LEGARCIA AC 318 08 Seismic Requirements

ACI 318-08 - Seismic Requirements -- Luis E.
Garcia
1
Seismic Design Seismic Design Seismic Design
Requirements
in ACI 318-08
Seismic Design
Requirements
in ACI 318-08
By:
Luis Enrique Garca
President American Concrete Institute ACI 2008-2009
Partner Proyectos y Diseos Ltda. Consulting Engineers
Professor Universidad de los Andes
Bogot, Colombia
By:
Luis Enrique Garca
President American Concrete Institute ACI 2008-2009
Partner Proyectos y Diseos Ltda. Consulting Engineers
Professor Universidad de los Andes
Bogot, Colombia
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1
General Requirements
Chapter 1
General Requirements
Modifications in Modifications in
Scope
Terminology
Scope
Terminology
R1.1.9 Provisions for
earthquake resistance
Commentary was expanded to:
Explain changes in terminology used
Simplify adoption and interaction of
Commentary was expanded to:
Explain changes in terminology used
Simplify adoption and interaction of Simplify adoption and interaction of
ACI 318-08 with model codes and other
documents
Simplify adoption and interaction of
ACI 318-08 with model codes and other
documents
In this version of ACI 318 (2008), for the first In this version of ACI 318 (2008), for the first In this version of ACI 318 (2008), for the first
time, earthquake resistance requirements are
defined in function of the Seismic Design
Category SDC required for the structure and
not directly associated with the seismic risk
zone.
In this version of ACI 318 (2008), for the first
time, earthquake resistance requirements are
defined in function of the Seismic Design
Category SDC required for the structure and
not directly associated with the seismic risk
zone.
4
The minimum SDC to use is governed by the
legally adopted general building code of which
ACI 318 forms a part.
The minimum SDC to use is governed by the
legally adopted general building code of which
ACI 318 forms a part.
ACI 318-08 - Seismic Requirements -- Luis E. Garcia
2
TABLE R1.1.9.1 CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC-RELATED
TERMINOLOGY IN MODEL CODES
Code, standard, or resource
document and edition
Level of seismic risk or assigned seismic
performance or design categories as
defined in the Code defined in the Code
ACI 318-08; IBC 2000, 2003; 2006;
NFPA 5000, 2003, 2006; ASCE 7-
98, 7-02, 7-05; NEHRP 1997, 2000,
2003
SCD*
A, B
SCS
C
SCD
D, E, F
BOCA National Building Code
1993, 1996, 1999; Standard
Building Code 1994, 1997, 1999;
ASCE 7-93, 7-95; NEHRP 1991,
SPC
A, B
SPC
C
SPC
D; E
5
ASCE 7 93, 7 95; NEHRP 1991,
1994
Uniform Building Code 1991,
1994, 1997
Seismic Zone
0, 1
Seismic Zone
2
Seismic Zone
3, 4
*
SDC = Seismic Design Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document.
SPC = Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document

Chapter 2
Notation and Definitions
Chapter 2
Notation and Definitions
There were important changes in
notation of the whole document and all
individual Chapter notation was moved
to Chapter 2.
There are a few new definitions related
There were important changes in
notation of the whole document and all
individual Chapter notation was moved
to Chapter 2.
There are a few new definitions related There are a few new definitions related
to Chapter 21. All definitions, old and
new, were moved to Chapter 2.
There are a few new definitions related
to Chapter 21. All definitions, old and
new, were moved to Chapter 2.
Chapter 21
Earthquake-resistant
structures
Chapter 21
Earthquake-resistant
structures structures structures
Chapter 21 was reorganized in function of
Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, B, C,
and D, E, and F in incremental order from
ordinary to special:
Chapter 21 was reorganized in function of
Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, B, C,
and D, E, and F in incremental order from
ordinary to special:
A B C D, E, F A B C D, E, F
Seismic Design Category and
Energy Dissipation Capacity
Seismic Design Category and
Energy Dissipation Capacity
SDC
S i i D i
Denomination
(E di i ti
Must comply with in
Seismic Design
Category
(Energy dissipation
capacity)
Must comply with in
ACI 318-08
A
Ordinary
Chapters 1 to 19 and 22
B
Chapters 1 to 19, 22,
and 21.2
C Intermediate
and 21.3 y 21.4
D, E, F Special
And 21.5 to 21.13
3
ACI 318-08 Chapter 21
Earthquake-resistant structures
ACI 318-08 Chapter 21
Earthquake-resistant structures
Content
21.1 General requirements
21 2 Ordinary moment frames
Content
21.1 General requirements
21 2 Ordinary moment frames B 21.2 Ordinary moment frames
21.3 Intermediate moment frames
21.4 Intermediate precast structural walls
21.5 Flexural members of special moment frames
21.6 Special moment frame members subjected to bending and
axial load
21.7 Joints of special moment frames
21.8 Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
21.9 Special structural walls and coupling beams
21.2 Ordinary moment frames
21.3 Intermediate moment frames
21.4 Intermediate precast structural walls
21.5 Flexural members of special moment frames
21.6 Special moment frame members subjected to bending and
axial load
21.7 Joints of special moment frames
21.8 Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
21.9 Special structural walls and coupling beams
B
C
D
E
21.10 Special structural walls constructed using precast
concrete
21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses
21.12 Foundations
21.13 Members not designated as part of the seismic-force-
resisting system
21.10 Special structural walls constructed using precast
concrete
21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses
21.12 Foundations
21.13 Members not designated as part of the seismic-force-
resisting system
E
F
21.1 General requirements 21.1 General requirements
Scope Scope
Chapter 21 contains provisions considered
to be the minimumrequirements for a
cast-in-place or precast concrete
structure capable of sustaining a series of
oscillations into the inelastic range of
response without critical deterioration in
strength.
Chapter 21 contains provisions considered
to be the minimumrequirements for a
cast-in-place or precast concrete
structure capable of sustaining a series of
oscillations into the inelastic range of
response without critical deterioration in
strength. g
Therefore, the objective is to provide energy
dissipation capacity in the nonlinear
range of response.
g
Therefore, the objective is to provide energy
dissipation capacity in the nonlinear
range of response.
TABLE R21.1.1 SECTIONS OF CHAPTER 21 TO BE SATISFIED IN TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Component resisting
earthquake effect,
unless
otherwise noted
Seismic Design Category (SDC)
A
(none)
B
(21.1.1.4)
C
(21.1.1.5)
D
(21.1.1.6)
Analysis and design
requirements
21.1.2 21.1.2 21.1.2, 21.1.3
requirements
None
Materials None None 21.1.4 21.1.7
Frame members 21.2 21.3
21.5, 21.6,
21.7, 21.8
Structural walls and
coupling beams
None None 21.9
Precast structural walls None 21.4 21.4, 21.10
Structural diaphragms and
trusses
None None 21.11
trusses
Foundations None None 21.12
Frame members not
proportioned
to resist forces induced by
earthquake motions
None None 21.13
Anclajes None 21.1.8 21.1.8
Global Energy Dissipation Capacity Global Energy Dissipation Capacity
Force Force elastic elastic
F
e
F
e
maximum elastic
displacement demand
maximum elastic
displacement demand
Maximum elastic
force demand
Maximum elastic
force demand
Displacement Displacement
F
y
F
y
uu uu uu
nonlinear nonlinear
Maximum nonlinear
displacement demand
Maximum nonlinear
displacement demand
Yield strength Yield strength
Displacement Displacement u
y
u
y
u
m
u
m
u
e
u
e
In several earthquake resistance
regulations this is defined through
parameter R
In several earthquake resistance
regulations this is defined through
parameter R
e e
y y
F u
R
F u
= =
4
Elastic vs. Nonlinear Demand Elastic vs. Nonlinear Demand
10 10
20 20
uu
linear elastic linear elastic
nonlinear nonlinear
-20 -20
-10 -10
00
00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15
time (s) time (s)
uu
(cm) (cm)
linear elastic linear elastic
nonlinear nonlinear
0 2 0 2
0.4 0.4
0.6 0.6
0.8 0.8
force force
-0.8 -0.8
-0.6 -0.6
-0.4 -0.4
-0.2 -0.2
00
0.2 0.2
00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15
time (s) time (s)
force force
(1/W) (1/W)
Current seismic design strategy Current seismic design strategy
Given an energy dissipation capacity for the structural
material and structural system, defined through an R
value depending of the detailing scheme the design
Given an energy dissipation capacity for the structural
material and structural system, defined through an R
value depending of the detailing scheme the design value depending of the detailing scheme the design
horizontal seismic force is obtained from:
and the maximum elastic force demand is in turn
value depending of the detailing scheme the design
horizontal seismic force is obtained from:
e
y
F
F
R
=
obtained using Newtons 2
nd
Law:
obtained using Newtons 2
nd
Law:
=
e a
F mass S T ( , ) Acceleration response spectrum
from the general building code
Acceleration response spectrum
from the general building code
What would happen if What would happen if What would happen if
energy dissipation
capacity is not
available?
What would happen if
energy dissipation
capacity is not
available? available? available?
5
Nonstructural wall
panel in contact
with the structure
column
ACI 318-08 requires (21.1.2) that interaction between structural and
nonstructural elements that may affect the response during the earthquake
h
Nonstructural wall
panel separated
from the structure
o st uctu a e e e ts t at ay a ect t e espo se du g t e ea t qua e
Must be taken into account.
Rigid members assumed not to be a part of the seismic-force-resisting
system are permitted provided their effect on the response of the system is
considered and accommodated in the structural design.
Consequences of failure of structural and nonstructural members that are
not a part of the seismic-force-resisting system shall be considered.
C.21.1 General Requirements C.21.1 General Requirements
Compressive strength of concrete 21 MPa
Specified compressi e strength of light eight
Compressive strength of concrete 21 MPa
Specified compressi e strength of light eight
c
f
Specified compressive strength of lightweight
concrete 35 MPa
For computing the amount of confinement
reinforcement f
yt
700 MPa (= 100,000 psi = 7000
kgf/cm
2
)
Reinforcing steel must meet ASTM A706. If ASTM
A615 is used, it must meet:
Specified compressive strength of lightweight
concrete 35 MPa
For computing the amount of confinement
reinforcement f
yt
700 MPa (= 100,000 psi = 7000
kgf/cm
2
)
Reinforcing steel must meet ASTM A706. If ASTM
A615 is used, it must meet:
The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not
exceed f
y
by more than 125 MPa.
The ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield
strength is not less than1.25
The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not
exceed f
y
by more than 125 MPa.
The ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield
strength is not less than1.25
6
Reinforcing steel Reinforcing steel
stress
MPa
stress
MPa
actual tensile strength actual tensile strength
failure failure
yy
uu
actual yield strength actual yield strength
strain strain
EE
11
OO
max max
maximum elongation maximum elongation
yy
yield elongation yield elongation

21.2 Ordinary moment frames 21.2 Ordinary moment frames
Corresponds to SDC B
Beams must have at least two continuous
Corresponds to SDC B
Beams must have at least two continuous Beams must have at least two continuous
longitudinal bars along both top and bottom
faces. These bars shall be developed at the
face of support.
Columns having clear
height less than or equal to
Beams must have at least two continuous
longitudinal bars along both top and bottom
faces. These bars shall be developed at the
face of support.
Columns having clear
height less than or equal to
c
1 c
2
five times the dimension c
1
must be designed for shear in
accordance with 21.3.3.
(shear requirements for intermediate SDC C)
five times the dimension c
1
must be designed for shear in
accordance with 21.3.3.
(shear requirements for intermediate SDC C)
21.3 - Intermediate moment frames 21.3 - Intermediate moment frames
Requirements for this Section are equivalent to the
rest of Chapter 21, but are less strict and have a
lesser scope.
Requirements for this Section are equivalent to the
rest of Chapter 21, but are less strict and have a
lesser scope. p
Two alternatives are presented for shear design of
beams and columns:
Obtain design shear forces as function of
nominal end moments as done for special
elements, or
use twice the shear from analysis This is
p
Two alternatives are presented for shear design of
beams and columns:
Obtain design shear forces as function of
nominal end moments as done for special
elements, or
use twice the shear from analysis This is use twice the shear from analysis. This is
equivalent to using the following load
combinations:
U = 1.2D + 1.0L + (1.0E)x2.0
U = 0.9D + (1.0E)x2.0
use twice the shear from analysis. This is
equivalent to using the following load
combinations:
U = 1.2D + 1.0L + (1.0E)x2.0
U = 0.9D + (1.0E)x2.0
Reinforcement details in a frame member
shall satisfy beam requirements if the
f d i l i l d P d
Reinforcement details in a frame member
shall satisfy beam requirements if the
f d i l i l d P d
y q
factored axial compressive load, P
u
, does
not exceed .
When P
u
is greater reinforcing details must
meet column requirements.
y q
factored axial compressive load, P
u
, does
not exceed .
When P
u
is greater reinforcing details must
meet column requirements.
g c
A f 10
When a slab-column system without beams
is part of the seismic-force-resisting
system, reinforcement details in any span
resisting moments caused by E must
satisfy 21.3.6.
When a slab-column system without beams
is part of the seismic-force-resisting
system, reinforcement details in any span
resisting moments caused by E must
satisfy 21.3.6.
7
For beams:
Moment strength must comply with:
For beams:
Moment strength must comply with: g p y g p y
( )
n n
face
M M
max.
1
5
n
M
n
M
n n
M M
1
3
+

For beams:
At both ends of the beam, hoops shall be provided over
For beams:
At both ends of the beam, hoops shall be provided over
lengths not less than 2h measured from the face of the
supporting member toward midspan. The first hoop shall
be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the
supporting member. Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the
smallest of d/4, 8d
b
of the smaller longitudinal bar, 24d
b
of hoop, or 300 mm. Stirrups shall be spaced not more
than d/2 throughout the length of the beam.
lengths not less than 2h measured from the face of the
supporting member toward midspan. The first hoop shall
be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the
supporting member. Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the
smallest of d/4, 8d
b
of the smaller longitudinal bar, 24d
b
of hoop, or 300 mm. Stirrups shall be spaced not more
than d/2 throughout the length of the beam.
2h 2h
@d/2
For columns
At both ends of the column, hoops
shall be provided at spacing s
o
over
a length measured from the joint
For columns
At both ends of the column, hoops
shall be provided at spacing s
o
over
a length measured from the joint a length
0
measured from the joint
face. Spacing s
o
shall not exceed the
smallest of 1/2 of the smallest
cross-sectional dimension of the
column, 8d
b
of the smallest
longitudinal bar enclosed, 24d
b
of
the hoop bar, or 300 mm. Outside
this length spacing must be the one
defined in Chapters 7 and 11
a length
0
measured from the joint
face. Spacing s
o
shall not exceed the
smallest of 1/2 of the smallest
cross-sectional dimension of the
column, 8d
b
of the smallest
longitudinal bar enclosed, 24d
b
of
the hoop bar, or 300 mm. Outside
this length spacing must be the one
defined in Chapters 7 and 11 defined in Chapters 7 and 11.
Length
0
shall not be less than the
largest of the maximum cross-
sectional dimension of the column;,
1/6 of the clear span of the column,
or 450 mm.
defined in Chapters 7 and 11.
Length
0
shall not be less than the
largest of the maximum cross-
sectional dimension of the column;,
1/6 of the clear span of the column,
or 450 mm.
Two-way slabs without beams (slab-column frames)
Reinforcement provided to resist M
slab
shall be placed
ithi th l t i
Two-way slabs without beams (slab-column frames)
Reinforcement provided to resist M
slab
shall be placed
ithi th l t i
slab
within the column strip.
Not less than 50% of the reinforcement in the column
strip at supports shall be placed within the effective
slab width defined by lines drawn parallel to the span at
1.5 slab depths from the column face .
Continuous bottom reinforcement in the column strip
shall be not less than 33% of the top reinforcement at
th t i th l t i
slab
within the column strip.
Not less than 50% of the reinforcement in the column
strip at supports shall be placed within the effective
slab width defined by lines drawn parallel to the span at
1.5 slab depths from the column face .
Continuous bottom reinforcement in the column strip
shall be not less than 33% of the top reinforcement at
th t i th l t i the support in the column strip.
Not less than 25% of the top reinforcement at the
support in the column strip shall be continuous
throughout the span.
the support in the column strip.
Not less than 25% of the top reinforcement at the
support in the column strip shall be continuous
throughout the span.
8
21.3 - Intermediate moment frames 21.3 - Intermediate moment frames 21.3 - Intermediate moment frames 21.3 - Intermediate moment frames
Two-way slabs without beams (slab-column frames) Two-way slabs without beams (slab-column frames)
At the critical sections for punching shear, shear
caused by factored gravity loads shall not exceed,
where must be calculated as defined in
Chapter 11 for prestressed and non prestressed
slabs.
At the critical sections for punching shear, shear
caused by factored gravity loads shall not exceed,
where must be calculated as defined in
Chapter 11 for prestressed and non prestressed
slabs.
c
V 0.4
c
V
This requirement may be waived if the slab
complies with 21.13.6
This requirement may be waived if the slab
complies with 21.13.6
21.4 Intermediate precast structural walls 21.4 Intermediate precast structural walls
Requirements of 21.4 apply to intermediate
t t t l ll f i t f th
Requirements of 21.4 apply to intermediate
t t t l ll f i t f th precast structural walls forming part of the
seismic-force resisting systems.
In connections between wall panels, or
between wall panels and the foundation,
yielding must be restricted to steel elements
or reinforcement..
precast structural walls forming part of the
seismic-force resisting systems.
In connections between wall panels, or
between wall panels and the foundation,
yielding must be restricted to steel elements
or reinforcement..
Elements of the connection that are not
designed to yield must develop at least 1.5S
y
.
Elements of the connection that are not
designed to yield must develop at least 1.5S
y
.
21.5 Flexural members of special
moment frames
moment frames
A i l f P t t d A i l f P t t d f A 0 10 Axial force P
u
must not exceed
Clear span of element
n
must be larger
than 4d
Ratio b
w
/h > 0.3
Width b must comply with:
Axial force P
u
must not exceed
Clear span of element
n
must be larger
than 4d
Ratio b
w
/h > 0.3
Width b must comply with:
c g
f A 0.10
Width b
w
must comply with:
b
w
> 250 mm
larger than the width of the supporting
element plus 3h/4 at each side
Width b
w
must comply with:
b
w
> 250 mm
larger than the width of the supporting
element plus 3h/4 at each side
9
moment frames
moment frames
moment frames
moment frames
Longitudinal reinforcement Longitudinal reinforcement Longitudinal reinforcement
Steel ratio for negative and positive
reinforcement must not be less than:
Longitudinal reinforcement
Steel ratio for negative and positive
reinforcement must not be less than:
c
y y
f
f f
1.4
4
but:
At least two bars continuous top and bottom.
but:
At least two bars continuous top and bottom.
y y
f f 4
0.025
moment frames
moment frames
Moment strength at each section must be at least:
Moment strength at each section must be at least: Moment strength at each section must be at least: Moment strength at each section must be at least:
( )
n n
face
M M
max.
0.25
n
M
n
M
n n
M M 0.5
+

moment frames
moment frames
Longitudinal reinforcement Longitudinal reinforcement
Lap splices are permitted if hoops are provided
throughout the splice length. Maximum hoop
spacing must not exceed d/4 or 100 mm.
No lap splices are permitted in joints or within 2h
of column face or where inelastic action is
t d
Lap splices are permitted if hoops are provided
throughout the splice length. Maximum hoop
spacing must not exceed d/4 or 100 mm.
No lap splices are permitted in joints or within 2h
of column face or where inelastic action is
t d expected. expected.
10
moment frames
moment frames
Hoops must be provided: Hoops must be provided:
50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm
s d/2 s d/2
2h 2h 2h 2h
confinement
zones
confinement
zones
moment frames
moment frames
Shear design: Shear design:
n
V
e
V
e
pr
M
pr
M
+
( ) ( )
M M
+
( ) ( )
M M
+
( ) ( ) pr pr
izq der
e
n
M M
V
. .
+
+
=
( ) ( ) pr pr
izq der
e
n
M M
V
. .
+
+
=
M
pr
computed using f
ypr
= 1.25 f
y
and = 1.0 M
pr
computed using f
ypr
= 1.25 f
y
and = 1.0
moment frames
moment frames
P
u1
P
u1
P
u2
P
u2 W
u
W
u
(V
u
)
ver. right
(V
u
)
ver. right
(V
u
)
vert. left
(V
u
)
vert. left
11
xx
V
u
(x) V
u
(x)
( ) ( )
u u u
ver.izq. ver.der.
n
1
V V P

+

(V
u
)
ver. left
+ V
e
(V
u
)
ver. left
+ V
e
(V
u
)
ver. left
- V
e
(V
u
)
ver. left
- V
e
(V ) V (V ) V
shear
envelope
shear
envelope
(V
u
)
ver. right
+ V
e
(V
u
)
ver. right
+ V
e
(V
u
)
vert. right
- V
e
(V
u
)
vert. right
- V
e
For design, Vc = 0 if Ve is more than 50%
of required shear strength, or axial force is less than 0.05f
c
A
g
For design, Vc = 0 if Ve is more than 50%
of required shear strength, or axial force is less than 0.05f
c
A
g
21.6 Special moment frame members
subjected to bending and axial load
General
Axial force greater than
The least section dimension that passes
th h th t id t b t th
General
Axial force greater than
The least section dimension that passes
th h th t id t b t th
0.10
c g
f A
through the centroid must be greater than
300 mm.
Ratio b/h > 0.4
through the centroid must be greater than
300 mm.
Ratio b/h > 0.4
11
Column flexural strength must comply
with:
Column flexural strength must comply
with:
1.2
nc nb
M M
M
nc
M
M
nc M
M
nb
M
nb
M
nc
M
nb
M
nb
M
nc
nc
M
nb
M
nc
M
nc M
nb
M
nc
M
nc M
nb
M
nc M
nb
M
nc
(a) (c) (b)
Transverse reinforcement in confining zones must comply Transverse reinforcement in confining zones must comply g p y
with:
Spiral columns:
Columns with hoops:
g p y
with:
Spiral columns:
Columns with hoops:
0.3
1

g
c c
A
s b f
A
0.12

=
c
s
yt
f
f
1 =

g
c c
sh
yt ch
A
f A
0.09
=
c c
sh
yt
s b f
A
f
h
x
h
x
h
x
x
h mm 350
joint transverse
i f t
joint transverse
i f t
x x x
h
x
b
h
c
b
b
s d long.
s
0
/ 4
6
confinement
zones
confinement
zones
50 mm 50 mm
0
lap splices in
central zone
lap splices in
central zone
reinforcement as
required by 21.7
reinforcement as
required by 21.7
n
h
h 6
0
350 h

b
long 6d .
s
50 mm 50 mm
0
joint transverse
reinforcement as
required by 21.7
joint transverse
reinforcement as
required by 21.7
450 mm
x
350-h
100
s
mm
mm
0
3
150
100

+

=

s
150 mm
Shear design Shear design
M
pr
M
pr
( ) ( )
M
pr
corresponds to the maximum moment
strength for the axial load range on the
element (1.25f
y
and =1). V
e
cannot be
less than the one obtained fromanalysis.
M
pr
corresponds to the maximum moment
strength for the axial load range on the
element (1.25f
y
and =1). V
e
cannot be
less than the one obtained fromanalysis.
h
n
h
n
V
e
V
e
( ) ( )
pr pr
arriba abajo
e
n
M M
V
h
+
=
less than the one obtained from analysis.
For design V
c
= 0 if V
e
is more than 50%
of the required shear or the axial force
is less than 0.05f
c
A
g
less than the one obtained from analysis.
For design V
c
= 0 if V
e
is more than 50%
of the required shear or the axial force
is less than 0.05f
c
A
g
M
pr
M
pr
12
21.7 Joints of special moment frames 21.7 Joints of special moment frames
General requirements General requirements
When computing shear strength within the joint in
special frames all longitudinal reinforcement must be
presumed to be stressed at 1.25f
y
.
Longitudinal reinforcement terminating at a joint must
be extended to the far face of the column confined core
and anchored in tension.
Wh th b l it di l i f t
When computing shear strength within the joint in
special frames all longitudinal reinforcement must be
presumed to be stressed at 1.25f
y
.
Longitudinal reinforcement terminating at a joint must
be extended to the far face of the column confined core
and anchored in tension.
Wh th b l it di l i f t When the beam longitudinal reinforcement passes
through the joint , the column dimension parallel to the
reinforcement cannot be less than 20d
b
largest
longitudinal bar, for normal weight concrete and 26d
b
for lightweight concrete.
When the beam longitudinal reinforcement passes
through the joint , the column dimension parallel to the
reinforcement cannot be less than 20d
b
largest
longitudinal bar, for normal weight concrete and 26d
b
for lightweight concrete.
Computation of the shear demand on the joint: Computation of the shear demand on the joint:
M
pr-c
M
pr-c
V
e-col
V
e-col
plane to evaluate
shear V
u
plane to evaluate
shear V
u
column column
MM
uu
beam beam
s y s
T f A 1.25 =
c s y s
C T f A 1.25 = =
c s y s
C T f A 1.25 = =
s y s
T f A 1.25 =
V
e-col
V
e-col
M
pr-c
M
pr-c
( ) ( )
u y s s e
viga col
V f A A V 1.25 = +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
y s e
viga col
u
y s e
viga col
f A V
V
f A V
1.25
1.25

Beam in both sides: Beam in both sides: Beam in one side: Beam in one side:
Shear strength Shear strength
Joints confined in all four faces
Joints confined in three faces or in opposite faces
Joints confined in all four faces
Joints confined in three faces or in opposite faces
n c j
V f A 1.70 =
n c j
V f A 1.25 =
Other joints Other joints
n c j
V f A 1.00 =
Definition of A
j
Definition of A
j
A
j
b
w
b
w
b
w
b
w
hh
ww
A
j
b
w
b
w
hh
x
w
w
b x
b h
2 +

+

13
Development for hooks embedded in the Development for hooks embedded in the
confined core confined core
d
b
dh
critical
section
y b
dh
f d
=
dh
c
f 5.4
21.8 Special moment frames

constructed using precast concrete
The requirements of 21.8 apply for special The requirements of 21.8 apply for special q pp y p
moment frames built using precast
concrete forming part of the seismic-force-
resistant system.
The detailing provisions in 21.8.2 and
21.8.3 are intended to produce frames that
respond to design displacements
essentially like monolithic special moment
q pp y p
moment frames built using precast
resistant system.
The detailing provisions in 21.8.2 and
21.8.3 are intended to produce frames that
respond to design displacements
essentially like monolithic special moment esse t a y e o o t c spec a o e t
frames.
The provisions of 21.8.4 indicate that when
not satisfying 21.8.2 or 21.8.3 they must
satisfy the requirements of ACI 374.1
esse t a y e o o t c spec a o e t
frames.
The provisions of 21.8.4 indicate that when
not satisfying 21.8.2 or 21.8.3 they must
satisfy the requirements of ACI 374.1
Special precast moment frames with ductile
ti t l ith ll
Special precast moment frames with ductile
ti t l ith ll connections must comply with all
requirements for special cast-in-place frames
and V
n
should not be less than 2V
e
.
Special precast moment frames with strong
connections are intended to experience
flexural yielding outside the connections
connections must comply with all
requirements for special cast-in-place frames
and V
n
should not be less than 2V
e
.
Special precast moment frames with strong
connections are intended to experience
flexural yielding outside the connections flexural yielding outside the connections.
These requirements are applicable
independently of any of these two situations.
flexural yielding outside the connections.
These requirements are applicable
independently of any of these two situations.
21.9 Special structural walls
and coupling beams
and coupling beams
Terminology Terminology
hh
V
u
V
u
w
h
w
h
w
14
21.9 Special structural walls and
coupling beams General requirements
21.9 Special structural walls and
coupling beams General requirements
Cover Cover
20 mm
Maximum
reinforcement spacing
Maximum
reinforcement spacing
h
s
s
s
s
s 3h
s 450 mm
s
s
and coupling beams
and coupling beams
Flexure design Flexure design
Design for flexure and flexure and axial load for
structural walls must be performed using the
requirements of Chapter 10.
Concrete and developed longitudinal reinforcement
within effective flange widths boundary elements
Design for flexure and flexure and axial load for
structural walls must be performed using the
requirements of Chapter 10.
Concrete and developed longitudinal reinforcement
within effective flange widths boundary elements within effective flange widths, boundary elements,
and the wall web shall be considered effective.
The effects of openings shall be considered.
within effective flange widths, boundary elements,
and the wall web shall be considered effective.
The effects of openings shall be considered.
21.9 - Special structural walls and
coupling beams
coupling beams
Flexure design Flexure design Flexure design
Unless a more detailed analysis is performed,
effective flange widths of flanged sections ( I, L, C
or T) may be supposed to extend from the face of
the web a distance equal to the smaller of:
Flexure design
Unless a more detailed analysis is performed,
effective flange widths of flanged sections ( I, L, C
or T) may be supposed to extend from the face of
the web a distance equal to the smaller of:
(a) 1/2 the distance to an adjacent wall web,
and
(b) 25 percent of the total wall height.
(a) 1/2 the distance to an adjacent wall web,
and
(b) 25 percent of the total wall height.
coupling beams
coupling beams
21 9 2 Reinforcement 21 9 2 Reinforcement 21.9.2 Reinforcement
The distributed web reinforcement ratios,
t
and
, for structural walls shall not be less

than 0.0025, except that if V
u
does not exceed
(MPa) = (kgf/cm
2
),
t
and
, may be reduced to the values given

21.9.2 Reinforcement
The distributed web reinforcement ratios,
t
and
, for structural walls shall not be less

than 0.0025, except that if V
u
does not exceed
(MPa) = (kgf/cm
2
),
t
and
, may be reduced to the values given

cv c
0.083A f
cv c
0.27A f
in14.3.
Separation of reinforcement must not exceed
450 mm
in14.3.
Separation of reinforcement must not exceed
450 mm
15
Minimum steel ratio Minimum steel ratio
14.3.2 Minimum steel ratio of vertical reinforcement
computed over gross section is:

0 0012 f f ( / )
14.3.2 Minimum steel ratio of vertical reinforcement
computed over gross section is:

0 0012 f f ( / ) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than N 5 (5/8) 16M
(16 mm), with f
y
not less than 420 MPa.
0.0015 for other deformed bars.
0.0012 for welded wire reinforcement with diameter not
larger than16 mm.
14.3.3 - Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to
gross concrete area,
t
:
0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than N 5 (5/8) 16M
(16 mm), with f
y
larger than16 mm.
14.3.3 - Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to
gross concrete area,
t
:
(16 mm), with f
y
larger than16 mm.
(16 mm), with f
y
larger than16 mm.
Difference between wall
and column
Difference between wall
and column
14.3.6 Vertical reinforcement
need not be enclosed by lateral ties
if vertical reinforcement area is not
greater than 0.01 times gross
concrete area, or where vertical
14.3.6 Vertical reinforcement
need not be enclosed by lateral ties
if vertical reinforcement area is not
greater than 0.01 times gross
concrete area, or where vertical
reinforcement is not required as
compression reinforcement.
reinforcement is not required as
compression reinforcement.
coupling beams
coupling beams
At l t t t i f i f t At l t t t i f i f t At least two curtains of reinforcement
must be used in a wall if V
u
exceeds
(MPa) =
At least two curtains of reinforcement
must be used in a wall if V
u
exceeds
(MPa) =
cv c
0.17 A f
cv c
0.53 A f
(kgf/cm
2
) (kgf/cm
2
)
coupling beams
coupling beams
Nominal shear strength must not exceed: Nominal shear strength must not exceed: o a s ea st e gt ust ot e ceed
where
c
is:
o a s ea st e gt ust ot e ceed
where
c
is:
n cv c c n y
V A f f
= +

c
0.25 0.25
w
w
h
0.17 0.17
00 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 2.5
16
Wall boundary elements Wall boundary elements
Boundary elements must be placed at edges and
around openings when inelastic response is
expected ACI 318-08 gives two alternatives to
Boundary elements must be placed at edges and
around openings when inelastic response is
expected ACI 318-08 gives two alternatives to expected. ACI 318-08 gives two alternatives to
define if boundary elements are needed:
1) Section 21.9.6.2 presents a displacement-
based procedure. Boundary elements are
needed or not depending on the compressive
strain at the edge of wall caused by the
seismic lateral deflection, or
expected. ACI 318-08 gives two alternatives to
define if boundary elements are needed:
1) Section 21.9.6.2 presents a displacement-
based procedure. Boundary elements are
needed or not depending on the compressive
strain at the edge of wall caused by the
seismic lateral deflection, or
2) Section 21.9.6.3 requires boundary elements
when the compressive stress at the edge of
wall caused by the seismic forces exceeds a
threshold value.
2) Section 21.9.6.3 requires boundary elements
when the compressive stress at the edge of
wall caused by the seismic forces exceeds a
threshold value.
Displacement-based boundary element
procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.2)
This procedure is based on the compressive
strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is
This procedure is based on the compressive
strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is
deformed under the maximum expected lateral
displacement caused by the design earthquake
ground motion.
Section 21.9.6.2 is based on the assumption that
inelastic response of the wall is dominated by
flexural action at a critical, yielding section.
strain demand at edges of wall when the wall is
deformed under the maximum expected lateral
displacement caused by the design earthquake
ground motion.
Section 21.9.6.2 is based on the assumption that
inelastic response of the wall is dominated by
flexural action at a critical, yielding section.
The wall should be proportioned so that the
critical section occurs at the base of the wall and
is applicable only to walls continuous from base
to top of the structure.
The wall should be proportioned so that the
critical section occurs at the base of the wall and
is applicable only to walls continuous from base
to top of the structure.
The wall should have a single critical
section under flexure and axial load at the
The wall should have a single critical
section under flexure and axial load at the
base of the wall.
The zones of the wall in compression must
be provided with specially reinforced
boundary elements when the depth of the
neutral axis at nominal strength, c, is greater
than:
base of the wall.
The zones of the wall in compression must
be provided with specially reinforced
boundary elements when the depth of the
neutral axis at nominal strength, c, is greater
than:
and and
w
u
w
c
600
h
u
w
0.007
h
Nonlinear response of a wall Nonlinear response of a wall

PP
pp
Wall
section
Wall
section
00 00
pp
M
u
M
u
M
y
M
y
M
cr
M
cr
uu cr cr
yy
Moment Moment
Curvature Curvature
Plastification
length
Plastification
length
17
Nonlinear response of wall Nonlinear response of wall
Using Moment-area theorems it is possible to show that the
lateral deflection caused by curvature up to yield (green
zone) is:
Using Moment-area theorems it is possible to show that the
lateral deflection caused by curvature up to yield (green
zone) is:
bb
and the additional deflection caused by nonlinear
rotation (orange zone) is:
and the additional deflection caused by nonlinear
rotation (orange zone) is:

Total lateral deflection is then: Total lateral deflection is then:
y
(
u

y
) (
u

y
)
aa
Nonlinear wall deflection Nonlinear wall deflection
w
Curvature
at yield
Deflection
at yield
Nonlinear
deflection
Nonlinear
curvature
y
(
u
y
) (
u
y
)
h
w
h
w
( ) ( )
p

p
p
The total deflection is:
We can solve for the ultimate curvature
demand and obtain:
The total deflection is:
We can solve for the ultimate curvature
demand and obtain:
y (
u

y
) (
u

y
)
Moment-curvature diagram for wall section Moment-curvature diagram for wall section
MM
M
n
M
n
Ultimate curvature
demand
Ultimate curvature
demand
M
cr
M
cr
00
cr
cr

y
y
u
n
What happens at section? What happens at section?
cu
cu At level of
displacement
At level of
displacement
cc
s
>
y
s
>
y
At level of At level of
At level of
nominal
strength
At level of
nominal
strength
demand demand
Strain Strain
c
= 0.003
c
= 0.003
cc
s
=
y
s
=
y
c
< 0.003
c
< 0.003
w
hh
At level of
yield in
tension of
extreme
reinforcement
At level of
yield in
tension of
extreme
reinforcement
c
y
c
y
18
Equation (21-8) deduction Equation (21-8) deduction
The rotation at the plastic hinge when the displacement
demand (
u
) takes place is:
The rotation at the plastic hinge when the displacement
demand (
u
) takes place is:
With a plastic hinge length equal to half the wall horizontal
length:
With a plastic hinge length equal to half the wall horizontal
length:
Then the curvature at the wall base when the displacement
demand occurs is:
Then the curvature at the wall base when the displacement
demand occurs is:
The concrete strain at the extreme fiber in compression
at ultimate is:
The concrete strain at the extreme fiber in compression
at ultimate is:
We can then obtain the strain at ultimate for the
displacement demand:
and
We can then obtain the strain at ultimate for the
displacement demand:
and
The value of c for a ultimate strain of
cu
= 0.003 is: The value of c for a ultimate strain of
cu
= 0.003 is:
If a 600 value parameter is used instead of 666 in last equation
and it is solved for
cu
a value of
cu
= 0.0033 is obtained,
which in turn leads to the following equation:
If a 600 value parameter is used instead of 666 in last equation
and it is solved for
cu
a value of
cu
= 0.0033 is obtained,
which in turn leads to the following equation:
If the maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber exceeds
cu
= 0.0033 then the value of c obtained from last equation
would be exceeded Thus the form ACI 318 presents it:
If the maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber exceeds
cu
= 0.0033 then the value of c obtained from last equation
would be exceeded Thus the form ACI 318 presents it: would be exceeded. Thus the form ACI 318 presents it:
If c is greater than the value obtained
boundary elements must be placed
along the length where it is exceeded and
a little more.
would be exceeded. Thus the form ACI 318 presents it:
If c is greater than the value obtained
boundary elements must be placed
along the length where it is exceeded and
a little more.
Need for boundary elements in
displacement-based procedure
Need for boundary elements in
displacement-based procedure
If equation (21-8) indicates that the value
of c is exceeded this is a symptom that
If equation (21-8) indicates that the value
of c is exceeded this is a symptom that of c is exceeded, this is a symptom that
strains greater than
cu
= 0.0033 must be
expected and the need to confine the
edge of the wall is warranted in order to
prevent spalling of the concrete there.
of c is exceeded, this is a symptom that
strains greater than
cu
= 0.0033 must be
expected and the need to confine the
edge of the wall is warranted in order to
prevent spalling of the concrete there.
In that case ACI 318 prescribes the same
type and amount of confining transverse
reinforcement that for columns.
In that case ACI 318 prescribes the same
type and amount of confining transverse
reinforcement that for columns.
19
Boundary elements
displacement-base procedure
Boundary elements
displacement-base procedure
MM
cu
cu
cc
0.003 0.003
Region where Region where
M
n
M
n
Region where
boundary
elements must
be provided
Region where
boundary
elements must
be provided
procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.32
procedure in ACI 318 (21.9.6.32
Boundary elements must be placed
fromthe critical section up for a
Boundary elements must be placed
fromthe critical section up for a from the critical section up for a
distance not less than the larger of
w
o
M
u
/(4V
u
).
The evaluation is performed for the wall
when subjected to the nonlinear
horizontal design displacements
from the critical section up for a
distance not less than the larger of
w
o
M
u
/(4V
u
).
The evaluation is performed for the wall
when subjected to the nonlinear
horizontal design displacements
corresponding to the design
earthquake.
The value of
u
corresponds to the
nonlinear roof horizontal displacement.
corresponding to the design
earthquake.
The value of
u
corresponds to the
nonlinear roof horizontal displacement.
Stress-based boundary element
Stress-based boundary element
Boundary elements must be provided at edges
and around openings of walls when the maximum
Boundary elements must be provided at edges
and around openings of walls when the maximum
c
0.2 f
p g
stress at the extreme fiber in compression
caused by factored loads that include seismic
effects exceeds unless that whole wall is
confined as a column.
p g
stress at the extreme fiber in compression
caused by factored loads that include seismic
effects exceeds unless that whole wall is
confined as a column.
u u w
cu c
g w
P M
f 0.2 f
A I 2
= + >
The boundary elements can be discontinued

when the compression stress is less than
The boundary elements can be discontinued
when the compression stress is less than
c
0.15 f
g w
P
u
Stress-based boundary
element procedure in
ACI 318 (21 9 6 3)
Stress-based boundary
element procedure in
ACI 318 (21 9 6 3)
( )
u u
cu
w
P M
P
2 300 mm
= +

M
u
( )
u u
tu
g w
P M
P 0
A 300 mm
=

ACI 318 (21.9.6.3) ACI 318 (21.9.6.3)
This procedure had been part of ACI 318 since
the 1971 version
This procedure had been part of ACI 318 since
the 1971 version the 1971 version.
In the 1999 version of 318 a modification was
introduced in which the need to resist all flexural
forces from seismic effects with just the
boundary elements was suppressed.
the 1971 version.
In the 1999 version of 318 a modification was
introduced in which the need to resist all flexural
forces from seismic effects with just the
boundary elements was suppressed.
20
Old (pre-1999) procedure Old (pre-1999) procedure
Boundary elements
i ti ll fl l
Boundary elements
i ti ll fl l

w
resisting all flexural
effect that include
seismic forces
resisting all flexural
effect that include
seismic forces
P M
P
u
M
u
h
eb
( )
u u
cu
w eb
P M
P
2 h
= +

( )
u u
tu
g w eb
P M
P 0
A h
=

0n c g st st y
P [0.85 f (A A ) A f ] = +
n(max) 0n
P 0.80 P
tn st y
P A f =
coupling beams
coupling beams
Boundary elements Both procedures
When boundary elements are needed (under any of the two
Boundary elements Both procedures
When boundary elements are needed (under any of the two When boundary elements are needed (under any of the two
procedures) these boundary elements must extend
horizontally from the maximum compression fiber a
distance equal to the greater of : c-0.1
w
or c/2.
In section with flanges the boundary element must include
the effective flange width and must extend at least 300 mm
into the web.
Transverse reinforcement must be that required for column,
but there is no need to comply with equation 21-3.
When boundary elements are needed (under any of the two
procedures) these boundary elements must extend
horizontally from the maximum compression fiber a
distance equal to the greater of : c-0.1
w
or c/2.
In section with flanges the boundary element must include
the effective flange width and must extend at least 300 mm
into the web.
Transverse reinforcement must be that required for column,
but there is no need to comply with equation 21-3. p y q
Special transverse reinforcement in the boundary element
must extend into the foundation element supporting the
wall.
Wall horizontal transverse reinforcement must be anchored
into the confined boundary element core.
p y q
Special transverse reinforcement in the boundary element
must extend into the foundation element supporting the
wall.
Wall horizontal transverse reinforcement must be anchored
into the confined boundary element core.
coupling beams
coupling beams
In ACI 318-08, there are modifications in
the requirements for coupling beams in
In ACI 318-08, there are modifications in
the requirements for coupling beams in the requirements for coupling beams in
walls.
the requirements for coupling beams in
walls.
Coupling beams Coupling beams
21
ScopeThese requirements apply to special
t t l ll t t d i t
ScopeThese requirements apply to special
t t l ll t t d i t structural walls constructed using precast
resisting system.
Special structural walls constructed using
precast concrete shall satisfy all requirements
of special cast-in-place structural walls plus
those of section 21.10.
structural walls constructed using precast
resisting system.
precast concrete shall satisfy all requirements
of special cast-in-place structural walls plus
those of section 21.10.
precast concrete and unbonded post-
tensioning tendons and not satisfying the
requirements of 21.10.2 are permitted provided
they satisfy the requirements of ACI ITG-5.1.
precast concrete and unbonded post-
tensioning tendons and not satisfying the
requirements of 21.10.2 are permitted provided
they satisfy the requirements of ACI ITG-5.1.
21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses 21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses
floor
diaphragm
floor
diaphragm
prescribed
horizontal
forces
prescribed
horizontal
forces
21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses 21.11 Structural diaphragms and trusses
This section contains: This section contains:
Requirements for slabs-on-grade , floor and roof slabs
when they are part of the seismic-force-resisting system
must comply with this section.
Minimum thickness for diaphragms are given.
Gives minimum reinforcement for diaphragms.
Indicates shear strength for these elements
Defines when boundary elements must be used in
Requirements for slabs-on-grade , floor and roof slabs
when they are part of the seismic-force-resisting system
must comply with this section.
Minimum thickness for diaphragms are given.
Gives minimum reinforcement for diaphragms.
Indicates shear strength for these elements
Defines when boundary elements must be used in Defines when boundary elements must be used in
diaphragms.
Includes requirements for construction joints within the
diaphragm.
Defines when boundary elements must be used in
diaphragms.
Includes requirements for construction joints within the
diaphragm.
22
21.12 Foundations 21.12 Foundations
This section contains:
21.12.1 Scope - Foundations resisting earthquake
i d d f f i h k i d d
This section contains:
21.12.1 Scope - Foundations resisting earthquake
i d d f f i h k i d d induced forces or transferring earthquake-induced
forces between structure and ground.
21.12.2 Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps
Gives requirements for the anchoring of reinforcement
in vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting
system to these foundation elements.
21.12.3 Grade beams and slabs-on-ground Sets
minimum dimension s and minimum reinforcement for
induced forces or transferring earthquake-induced
forces between structure and ground.
21.12.2 Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps
Gives requirements for the anchoring of reinforcement
in vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting
system to these foundation elements.
21.12.3 Grade beams and slabs-on-ground Sets
minimum dimension s and minimum reinforcement for u d e s o s a d u e o ce e t o
these elements,
21.12.4 Piles, piers, and caissons Indicates the type
of effects to take into account in design and the
minimum reinforcement allowable for these elements.
u d e s o s a d u e o ce e t o
these elements,
21.12.4 Piles, piers, and caissons Indicates the type
of effects to take into account in design and the
minimum reinforcement allowable for these elements.
21.13 Members not designated as part of
the seismic-force-resisting system
This section is a response to the extended practice by
structural designers of designating arbitrarily some of the
This section is a response to the extended practice by
structural designers of designating arbitrarily some of the structural designers of designating arbitrarily some of the
structural elements as being parte of the seismic-force-
resisting system and part not. Northridge Earthquake
affecting the City of Los Angeles in 1994 pointed out great
deficiencies in this practice. In ACI 318-95 this section was
totally revised and it was updated in 1999, 2002, 2005 , and
now in 2008.
In essence it is a call to the designer to check the
structural designers of designating arbitrarily some of the
structural elements as being parte of the seismic-force-
resisting system and part not. Northridge Earthquake
affecting the City of Los Angeles in 1994 pointed out great
deficiencies in this practice. In ACI 318-95 this section was
totally revised and it was updated in 1999, 2002, 2005 , and
now in 2008.
In essence it is a call to the designer to check the In essence it is a call to the designer to check the
deformation levels that so called non participating
elements are subjected and the minimum reinforcement
they should comply with.
In essence it is a call to the designer to check the
deformation levels that so called non participating
elements are subjected and the minimum reinforcement
they should comply with.
This Section contains two procedures to check non- This Section contains two procedures to check non- p
participating elements that are not part of the seismic-
force-resisting system:
When the forces induced by the design displacement
combined with the gravity forces do not exceed the
design strength of the elements, this section indicates
the minimum reinforcement to use.
p
participating elements that are not part of the seismic-
force-resisting system:
When the forces induced by the design displacement
combined with the gravity forces do not exceed the
design strength of the elements, this section indicates
the minimum reinforcement to use.
If the strength is exceeded the sections of Chapter 21
that are mandatory for these elements are indicated.
If the strength is exceeded the sections of Chapter 21
that are mandatory for these elements are indicated.
This section includes new requirements for slab- This section includes new requirements for slab- This section includes new requirements for slab-
column frames that are not part of the seismic-
force-resisting system.
Slab-column frames have shown repeatedly their
vulnerability under seismic demands. This
vulnerability is specially associated with the
punching shear strength of the slab-column joint.
This section includes new requirements for slab-
column frames that are not part of the seismic-
force-resisting system.
Slab-column frames have shown repeatedly their
vulnerability under seismic demands. This
vulnerability is specially associated with the
punching shear strength of the slab-column joint.
The new procedure in ACI 318-08 (Section
21.13.6) indicates when shear reinforcement
must be provided in the slab-column joint as a
function of the story drift.
The new procedure in ACI 318-08 (Section
21.13.6) indicates when shear reinforcement
must be provided in the slab-column joint as a
function of the story drift.
23
Story drift cannot exceed the larger of: Story drift cannot exceed the larger of:

ug
c
or
V
V
0.005
0.035 0.05
where V
ug
is the factored gravity punching
shear demand and V
c
is the punching shear
strength.
where V
ug
is the factored gravity punching
shear demand and V
c
is the punching shear
strength.

The End The End

LEGARCIA AC 318 08 Seismic Requirements

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ACI 318-08 - Seismic Requirements -- Luis E.

SPC = Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document

actual tensile strength actual tensile strength

21.3 - Intermediate moment frames 21.3 - Intermediate moment frames

21.5 Flexural members of special

ACI 318-08 - Seismic Requirements -- Luis E. Garcia

21.8 Special moment frames

, for structural walls shall not be less

, may be reduced to the values given

, for structural walls shall not be less

, may be reduced to the values given

computed over gross section is:

computed over gross section is:

Nonlinear response of a wall Nonlinear response of a wall

The boundary elements can be discontinued

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