B12 + B66 ) tan θ + B26 tan2 θ,
and the choice of sampling points. In order to determine the
b22 = (B12 + B66 − 2B26 tan θ ) sec θ,
weighting coefficients a set of test functions should be used in
Eq. (A.1). For polynomial basis functions DQ, a set of Lagrange b23 = B26 sec2 θ, b31 = B66 − 2B26 tan θ + B22 tan2 θ,
polynomials is employed as the test functions. The weighting b32 = 2(B26 − B22 tan θ ) sec θ, b33 = B22 sec2 θ,
coefficients for the first-order derivatives in the x-direction are b41 = 2B16 − (B12 + B66) tan θ,
thus determined as [13]
 b42 = (B12 + B66 ) tan2 θ,
 M(ξi )

 (ξ − ξ )M(ξ ) for i = j b51 = B12 + B66 − 2B26 tan θ, b52 = 2B26 sec θ (B.2)


 i j j
s11 = A55 − A45 tan θ, s12 = A45 sec θ,
ξ 1  Nξ
Ai j = −
ξ
Ai j for i = j s21 = A45 − A44 tan θ, s22 = A44 sec θ,
a

 j =1


 s31 = A55 − 2 A45 tan θ + A44 tan2 θ,
 i= j
s32 = 2(A45 − A44 tan θ ) sec θ,
i, j = 1, 2 . . . , Nξ (A.2) s33 = A44 sec2 θ,
where s41 = A11 − A16 tan θ, s42 = A16 sec θ,
Nξ s43 = A16 − A12 tan θ, s44 = A12 sec θ,
M(ξi ) = (ξi − ξ j ). s45 = B11 − B16 tan θ, s46 = B16 sec θ,
j =1,i= j
s47 = B16 − B12 tan θ, s47 = B12 sec θ,
The weighting coefficients of second-order derivative can be s51 = A16 − A66 tan θ, s52 = A66 sec θ,
obtained as [13]
s53 = A66 − A26 tan θ, s54 = A26 sec θ,
ξ ξ ξ ξ
[Bi j ] = [ Ai j ][ Ai j ] = [ Ai j ]2 . (A.3) s55 = B16 − B66 tan θ, s56 = B66 sec θ,
In a similar manner, the weighting coefficients for the y- s57 = B66 − B26 tan θ, s58 = B26 sec θ,
direction can be obtained. s61 = A12 − A26 tan θ, s62 = A26 sec θ,
In the numerical computations, Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto
s63 = A26 − A22 tan θ, s64 = A22 sec θ,
quadrature points are used, that is [13]
   s65 = B12 − B26 tan θ, s66 = B26 sec θ,
ξi 1 (i − 1)π
= 1 − cos ; s67 = B26 − B22 tan θ, s67 = B22 sec θ (B.3)
a 2 (Nξ − 1)
   c11 = B11 n 2x + B12 n 2y − (B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y
ηj 1 ( j − 1)π
= 1 − cos + 2n x n y B66) tan θ + 2n x n y B16 ,
b 2 (Nη − 1)
for i = 1, 2, . . . , Nξ and j = 1, 2, . . . , Nη . (A.4) c12 = (B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y + 2n x n y B66 ) sec θ,
c21 = B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y − (B12 n 2x + B22 n 2y
Appendix B + 2n x n y B26) tan θ + 2n x n y B66 ,
The coefficients ai j , bi j , ci j , di j , ei j , and si j in Eqs. c22 = (B12 n 2x + B22 n 2y + 2n x n y B26 ) sec θ,
(19)–(23) and (27) are given by c31 = D11 n 2x + D12 n 2y + 2D16 n x n y − (D16 n 2x
a11 = A11 − 2 A16 tan θ + A66 tan2 θ, + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y ) tan θ,
a12 = 2(A16 − A66 tan θ ) sec θ, a13 = A66 sec2 θ c32 = (D16 n 2x + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y ) sec θ,
a21 = A16 − (A12 + A66 ) tan θ + A26 tan θ, 2
c41 = D16 n 2x + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y
a22 = (A12 + A66 − 2 A26 tan θ ) sec θ,
− (D12 n 2x + D22 n 2y + 2D26 n x n y ) tan θ,
a23 = A26 sec2 θ, a31 = A11 − A16 tan θ,
a32 = A16 sec θ, a33 = 2 A16 − (A12 + A66 ) tan θ, c42 = (D12 n 2x + D22 n 2y + 2D26 n x n y ) sec θ (B.4)
a34 = (A12 + A66 ) sec θ, a35 = A66 − A26 tan θ, d11 = D11 − 2D16 tan θ + D66 tan θ, 2

a36 = A26 sec θ, a41 = A66 − 2 A26 tan θ + A22 tan2 θ, d12 = 2(D16 − D66 tan θ ) sec θ, d13 = D66 sec2 θ,
a42 = 2(A26 − A66 tan θ ) sec θ, a43 = A66 sec2 θ, d21 = D16 − (D12 + D66 ) tan θ + D26 tan2 θ,
a51 = A16 − A66 tan θ, a52 = A66 sec θ, d22 = (D12 + D66 − 2D26 tan θ ) sec θ,
a53 = A12 + A66 − 2 A26 tan θ, a54 = 2 A26 sec θ, d23 = D26 sec2 θ, d31 = D66 − 2D26 tan θ + D22 tan2 θ,
a55 = A26 − A22 tan θ, a56 = A22 sec θ (B.1) d32 = 2(D26 − D22 tan θ ) sec θ,
b11 = B11 − 2B16 tan θ + B66 tan2 θ, d33 = D22 sec2 θ (B.5)
1318 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318

1 2
e11 = (n B11 + n 2y B12 + 2n x n y B16 ), [11] Iyengar KTS, Srinivasan RS. Reply to discussion by Kennedy on clamped
2 x skew plate under uniform normal loading. J Royal Aeronaut Soc 1968;
1 (April):340.
e12 = (n 2x B12 + n 2y B22 + 2n x n y B26 ), [12] Bert CW, Jang SK, Striz AG. Two new approximate methods for
2 analyzing free vibration of structural components. AIAA J 1988;26:
1 2
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