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Received 25 August 2005; received in revised form 21 December 2005; accepted 30 December 2005
Available online 28 February 2006
Abstract
A differential quadrature (DQ) nonlinear analysis of skew laminated composite plates is presented. The governing equations are based on
first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The geometrical nonlinearity is modeled using Green’s strain and von Karman assumptions. DQ
discretization rules in association with an exact coordinate transformation are simultaneously used to transform and discretize the equilibrium
equations and the related boundary conditions. The effects of skew angle, thickness-to-length ratio, aspect ratio and also the impact due to
different types of boundary conditions on the convergence and accuracy of the method are studied. The resulting solutions are compared to those
from other numerical methods to show the accuracy of the method with less computational effort. Also, numerical solutions for the large deflection
behavior of antisymmetric cross ply skew plates under different geometrical parameters and boundary conditions are presented.
c 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
and
Nx x Mx x
Qx
Fig. 1. The geometry of the skew composite plates. N = N yy , M = M yy , Q= ,
Qy
Nx y Mx y
In the first-order shear deformation theory, the displacement
field of a laminated composite plate is expressed as [23], κi j is the shear correction factor.
u(x, y, z, t) = u(x, y, t) + zϕ (x, y, t),
x Using Eqs. (2) and (3), the equilibrium equations of an
arbitrary shaped composite plate in the rectangular coordinate
v(x, y, z, t) = v(x, y, t) + zϕ y (x, y, t), (1)
system and in terms of displacement and bending rotation
w(x, y, z, t) = w(x, y, t) components can be derived as follows [23]:
where (u, v, w) are the displacement components of an
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
arbitrary point (x, y, z) of the plate in the laminated skew plate, A11 + 2 A16
and (u, v, w) are the displacement projections on the mid-plane, ∂x 2 ∂ x∂y
and (ϕ x , ϕ y ) denote the rotations of the transverse normal about ∂ u
2 ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ A66 2 + A16 2 + (A12 + A66 ) + A26 2
the y- and x-axes, respectively. ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
Using the von Karman assumption [23], the strain 2
∂w ∂w ∂ w
components at an arbitrary point of the plates can be written + A11 + A16
∂x ∂y ∂ x 2
as follows:
∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
∂ϕ x + (A12 + A66 ) + 2 A16
b
∂y ∂ x ∂ x∂y
ε
∂ x
2
xx
∂ϕ y ∂w ∂w ∂ w
εb = ε yy = z
b
= zκ, + A66 + A26
b
∂y
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
εx y
∂ϕ x ∂ϕ y
∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ y
+ + B11 + 2B + B + B
∂y ∂x ∂x2
16
∂ x∂y
66
∂y 2
16
∂x2
∂u 1 ∂w 2 ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y
m +
+ (B12 + B66 ) + B26 2 = 0 (4)
ε
∂ x 2 ∂ x
∂ x∂y ∂y
xx
2 (2)
εm = ε yy = m ∂v 1 ∂w ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ A16 2 + (A12 + A66 ) + A26 2
m
∂y 2 ∂y
∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
γx y
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂w
∂ v
2 ∂ v
2 ∂ v2
+ +
∂y ∂x ∂ x ∂y + A66 2 + 2 A26 + A22 2
∂x ∂ x∂y ∂y
∂w 2
ϕ x +
∂w ∂w ∂ w
γ ∂x + A16 + A66
γ = xz = ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂ x 2
γ yz
ϕ y + ∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w
∂y + (A12 + A66 ) + 2 A26
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂y
where εb , ε m and γ are the bending, membrane and transverse 2
shear components of strain, respectively. ∂w ∂w ∂ w
+ A26 + A22
Based on the FSDT, the force and moment resultants of the ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
plates can be expressed as ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x ∂ 2ϕ x
+ B16 + (B 12 + B 66 ) + B 26
N A B 0 ε m ∂x2 ∂ x∂y ∂y 2
M = BT D 0 κ (3) ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y ∂ ϕ
2 y
+ B66 + 2B26 + B22 2 = 0 (5)
Q 0 0 A γ ∂x 2 ∂ x∂y ∂y
1310 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318
+ sec2 θ
∂η2 (ξi ,η j )
m=1 n=1
ξ η y
+ (s21 Aim δ j n + s22 δim A j n )ϕmn + {[s31 + (Nx x )i j
Nξ
ξ ξ
= tan2 θ Bim ( )m j − 2 sec θ tan θ − 2(Nx y )i j tan θ + (N yy )i j tan2 θ ]Bim δ j n
m=1 ξ η
+ [s32 + 2(Nx y )i j sec θ − 2(N yy )i j sec θ tan θ ] Aim A j n
Nξ
Nη
ξ η
Nη
η η
× Aim A j n ( )mn + sec2 θ B j n ( )in (18) + [s33 + (N yy )i j sec2 θ ]δim B j n }wmn } + qi j = 0 (21)
m=1 n=1 n=1
where the in-plane resultant forces can be discretized as
where the weighting coefficients are given in Appendix A. follows:
The equilibrium equations as well as the related boundary
Nξ
Nη
ξ η
conditions can be discretized in the computational domain by (Nx x )i j = [(s41 Air δ j s + s42 δir A j s )u rs
r=1 s=1
using the DQ transformation rules (15)–(18). The DQ analogs ξ η ξ
of the equilibrium equations (4)–(8) become + (s43 Air δ j s + s44 δir A j s )vrs + (s45 Air δ j s
η ξ η y
Eq. (4): + s46 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (s47 Air δ j s + s48 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
N 2
Nξ Nη
ξ ξ η η
A11 ξ
ξ A12
(a11 Bim δ j n + a12 Aim A j n + a13 δim B j n )u mn + Air wr j +
m=1 n=1
2 r=1
2
2
ξ ξ η η Nξ Nη
+ (a21 Bim δ j n + a22 Aim A j n + a23δim B j n )vmn ξ η
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir
Nξ Nη
ξ η ξ
r=1 r=1
+ [(a31 Air δ j s + a32 δir A j s )Bim δ j n N
ξ
ξ
Nξ
ξ
r=1 s=1
+ A16 Air wr j − tan θ Air wr j
ξ η ξ η ξ
+ (a33 Air δ j s + a34 δir A j s )Aim A j n + (a35 Air δ j s r=1 r=1
Nη
η
η η
+ a36 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs wmn + (b11 Bim δ j n
ξ
+ sec θ A j r wir ,
r=1
ξ η η ξ
Nξ
Nη
+ b12 Aim A j n + b13 δim B j n )ϕmn
x
+ (b21 Bim δ j n ξ η
(Nx y )i j = [(s51 Air δ j s + s52 δir A j s )u rs
r=1 s=1
ξ η η y
+ b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )ϕmn = 0. (19) ξ η ξ
+ (s53 Air δ j s + s54 δir A j s )vrs + (s55 Air δ j s
η ξ η y
+ s56 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (s57 Air δ j s + s58 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
Eq. (5): N 2
A16 ξ
ξ A26
Nη
Nξ + Air wr j +
ξ ξ η η 2 2
(a21 Bim δ j n + a22 Aim A j n + a23 δim B j n )u mn r=1
2
m=1 n=1
Nξ
ξ
Nη
η
ξ ξ η
+ (a41 Bim δ j n + a42 Aim A j n + a43δim B j n )vmn
η × − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir
r=1 r=1
Nξ Nη N
ξ η ξ
+ [(a51 Air δ j s + a52 δir A j s )Bim δ j n ξ
ξ
r=1 s=1
+ A66 Air wr j
r=1
ξ η ξ η ξ
+ (a53 Air δ j s + a54 δir A j s )Aim A j n + (a55 Air δ j s
Nξ
Nη
ξ η
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir ,
η η
+ a56 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs wmn r=1 r=1
Nξ
Nη
ξ η
ξ ξ η η (N yy )i j = [(s61 Air δ j s + s62 δir A j s )u rs
+ (b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23δim B j n )ϕmn
x
r=1 s=1
ξ
+ (s63 Air δ j s + s64 δir
η
A j s )vrs + (s65 Air δ j s
ξ
ξ ξ η η y
+ (b31 Bim δ j n + b32 Aim A j n + b33 δim B j n )ϕmn = 0. (20)
η
+ s66 δir A j s )ϕrs
x ξ
+ (s67 Air δ j s + s68 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
η y
1312 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318
N 2
A12 ξ
A22 In the above equations the constant parameters ai j , bi j , di j ,
ξ
+ Air wr j + and si j , which depend both on the laminate stiffness and the
2 2
r=1 skew angle of the plate, are given in Appendix B; δi j represents
2 the Kronecker delta.
Nξ
ξ
Nη
η
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir In a similar manner, the DQ analogs of the boundary
r=1 r=1 conditions can be obtained. In this paper, skew composite plates
N with immovable simply supported edge (S) and immovable
ξ
ξ clamped edge (C) and different combinations of them will be
+ A26 Air wr j
considered. The physical conditions of these types of boundary
r=1
conditions are as follows.
Nξ
ξ
Nη
η Simply supported edge:
× − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir .
r=1 r=1 w = 0, u n = 0, u s = 0, ϕ s = 0, Mnn = 0. (24)
Eq. (7): Clamped edge:
Nξ Nη w = 0, u n = 0, u s = 0, ϕ s = 0, ϕ n = 0. (25)
ξ ξ η η
(b11 Bim δ j n + b12 Aim A j n + b13 δim B j n )u mn
m=1 n=1
For these types of edge conditions, the boundary conditions
ξ ξ η η
at the corners of the skew plate become similar to those given
+ (b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )vmn in Eq. (25).
The DQ analogs of the first four conditions in Eqs. (24) and
ξ η
Nξ Nη
ξ
− s11 Aim δ j n + s12 δim A j n − [(s45 Air δ j s (25) are as follows:
r=1 s=1 wi j = 0, (u n )i j = n x u i j + n y vi j = 0,
η ξ ξ η
+ s46 δir A j s )Bim δ j n + (b41 Air δ j s + b42 δir A j s ) (u s )i j = −n y u i j + n x vi j = 0,
y
ϕisj = −n y ϕixj + n x ϕi j = 0 (26)
ξ η ξ η η
× Aim A j n + (s57 Air δ j s + s58 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs wmn and those of the fifth conditions become
ξ ξ η η
Nξ
Nη
ξ η
+ (d11 Bim δ j n + d12 Aim A j n + d13 δim B j n )ϕmn
x (Mnn )i j = [(c11 Air δ j s + c12 δir A j s )u rs
r=1 s=1
ξ η ξ
ξ ξ η
+ (d21 Bim δ j n + d22 Aim A j n + d23 δim B j n )ϕmn
η y + (c21 Air δ j s + c22 δir A j s )vrs + (c31 Air δ j s
η ξ η y
+ c32 δir A j s )ϕrs
x
+ (c41 Air δ j s + c42 δir A j s )ϕrs ]
− A55ϕixj −
y
A45 ϕi j = 0. (22) N 2
ξ
ξ
Nξ
ξ
Eq. (8): + e11 Air wr j + e12 − tan θ Air wr j
Nξ Nη r=1 r=1
ξ ξ η η
(b21 Bim δ j n + b22 Aim A j n + b23 δim B j n )u mn 2 N
Nη
η
ξ
ξ
m=1 n=1
+ sec θ A j r wir + e13 Air wr j
ξ ξ η η
+ (b31 Bim δ j n + b32 Aim A j n + b33 δim B j n )vmn r=1 r=1
Nξ
ξ
Nη
η
ξ η
− s21 Aim δ j n + s22 δim A j n − tan θ Air wr j + sec θ A j r wir = 0 (27)
r=1 r=1
y
Nξ
Nη ϕinj = n x ϕixj + n y ϕi j = 0 (28)
ξ η ξ
− [(s45 Air δ j s + s46 δir A j s )Bim δ j n where the expressions for ci j and ei j are presented in
r=1 s=1
Appendix B.
ξ η ξ η
+ (b51 Air δ j s + b52 δir A j s )Aim A j n The discretized equilibrium equations and boundary
conditions can be written in the vector form as
ξ η η
+ (s67 Air δ j s + s68 δir A j s )δim B j n ]wrs wmn R = g − f = 0. (29)
ξ ξ η η
The components of the vectors g and f are the left and right
+ (d21 Bim δ j n + d22 Aim A j n + d23 δim B j n )ϕmn
x
parts of Eqs. (19)–(23) and (26)–(28), respectively. To solve
the nonlinear equation (29) in a systematic manner, the vector
ξ ξ η η y of degrees of freedom or generalized displacement vector is
+ (d31 Bim δ j n + d32 Aim A j n + d33 δim B j n )ϕmn
defined as
x T y T T
− A45ϕixj − A44 ϕi j = 0.
y
(23) U = {U } = {u}T {v}T {w}T ϕ ϕ (30)
P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318 1313
where thin orthotropic skew plates, the results are compared with
those of isotropic and orthotropic skew plates to validate the
u 11
v11
w11
u 12
v12
w12 formulations and computer programs. Also, since exact or
{u} = .. , {v} = .. , {w} = .. , closed form solutions of nonlinear analysis of skew plates
.
.
. are not available yet, the results are compared with numerical
u Nξ Nη v Nξ Nη w Nξ Nη results of other methods. At the end, the nonlinear bending
x y behaviors of antisymmetric laminated skew plates are presented
ϕ11
ϕ11
x
ϕy
by analyzing different numerical examples.
ϕ
12 12 The edges of the plate are numbered from 1 to 4 as shown
{ϕ } =
x
.. , {ϕ y
} = .. .
.
. in Fig. 1. The first side is set at x = 0 and the other sides
x
ϕ Nξ Nη ϕ y are numbered consecutively in a counterclockwise direction.
Nξ Nη
Without loss of generality, the same grid points along the ξ -
An incremental-iterative method should be used to solve the and η-axes are employed, namely, Nξ = Nη . In the entire
nonlinear equation (29). In the present analysis, the solution problems considered here, the individual layers are taken to
algorithms are based on the Newton–Raphson method. For this be of equal thickness and the shear correction factors are
purpose, the load vector f is applied incrementally, and for a taken to be 5/6. Based on numeric experiment, any value of
given value of the load, the Newton–Raphson iterations are to the convergence tolerance εo ≤ 1 is sufficient to obtain an
be continued until the required accuracy is reached. A brief accurate solution for the generalized displacement components
review of the solution algorithm is as follows. Suppose that at and resultant stresses. However, the accuracy of the resultant
iteration r for the load step
fi+1 , the vector Ui+1
r gives the stresses can be slightly improved by using values of εo 1 and
residual forces R(Ui+1 ) = 0, then an improved value of U
r therefore a value of εo = 10−3 will be employed in all solved
is obtained by equating to zero the linearized Taylor’s series examples. The number of iterations for each load step depends
r+1
expansion of R(Ui+1 ) in the neighborhood of Ui+1
r as upon the number of grid points, the load step size and also the
value of convergence tolerance. By increasing the number of
r+1 r+1
R(Ui+1 ) = g(Ui+1
r
) + KTr (Ui+1 − Ui+1
r
) − fi+1 = 0 (31) grid points, the number of iterations per load step is decreased
to a minimum value of three. In the examples, the maximum
or
number of iterations per load step is five. Unless explicitly
r+1
Ui+1 = Ui+1
r
+ (KTr )−1 (fi+1 − g(Ui+1
r
)) (32) mentioned, the following set of mechanical properties is used
in the numerical studies:
where KTr is the tangent stiffness matrix evaluated at Ui+1
r and E 11 G 12
is given by = 40, = 0.5,
E 22 E 22
∂g1 ∂g1 ∂g1 G 23
...
∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U N E 22
= 0.2, G 13 = G 12 , υ12 = 0.25.
∂g ∂g ∂g2
2 2
∂g ∂U1 ∂U2 . . . ∂U N In all solved examples ten incremental load steps are
KT =
r
= .
∂U U=Ur .. .. .. .. sufficient to obtain a converged solution; however, to find
i+1 . . .
.
accurate intermediate solutions, in some cases more than ten
∂g N ∂g N ∂g N
··· incremental load steps are used.
∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U N U=Uri+1 As a first example, the convergence and accuracy of the
results for the deflection, bending and membrane stresses at
N = 5Nξ × 5Nη is the total number of degrees of freedom the center of the skew isotropic plates are presented in Table 1.
and gi (i = 1, 2, . . . , N) are the components of vector g. At A clamped skew thin plate with relatively acute corners is
each iteration the convergence is checked using a total residual considered and the results for two different values of load
norm criteria [9], i.e., parameters are presented. Comparing the results of the present
(RT R)1/2 method with those of the lumped triangular element method
ε= < εo . (33) (LTEM) [4], it is found that the converged results are in good
(f T f )1/2
agreement with those of the LTEM [4], and also nine grid
For each load step, the strain components, the bending points in each direction are sufficient to yield results with good
moments and in-plane stresses resultants can be obtained by accuracy.
using Eqs. (2), (3), (15) and (16). To show the convergence and accuracy of the present method
for composite skew plates, the nonlinear analysis of orthotropic
4. Numerical results clamped skew plate considered by Alwar and Rao [2] is
investigated here. The material properties used are as follows:
In this section, at first the convergence trends and accuracy
E 11 G 12
of the presented algorithm are investigated through a few = 4.0, (1 − υ12 υ21 ) = 0.35, υ12 = 0.3.
examples of skew plates with large enough loads to cause E 22 E 22
significant geometric nonlinearity. Since results for nonlinear At first the convergence and accuracy of the center deflection
analysis of skew composite plates are not available except for for a skew plate with θ = 30◦ and a load parameter Q = 1,
1314 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318
Table 1
Convergence and accuracy of the stress components at the center of isotropic clamped skew plates (h/a = 0.001, b/a = 1, θ = 45◦ , υ = 0.333)
Q Nξ = Nη [4]a
7 9 11 19 25
1600 Wc 0.5398 0.5277 0.5242 0.5233 0.5233 0.53
σmyy 1.112 1.638 1.634 1.619 1.619 1.63
σbyy 10.652 9.6399 9.436 9.340 9.335 9.35
3200 Wc 0.8912 0.8615 0.8553 0.8536 0.8536 0.87
σmyy 3.376 4.522 4.313 4.272 4.274 4.28
σbyy 16.846 14.772 14.533 14.376 14.366 14.44
a Data read from graph.
Table 5
Convergence of the results for [0/90] antisymmetric laminated skew plates (Q = 1000, h/a = 0.1, b/a = 1)
θ Nξ = Nη SSSS SCSC
Wc N xx M xx Wc N xx M xx
30◦ 11 1.258 27.6 −3.553 1.210 26.2 −3.40
13 1.258 27.7 −3.573 1.210 26.6 −3.48
17 1.258 28.1 −3.650 1.210 27.0 −3.57
23 1.258 28.1 −3.651 1.210 27.0 −3.57
60◦ 11 0.583 8.92 −0.549 0.550 9.44 −0.829
13 0.581 8.80 −0.508 0.550 9.46 −0.834
17 0.580 9.01 −0.567 0.549 9.53 −0.870
21 0.579 9.09 −0.594 0.549 9.53 −0.877
23 0.579 9.12 −0.603 0.549 9.53 −0.878
Table 6
Convergence of the residual to applied force ratio (ε) for [0/90] antisymmetric SCSC laminated skew plates (Q = 1000, h/a = 0.1, b/a = 1, θ = 30◦ ,
Nξ = Nη = 11)
Fig. 4. Non-dimensional center deflection of simply supported [0/90] Fig. 7. The effects of aspect ratio on the non-dimensional center deflection of
antisymmetric laminated skew plates (a/b = 1). CCSS [0/90] antisymmetric moderately thick skew plates (θ = 45◦ , h/a =
0.1).
5. Conclusions
From this equation one can deduce that the important b12 = 2(B16 − B66 tan θ ) sec θ, b13 = B66 sec2 θ
components of DQ approximations are weighting coefficients b21 = B16 − (B12 + B66 ) tan θ + B26 tan2 θ,
and the choice of sampling points. In order to determine the
b22 = (B12 + B66 − 2B26 tan θ ) sec θ,
weighting coefficients a set of test functions should be used in
Eq. (A.1). For polynomial basis functions DQ, a set of Lagrange b23 = B26 sec2 θ, b31 = B66 − 2B26 tan θ + B22 tan2 θ,
polynomials is employed as the test functions. The weighting b32 = 2(B26 − B22 tan θ ) sec θ, b33 = B22 sec2 θ,
coefficients for the first-order derivatives in the x-direction are b41 = 2B16 − (B12 + B66) tan θ,
thus determined as [13]
b42 = (B12 + B66 ) tan2 θ,
M(ξi )
(ξ − ξ )M(ξ ) for i = j b51 = B12 + B66 − 2B26 tan θ, b52 = 2B26 sec θ (B.2)
i j j
s11 = A55 − A45 tan θ, s12 = A45 sec θ,
ξ 1 Nξ
Ai j = −
ξ
Ai j for i = j s21 = A45 − A44 tan θ, s22 = A44 sec θ,
a
j =1
s31 = A55 − 2 A45 tan θ + A44 tan2 θ,
i= j
s32 = 2(A45 − A44 tan θ ) sec θ,
i, j = 1, 2 . . . , Nξ (A.2) s33 = A44 sec2 θ,
where s41 = A11 − A16 tan θ, s42 = A16 sec θ,
Nξ s43 = A16 − A12 tan θ, s44 = A12 sec θ,
M(ξi ) = (ξi − ξ j ). s45 = B11 − B16 tan θ, s46 = B16 sec θ,
j =1,i= j
s47 = B16 − B12 tan θ, s47 = B12 sec θ,
The weighting coefficients of second-order derivative can be s51 = A16 − A66 tan θ, s52 = A66 sec θ,
obtained as [13]
s53 = A66 − A26 tan θ, s54 = A26 sec θ,
ξ ξ ξ ξ
[Bi j ] = [ Ai j ][ Ai j ] = [ Ai j ]2 . (A.3) s55 = B16 − B66 tan θ, s56 = B66 sec θ,
In a similar manner, the weighting coefficients for the y- s57 = B66 − B26 tan θ, s58 = B26 sec θ,
direction can be obtained. s61 = A12 − A26 tan θ, s62 = A26 sec θ,
In the numerical computations, Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto
s63 = A26 − A22 tan θ, s64 = A22 sec θ,
quadrature points are used, that is [13]
s65 = B12 − B26 tan θ, s66 = B26 sec θ,
ξi 1 (i − 1)π
= 1 − cos ; s67 = B26 − B22 tan θ, s67 = B22 sec θ (B.3)
a 2 (Nξ − 1)
c11 = B11 n 2x + B12 n 2y − (B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y
ηj 1 ( j − 1)π
= 1 − cos + 2n x n y B66) tan θ + 2n x n y B16 ,
b 2 (Nη − 1)
for i = 1, 2, . . . , Nξ and j = 1, 2, . . . , Nη . (A.4) c12 = (B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y + 2n x n y B66 ) sec θ,
c21 = B16 n 2x + B26 n 2y − (B12 n 2x + B22 n 2y
Appendix B + 2n x n y B26) tan θ + 2n x n y B66 ,
The coefficients ai j , bi j , ci j , di j , ei j , and si j in Eqs. c22 = (B12 n 2x + B22 n 2y + 2n x n y B26 ) sec θ,
(19)–(23) and (27) are given by c31 = D11 n 2x + D12 n 2y + 2D16 n x n y − (D16 n 2x
a11 = A11 − 2 A16 tan θ + A66 tan2 θ, + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y ) tan θ,
a12 = 2(A16 − A66 tan θ ) sec θ, a13 = A66 sec2 θ c32 = (D16 n 2x + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y ) sec θ,
a21 = A16 − (A12 + A66 ) tan θ + A26 tan θ, 2
c41 = D16 n 2x + D26 n 2y + 2D66 n x n y
a22 = (A12 + A66 − 2 A26 tan θ ) sec θ,
− (D12 n 2x + D22 n 2y + 2D26 n x n y ) tan θ,
a23 = A26 sec2 θ, a31 = A11 − A16 tan θ,
a32 = A16 sec θ, a33 = 2 A16 − (A12 + A66 ) tan θ, c42 = (D12 n 2x + D22 n 2y + 2D26 n x n y ) sec θ (B.4)
a34 = (A12 + A66 ) sec θ, a35 = A66 − A26 tan θ, d11 = D11 − 2D16 tan θ + D66 tan θ, 2
a36 = A26 sec θ, a41 = A66 − 2 A26 tan θ + A22 tan2 θ, d12 = 2(D16 − D66 tan θ ) sec θ, d13 = D66 sec2 θ,
a42 = 2(A26 − A66 tan θ ) sec θ, a43 = A66 sec2 θ, d21 = D16 − (D12 + D66 ) tan θ + D26 tan2 θ,
a51 = A16 − A66 tan θ, a52 = A66 sec θ, d22 = (D12 + D66 − 2D26 tan θ ) sec θ,
a53 = A12 + A66 − 2 A26 tan θ, a54 = 2 A26 sec θ, d23 = D26 sec2 θ, d31 = D66 − 2D26 tan θ + D22 tan2 θ,
a55 = A26 − A22 tan θ, a56 = A22 sec θ (B.1) d32 = 2(D26 − D22 tan θ ) sec θ,
b11 = B11 − 2B16 tan θ + B66 tan2 θ, d33 = D22 sec2 θ (B.5)
1318 P. Malekzadeh, G. Karami / Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 1307–1318
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