0

(Linguistic Inventory Typology)(2011)

(1)

Konstanz(The Universals Archive, Plank 2009)1167

21167

(mighty category)

2012

2011no longer
earlier / later than XX/higher wage! shorter working time!! !

2012
2010a

to marry a wrong
man

complement complementation
20051979

complement 2010b

Chao1968 Li &Thompson1981
200920112011
(secondary predicate)
2010
complement

2005
11
1
2
3
4
5-
6
7
8
9
10
11
1-9

2008: 72-78
567
20061985: 155-166
8

91-3
489
10

11
[][]
Huang1988

3
1983


Chao1968 Li & Thompson1981

2
2012512

4a.
b. He died young.
5a.
b. He retired young.
6a. /

b. He grew
tall and handsome.

7a.
b. These contents are organized very well.

8a.
b. This knife cuts fast.
+
9a.

b. I made him so angry that his two hands were shaking.

42
5

10Pat sneezed the napkin off the table

sneeze

11

12/

13

14

1314-
3

3.1
3.2
3.1

1968
1979

(non-canonical subjects)
2004
(non-canonical objects)
////////
//100//

15 //*
16 /// //*

//*

/
/*///*/*//*

read write

1991*

17--()
- -

-- - -

18B

.
. ..
.. ..

19()

.
gyosil-e-neun
manh-eun haksaeng-deul-i
anj-a-issda.
--
- --
-

3.2
1995

Lu & Wu, 2009

20a. How did he answer the question?

b. He answered the question foolishly.
c. *He foolishly answered the question.
bca b

He foolishly answered the question.What did he do?

bc

21a. He drives slow(ly).

b. He slow*(ly) drives.
c. He drives his car slow?(ly)
d. He drives his car slow*(ly) into the garage.
ab
2013
c slow
VOC Cd
21
22
22a.
b. *
c.
23a. /
b. *
c.

23

67
5

201314

VO

X
2002

2004

complement
VOCCcomplement

2013 OV/VO1
2009 5
2011 4
2013 13

1995 2
2005 5

2010a 1

2010b ()5
2008
2011 4
2012 3
2006
1983 3
2004
50
2010 --4
2002 On broadening the scope of grammatical comparison between Chinese and English, Journal
of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (1): 111-130

 2013 5
1979
2011 complement1
2010 4
1991 2
1985
Chao, Y.-R. 1968 A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angles: University of California Press.
Huang, C.-T. James. 1998 Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure. Language 64: 274-311
Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. 1981 Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
Li, Yen-hui Audrey. 1998 Argument determiner and number phrases. Linguistic Inquiry (29): 693-702.
Lu, Bingfu & Xiaozhou Wu. 2009 The placement of Chinese adverbial revisited: what differentiates Chinese word
order from other SVO languages, In Janet Xing ed. Studies of Chinese Linguistics: Functional Approaches.
Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Plank, Frans 2009. Universals Archives, URL: http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language. London: Pearson Longman

On the Mighty Category Status of Complement of State in Chinese Grammar

Bingfu LU1, Xuefeng YING2, Guohua ZHANG3
1, Institute for Linguistics Typology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; 2, School of Chinese Language and
Culture, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310012, China; 3, School of Foreign Languages, Zhongnan
University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

Abstract: The prototype of the Complement of State in Modern Chinese grammar is a focalized expression of manner;
from a typological perspective, however, it should be taken as an independent mighty category of Chinese syntax,
whose function has far surpassed that of Adverbial of Manner, with its high degree of grammaticalization, productivity
and strong extendibility. It is also the most identifiable one among all categories of syntactic constituents in Chinese.
Therefore, it should be treated as not only an independent constituent but also a mighty one in Chinese grammar. It
would be inappropriate to cast it aside into disuse or integrate it into other syntactic constituent categories. The nature
and key features of the Complement of State serves as an explicit expression of one of the characteristics of the
information structure of the Chinese language, namely, the constituent carrying the natural focus is put at the end of a
sentence so as to acquire informational prominence.
Key words: mighty category; Complement of State; linguistic typology

1
166491
200032
lubingfu@yahoo.com
2

310012
yingxf@163.com
3

430073
hunterghccnu@126.com