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Wind,WindTurbine Wind,WindTurbine
and Wind Energy and Wind Energy andWindEnergy andWindEnergy
Prof.T Prof.TS SLeu Leu (Jeremy) (Jeremy)
DepartmentofAeronauticsand DepartmentofAeronauticsand
Astronautics Astronautics
NationalChengKungUniversity NationalChengKungUniversity
Tainan,Taiwan Tainan,Taiwan
Email:tsleu@mail.ncku.edu.twty Email:tsleu@mail.ncku.edu.twty
Overview
Background
WindPhysicsBasics&WindEnergyEstimation
WindTurbinedevelopmentHistory
WindPowerFundamentals
InternationalStandardforWindTurbines
Wind Turbine Design (IEC 614001) WindTurbineDesign(IEC61400 1)
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(Energy Source)
(Installed
capacity)

(Netenergy output)
/
(Capacityfactor)
(Nuclear) 5144.0(12.4%) 5017.9(16.7%) 97.5%(90.3%)*
1
Unit:MW
EnergySourceinTaiwan EnergySourceinTaiwan
(Coal) 11297(27.5%) 10239(30.1%) 90.6%(63.8%)*
1
(LNG) 15217(37%) 9876(33.9%) 64.8%
(Oil) 3325(8.1%) 411(1.4%) 12.4%
(Hydro) 4683(11.4%) 1727(5.9%) 36.8%(39.8%)*
1
(Wi d) 605 (1 5%) 326 6 (1 1%) 54% (20% 40%)*
1
(Wind) 605(1.5%) 326.6(1.1%) 54%(20%~40%)*
1
(Solar) 180(0.4%) 5.1(0.0%) 2.8%
*
1
USEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA),thetypicalcapacityfactorsin2009
http://stpc00601.taipower.com.tw/loadGraph/loadGraph/genshx.html
Dataon20131002fromTaiwanPowerCompany
InstalledCapabilityofElectricPower InstalledCapabilityofElectricPower
GeneratorsinTaiwan GeneratorsinTaiwan
74.1%Combustion
12.4%
Nuclear
11.4%
Hydro
1.9%RenewableEnergy
including1.5%Wind+0.4%Solar
4
(Coal+LNG+Oil+CoGen)
http://stpc00601.taipower.com.tw/loadGraph/loadGraph/genshx.html
Dataon20131002fromTaiwanPowerCompany
Background
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TaiwanGovernmentPolicy TaiwanGovernmentPolicy
ThousandWindTurbinesPromotionProject:
450 onshoreWindTurbinesuntil2020
600 ff h Wi d T bi d i 2015~2030 600 offshoreWindTurbinesduring2015~2030
2010~2030Planning:
Onshore
(MW)
Year
(MW)
offshore
(MW)
SUM
4.5 1.4 10.4 2.2 7.4
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OriginofWind
Wind Atmosphericairinmotion
Energysource
Solar radiationdifferentiallyabsorbedby
earthsurfaceconvertedthroughconvective
processesduetotemperaturedifferences
airmotion.
SpatialScales:
l l l b l l Planetaryscale:globalcirculation
Synopticscale:weathersystems
Meso scale:localtopographicorthermally
inducedcirculations
Microscale:urbantopography
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujBi9Ba8hqs
WindResourceAvailabilityandVariability
Themapshowsthemeanwindspeedinms
1
@10mfortheperiod197695
http://www.windatlas.dk/World/Index.htm
http://www.nrel.gov/wind/international_wind_resources.html
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WindAtlas
Mapsofmean80mwindspeedsforyear2000
http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/global_winds.html
Europe
Asia
10YearGlobalWindSpeed 10YearGlobalWindSpeed
Rankings Rankings
http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windspeeds.aspx
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WINDENERGYESTIMATIONATTAIWAN
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MM5Simulation(1996~2000database)
Windpower(100W/m
2
)at50m Windspeed(m/s)at50m
http://www.atm.ncu.edu.tw/93/wind/
http://wind.itri.org.tw/wind.html
Offshore Offshore Windfarm Windfarm Plans Plans
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~59%
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Whatsinsideawindturbine?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNXTm7aHvWc
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IEC61400InternationalStandardforWind IEC61400InternationalStandardforWind
TurbinesandPower TurbinesandPower
IEC61400consistsofthefollowingpartsunderthegeneraltitleWindturbinegenerator
systems:
IEC61400InternationalStandardforWind IEC61400InternationalStandardforWind
TurbinesandPower TurbinesandPower
Part1:Designrequirementsforwindturbines
Part2:Designrequirementsforsmallwindturbines
Part3:Designrequirementsforoffshorewindturbines
Part11:Acousticnoisemeasurementtechniques
Part12:Windturbinepowerperformancetesting
Part13:Measurementofmechanicalloads
Part14:Declarationofapparentsoundpowerlevelandtonalityvalues
Part 21: Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected Part21:Measurementandassessmentofpowerqualitycharacteristicsofgridconnected
windturbines
Part23:Fullscalestructuraltestingofrotorblades
Part24:Lightningprotection
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Thefollowinginformation,shallbedisplayedonthemarkedturbinenameplate:
windturbinemanufacturerandcountry;
modelandserialnumber;
productionyear;
ratedwindspeedandpower;
referencewindspeed,Vref;
hubheightoperatingwindspeedrange,Vin Vout;
operating ambient temperature range;
Windturbine Windturbinemarkings markings
Niederland ZEPHYROSZ72model
operatingambienttemperaturerange;
IECwindturbineclass(seeTable1);
ratedvoltageatthewindturbineterminals;
frequencyatthewindturbineterminalsorfrequencyrangeinthecasethatthenominal
variationisgreaterthan2%.
IEC6140015.5Windturbinemarkings.............................................................................20
Vesta Vesta V80 V802.0MWWindTurbineSpecs 2.0MWWindTurbineSpecs
30
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PowercurveV80 PowercurveV802.0MW 2.0MW
Windturbineclasses Windturbineclasses
IEC6140016.2Windturbineclasses...................................................................................21
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WindconditionsforWindTurbineDesign WindconditionsforWindTurbineDesign
6.3.1Normalwindconditions
6.3.1.1Windspeeddistribution
6.3.1.2Thenormalwindprofilemodel(NWP)
6.3.1.3Normalturbulencemodel(NTM)
6.3.2Extremewindconditions
6.3.2.1Extremewindspeedmodel(EWM)
6.3.2.2Extremeoperatinggust(EOG)
6.3.2.3Extremeturbulencemodel(ETM)
IEC6140016.3Windconditions...................................................................................22
( )
6.3.2.4Extremedirectionchange(EDC)
6.3.2.5Extremecoherentgustwithdirectionchange(ECD)
6.3.2.6Extremewindshear(EWS)
70m
Chang-Kong Wind Mast
50m
30m
34
30m
10m
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Wind Monitor Wind Monitor
Logger Manufacturer/Type CR1000
Samplinginterval 1hz Sampling interval 1 hz
Preprocessed data 1-minutes average
wind speed and wind
direction
1-minutes wind speed
standarddeviation
Observation period J an 2011~May 2012
Period1_2010/02~2011/01(AnnualmeanWindSpeed=8.46m/s)
Period2_2011/02~2012/01(AnnualmeanWindSpeed=8.60m/s)
Wind Direction Rose
N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW
9.54% 44.43% 3.44% 3.55% 1.48% 1.90% 3.06% 5.32% 6.78% 3.96% 3.46% 2.22% 1.68% 1.44% 1.94% 5.79%
9.15% 49.28% 2.50% 1.68% 1.10% 1.58% 2.29% 4.55% 6.21% 3.08% 3.74% 2.93% 1.98% 1.41% 2.34% 6.19%
Period1 Period2
36
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IEC 61400 International standard suggests using Weibull distribution
for wind speed distribution.
Wind Speed Distribution Wind Speed Distribution
Weibull distribution
10-min averaged wind speed
k
avg
k U
U k
avg avg
e
k U
U
k
k
U
U
PDF

)

|
.
|

\
|
+ I

|
.
|

\
|
+ I |
.
|

\
|
+ I =
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
U
U
avg
Annual mean wind speed
Non-dimensional probability density function (PDF)
k Shape factor of Weibull distribution
Gamma function |
.
|

\
|
+ I
k
1
1
( )
avg
U U PDF /
ResultsandDiscussion
http://www.wind-power-program.com/wind_statistics.htm
IEC 61400-1
37
0983 . 1
) /( 9874 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
avg
U
k
o
72.7% WTGoperationtime
74% WTGoperationtime
Wind Speed Distribution
k=1.466
k=1.511
P
D
F
P
D
F
Vestas V802.0MW
Cutinwindspeed:4m/s
Cutoutwindspeed:25m/s
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DoublePeakedbiWeibullDistribution
0. 1 2
( ) ] ) ( exp[ ) 1 ( ] ) ( exp[
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
1
2 1
1 1
1
1 1
k
k
k
k
k
k
c
U
c
U
k F
c
U
c
U
k F U PDF + =

0. 0 4
0. 0 6
0. 0 8
0 . 1
P
D
F
BiWeibull Parameters
F
1
0.8
Shapefactor1 k
1
1.89
Scalefactor 1
c
1
6.10
Shapefactor1 k
2
6.22
Scalefactor 1
c
2
17
39
0
0. 0 2
0 5 1 0 15 2 0 2 5
W ind S pe e d (m /s )
WindspeeddistributioninTaiwancanberepresentedquitewellbyadoublepeakedbi
Weibulldistribution,withdifferentscalefactorsandshapefactorsinthetwoseasons.
6.3.1Normalwindconditions
6.3.1.1 Wind speed distribution 6.3.1.1Windspeeddistribution
6.3.1.2Thenormalwindprofilemodel(NWP)
6.3.1.3Normalturbulencemodel(NTM)
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logarithmicwindprofile
Powerlawwindprofile
Windprofilesusingthe1mindatapoints,60
minaveragedwindspeedprofileandcurve
fittedwithnormalwindprofile
where
z
hub
=70m
V
hub
iswindspeedat
70m height
70m
50m
70mheight.
30m
10m
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2010/08/01 (00:00~01:00)
Wind Profile
1 i Wi d S d D t
10mdata
30mdata
50mdata
70mdata
Normal Wind Profile
2010/08/01(00:00~01:00)
Windprofiles
40
50
60
70
80
1-min Wind Speed Data
Normal Wind Profile
1 hr Averaged Wind Profile
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
m
)
Thenormalwindspeedprofile
whichisgivenbythepowerlaw
(z) ( )
=70( ) 0.2
V =4.21455( ) =1 hour averaged V
hub
hub
hub
hub hub
z
V V
z
where z m
m
s
o
o
=
=
43
0
10
20
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wind speed (m/s)
s
V(z) =Vhub*(z/70)^Alpha
Error Value
0.034692 4.2081 Vhub
0.0099452 0.25449 Alpha
NA 0.0039292 Chisq
NA 0.99871 R
2011/3/21 00:00~01:00
2011/6/22 00:00~01:00
2011/9/23 00:00~01:00
2011/12/22 00:00~01:00
1 h A d Wi d S d P fil
Mean hourly wind speed
Best fitted curve
Normal Wind Profile
4 Typical Dates in 2011
40
50
60
70
80
1-hr Averaged Wind Speed Profile
Best fitted curve
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
m
)
Alpha=0.28458
Alpha=0.272
Alpha=0.25845
Alpha=0.26954
44
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (m/s)
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IEC 61400-1
The onshore normal wind speed
profile is given by the power law:
IEC 61400-3
The offshore normal wind speed
profile is given by the power law:
Best fitted power law exponent
V(z)=V ( )
hub
hub
z
z
o
2011 3/21 6/22 9/23 12/22
profile is given by the power law:
The power law exponent, , shall be
assumed to be 0.2.
profile is given by the power law:
where, for normal wind conditions,
the power law exponent, , is 0.14.
V(z)=V ( )
hub
hub
z
z
o
45
00~01 0.28458 0.272 0.25845 0.26954
06~07 0.43872 0.572 0.23158 0.27488
12~13 0.17315 0.1179 0.24866 0.2616
18~19 0.29314 0.15565 0.24271 0.27482
0.5
0.6
Alpha-Wind Speed
V
hub
< 10 m/s
V
hub
> 10 m/s
0.2
0.3
0.4
hub
A
l
p
h
a
0.27
0
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed (m/s)
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6.3.1Normalwindconditions
6.3.1.1 Wind speed distribution 6.3.1.1Windspeeddistribution
6.3.1.2Thenormalwindprofilemodel(NWP)
6.3.1.3Normalturbulencemodel(NTM)
NormalTurbulenceModelinIEC61400 NormalTurbulenceModelinIEC6140011
Intheinternationalstandard,IEC614001,the10min standarddeviationof
windspeedfluctuationandstandarddeviationofforwindturbine
designissuggestedbythefollowingexpression:
) ( b U a I
f
+ = o I
ref
a b o |
) (o o ) (
o
o
) ( b U a I
ref
+ o
) ( | o o
o
+ = U I
ref
ref
|
IEC Class A 0.16
0.75 3.8 0 1.4 IEC Class B 0.14
IEC Class C 0.12
) (
U
b
a I
U
I
ref IEC
+ = =
o

k
N
U U
1
48 48

=
k
k
U
N
U
1

=
k
N
s k k s
s k
N U U N
N N
1
2 2
)) 1 ( ) ( (
1
1
o o
U I
EXP
/ o =
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90th Percentile of the Turbulence Intensity (I
90
)
0.6
I of Period 1 observati on data
0.6
90th til f P i d 1 b ti d t
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
I of Period 1 observati on data
90th percentile of Period 1
I
90
of IEC 61400-1 Category A
I
90
of IEC 61400-1 Category B
I
90
of IEC 61400-1 Category C
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
90th percentile of Period 1 observationd ata
90th percentile of Period 2 observation data
I
90
of IEC61400-1 CategoryA
I
90
of IEC61400-1 CategoryB
I
90
of IEC61400-1 CategoryC
49
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
U (m/s)
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
U (m/sec)
o
o o o 28 . 1
90
+ =
)
`

+
+ + = =
U
b
a I
U
I
ref
) 28 . 1 (
28 . 1
90
90
|
o
o
0 1 2
IEC Class B Wind Turbine IEC Class B Wind Turbine
I
90, C
< I
90, exp
< I
90, B
time is about 23% of whole year
4.5 10.5 19.5 25
0. 0 4
0. 0 6
0. 0 8
0 . 1
0. 1 2
P
D
F
20%
3%
50
0
0. 0 2
0 5 10 15 2 0 2 5
W i n d S p e e d ( m / s )
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Parameters of IEC 61400 Parameters of IEC 61400- -1 Normal Turbulence Model 1 Normal Turbulence Model
m
/
s
)
25
30
Peri od 1
Peri od 2
6
Peri od 1
b U a I
ref
+ = / o | o o
o
+ = U I
ref
/
(
m
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Peri od 2
IEC
y1 =2.4226 +0.91185x R=0.99277
y2 =2.4459 +0.91305x R=0.99357
U (m/s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Peri od 2
IEC
y = 2.3156 + 0.10007x R= 0.86402
y = 2.0587 + 0.093674x R= 0.85046
U (m/s)
51
U (m/s)
I
ref
a b o |
IEC Class A 0.16
0.75 3.8 0 1.4
IEC Class B 0.14
IEC Class C 0.12
Period 1
0.098 0.912 2.423 0.100 2.316
Period 2
0.099 0.913 2.446 0.094 2.059
(Period 1+Period 2)/2 0.0985 0.9125 2.4345 0.097 2.1875
Questions:
Ho do the ind conditions Howdothewindconditions
affectawindturbine?
Windspeeddistributioneffects?
WindProfileeffects?
WindTurbulenceeffects?
Extremewindconditions?