Problem statement What is the effect of length on the resistance of a conductor?

Inference The length of a conductor wire influences its resistance.

Hypothesis When the length of wire increases, the resistance also increases.
Aim To determine the relationship between the length of wire, l with resistance, R.
Manipulated ariable length of wire, l
!esponding ariable !esistance, R.
"onstant ariable #iameter, temperature and the material of the wire, and the current.
Apparatus Metre rule, oltmeter, ammeter, switch, $ dry cells, battery holder,
connecting wires, crocodile clips, rheostat and constantan wire %s.w.g.&'(.
Arrangement
of apparatus
Procedure) *. The circuit is connected as shown. The length of the constantan wire,
l + *,., cm is measured with a metre rule.
&. The rheostat is ad-usted so that current, I + ,.. A throughout the
e/periment. 0oltage, V is obtained from the oltmeter.
1. The resistance of the constantan wire is calculated by using the formula
! +
I
V
.
$. !epeat the e/periment with l + &,.,cm, 1,.,cm, $,.,cm and .,.,cm.
Tabulation
of data
l %cm(
V %0(
I %A(
R+
( %
I
V V1 V2
Vaverage
*,., ,..
&,., ,..
1,., ,..
$,., ,..
.,., ,..
Precaution
2teps)
*. 3pen the switch immediately when not ta4ing any readings to ensure the
temperature of the wire remains constant throughout the e/periment.
&. !epeat the e/periment and ta4e the aerage reading.
1. Ma4e sure the eye of obserer is directly in front of the scale of ammeter
and oltmeter when ta4ing readings to aoid paralla/ error.
"onclusion) !esistance, R is directly proportional to the length of wire, l.
The hypothesis is alid.
(Draw a graph with label. Title: The graph of r esistance, R ( ) against the length of
wire, l (cm). Use scale x-axis 2cm: 10.0 cm ; y-axis 2cm: 0.5 )
Problem statement What is the relationship between the diameter of a conductor and its
resistance?
Inference The diameter of a conductor wire affects its resistance.
Hypothesi
s
When the diameter of a constantan wire increases, its resistance decrease.
Aim To inestigate the relationship between the diameter of a constantan wire and
its resistance.
Manipulated ariable 5umber of constantan wire %represents the diameter(
!esponding ariable resistance
"onstant ariable 6ength, temperature and material of wire, and the current.
Apparatus Metre rule, oltmeter, ammeter, switch, $ dry cells, battery holder,
connecting wires, crocodile clips, rheostat and constantan wire %s.w.g.&'(.
Arrangement
of apparatus

Procedure) *. A $, cm constantan wire %s.w.g.&'( is connected to the circuit.
&. The switch is closed and the rheostat is ad-usted until the current, I is
,.. A.
1. The potential difference across the wire is measured with a oltmeter
and the reading is recorded. The resistance of the constantan wire is
calculated by using the formula ! +
I
V
.
$. The e/periment is repeated using two, three, four and fie $,., cm
constantan wire connected in parallel.
Tabulation
of data
5umber
of wires
V %0(
I %A(
R+
( %
I
V V1 V2
Vaverage
* ,..
& ,..
1 ,..
$ ,..
. ,..
Precaution
2teps)
*. 3pen the switch immediately when not ta4ing any readings to ensure the
temperature of the wire remains constant throughout the e/periment.
&. !epeat the e/periment and ta4e the aerage reading.
1. Ma4e sure the eye of obserer is directly in front of the scale of ammeter
and oltmeter when ta4ing readings to aoid paralla/ error.
"onclusion) !esistance, R is inersely proportional to the number of wire.
Hence, resistance, R is inersely proportional to the diameter of a wire.
The hypothesis is alid.
(Draw a graph with label. Title: The graph of r esistance, R ( ) against the number of
wires. Use scale x-axis 2cm: 1 ; y-axis 2cm: 0.2 )
Problem
statement
What is the relationship between the terminals potential difference and the
current flow in a circuit?
Inference The current flow in a circuit affects the terminals potential difference.
Hypothesis When the current flow in a circuit increases, the terminals potential
difference across dry cells decreases.
Aim To inestigate the relationship between the terminals potential difference and the
current flow.
Manipulated ariable the current, I
!esponding ariable terminals potential difference, V
"onstant ariable The e.m.f. of the d.c. power supply.
Apparatus 0oltmeter, ammeter, switch, & dry cells, battery holder, connecting wires,
crocodile clips and rheostat.
Arrangement
of apparatus
Procedure) *. The circuit is connected as shown. Then the switch is turned on.
&. The rheostat is ad-usted until the current, I + ,.& A.
1. The terminal potential difference, V across the dry cells is measured
with a oltmeter and the reading is recorded.
$. !epeat the e/periment with current, I + ,.$ A, ,.7 A, ,.' A and *., A.
Tabulation
of data
I %A(
Terminal potential difference, V %0(
V1 V2 Vaverage
,.&
,.$
,.7
,.'
*.,
#iscussion) 8rom the graph obtained and the formula 0 + 9 : Ir
%i( the e.m.f. of the d.c. power supply, 9 + 0:intercept of the graph + ;;;;0

%ii( the internal resistance , r + : gradient + ......................... + ;;;;;;;;<
(draw triangle on graph & use gradients formula to find
Precaution
2teps)
*. 3pen the switch immediately when not ta4ing any readings to ensure the
temperature of the wire remains constant throughout the e/periment.
&. !epeat the e/periment and ta4e the aerage reading.
1. Ma4e sure the eye of obserer is directly in front of the scale of ammeter
and oltmeter when ta4ing readings to aoid paralla/ error.
"onclusion) The terminals potential difference, V is linearly decreases with the current, I.
The hypothesis is alid.
The e.m.f. of the d.c. power supply is ;;;;;; 0.
The internal resistance of the d.c. power supply is ;;;;;<.
(Graphs Title: The graph of terminals potential difference, V (V) against current, I (A)
lukis dgn kertas melintang, x-axis 2cm: 0.1 A; y-axis 2cm: 0.5 V) Ingat label paksi!