ABSTRACT

In India there are so many industries in different fields. For example steel sector, Oil
sector, Irrigation etc. All industries have many drives and equipments like conveyor
belts, pumps, ills etc.
All the drives of industries use electrical motors. ost of the electrical motors are
designed for three phase, !"#$ %in India& supply. 'hese three phase motors are less
expensive than starting of () motors.
*tarting of A) +,phase induction motors is less expensive than starting of () motors
as they require simple (.O.- or *tar.delta starters. (.O.- or *tar.delta starters
generally have only over load protection. 'hree phase induction motors are very
sensitive and get damaged, /hen they are sub0ected to *ingle,phasing.
For three phase induction motor, it is necessary that all the three phases of supply
should present. 1hile it is on load /hen any one of the fuse goes out, or missing, the
motor /ill continue to run /ith t/o phases only, but it /ill start dra/ing a huge
current for the same load. 'his high current may run the motor unless s/itched of
immediately.
A single phasing preventer avoids such a mishap /ith this circuit, the motor /ill not
run unless all the three phases are present.
In this context /e need to design a preventer /hich prevents these mishaps and
protects the costly motor under such conditions. 'he single phase preventer is very
less expensive and protects reliably the motor /hich is very costly.
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INDUCTION MOTOR
Figure1.1: Three-phase inductin !trs
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is a type of alternating current motor
/here po/er is supplied to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction.
An electric motor turns because of magnetic force exerted bet/een a stationary
electromagnet called the stator and a rotating electromagnet called the rotor.
(ifferent types of electric motors are distinguished by ho/ electric current is supplied
to the moving rotor.
In a () motor and a slip,ring A) motor, current is provided to the rotor directly
through sliding electrical contacts called commutators and slip rings. In an induction
motor, by contrast, the current is induced in the rotor /ithout contacts by the magnetic
field of the stator, through electromagnetic induction.
An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator
%stationary part& is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor
%rotating part& is the secondary side.
3nlike the normal transformer /hich changes the current by using time varying flux,
induction motors use rotating magnetic fields to transform the voltage. 'he current in
the primary side creates an electromagnetic field /hich interacts /ith the
electromagnetic field of the secondary side to produce a resultant torque, thereby
transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Induction motors are /idely used, especially poly phase induction motors, /hich are
frequently used in industrial drives.
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Induction motors are no/ the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their
rugged construction, absence of brushes %/hich are required in most () motors& and
5thanks to modern po/er electronics5the ability to control the speed of the motor.
"istr# $ Inductin Mtr
'he induction motor /as first reali$ed by %a&i&e Ferraris in 1''( in Italy. In 2666,
Ferraris published his research in a paper to the 7oyal Academy of *ciences in 'urin
%later, in the same year, 8ikola 'esla gained 3.*. 9atent +62,:;6& /here he exposed
the theoretical foundations for understanding the /ay the motor operates. 'he
induction motor /ith a cage /as invented by Mi)hai& D&i*-D+r*&s)# about a
year later.
,rincip&e $ peratin and c!parisn t s#nchrnus
!trs
A +,phase po/er supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor. 'he
basic difference bet/een an induction motor and a synchronous A) motor is that in
the latter a current is supplied into the rotor %usually ()& /hich in turn creates a
%circular uniform& magnetic field around the rotor.
'he rotating magnetic field of the stator /ill impose an electromagnetic torque on the
still magnetic field of the rotor causing it to move %about a shaft& and rotation of the
rotor is produced. It is called synchronous because at steady state the speed of the
rotor is the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.
Fig 1.-: A .-phase p/er supp&# pr*ides a rtating !agnetic $ie&d in an inductin 0
!tr.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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<y /ay of contrast, the induction motor does not have any direct supply onto the
rotor= instead, a secondary current is induced in the rotor. 'o achieve this, stator
/indings are arranged around the rotor so that /hen energised /ith a polyphase
supply they create a rotating magnetic field pattern /hich s/eeps past the rotor.
'his changing magnetic field pattern induces current in the rotor conductors. 'hese
currents interact /ith the rotating magnetic field created by the stator and in effect
causes a rotational motion on the rotor.
#o/ever, for these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be less
than the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator or else the magnetic field
/ill not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents /ill be induced. If
by some chance this happens, the rotor typically slo/s slightly until a current is re,
induced and then the rotor continues as before.
'his difference bet/een the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field
in the stator is called slip. It is unit less and is the ratio bet/een the relative speed of
the magnetic field as seen by the rotor %the slip speed& to the speed of the rotating
stator field. (ue to this, an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an
asynchronous machine.
Cnstructin
'he stator consists of /ound >poles> that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic
field that penetrates the rotor. In a very simple motor, there /ould be a single
pro0ecting piece of the stator %a salient pole& for each pole, /ith /indings around it= in
fact, to optimi$e the distribution of the magnetic field, the /indings are distributed in
many slots located around the stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number
of north,south alternations. 'he number of >poles> can vary bet/een motor types but
the poles are al/ays in pairs %i.e. 4, ?, ;, etc.&.
Induction motors are most commonly built to run on single,phase or three,phase
po/er, but t/o,phase motors also exist. In theory, t/o,phase and more than three
phase induction motors are possible= many single,phase motors having t/o /indings
and requiring a capacitor can actually be vie/ed as t/o,phase motors, since the
capacitor generates a second po/er phase :" degrees from the single,phase supply
and feeds it to a separate motor /inding.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page ?
*ingle,phase po/er is more /idely available in residential buildings, but cannot
produce a rotating field in the motor %the field merely oscillates back and forth&, so
single,phase induction motors must incorporate some kind of starting mechanism to
produce a rotating field.
'hey /ould, using the simplified analogy of salient poles, have one salient pole per
pole number= a four,pole motor /ould have four salient poles.
'hree,phase motors have three salient poles per pole number. 'his allo/s the motor
to produce a rotating field, allo/ing the motor to start /ith no extra equipment and
run more efficiently than a similar single,phase motor.
T#pes $ rtr in inductin !trs
i. S1uirre&-cage rtr
'he most common rotor is a squirrel,cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either
solid copper %most common& or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and
those solid copper or aluminium strips can be shorted or connected by a ring or
sometimes not, i.e. the rotor can be closed or semi,closed type.
Fig 1..: Diagra! O$ S1uirre& Cage Rtr
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Page !
'he rotor bars in squirrel,cage induction motors are not straight, but have some ske/
to reduce noise and harmonics.
ii. S&ip ring rtr
Fig 1.2: S&ip Ring Inductin Mtr
A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel,cage rotor /ith /indings that are
connected to slip rings. 1hen these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves
similarly to a squirrel,cage rotor= they can also be connected to resistors to
produce a high,resistance rotor circuit, /hich can be beneficial in starting.
iii. S&id cre rtr
Fig 1.(: S&id Cre Inductin Mtr
A rotor can be made from a solid mild steel. 'he induced current causes the rotation.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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Figure 1.3: A+nr!a&ities in Inductin Mtrs
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Page @
O*er*ie/
<efore discussing single,phasing, lets take a look at some of the /ays that electric
motors fail. #istorically, the causes of motor failure can be attributed toA
2. Overloads +"B
4. )ontaminants 2:B
+. *ingle,phasing 2?B
?. <earing Failure 2+B
!. Old Age 2"B
;. 7otor Failure !B
@. iscellaneous :B
From the above data, it can be seen that ??B of motor failure problems are related to
#CA'. Allo/ing a motor to reach and operate at a temperature 2"D) above its
maximum temperature rating /ill reduce the motors expected life by !"B. Operating
at 2"D) above this, the motors life /ill be reduced again by !"B.
'his reduction of the expected life of the motor repeats itself for every 2"D). 'his is
sometimes referred to as the Ehalf lifeF rule. 'he term, temperature EriseF, means that
the heat produced in the motor /indings %copper losses&, friction of the bearings, rotor
and stator losses %core losses&, /ill continue to increase until the heat dissipation
equals the heat being generated. For example, a continuous duty, ?"D) rise motor /ill
stabili$e its temperature at ?"D) above ambient %surrounding& temperature.
*tandard motors are designed so the temperature rise produced /ithin the motor,
/hen delivering its rated horsepo/er, and added to the industry standard ?"D)
ambient temperature rating, /ill not exceed the safe /inding insulation temperature
limit. 'he term, 4Ser*ice Factr5 for an electric motor, is defined asA Ea multiplier
/hich, /hen applied to the rated horsepo/er, indicates a permissible horsepo/er
loading /hich may be carried under the conditions specified for the *ervice Factor of
the motor.E)onditionsF include such things as operating the motor rated voltage and
rated frequency.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 6
Sing&e-,hasing
Figure 1.6: Diagra! $ a 789:D9;TA trans$r!atin /ith ne pri!ar# phase
pen. The !tr is prtected +# t/ *er&ad de*ices. Nte that ne phase t the
!tr is carr#ing t/ ti!es that $ the ther t/ phases. 7ithut an *er&ad
de*ice in the phase that is carr#ing t/ ti!es the current in the ther t/ phases<
the !tr /i&& +urn ut.
'he term sing&e-phasing, means one of the phases is open. A single,phasing
condition sub0ects an electric motor to the /orst possible case of voltage unbalance. If
a three,phase motor is running /hen the Esingle phaseF condition occurs, it /ill
attempt to deliver its full horse po/er enough to drive the load. 'he motor /ill
continue to try to drive the load until the motor burns out or until the properly si$ed
overload elements and.or properly si$ed dual,element, time,delay fuses take the
motor off the line.
For lightly loaded three,phase motors, say @"B of normal full,load amperes, the
phase current /ill increase by the square root of three %G+& under secondary single,
phase conditions. 'his /ill result in a current dra/ of approximately 4"Bmore than
the name plate full load current. If the overloads are si$ed at 24!B of the motor
nameplate, circulating currents can still damage the motor. 'hat is /hy it is
recommended that motor overload protection be based upon the actual running
current of the motor under its given loading, rather than the nameplate current rating.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page :
T/ !tr *er&ad prtecti*e de*ices cannt assure prtectin
against the e$$ects $ pri!ar# sing&e phasing. the !idd&e &ine
current increase t -.=> is nt sensed.
Figure 1.': Cncept $ sing&e phasing
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2"
"/ t Ca&cu&ate ?&tage Un+a&ance and the 9@pected Rise in "eat
Figure 1.A
aB Step 1
Add together the three voltage readings as
%4?6 H 4+; H 4+"& I @2? volts.
+B Step -
Find the EaverageF voltage.
%@2?.+& I 4+6 volts.
cB Step .
*ubtract the EaverageF voltage from one of the voltages that /ill indicate the
greatest voltage difference.
In this exampleA %4?6 J 4+6& I 2" volts.
dB Step 2
2"" x % greatest voltage .difference average voltage&
I 2"" x %2"K4+6&
I ?.4 percent voltage unbalance.
eB Step (
Find the expected temperature rise in the phase /inding /ith the highest
current by takingL
4 x %percent voltage unbalance&
4
i.e.

%4 x %?.4&
4
& I +!.46B temperature rise.
'herefore, for a motor rated /ith a ;"D) rise, the unbalanced voltage condition in the
above example /ill result in a temperature rise in the phase /inding /ith the highest
current of ;"D) x 2+!.46B I 62.2@D).
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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Fig 1.1=: Mtr during Nr!a& Operatin
Fig 1.11: Mtr during Sing&e ,hasing
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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"aCards $ Sing&e ,hasing $r a Three-,hase Mtr
1hen one phase of a secondary opens, the current to a motor in the t/o remaining
phases theoretically increase to 2.@+ %2@+B& times the normal current dra/ of the
motor. 'he increase can be as much as 4 times %4""B& because of po/er factor
changes. 1here the motor has a high inertia load, the current can approach locked
rotor valves under single,phased conditions. FiguresA 2.6 M 2.: illustrate the 2@+B
current increase. 'hree properly si$ed time,delay, dual,element fuses, and.or three
properly si$ed overload devices /ill sense and respond to this over current.
Figure 1.1-: DDe&ta-Cnnected MtrB
Diagra! sh/ing the increase in current in the re!aining t/
phases a$ter sing&e-phasing
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2+
Figure 1.1.: D789-Cnnected MtrB
Diagra! sh/ing the increase in current in the re!aining t/
phases a$ter sing&e phasing
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2?
D9SCRI,TION OF SIN%;9 ,"ASIN% ,R9?9NT9R
2. *uitable for any #9 motors for complete protection against single phasing
unbalance supply.
4. Cnsures correct phase sequence.
+. Automatic *1I')# OFF at dangerously -O1.#IN# voltage.
?. <uilt in time delay to bypass momentary transients.
!. Fail safe feature keeps the relay off against an open circuit in the control unit.
;. Ooltage sensing M )urrent sensing.

Figure 1.12: Cnnectin Diagra! using sing&e phase pre*enter

SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2!
'he *I8N-C 9#A*I8N 97COC8'C7 consists of the follo/ing blocks
1. ,O79R CIRCUIT
<asically it consists of step do/n 'ransformer, ? (iodes, *hunt 7esistance, Pener
(iode and Filter capacitor. (uring the positive half cycle of *econdary voltage ?
i
,
the diodes D- and D. are for/ard biased and conduct the current through load
resistance.
1hereas D1 and D2 are reverse biased and are in off state. It may be observed
that D-< R1 and D. are in series. (uring the 8egative half cycle of secondary
voltage ?
i
the current /ill appears diodes D1, D2 are for/ard biased and D-< D.
are reversed biased. 'herefore the for/ard biased diode conducts the current
through load resistance. 'he most important result is that the polarity across the
load resistance R1 is same i.e. current flo/ing through R1 is same direction.
In this circuit the Pener diode reverse biased p,n 0unction and operates only in
break do/n region. *ometimes called as *&tage regu&atr dide because it
maintains a fairly constant output voltage during reverse biased operation.
-. COM,ARATOR
An op,amp used as a )O9A7A'O7. A fixed reference voltage ?
re$
of 2O is
applied to the %pin,+& %,& input and the other varying signal ?
in
is applied to the
%pin,4& %H& input. <ecause of this arrangement the circuit is called the non,
inverting )omparator.
1hen ?
in
is less than ?
re$
, the output voltage ?

is at E?
sat
because the voltage at
the %,& input is higher than that at the %H& input. On the other hand, /hen ?
in
is
greater than ?
re$
, the %H& input becomes positive /ith respect to the %,& input and
?

goes to E?
sat
.
'hus, ?

changes from one saturation level to another. 'he )omparator is a type

of analog,to,digital converter. At any given time the ?

/ave form sho/s /hether
?
in
is greater or less than ?
re$
.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2;
.. TRI,,IN% CIRCUIT
It consists of one n,p,n transistor, diode and relay. 'he comparator output %pin,;&
is connected to base of <( 22! and collector is connected to voltage source. 7elay
and diode are connected in bet/een emitter %<( 22!& and ground %,ve& supply.
'ransistor <( 22! is used as emitter follo/er.
In a three phase supply the voltage is 24" degrees apart from each other. 'hus the
addition of three phases gives $ero voltage. If anyone of the phases goes off
voltage present at the summing point equals half the line voltage.
In this circuit the three phases %7,Q, <& are connected to the line neutral, /hich in
turn is connected to the ground of the circuit. 1hen all three phases are present,
voltage at point R( is $ero. 1hen phase goes out, voltage at point ( goes up to
about half the line voltage. 'his voltage is divided by 2!"S and !"S resistors. 'he
voltage at point < is about 6O /hen !"S potentiometer is properly ad0usted.
'he voltage at point ; is operating condition, so relay /ill operates /hen any one
of the phases goes out. 'his 7elay /hen used in the control circuit of the three
phase motor, or /ith a circuit breaker /ill s/itch the po/er off on operation.

Figure 1.1(: B;OCF DIA%RAM OF SIN%;9 ,"ASIN%
,R9?9NT9R
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2@
9O1C7
)S'
)O9A
7A'O7
)S'
'7I99,
I8N
)S'
*'A7'C7
O'O7
Figure 1.13: CIRCUIT DIA%RAM OF SIN%;9 ,"ASIN%
,R9?9NT9R
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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X
mer
P
N
D2
D1
D3
D4
D1 TO D4
IN 4007
12.1
ZENER
1000mfd
25V
R
Y
B
150k
150k
150k
150k
D
B
BY 127
10K
1K
1K
+
_
2
4
3
7
6
B
C
E
3.8K 5"S
32mfd
15
IN 4148
R!"#$
+12V
%&
741
N









































Figure 1.16: SIN%;9 ;IN9 DIA%RAM FOR SIN%;9
,"ASIN% ,R9?9NT9R
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 2:
R
B
'()E
O''
O%R
)PP
ON
*O%DIN+
CONT,CTOR
COI%
%INK
'()E
Future Scpe $ Sing&e ,hasing ,re*enter
In this age of exploding population, the demand for po/er has increased manifold,
add to that the depleting natural resources of energy. 'he ma0ority of equipments used
are outdated in this regard. 1hat /e /ant is the Optimum use of energy i.e nothing
should go /asted. 'he devices M equipments used should be designed to avail a free
flo/ of energy.
'he three,phase induction motors come to use in everyday life, as /ell as in
industries. 'he phenomenon of *ingle 9hasing causes a hapha$ard, the /hole of the
system may blo/ a/ay in seconds, the huge capital invested is gone,/e need to
protect our devices M system from any such mishappenings, so the concept of *ingle
9hasing 9reventer comes into the picture. It is not long before its utility /as being
questioned, but no/ it has proved it /orth.
'oday all the ma0or industries and (istribution *ystems of the /orld are using the
*ingle 9hasing 9reventer, its scope is limited, but more efforts being put in its 7M(
by the leading economies of the /orld, including ours /ould certainly pave its /ay
into many 8aTve sectors /hich uptill no/ have not been explored in this case, these
areas include its use along /ith the 'hermal 7elays in industries, along /ith
irrigational pumps in farms, tube /ells and many more.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 4"
CONC;USION
'he rule of electricity in modern technology is that of an extremely versatile
intermediately. 'he chief advantage of this energy is that it can be transmitted,
controlled and utili$ed /ith relative simplicity, reliability and efficiency.
'he primary ob0ective of presenting this pro0ect named 4D9SI%N AND
FABRICATION OF SIN%;9 ,"AS9 ,R9?9NT9R5 is to protect the +,phase
induction motor against single phasing.
'his is designed as per our above mentioned requirements. 'his pro0ect states clearly
ho/ it is functioning. In addition to that /e discussed about the faults and remedies of
the circuit also.
Cvery care has been taken to design this pro0ect and /e expect that this pro0ect is very
useful for avoiding sing&e phasing pr+&e! $r A.C. .-phase inductin !trs and
saves the equipment from being damaged.
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
Page 42
R9F9R9NC9S
i. ///.msbte.com
ii. ///.ieeexplore.ieee.org
iii. ///.areva,td.com
iv. ///.po/er.indiabi$club.com
v. ///.protonelectronic.com
vi. ///.itee.uq.edu.au
vii. ///.progress,energy.com
SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER
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