LAB REPORT 3

FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS



BASIC GENETICS

FGS0054

LAB REPORT 3

TITLE : MENDELS GENETIC-CHI SQUARED TEST (X
2
)








LECTURER : MADAM INTAN FARINA
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 30 APRIL 2014

NAMA PROGRAM NO ID
1. SYAZWANA BINTI MATNEL FMS JUNE A 13 012013020192
2. SHARMEEN BINTI MOHAMMAD FMS JUNE A 13 012013020204
3. NORHIDAYAH BINTI SAIBEH FMS JUNE A 13 012013020198
4. SUHANAYASMIN BINTI ABDUL RAZAK FMS JUNE A 13 012013060072
5. RIZQIN THAHIRAH BINTI MOHAMMED THAIREM FMS JUNE A 13 012013020197
LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS

TITLE : MENDELIAN GENETICS CHI SQUARED TEST (X
2
)


OBJECTIVE:

To determine that the data from the appropriate experiment will have the same ratio as
theory.


INTRODUCTION:

1. Chi square test usually use to determine that data from experiment about the same or
near to theory. It is used to determine whether there is a good fit between the observed
and the expected data. It is also used to determine whether the deviation id significant
by chance. Generally, small deviation can be obtained by chance while big deviation
could not.
2. Formula for chi squared test;

O = Number of individuals representing a particular phenotype
E = Number of individuals expected to show that phenotype
X
2
= the sum of possible value (O-E)
2
for different phenotypes

3. If p value more than 0.05 (p>0.05) this show that hypothesis F2 has 3:1 (monohybrid
cross) ratio and 9:3:3:1 (dihybrid cross) ratio accepted.


EXAMPLE

Crossing between a tall green pea plants with a short plant produces tall plants in the F1
generation. F1 plants are self-pollinated and produce 94 tall plants and 36 short plants in
the F2 generation. Are the data in F2 fit the 3:1 ratio the monohybrid crossing?








X
2
= (O-E)
2

E
LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS

SOLUTION

Phenotype Genotype O E (O-E) (O-E)
2
(O-E)
2
/ E
Tall TT 94 97.5 -3.5 12.25 0.126
Short tt 36 32.5 3.5 12.25 0.377
X
2
= 0.503
What is meant by X
2
= 0.503 in the table above?

If the observed value (O) is the same as the expected theoretical value (E), the value of X
2

is zero. Therefore high accuracy is obtained. The small value of X
2
means that the observed
data and the expected data are almost similar while the bigger value of X
2
shows that the
deviation of the observed data (O) compared to the expected data (E) is big.

How can we determine whether the deviation is within the expected limit if the deviation is
due to chance?

The limit for occurrence by chance set by statisticians is in 1 in 20 (probability = 0.05). This
becomes the critical value for accepting or rejecting the result.

Chi-squared value is read from the chi-squared table.



Chi-squared table

The top row represents probability (P) while the first column on the left represents degree
of freedom (N). The degree of freedom is one less than the number of phenotypes. In the
above example, the number of phenotype is two (2), tall and short. Therefore the degrees
of freedom is 2-1=1. In the table above, X
2
= 0.503 is between the column 0.30 (X
2
=
1.07) and 0.50 (X
2
= 0.46). this means that, if the same experiment is repeated 100 times,
X
2
= 0.503 will be obtained by chance in 30 to 50 times. The probability obtained shows that
the number observed (O) is in good fit with the number expected (E).



LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS


MATERIALS:

Blue card Yellow card
Green card Red card
Plastic bag / beaker


PROCEDURES:

Monohybrid Cross

1. 40 blue cards and 40 yellow cards were prepared. The blue card will represented T allele
and the yellow card will represented t allele.
2. All cards were mixed in a plastic bag.
3. Two cards from the plastic bag were taken out to determine the combination i.e. TT, Tt
or tt.
4. Step 3 was repeated untill all 40 pairs of the cards were drawn.
5. All the combination were recorded in Table 1, and then the X
2
value was obtained.


Dihybrid Cross

1. 40 blue cards and 40 yellow cards were mixed in one plastic bag. Then 40 green cards
and 40 red cards were also mixed in another plastic bag.

Blue card - Allele for tall (T)
Yellow cards - Allele for short (t)
Green card - Allele for purple flower (A)
Red card - Allele for white flower (a)

2. 2 cards from each bag were taken out to determine the combination.
3. Step 2 were repeated until we get 40 combinations.
4. All combinations were recorded in Table 2 and the X
2
value was obtained.








LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS
RESULT :

Phenotype Genotype O E (O-E) (O-E

(O-E

/E
Tall, purple
flower
TTAA 24 22.5 1.5 2.25 0.1
Tall, white
flower
TTaa 6 -1.5 -1.5 2.25 0.3
Short,
purple
flower
ttAA 8 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.03
Short,
white
flower
Ttaa 2 -0.5 -0.5 0.25 0.1
40

Phenotype Genotype O E (O-E) (O-E

(O-E

/E
Tall TT 29 30 -1 1 0.03
Short tt 11 10 -1 1 0.03
10

LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS











QUESTIONS:

1. Do the monohybrid and dihybrid ratios obtained, fit the expected Mendelian ratios?

2. Compare your X
2
value with the X
2
from the class results. Which one has lower X
2

value? Explain.


ANSWER :

1. Yes, the hypothesis is accepted. The p value for monohybrid cross and dihybrid is
more than 0.05.

2. The

value for dihybrid is higher than the

value for monohybrid. It is because

there are more trait for dihybrid than the monohybrid.


CONCLUSION :
The result of experiment for monohybrid cross where the value of X
2
is 0.13 which is
greater than its critical value of 0.06 and lesser than 0.15. So, its probability is 0.80
which is higher than 0.05. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted. As for dihybrid cross,
the value of X
2
which is greater than its critical value of 0.35 and lesser than 0.58.
So, its probability is 0.95 which is higher than 0.05. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted.
LAB REPORT 3
FGS0054
BASIC GENETICS










CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES (CFS)
RUBRIC REPORT
(To be attached together with the submission of lab report)




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